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Mitchell L, Wilson L, Duthie G, Pumpa K, Weakley J, Scott C, Slater G. Methods to Assess Energy Expenditure of Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Scoping Review. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02047-8. [PMID: 38896201 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition guidance for athletes must consider a range of variables to effectively support individuals in meeting energy and nutrient needs. Resistance exercise is a widely adopted training method in athlete preparation and rehabilitation and therefore is one such variable that will influence nutrition guidance. Given its prominence, the capacity to meaningfully quantify resistance exercise energy expenditure will assist practitioners and researchers in providing nutrition guidance. However, the significant contribution of anaerobic metabolism makes quantifying energy expenditure of resistance exercise challenging. OBJECTIVE The aim of this scoping review was to investigate the methods used to assess resistance exercise energy expenditure. METHODS A literature search of Medline, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL and Web of Science identified studies that included an assessment of resistance exercise energy expenditure. Quality appraisal of included studies was performed using the Rosendal Scale. RESULTS A total of 19,867 studies were identified, with 166 included after screening. Methods to assess energy expenditure included indirect calorimetry (n = 136), blood lactate analysis (n = 25), wearable monitors (n = 31) and metabolic equivalents (n = 4). Post-exercise energy expenditure was measured in 76 studies. The reported energy expenditure values varied widely between studies. CONCLUSIONS Indirect calorimetry is widely used to estimate energy expenditure. However, given its limitations in quantifying glycolytic contribution, indirect calorimetry during and immediately following exercise combined with measures of blood lactate are likely required to better quantify total energy expenditure. Due to the cumbersome equipment and technical expertise required, though, along with the physical restrictions the equipment places on participants performing particular resistance exercises, indirect calorimetry is likely impractical for use outside of the laboratory setting, where metabolic equivalents may be a more appropriate method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Mitchell
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, Australia.
| | - Luke Wilson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, Australia
| | - Grant Duthie
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate Pumpa
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Christopher Scott
- Department of Exercise, Health, and Sport Sciences, University of Southern Maine, Maine, USA
| | - Gary Slater
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
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Montenegro J, Armet AM, Willing BP, Deehan EC, Fassini PG, Mota JF, Walter J, Prado CM. Exploring the Influence of Gut Microbiome on Energy Metabolism in Humans. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:840-857. [PMID: 37031749 PMCID: PMC10334151 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has a profound influence on host physiology, including energy metabolism, which is the process by which energy from nutrients is transformed into other forms of energy to be used by the body. However, mechanistic evidence for how the microbiome influences energy metabolism is derived from animal models. In this narrative review, we included human studies investigating the relationship between gut microbiome and energy metabolism -i.e., energy expenditure in humans and energy harvest by the gut microbiome. Studies have found no consistent gut microbiome patterns associated with energy metabolism, and most interventions were not effective in modulating the gut microbiome to influence energy metabolism. To date, cause-and-effect relationships and mechanistic evidence on the impact of the gut microbiome on energy expenditure have not been established in humans. Future longitudinal observational studies and randomized controlled trials utilizing robust methodologies and advanced statistical analysis are needed. Such knowledge would potentially inform the design of therapeutic avenues and specific dietary recommendations to improve energy metabolism through gut microbiome modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Montenegro
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anissa M Armet
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edward C Deehan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States; Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States
| | - Priscila G Fassini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nutrology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João F Mota
- School of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, and Department of Medicine, University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, and Department of Medicine, University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Burt D, Doma K, Connor J. The effects of exercise-induced muscle damage on varying intensities of endurance running performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Sports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Acute Neuromuscular, Physiological and Performance Responses After Strength Training in Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:105. [PMID: 35976540 PMCID: PMC9385928 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00497-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Strength training (ST) is commonly used to improve muscle strength, power, and neuromuscular adaptations and is recommended combined with runner training. It is possible that the acute effects of the strength training session lead to deleterious effects in the subsequent running. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to verify the acute effects of ST session on the neuromuscular, physiological and performance variables of runners.
Methods Studies evaluating running performance after resistance exercise in runners in the PubMed and Scopus databases were selected. From 6532 initial references, 19 were selected for qualitative analysis and 13 for meta-analysis. The variables of peak torque (PT), creatine kinase (CK), delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), countermovement jump (CMJ), ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2), lactate (La) and heart rate (HR) were evaluated.
Results The methodological quality of the included studies was considered reasonable; the meta-analysis indicated that the variables PT (p = 0.003), DOMS (p < 0.0001), CK (p < 0.0001), RPE (p < 0.0001) had a deleterious effect for the experimental group; for CMJ, VE, VO2, La, FC there was no difference. By qualitative synthesis, running performance showed a reduction in speed for the experimental group in two studies and in all that assessed time to exhaustion.
Conclusion The evidence indicated that acute strength training was associated with a decrease in PT, increases in DOMS, CK, RPE and had a low impact on the acute responses of CMJ, VE, VO2, La, HR and submaximal running sessions.
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Nanavati K, Rutherfurd-Markwick K, Lee SJ, Bishop NC, Ali A. Effect of curcumin supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage: a narrative review. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:3835-3855. [PMID: 35831667 PMCID: PMC9596560 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, a natural polyphenol extracted from turmeric, is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. In the past few decades, curcumin's ability to impact chronic inflammatory conditions such as metabolic syndrome, arthritis, and cancer has been widely researched, along with growing interest in understanding its role in exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). EIMD impacts individuals differently depending on the type (resistance exercise, high-intensity interval training, and running), intensity, and duration of the exercise. Exercise disrupts the muscles' ultrastructure, raises inflammatory cytokine levels, and can cause swelling in the affected limb, a reduction in range of motion (ROM), and a reduction in muscular force-producing capacity. This review focuses on the metabolism, pharmacokinetics of various brands of curcumin supplements, and the effect of curcumin supplementation on EIMD regarding muscle soreness, activity of creatine kinase (CK), and production of inflammatory markers. Curcumin supplementation in the dose range of 90-5000 mg/day can decrease the subjective perception of muscle pain intensity, increase antioxidant capacity, and reduce CK activity, which reduces muscle damage when consumed close to exercise. Consumption of curcumin also improves muscle performance and has an anti-inflammatory effect, downregulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8. Curcumin may also improve oxidative capacity without hampering training adaptations in untrained and recreationally active individuals. The optimal curcumin dose to ameliorate EIMD is challenging to assess as its effect depends on the curcumin concentration in the supplement and its bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Nanavati
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - S. J. Lee
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - N. C. Bishop
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - A. Ali
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Khassetarash A, Vernillo G, Krüger RL, Edwards WB, Millet GY. Neuromuscular, biomechanical, and energetic adjustments following repeated bouts of downhill running. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:319-329. [PMID: 34098176 PMCID: PMC9189713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study used downhill running as a model to investigate the repeated bout effect (RBE) on neuromuscular performance, running biomechanics, and metabolic cost of running. METHODS Ten healthy recreational male runners performed two 30-min bouts of downhill running (DR1 and DR2) at a -20% slope and 2.8 m/s 3 weeks apart. Neuromuscular fatigue, level running biomechanics during slow and fast running, and running economy parameters were recorded immediately before and after the downhill bouts, and at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, and 168 h thereafter (i.e., follow-up days). RESULTS An RBE was confirmed by attenuated muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase rise after DR2 compared to DR1. An RBE was also observed in maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force loss and voluntary activation where DR2 resulted in attenuated MVC force loss and voluntary activation immediately after the run and during follow-up days. The downhill running protocol significantly influenced level running biomechanics; an RBE was observed in which center of mass excursion and, therefore, lower-extremity compliance were greater during follow-up days after DR1 compared to DR2. The observed changes in level running biomechanics did not influence the energy cost of running. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated evidence of adaptation in neural drive as well as biomechanical changes with the RBE after DR. The higher neural drive resulted in attenuated MVC force loss after the second bout. It can be concluded that the RBE after downhill running manifests as changes to global and central fatigue parameters and running biomechanics without substantially altering the energy cost of running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Khassetarash
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gianluca Vernillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Renata L Krüger
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - W Brent Edwards
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada; Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne 42023, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris 75231, France.
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O'Neill JERG, Walsh CS, McNulty SJ, Gantly HC, Corish ME, Crognale D, Horner K. Resting Metabolic Rate in Female Rugby Players: Differences in Measured Versus Predicted Values. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:845-850. [PMID: 32358308 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT O'Neill, JERG, Walsh, CS, McNulty, SJ, Gantly, HC, Corish, ME, Crognale, D, and Horner, K. Resting metabolic rate in female rugby players: differences in measured versus predicted values. J Strength Cond Res 36(3): 845-850, 2022-This study investigated (a) the accuracy of resting metabolic rate (RMR) prediction equations in female rugby players and (b) factors that might explain poor prediction accuracy in some individuals. Resting metabolic rate was assessed in 36 female elite and subelite rugby players (age: 18-35 years, fat-free mass (FFM): 43-63 kg, fat mass %: 15-41%). After pretest standardization (24-hour exercise avoidance and 12-hour overnight fast), RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry and compared with predicted values determined by Harris-Benedict, Cunningham, Ten Haaf, Jagim and Watson equations. Body composition was assessed by air displacement plethysmography, muscle damage indicated by creatine kinase, and risk of low energy availability (LEA) by LEA in Females Questionnaire. Measured RMR was 1,651 ± 167 kcal·d-1. The Cunningham, Ten Haaf, and Watson (body mass) predicted values did not differ from measured (p > 0.05), while all other predicted values differed significantly (p < 0.001). Individually, prediction accuracy to within 10% varied widely depending on the equation used (range 44% [n = 16] to 86% [n = 31]). Three of the 5 individuals whose values were outside 10% of the measured value using the best performing Ten Haaf FFM equation could be explained by muscle damage or LEA. These measures may be useful to assist in understanding why measured RMR may be lower or higher than predicted in some athletes. Overall, the Ten Haaf equations showed the best accuracy, suggesting these equations may be most suitable for this population. The findings demonstrate the importance of considering the population studied when determining the most appropriate prediction equation to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Eoin Rua G O'Neill
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Black MI, Kranen SH, Kadach S, Vanhatalo A, Winn B, Farina EM, Kirby BS, Jones AM. Highly Cushioned Shoes Improve Running Performance in Both the Absence and Presence of Muscle Damage. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 54:633-645. [PMID: 34816812 PMCID: PMC8920011 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested the hypotheses that a highly cushioned running shoe (HCS) would: 1) improve incremental exercise performance and reduce the oxygen cost (Oc) of submaximal running; and 2) attenuate the deterioration in Oc elicited by muscle damage consequent to a downhill run. METHODS Thirty-two recreationally-active participants completed an incremental treadmill test in a HCS and a control running shoe (CON) for the determination of Oc and maximal performance. Subsequently, participants were pair-matched and randomly assigned to one of the two footwear conditions to perform a moderate-intensity running bout pre- and 48 h post a 30-min downhill run designed to elicit muscle damage. RESULTS Incremental treadmill test performance was improved (+5.7%; +1:16 min:ss; P < 0.01) in the HCS when assessed in the non-damaged state, relative to CON. This coincided with a significantly lower Oc (-3.2%; -6 ml·kg-1·km-1; P < 0.001) at a range of running speeds and an increase in the speed corresponding to 3 mM blood lactate (+3.2%; +0.4 km·h-1; P < 0.05). As anticipated, the downhill run resulted in significant changes in biochemical, histological, and perceptual markers of muscle damage, and a significant increase in Oc (+5.2%; 10.1 ml·kg-1·km-1) was observed 48 h post. In the presence of muscle damage, Oc was significantly lower in HCS (-4.6%; -10 ml·kg-1·km-1) compared to CON. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that HCS improved incremental exercise performance and Oc in the absence of muscle damage and show, for the first time, that despite worsening of Oc consequent to muscle damage, improved Oc in HCS is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew I Black
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom Nike Sport Research Laboratory, Beaverton, OR
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Stavres J, Wang J, Sica CT, Blaha C, Herr M, Pai S, Cauffman A, Vesek J, Yang QX, Sinoway LI. Diffusion tensor imaging indices of acute muscle damage are augmented after exercise in peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2595-2606. [PMID: 34106324 PMCID: PMC10445221 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although it is known that peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with chronic myopathies, the acute muscular responses to exercise in this population are less clear. This study used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to compare acute exercise-related muscle damage between PAD patients and healthy controls. METHODS Eight PAD patients and seven healthy controls performed graded plantar flexion in the bore of a 3T MRI scanner. Exercise began at 2 kg and increased by 2 kg every 2 min until failure, or completion of 10 min of exercise. DTI images were acquired from the lower leg pre- and post-exercise, and were analyzed for mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy (FA), and eigenvalues 1-3 (λ1-3) of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and tibialis anterior (TA). RESULTS Results indicated a significant leg by time interaction for mean diffusivity, explained by a significantly greater increase in diffusivity of the MG in the most affected legs of PAD patients (11.1 × 10-4 ± 0.5 × 10-4 mm2/s vs. 12.7 × 10-4 ± 1.2 × 10-4 mm2/s at pre and post, respectively, P = 0.02) compared to healthy control subjects (10.8 × 10-4 ± 0.3 × 10-4 mm2/s vs. 11.2 × 10-4 ± 0.5 × 10-4 mm2/s at pre and post, respectively, P = 1.0). No significant differences were observed for the TA, or λ1-3 (all P ≥ 0.06). Moreover, no reciprocal changes were observed for FA in either group (all P ≥ 0.29). CONCLUSION These data suggest that calf muscle diffusivity increases more in PAD patients compared to controls after exercise. These findings are consistent with the notion that acute exercise results in increased muscle damage in PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Stavres
- Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Christopher T Sica
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Cheryl Blaha
- Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Michael Herr
- Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Samuel Pai
- Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Aimee Cauffman
- Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Vesek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Qing X Yang
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence I Sinoway
- Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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Jones L, Bailey SJ, Rowland SN, Alsharif N, Shannon OM, Clifford T. The Effect of Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Juice on Markers of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Intervention Trials. J Diet Suppl 2021; 19:749-771. [PMID: 34151694 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1939472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials examined whether dietary nitrate supplementation attenuates exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and is reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. Medline and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from inception to June 2020. Inclusion criteria were studies in adult humans consuming inorganic nitrate before and after exercise and that measured markers implicated in the etiology of EIMD (muscle function, muscle soreness, inflammation, myocellular protein efflux, oxidative stress, range of motion) <168 h post. The Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias two tool was used to critically appraise the studies; forest plots were generated with random-effects models and standardized mean differences (SMD). Nine studies were included in the systematic review and six in the meta-analysis. All studies were rated to have some concerns for risk of bias. All trials in the meta-analysis provided nitrate as beetroot juice, which accelerated isometric strength recovery 72 h post-exercise (SMD: 0.54, p = 0.01) and countermovement jump performance 24-72 h post-exercise (SMD range: 0.75-1.32, p < 0.03). Pressure pain threshold was greater with beetroot juice 48 (SMD: 0.58, p = 0.03) and 72 h post-exercise (SMD: 0.61, p = 0.02). Beetroot juice had no effect on markers of oxidative stress and creatine kinase (p > 0.05), but c-reactive protein was higher vs. placebo at 48 h post-exercise (SMD: 0.55, p = 0.03). These findings suggest that nitrate-rich beetroot juice may attenuate some markers of EIMD, but more large-scale controlled trials in elite athletes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Jones
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Samantha N Rowland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Nehal Alsharif
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Oliver M Shannon
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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12
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Isenmann E, Trittel L, Diel P. The effects of alpha lipoic acid on muscle strength recovery after a single and a short-term chronic supplementation - a study in healthy well-trained individuals after intensive resistance and endurance training. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:61. [PMID: 33261642 PMCID: PMC7708149 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00389-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory activity and was tested as a drug for the treatment of various diseases. ALA is also frequently used as a nutrition supplement, in healthy individuals or in competitive athletes. However, information from intervention studies investigating physiological effects of an ALA in athletes after exercise is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of single and short-term chronic ALA supplementation on the muscle strength recovery and performance of athletes after intensive exercise. Methods In a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial in cross-over design, 17 male resistance and endurance-experienced athletes successfully participated. The subjects were divided into two groups (ALA and Placebo) and underwent a standardized single training session and a high intense training week. At certain time points (T0, T1a (+ 3 h), T1b (+ 24 h) and T2 (+7d)) blood samples were taken and markers for muscle damage, inflammation and oxidative stress were investigated. In addition, the maximum performance in the back squat was measured at all time points. Results In the chronic training experiment, a moderate inhibition of muscle damage and inflammation could be observed in the ALA-group. Performance in the back squat was significantly reduced in the placebo-group, but not in the ALA-group. No anti-oxidative effects could be observed. Conclusions Our data indicate possible effects of ALA supplementation, during intensive training periods result in a reduction of muscle damage, inflammation and an increase of recovery. Whether ALA supplementation in general may enhance performance and the exact training / supplementation scenarios needs to be investigated in future studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12970-020-00389-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Isenmann
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Fitness and Health, IST-University of Applied Sciences, 40233, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Lucas Trittel
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Diel
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
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Fernandes JFT, Lamb KL, Twist C. Low Body Fat Does Not Influence Recovery after Muscle-Damaging Lower-Limb Plyometrics in Young Male Team Sport Athletes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:E79. [PMID: 33467294 PMCID: PMC7739313 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study assessed the influence of fat mass to fat-free mass ratio (FM:FFM) on recovery from plyometric exercise. METHOD After assessment of body composition, 20 male team sport players (age 20.7 ± 1.1 years; body mass 77.1 ± 11.5 kg) were divided into low- (n = 10; 0.11 ± 0.03) and normal- (n = 10; 0.27 ± 0.09) fat groups based on FM:FFM ratio. Thereafter, participants completed measurements of knee extensor torque at 60 and 240°∙s-1, countermovement jump flight time, plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity and perceived muscle soreness (VAS) before and at 0, 24 and 48 h after 10 × 10 maximal plyometric vertical jumps. RESULTS Evidence of muscle damage was confirmed by alterations in VAS, peak torque at 60 and 240°∙s-1 and flight time at 0, 24 and 48 h after plyometric exercise (P < 0.05). CK was increased at 0 and 24 h (P < 0.05) but returned to baseline values by 48 h. No time by group effects were observed for any of the dependent variables (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The current findings indicate that while muscle damage was present after plyometric exercise, the magnitude was similar across the two body composition groups. Applied practitioners can allow for a similar recovery time after plyometric exercise in those with low and normal body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin L. Lamb
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester CH1 3BJ, UK; (K.L.L.); (C.T.)
| | - Craig Twist
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester CH1 3BJ, UK; (K.L.L.); (C.T.)
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14
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Martínez-Moreno A, Ibáñez-Pérez RJ, Cavas-García F, Cano-Noguera F. Older Adults' Gender, Age and Physical Activity Effects on Anxiety, Optimism, Resilience and Engagement. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7561. [PMID: 33080876 PMCID: PMC7590011 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to understand the effects of gender and age on anxiety, optimism, resilience and engagement in a group of older adults. An observational, quantitative, descriptive and transversal design was used with non-probabilistic sampling. Descriptive statistical analyses, reliability tests (Cronbach's alpha) and linear correlation tests (Pearson's) were performed, and the development of multivariate linear regression models was conducted. Female participants in the sample had higher levels in anxiety and pessimism, while male participants scored higher in optimism, engagement and resilience. Participants who practiced physical activity (PA) had better scores in optimism, engagement and resilience. The sample comprised 55.1% men and 44.9% women, between the ages of 51 and 93, with an average of 68.1 years, all participants completed the questionnaire Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) the short version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale questionnaire (UWES-9) the short version of the CD-RISC. As for marital status, there were significant differences between single participants and romantic partner. Singles participants showed higher levels of anxiety than their married counterparts, while those in a relationship scored higher in optimism, engagement and resilience. The model was statistically significant F (9;352) = 14.6; p < 0.001, explaining 27% of the variance in optimism. The data indicated that PA practice and living with a partner in an inland area is associated with less anxiety, which may have implications for programs and activities designed for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Martínez-Moreno
- INGESPORT Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Murcia, 30720 Santiago de la Ribera-San Javier, Spain; (R.J.I.-P.); (F.C.-G.); (F.C.-N.)
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15
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Ferreira KS, Teixeira ADO, Brito ED, Arbiza BCC, Puntel GO, Silva AMVD, Paulitsch FDS, Signori LU. ELECTROLYTE CHANGES RELATED TO MUSCLE PAIN AFTER RESISTANCE EXERCISES. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202603217420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Resistance exercises (RE) performed at high intensity cause an inflammatory response and electrolyte abnormalities in blood plasma. Objectives To study the plasma electrolyte changes resulting from a high-intensity session of RE in untrained volunteers, and to correlate these with delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Methods Twenty volunteers, aged 26.9 (±4.4) years, underwent an RE session. The workout (leg extension, squat and leg press) consisted of four sets of 10 maximum repetitions. Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca2+ e Mg2+) were evaluated before the training (baseline), immediately (0 min), and 30 minutes after the RE. The DOMS was assessed 24 hours after the sessions. Results The Na+ increased immediately after the RE and returned to normal after 30 min (p<0.001). After 30 min, K+ increased compared to baseline levels and immediately after the RE (p<0.001). Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels did not change throughout the study. Changes in Na+ and K+ levels were correlated immediately (r=-0.511; p=0.021) and 30 min (r=-0.455; p=0.049) after RE. Plasma concentrations of Na+ 0 min were correlated (r=-0.520; p=0.018) with the DOMS. Conclusion High-intensity RE in untrained volunteers leads to changes in plasma concentrations of Na+ and K+. Na+ concentrations immediately after RE were related to DOMS; individuals that presented smaller alterations in this electrolyte reported more muscular pain. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic Studies - Development of diagnostic criteria on consecutive patients (with universally applied reference “gold” standard).
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16
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Lima LCR, Nosaka K, Chen TC, Pinto RS, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Decreased running economy is not associated with decreased force production capacity following downhill running in untrained, young men. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:84-92. [PMID: 32090683 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1727570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationships between changes in running economy (RE) and indirect muscle damage markers following downhill running (DHR) to test the hypothesis that decreased RE after DHR would be associated with decreases in muscle function. Forty-five young men ran downhill (-15%) for 30 min at the velocity corresponding to 70% of their peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Oxygen uptake (VO2) and other parameters possibly associated with RE (blood lactate concentration, perceived exertion, stride length and frequency) were measured during 5-minute level running at the velocity corresponding to 80%VO2peak before, immediately after and 1-3 days after DHR. Knee extensor maximal voluntary contraction torque (MVC), rate of torque development, vertical jump performance, muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase activity were assessed at the same time points. The values of the dependent variables were compared among time points by one-way ANOVAs followed by Bonferroni post-hoc tests when appropriate. Pearson's correlation tests were used to examine relationships between changes in VO2 (RE parameter) and changes in muscle damage parameters. VO2 during the level run increased (p < 0.05) immediately after DHR (18.3 ± 4.6%) and sustained until 2 days post-DHR (11.7 ± 4.2%). MVC decreased (p < 0.05) immediately (-21.8 ± 6.1%) to 3 days (-13.6 ± 5.9%) post-DHR, and muscle soreness developed 1-3 days post-DHR. The magnitude of changes in VO2 did not significantly (p < 0.05) correlate with the changes in muscle damage makers (r = -0.02-0.13) nor stride length (r = -0.05) and frequency (r = -0.05). The absence of correlation between the changes in VO2 and MVC suggests that strength loss was not a key factor affecting RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo C R Lima
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Trevor C Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ronei S Pinto
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Camila C Greco
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Benedito S Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
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17
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Sparkes W, Turner AN, Cook CJ, Weston M, Russell M, Johnston MJ, Kilduff LP. The neuromuscular, endocrine and mood responses to a single versus double training session day in soccer players. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 23:69-74. [PMID: 31526664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study profiled the 24h neuromuscular, endocrine and mood responses to a single versus a double training day in soccer players. DESIGN Repeated measures. METHODS Twelve semi-professional soccer players performed small-sided-games (SSG's; 4 vs 4+goalkeepers; 6×7-min, 2-min inter-set recovery) with neuromuscular (peak-power output, PPO; jump height, JH), endocrine (salivary testosterone, cortisol), and mood measures collected before (pre) and after (0h, +24h). The following week, the same SSG protocol was performed with an additional lower body strength training session (back-squat, Romanian deadlift, barbell hip thrust; 4×4 repetitions, 4-min inter-set recovery; 85% 1 rep-max) added at 2h after the SSG's. RESULTS Between-trial comparisons revealed possible to likely small impairments in PPO (2.5±2.2Wkg-1; 90% Confidence Limits: ±2.2Wkg-1), JH (-1.3; ±2.0cm) and mood (4.6; ±6.1AU) in response to the double versus single sessions at +24h. Likely to very likely small favourable responses occurred following the single session for testosterone (-15.2; ±6.1pgml-1), cortisol (0.072; ±0.034ugdl-1) and testosterone/cortisol ratio (-96.6; ±36.7AU) at +24h compared to the double session trial. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight that performance of two training sessions within a day resulted in possible to very likely small impairments of neuromuscular performance, mood score and endocrine markers at +24h relative to a single training session day. A strategy of alternating high intensity explosive training days containing multiple sessions with days emphasising submaximal technical/tactical activities may be beneficial for those responsible for the design and delivery of soccer training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sparkes
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Health and Sport Portfolio, Swansea University, UK
| | - A N Turner
- London Sports Institute, Science and Technology, Middlesex University, UK
| | - C J Cook
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Health and Sport Portfolio, Swansea University, UK
| | - M Weston
- Department of Psychology, Sport and Exercise, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, UK
| | - M Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, UK
| | - M J Johnston
- British Athletics, University of Loughborough, UK
| | - L P Kilduff
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Health and Sport Portfolio, Swansea University, UK.
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18
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Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Recovery in Young and Middle-Aged Males with Different Resistance Training Experience. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7060132. [PMID: 31146445 PMCID: PMC6628445 DOI: 10.3390/sports7060132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the time course of recovery after a squatting exercise in trained young (YG; n = 9; age 22.3 ± 1.7 years) and trained (MT; n = 9; 39.9 ± 6.2 years) and untrained (MU; n = 9; age 44.4 ± 6.3 years) middle-aged males. Before and at 24 and 72 h after 10 × 10 squats at 60% one-repetition maximum (1RM), participants provided measurements of perceived muscle soreness (VAS), creatine kinase (CK), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), voluntary activation (VA), and resting doublet force of the knee extensors and squatting peak power at 20% and 80% 1RM. When compared to the YG males, the MT experienced likely and very likely moderate decrements in MVC, resting doublet force, and peak power at 20% and 80% 1RM accompanied by unclear differences in VAS, CK, and VA after the squatting exercise. MU males, compared to MT, experienced greater alterations in peak power at 20% and 80% 1RM and VAS. Alterations in CK, MVC, VA, and resting doublet force were unclear at all time-points between the middle-aged groups. Middle-aged males experienced greater symptoms of muscle damage and an impaired recovery profile than young resistance trained males. Moreover, regardless of resistance training experience, middle-aged males are subject to similar symptoms after muscle-damaging lower-body exercise.
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19
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Touron J, Perrault H, Julian V, Maisonnave L, Deat P, Auclair-Ronzaud J, Salles J, Walrand S, Hermet J, Rigaudiere JP, Lebecque P, Malpuech-Brugere C, Montaurier C, Pereira B, Coxam V, Costes F, Richard R. Impact of Eccentric or Concentric Training on Body Composition and Energy Expenditure. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:1944-1953. [PMID: 30920487 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of 8-wk eccentric (ECC) versus concentric (CON) training using downhill and uphill running in rats on whole body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), and energy expenditure. METHODS Animals were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: 1) control (CTRL), 2) +15% uphill-running slope (CON), 3) -15% downhill-running slope (ECC15), and 4) -30% downhill-running slope (ECC30). Those programs enabled to achieve conditions of isopower output for CON and ECC15 and of iso-oxygen uptake (V˙O2) for CON and ECC30. Trained rats ran 45 min at 15 m·min five times per week. Total body mass, fat body mass, and lean body mass (LBM) measured through EchoMRI™, and 24-h energy expenditure including basal metabolic rate (BMR) assessed using PhenoMaster/LabMaster™ cage system were obtained before and after training. At sacrifice, the right femur was collected for bone parameters analysis. RESULTS Although total body mass increased in all groups over the 8-wk period, almost no change occurred for fat body mass in exercised groups (CON, -4.8 ± 6.18 g; ECC15, 0.6 ± 3.32 g; ECC30, 2.6 ± 6.01 g). The gain in LBM was mainly seen for ECC15 (88.9 ± 6.85 g) and ECC30 (101.6 ± 11.07 g). ECC was also seen to positively affect BMD. An increase in BMR from baseline was seen in exercise groups (CON, 13.9 ± 4.13 kJ·d; ECC15, 11.6 ± 5.10 kJ·d; ECC30, 18.3 ± 4.33 kJ·d) but not in CTRL one. This difference disappeared when BMR was normalized for LBM. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that for iso-V˙O2 training, the impact on LBM and BMD is enhanced with ECC as compared with CON, and that for isopower but lower V˙O2 ECC, an important stimulus for adaptation is still observed. This provides further insights for the use of ECC in populations with cardiorespiratory exercise limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Touron
- Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
| | - Hélène Perrault
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, CANADA
| | - Valérie Julian
- Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE.,Department of Sports Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
| | - Laura Maisonnave
- Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
| | - Philippe Deat
- Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
| | | | - Jérôme Salles
- Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
| | - Stéphane Walrand
- Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
| | | | | | - Patrice Lebecque
- Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
| | | | | | - Bruno Pereira
- Delegation to Clinical Research and Innovation, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
| | - Véronique Coxam
- Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
| | - Frédéric Costes
- Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE.,Department of Sports Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
| | - Ruddy Richard
- Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS Team, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE.,Department of Sports Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, FRANCE
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20
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Sparkes W, Turner A, Weston M, Russell M, Johnston M, Kilduff L. Neuromuscular, Biochemical, Endocrine, and Mood Responses to Small-Sided Games' Training in Professional Soccer. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2569-2576. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Owens DJ, Twist C, Cobley JN, Howatson G, Close GL. Exercise-induced muscle damage: What is it, what causes it and what are the nutritional solutions? Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:71-85. [PMID: 30110239 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1505957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is characterized by symptoms that present both immediately and for up to 14 days after the initial exercise bout. The main consequence of EIMD for the athlete is the loss of skeletal muscle function and soreness. As such, numerous nutrients and functional foods have been examined for their potential to ameliorate the effects of EIMD and accelerate recovery, which is the purpose of many nutritional strategies for the athlete. However, the trade-off between recovery and adaptation is rarely considered. For example, many nutritional interventions described in this review target oxidative stress and inflammation, both thought to contribute to EIMD but are also crucial for the recovery and adaptation process. This calls into question whether long term administration of supplements and functional foods used to target EIMD is indeed best practice. This rapidly growing area of sports nutrition will benefit from careful consideration of the potential hormetic effect of long term use of nutritional aids that ameliorate muscle damage. This review provides a concise overview of what EIMD is, its causes and consequences and critically evaluates potential nutritional strategies to ameliorate EIMD. We present a pragmatic practical summary that can be adopted by practitioners and direct future research, with the purpose of pushing the field to better consider the fine balance between recovery and adaptation and the potential that nutritional interventions have in modulating this balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Owens
- a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Craig Twist
- b Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences , University of Chester , Chester , UK
| | - James N Cobley
- c Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Center of Health Sciences , University of the Highlands and Islands , Inverness , UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- d Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation , Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK.,e Water Research Group , North West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Graeme L Close
- a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
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22
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Costello N, Deighton K, Preston T, Matu J, Rowe J, Sawczuk T, Halkier M, Read DB, Weaving D, Jones B. Collision activity during training increases total energy expenditure measured via doubly labelled water. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1169-1177. [PMID: 29569055 PMCID: PMC5966477 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Collision sports are characterised by frequent high-intensity collisions that induce substantial muscle damage, potentially increasing the energetic cost of recovery. Therefore, this study investigated the energetic cost of collision-based activity for the first time across any sport. METHODS Using a randomised crossover design, six professional young male rugby league players completed two different 5-day pre-season training microcycles. Players completed either a collision (COLL; 20 competitive one-on-one collisions) or non-collision (nCOLL; matched for kinematic demands, excluding collisions) training session on the first day of each microcycle, exactly 7 days apart. All remaining training sessions were matched and did not involve any collision-based activity. Total energy expenditure was measured using doubly labelled water, the literature gold standard. RESULTS Collisions resulted in a very likely higher (4.96 ± 0.97 MJ; ES = 0.30 ± 0.07; p = 0.0021) total energy expenditure across the 5-day COLL training microcycle (95.07 ± 16.66 MJ) compared with the nCOLL training microcycle (90.34 ± 16.97 MJ). The COLL training session also resulted in a very likely higher (200 ± 102 AU; ES = 1.43 ± 0.74; p = 0.007) session rating of perceived exertion and a very likely greater (- 14.6 ± 3.3%; ES = - 1.60 ± 0.51; p = 0.002) decrease in wellbeing 24 h later. CONCLUSIONS A single collision training session considerably increased total energy expenditure. This may explain the large energy expenditures of collision-sport athletes, which appear to exceed kinematic training and match demands. These findings suggest fuelling professional collision-sport athletes appropriately for the "muscle damage caused" alongside the kinematic "work required".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nessan Costello
- Carnegie School of Sport, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK. .,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK.
| | - Kevin Deighton
- Carnegie School of Sport, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Thomas Preston
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Rankine Avenue, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, East Kilbride, Scotland, UK
| | - Jamie Matu
- Carnegie School of Sport, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Joshua Rowe
- Carnegie School of Sport, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Thomas Sawczuk
- Carnegie School of Sport, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Queen Ethelburga's School, York, UK
| | | | - Dale B Read
- Carnegie School of Sport, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK
| | - Daniel Weaving
- Carnegie School of Sport, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie School of Sport, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK.,The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
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23
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Woods AL, Rice AJ, Garvican-Lewis LA, Wallett AM, Lundy B, Rogers MA, Welvaert M, Halson S, McKune A, Thompson KG. The effects of intensified training on resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and performance in trained cyclists. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191644. [PMID: 29444097 PMCID: PMC5812577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent research has demonstrated decreases in resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and performance following a period of intensified training in elite athletes, however the underlying mechanisms of change remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate how an intensified training period, designed to elicit overreaching, affects RMR, body composition, and performance in trained endurance athletes, and to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Method Thirteen (n = 13) trained male cyclists completed a six-week training program consisting of a “Baseline” week (100% of regular training load), a “Build” week (~120% of Baseline load), two “Loading” weeks (~140, 150% of Baseline load, respectively) and two “Recovery” weeks (~80% of Baseline load). Training comprised of a combination of laboratory based interval sessions and on-road cycling. RMR, body composition, energy intake, appetite, heart rate variability (HRV), cycling performance, biochemical markers and mood responses were assessed at multiple time points throughout the six-week period. Data were analysed using a linear mixed modeling approach. Results The intensified training period elicited significant decreases in RMR (F(5,123.36) = 12.0947, p = <0.001), body mass (F(2,19.242) = 4.3362, p = 0.03), fat mass (F(2,20.35) = 56.2494, p = <0.001) and HRV (F(2,22.608) = 6.5212, p = 0.005); all of which improved following a period of recovery. A state of overreaching was induced, as identified by a reduction in anaerobic performance (F(5,121.87) = 8.2622, p = <0.001), aerobic performance (F(5,118.26) = 2.766, p = 0.02) and increase in total mood disturbance (F(5, 110.61) = 8.1159, p = <0.001). Conclusion Intensified training periods elicit greater energy demands in trained cyclists, which, if not sufficiently compensated with increased dietary intake, appears to provoke a cascade of metabolic, hormonal and neural responses in an attempt to restore homeostasis and conserve energy. The proactive monitoring of energy intake, power output, mood state, body mass and HRV during intensified training periods may alleviate fatigue and attenuate the observed decrease in RMR, providing more optimal conditions for a positive training adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Woods
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Anthony J Rice
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Laura A Garvican-Lewis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alice M Wallett
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Bronwen Lundy
- Department of Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Margot A Rogers
- Department of Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Marijke Welvaert
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Shona Halson
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew McKune
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kevin G Thompson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia
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24
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Baranauskienė N, Kilikevičienė S, Stasiulė L, Civinskienė G, Stasiulis A. Gender differences in residual effect of prior drop jumps on oxygen uptake during heavy cycling exercise. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2017; 53:331-338. [PMID: 29239779 DOI: 10.1016/j.medici.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Unaccustomed eccentric or eccentric-concentric exercise leaves us stiff and sore the next day and can cause muscle damage. The data about the residual effect of prior eccentric-concentric exercises on oxygen uptake (VO2) during constant cycling exercise in women or the data about differences of such effect between genders are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess differences of the residual effect of PDJ on VO2 during HCE and indirect muscle damage parameters between women and men. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study aimed to asses differences of the residual effect of prior drop jumps (PDJ) on VO2 during heavy cycling exercise (HCE) and indirect muscle damage parameters between men (n=8) and women (n=11). On four different days participants performed one incremental cycling exercise and three HCE (control [CON], 45min [45' PDJ] and 24h [24h PDJ] after 100 drop jumps). The intensity of HCE was set to work rate corresponding to 50% of the difference between the second and the first ventilatory thresholds which were determined analyzing pulmonary gas exchange parameters during incremental cycling exercise. Capillary blood samples were collected in order to measure blood lactate concentration immediately after HCE and serum creatine kinase (CK) activity 24h after PDJ. Subjects rated perceived exertion and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) using 20 and 10 point scales, respectively. RESULTS VO2 at 3-6min of HCE performed 45' after PDJ was significantly increased as compared to CON HCE only in the male group. Both men and women felt moderate muscle pain. CK activity was significantly increased 24h after PDJ in the male group. Both during HCE 45' PDJ and 24h PDJ, the significant positive correlation was observed between relative changes of VO2 during steady state of HCE and CK activity only in the male group. CONCLUSIONS Prior eccentric-concentric exercise of thigh muscles (100 drop jumps) accelerates VO2 kinetics at the start and increases VO2 during steady state of heavy cycling only in the male group. So, prior exercise of such type has a higher negative impact on cycling economy in men than in women and this might be related to greater muscle damage and fatigue in physically active male persons after plyometric exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neringa Baranauskienė
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Sandra Kilikevičienė
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sport Biomedicine, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Loreta Stasiulė
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sport Biomedicine, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Genuvaitė Civinskienė
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arvydas Stasiulis
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sport Biomedicine, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Melnikov VN, Divert VE, Komlyagina TG, Consedine NS, Krivoschekov SG. Baseline values of cardiovascular and respiratory parameters predict response to acute hypoxia in young healthy men. Physiol Res 2017; 66:467-479. [PMID: 28248531 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of the available works have studied distinct hypoxic responses of respiratory and cardiovascular systems. This study examines how these systems interact while responding to hypoxia and whether baseline metrics moderate reactions to a hypoxic challenge. Central hemodynamic, aortic wave reflection, and gas exchange parameters were measured in 27 trained young men before and after 10-min normobaric isocapnic hypoxia (10 % O2). Associations were assessed by correlation and multiple regression analyses. Hypoxic changes in the parameters of pulse wave analysis such as augmentation index (-114 %, p=0.007), pulse pressure amplification (+6 %, p=0.020), time to aortic reflection wave (+21 %, p<0.001) report on the increase in arterial distensibility. Specifically, initially compliant arteries blunt the positive cardiac chronotropic response to hypoxia and facilitate the myocardial workload. The degree of blood oxygen desaturation is directly correlated with both baseline values and hypoxic responses of aortic and peripheral blood pressures. The hypoxia-induced gain in ventilation (VE), while controlling for basal VE and heart rate (HR), is inversely associated with deltaHR and deltasystolic blood pressure. The study suggests that cardiovascular and respiratory systems mutually supplement each other when responding to hypoxic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Melnikov
- Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Caldwell JT, Wardlow GC, Branch PA, Ramos M, Black CD, Ade CJ. Effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on vascular function and skeletal muscle microvascular deoxygenation. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/22/e13032. [PMID: 27884955 PMCID: PMC5358004 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigated the effects of unaccustomed eccentric exercise‐induced muscle damage (EIMD) on macro‐ and microvascular function. We tested the hypotheses that resting local and systemic endothelial‐dependent flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) and microvascular reactivity would decrease, V˙O2max would be altered, and that during ramp exercise, peripheral O2 extraction, evaluated via near‐infrared‐derived spectroscopy (NIRS) derived deoxygenated hemoglobin + myoglobin ([HHb]), would be distorted following EIMD. In 13 participants, measurements were performed prior to (Pre) and 48 h after a bout of knee extensor eccentric exercise designed to elicit localized muscle damage (Post). Flow‐mediated dilation and postocclusive reactive hyperemic responses measured in the superficial femoral artery served as a measurement of local vascular function relative to the damaged tissue, while the brachial artery served as an index of nonlocal, systemic, vascular function. During ramp‐incremental exercise on a cycle ergometer, [HHb] and tissue saturation (TSI%) in the m. vastus lateralis were measured. Superficial femoral artery FMD significantly decreased following EIMD (pre 6.75 ± 3.89%; post 4.01 ± 2.90%; P < 0.05), while brachial artery FMD showed no change. The [HHb] and TSI% amplitudes were not different following EIMD ([HHb]: pre, 16.9 ± 4.7; post 17.7 ± 4.9; TSI%: pre, 71.0 ± 19.7; post 71.0 ± 19.7; all P > 0.05). At each progressive increase in workload (i.e., 0–100% peak), the [HHb] and TOI% responses were similar pre‐ and 48 h post‐EIMD (P > 0.05). Additionally, V˙O2max was similar at pre‐ (3.0 ± 0.67 L min−1) to 48 h post (2.96 ± 0.60 L min−1)‐EIMD (P > 0.05). Results suggest that moderate eccentric muscle damage leads to impaired local, but not systemic, macrovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Caldwell
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas .,Department of Health and Exercise Science, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Garrett C Wardlow
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Patrece A Branch
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Macarena Ramos
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Christopher D Black
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Carl J Ade
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Mann TN, Platt CE, Lamberts RP, Lambert MI. Faster Heart Rate Recovery With Increased RPE: Paradoxical Responses After an 87-km Ultramarathon. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:3343-52. [PMID: 25970491 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between heart rate recovery (HRR) and an acute training "overload" by comparing HRR responses before and after an ultramarathon road race. Ten runners completed a standardized laboratory protocol ∼7 days before and between 2 and 4 days after participating in the 87-km Comrades Marathon. The protocol included muscle pain ratings, a 5-bound test, and 20 minutes of treadmill exercise at 70% of maximal oxygen uptake followed by 15 minutes of recovery. Respiratory gases and heart rate measurements were used to calculate steady-state exercise responses, HRR, and excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), and participants also provided a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during exercise. The RPE was significantly increased (13 ± 2 vs. 11 ± 1) (p < 0.01), and HRR was significantly faster (35 ± 5 beats vs. 29 ± 4 beats) (p < 0.01) following the postrace vs. prerace submaximal exercise bout, with no significant changes in respiratory or heart rate parameters during exercise or in EPOC. Although previous studies have shown that faster HRR reflected an "adapted" state with enhanced training status, the current findings suggest that this may not always be the case. It follows that changes in HRR should be considered in the context of other factors, such as recent training load and RPE during submaximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa N Mann
- 1Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; and 2Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Benton MJ, Waggener GT, Swan PD. Effect of Training Status on Oxygen Consumption in Women After Resistance Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:800-6. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Black CD, Gonglach AR, Hight RE, Renfroe JB. Time-course of recovery of peak oxygen uptake after exercise-induced muscle damage. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 216:70-7. [PMID: 26102253 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
V̇O2 peak has been shown to be reduced 48 h following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), but it is unclear how long this reduction may persist. In this study eight endurance trained participants (21.5 ± 1.1 years old) performed a maximal exercise tests over 10-days followings EIMD. Cardiorespiratory variables were collected via open-circuit spirometry and soreness, maximal strength (MVC), motor-unit recruitment, and contractile properties were assessed prior to each test. MVC was reduced for up to 4-days (p ≤ 0.05) and soreness was evident for 10-days in the quadriceps (p < 0.05). V̇O2peak was reduced 7.4% 2-days post EIMD (55.5 ± 6.0 vs. 51.3 ± 5.8; p = 0.006) and remained reduced in 6 of 8 participants at 10-days post (p = 0.005). No relationship was found between changes in MVC, soreness, motor-unit recruitment, and contractile properties and changes in V̇O2peak (p > 0.05). EIMD resulted in small, but prolonged reductions in V̇O2peak. Our findings suggest mechanisms aside from force loss and soreness are primarily responsible for the reductions in V̇O2peak after EIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Black
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA; Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA.
| | - Alexander R Gonglach
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA
| | - Robert E Hight
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA
| | - Jessica B Renfroe
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA
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