1
|
Heydenreich J, Koehler K, Braun H, Grosshauser M, Heseker H, Koenig D, Lampen A, Mosler S, Niess A, Schek A, Carlsohn A. Effects of internal cooling on physical performance, physiological and perceptional parameters when exercising in the heat: A systematic review with meta-analyses. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1125969. [PMID: 37113693 PMCID: PMC10126464 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1125969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: An elevated core temperature (Tcore) increases the risk of performance impairments and heat-related illness. Internal cooling (IC) has the potential to lower Tcore when exercising in the heat. The aim of the review was to systematically analyze the effects of IC on performance, physiological, and perceptional parameters. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed database on 17 December 2021. Intervention studies were included assessing the effects of IC on performance, physiological, or perceptional outcomes. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted for the included literature. The standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated using the inverse-variance method and a random-effects model. Results: 47 intervention studies involving 486 active subjects (13.7% female; mean age 20-42 years) were included in the meta-analysis. IC resulted in significant positive effects on time to exhaustion [SMD (95% CI) 0.40 (0.13; 0.67), p < 0.01]. IC significantly reduced Tcore [-0.19 (22120.34; -0.05), p < 0.05], sweat rate [-0.20 (-0.34; -0.06), p < 0.01], thermal sensation [-0.17 (-0.33; -0.01), p < 0.05], whereas no effects were found on skin temperature, blood lactate, and thermal comfort (p > 0.05). IC resulted in a borderline significant reduction in time trial performance [0.31 (-0.60; -0.02), p = 0.06], heart rate [-0.13 (-0.27; 0.01), p = 0.06], rate of perceived exertion [-0.16 (-0.31; -0.00), p = 0.05] and borderline increased mean power output [0.22 (0.00; 0.44), p = 0.05]. Discussion: IC has the potential to affect endurance performance and selected physiological and perceptional parameters positively. However, its effectiveness depends on the method used and the time point of administration. Future research should confirm the laboratory-based results in the field setting and involve non-endurance activities and female athletes. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42022336623.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Heydenreich
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Juliane Heydenreich,
| | - Karsten Koehler
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Braun
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Manfred Donike Institute for Doping Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mareike Grosshauser
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Olympic Center Rhineland-Palatinate/Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Helmut Heseker
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Daniel Koenig
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Division of Sports Medicine, Exercise Physiology and Prevention, Center for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Risk Assessment Strategies, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Mosler
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Olympic Center Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Niess
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schek
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Editorial Team of the Journal Leistungssport, German Olympic Sports Confederation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anja Carlsohn
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Nutrition and Home Economics, University of Applied Science Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roriz M, Brito P, Teixeira FJ, Brito J, Teixeira VH. Performance effects of internal pre- and per-cooling across different exercise and environmental conditions: A systematic review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:959516. [PMID: 36337635 PMCID: PMC9632747 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.959516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise in a hot and humid environment may endanger athlete's health and affect physical performance. This systematic review aimed to examine whether internal administration of ice, cold beverages or menthol solutions may be beneficial for physical performance when exercising in different environmental conditions and sports backgrounds. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases, from inception to April 2022, to identify studies meeting the following inclusion criteria: healthy male and female physically active individuals or athletes (aged ≥18 years); an intervention consisting in the internal administration (i.e., ingestion or mouth rinse) of ice slush, ice slurry or crushed ice and/or cold beverages and/or menthol solutions before and/or during exercise; a randomized crossover design with a control or placebo condition; the report of at least one physical performance outcome; and to be written in English. Our search retrieved 2,714 articles in total; after selection, 43 studies were considered, including 472 participants, 408 men and 64 women, aged 18-42 years, with a VO2max ranging from 46.2 to 67.2 mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1. Average ambient temperature and relative humidity during the exercise tasks were 32.4 ± 3.5°C (ranging from 22°C to 38°C) and 50.8 ± 13.4% (varying from 20.0% to 80.0%), respectively. Across the 43 studies, 7 exclusively included a menthol solution mouth rinse, 30 exclusively involved ice slurry/ice slush/crushed ice/cold beverages intake, and 6 examined both the effect of thermal and non-thermal internal techniques in the same protocol. Rinsing a menthol solution (0.01%) improved physical performance during continuous endurance exercise in the heat. Conversely, the ingestion of ice or cold beverages did not seem to consistently increase performance, being more likely to improve performance in continuous endurance trials, especially when consumed during exercises. Co-administration of menthol with or within ice beverages seems to exert a synergistic effect by improving physical performance. Even in environmental conditions that are not extreme, internal cooling strategies may have an ergogenic effect. Further studies exploring both intermittent and outdoor exercise protocols, involving elite male and female athletes and performed under not extreme environmental conditions are warranted. Systematic review registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021268197], identifier [CRD42021268197].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roriz
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brito
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Atlântica, Instituto Universitário, Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena, Barcarena, Portugal
- Bettery Lifelab, Bettery S.A., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Iwata R, Kawamura T, Hosokawa Y, Chang L, Suzuki K, Muraoka I. Comparison of the effect of post-exercise cooling with ice slurry ingestion between males and females. J Therm Biol 2021; 99:102979. [PMID: 34420623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of ice slurry ingestion on post-exercise cooling in males and females. Twenty-four healthy adults (male n = 12; body weight [BW], 65.8 ± 10.3 kg; female, n = 12; BW, 58.2 ± 10.0 kg) participated in this study. Participants ingested 7.5 g/kg of either ice slurry at -1 °C (ICE) or control fluid at 20 °C (CON) during recovery after cycling at 55% VO2max until the rectal temperature reached 38.5 °C or exhaustion in a hot environment (controlled at 38 °C, 40% relative humidity). Rectal (Tre) and skin (Tsk) temperature, ratings of thermal sensation (TS), thermal comfort (TC), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and whole body sweat loss (WBSL) were measured 60 min after exercise. Ice slurry ingestion reduced Tre and TS and improved post-exercise hypotension only in females (p < 0.05). In comparison, males did not receive cooling effect from post- exercise cooling with ice slurry ingestion. WBSL tended to be lower in ICE than CON in males (ICE, 454.3 ± 172.3 g; CON, 539.7 ± 157.2 g; p = 0.065). In conclusion, sex differences were observed in the effects of post-exercise cooling with ice slurry ingestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Risa Iwata
- Japan Institute of Sport Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Takuji Kawamura
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Yuri Hosokawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Lili Chang
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Isao Muraoka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Iwata R, Kawamura T, Hosokawa Y, Chang L, Suzuki K, Muraoka I. Differences between sexes in thermoregulatory responses and exercise time during endurance exercise in a hot environment following pre-cooling with ice slurry ingestion. J Therm Biol 2020; 94:102746. [PMID: 33292987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine differences between sexes in thermoregulatory responses and exercise time after ice slurry ingestion in a hot environment. Twenty-four healthy adults (male n = 12, body weight (BW) = 65.8 ± 10.3; female n = 12, BW = 58.2 ± 10.0) ingested 7.5 g/kg of either ice slurry at -1 °C (ICE) or control water at 20 °C (CON) before cycling at 55%VO2 max in a hot environment (controlled at 38 °C, 40% relative humidity). Rectal (Tre) and skin (Tsk) temperature, heart rate, sweat rate, respiratory gases, ratings of thermal sensation (TS), thermal comfort (TC), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Ice slurry did not improve exercise time in both sexes despite Tre was significantly lower in ICE than CON in both sexes. Tre, Tsk, HR, sweat rate and TS did not differ between sexes. TC and RPE in ICE were significantly higher during exercise in males than in females. In conclusion, there were no sex differences in the effects of pre-cooling with ice slurry ingestion; however, pre-cooling with ice slurry may be more effective in mitigating ratings of TC and RPE in females than males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Risa Iwata
- Waseda University, Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Takuji Kawamura
- Waseda University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuri Hosokawa
- Waseda University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | - Lili Chang
- Waseda University, Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Isao Muraoka
- Waseda University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rodríguez MÁ, Piedra JV, Sánchez-Fernández M, del Valle M, Crespo I, Olmedillas H. A Matter of Degrees: A Systematic Review of the Ergogenic Effect of Pre-Cooling in Highly Trained Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2952. [PMID: 32344616 PMCID: PMC7215649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The current systematic review evaluated the effects of different pre-cooling techniques on sports performance in highly-trained athletes under high temperature conditions. PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from inception to December 2019. Studies performing pre-cooling interventions in non-acclimatized highly-trained athletes (>55 mL/kg/min of maximal oxygen consumption) under heat conditions (≥30 °C) were included. The searched reported 26 articles. Pre-cooling techniques can be external (exposure to ice water, cold packs, or cooling clothes), internal (intake of cold water or ice), or mixed. Cooling prior to exercise concluded increases in distance covered (1.5-13.1%), mean power output (0.9-6.9%), time to exhaustion (19-31.9%), work (0.1-8.5%), and mean peak torque (10.4-22.6%), as well as reductions in completion time (0.6-6.5%). Mixed strategies followed by cold water immersion seem to be the most effective techniques, being directly related with the duration of cooling and showing the major effects in prolonged exercise protocols. The present review showed that pre-cooling methods are an effective strategy to increase sports performance in hot environments. This improvement is associated with the body surface exposed and its sensibility, as well as the time of application, obtaining the best results in prolonged physical exercise protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Rodríguez
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
| | - José Víctor Piedra
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
| | - Mario Sánchez-Fernández
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
| | - Miguel del Valle
- Department of Cellular Morphology and Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Irene Crespo
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
- Institute of Biomedicine, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Hugo Olmedillas
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thomas G, Cullen T, Davies M, Hetherton C, Duncan B, Gerrett N. Independent or simultaneous lowering of core and skin temperature has no impact on self-paced intermittent running performance in hot conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1841-1853. [PMID: 31218440 PMCID: PMC6647662 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effects of lowering core (Tgi) and mean skin temperature (Tsk) concomitantly and independently on self-paced intermittent running in the heat. Methods 10 males (30.5 ± 5.8 years, 73.2 ± 14.5 kg, 176.9 ± 8.0 cm, 56.2 ± 6.6 ml/kg/min) completed four randomised 46-min self-paced intermittent protocols on a non-motorised treadmill in 34.4 ± 1.4 °C, 36.3 ± 4.6% relative humidity. 30-min prior to exercise, participants were cooled via either ice slurry ingestion (INT); a cooling garment (EXT); mixed-cooling (ice slurry and cooling garment concurrently) (MIX); or no-cooling (CON). Results At the end of pre-cooling and the start of exercise Tgi were lower during MIX (36.11 ± 1.3 °C) compared to CON (37.6 ± 0.5 °C) and EXT (36.9 ± 0.5 °C, p < 0.05). Throughout pre-cooling Tsk and thermal sensation were lower in MIX compared to CON and INT, but not EXT (p < 0.05). The reductions in thermophysiological responses diminished within 10–20 min of exercise. Despite lowering Tgi, Tsk, body temperature (Tb), and thermal sensation prior to exercise, the distances covered were similar (CON: 6.69 ± 1.08 km, INT: 6.96 ± 0.81 km, EXT: 6.76 ± 0.65 km, MIX 6.87 ± 0.70 km) (p > 0.05). Peak sprint speeds were also similar between conditions (CON: 25.6 ± 4.48 km/h, INT: 25.4 ± 3.6 km/h, EXT: 26.0 ± 4.94 km/h, MIX: 25.6 ± 3.58 km/h) (p > 0.05). Blood lactate, heart rate and RPE were similar between conditions (p > 0.05). Conclusion Lowering Tgi and Tsk prior to self-paced intermittent exercise did not improve sprint, or submaximal running performance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00421-019-04173-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Thomas
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - T Cullen
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK.,Centre for Sport Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - M Davies
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - C Hetherton
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - B Duncan
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - N Gerrett
- Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alhadad SB, Tan PMS, Lee JKW. Efficacy of Heat Mitigation Strategies on Core Temperature and Endurance Exercise: A Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:71. [PMID: 30842739 PMCID: PMC6391927 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A majority of high profile international sporting events, including the coming 2020 Tokyo Olympics, are held in warm and humid conditions. When exercising in the heat, the rapid rise of body core temperature (Tc) often results in an impairment of exercise capacity and performance. As such, heat mitigation strategies such as aerobic fitness (AF), heat acclimation/acclimatization (HA), pre-exercise cooling (PC) and fluid ingestion (FI) can be introduced to counteract the debilitating effects of heat strain. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of these mitigation strategies using magnitude-based inferences. Methods: A computer-based literature search was performed up to 24 July 2018 using the electronic databases: PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar. After applying a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 118 studies were selected for evaluation. Each study was assessed according to the intervention's ability to lower Tc before exercise, attenuate the rise of Tc during exercise, extend Tc at the end of exercise and improve endurance. Weighted averages of Hedges' g were calculated for each strategy. Results: PC (g = 1.01) was most effective in lowering Tc before exercise, followed by HA (g = 0.72), AF (g = 0.65), and FI (g = 0.11). FI (g = 0.70) was most effective in attenuating the rate of rise of Tc, followed by HA (g = 0.35), AF (g = −0.03) and PC (g = −0.46). In extending Tc at the end of exercise, AF (g = 1.11) was most influential, followed by HA (g = −0.28), PC (g = −0.29) and FI (g = −0.50). In combination, AF (g = 0.45) was most effective at favorably altering Tc, followed by HA (g = 0.42), PC (g = 0.11) and FI (g = 0.09). AF (1.01) was also found to be most effective in improving endurance, followed by HA (0.19), FI (−0.16) and PC (−0.20). Conclusion: AF was found to be the most effective in terms of a strategy's ability to favorably alter Tc, followed by HA, PC and lastly, FI. Interestingly, a similar ranking was observed in improving endurance, with AF being the most effective, followed by HA, FI, and PC. Knowledge gained from this meta-analysis will be useful in allowing athletes, coaches and sport scientists to make informed decisions when employing heat mitigation strategies during competitions in hot environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Badriyah Alhadad
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pearl M S Tan
- Defence Medical & Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason K W Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Defence Medical & Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Choo HC, Nosaka K, Peiffer JJ, Ihsan M, Abbiss CR. Ergogenic effects of precooling with cold water immersion and ice ingestion: A meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:170-181. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1405077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui C. Choo
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J. Peiffer
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Mohammed Ihsan
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, ASPETAR – Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, P.O. Box 29222, Doha, Qatar
| | - Chris R. Abbiss
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Takeshima K, Onitsuka S, Xinyan Z, Hasegawa H. Effect of the timing of ice slurry ingestion for precooling on endurance exercise capacity in a warm environment. J Therm Biol 2017; 65:26-31. [PMID: 28343572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that precooling with ice slurry ingestion enhances endurance exercise capacity in the heat. However, no studies have yet evaluated the optimal timing of ice slurry ingestion for precooling. This study aimed to investigate the effects of varying the timing of ice slurry ingestion for precooling on endurance exercise capacity in a warm environment. Ten active male participants completed 3 experimental cycling trials to exhaustion at 55% peak power output (PPO) after 15min of warm-up at 30% PPO at 30°C and 80% relative humidity. Three experimental conditions were set: no ice slurry ingestion (CON), pre-warm-up ice slurry ingestion (-1°C; 7.5gkg-1) (PRE), and post-warm-up ice slurry ingestion (POST). Rectal and mean skin temperatures at the beginning of exercise in the POST condition (37.1±0.2°C, 33.8±0.9°C, respectively) were lower than those in the CON (37.5±0.3°C; P<0.001, 34.8±0.8°C; P<0.01, respectively) and PRE (37.4±0.2°C; P<0.01, 34.6±0.7°C; P<0.01, respectively) conditions. These reductions increased heat storage capacity and resulted in improved exercise capacity in the POST condition (60.2±8.7min) compared to that in the CON (52.0±11.9min; effect size [ES]=0.78) and PRE (56.9±10.4min; ES=0.34) conditions. Ice slurry ingestion after warm-up effectively reduced both rectal and skin temperatures and increased cycling time to exhaustion in a warm environment. Timing ice slurry ingestion to occur after warm-up may be effective for precooling in a warm environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takeshima
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Sumire Onitsuka
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Zheng Xinyan
- Department of Sport Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Clarke N, Baxter H, Fajemilua E, Jones V, Oxford S, Richardson D, Wyatt C, Mundy P. Coffee and Caffeine Ingestion Have Little Effect on Repeated Sprint Cycling in Relatively Untrained Males. Sports (Basel) 2016; 4:sports4030045. [PMID: 29910293 PMCID: PMC5968880 DOI: 10.3390/sports4030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of ingesting caffeine-dose-matched anhydrous caffeine or coffee on the performance of repeated sprints. Twelve recreationally active males (mean ± SD age: 22 ± 2 years, height: 1.78 ± 0.07 m, body mass: 81 ± 16 kg) completed eighteen 4 s sprints with 116 s recovery on a cycle ergometer on four separate occasions in a double-blind, randomised, counterbalanced crossover design. Participants ingested either 3 mg·kg−1 of caffeine (CAF), 0.09 g·kg−1 coffee, which provided 3 mg·kg−1 of caffeine (COF), a taste-matched placebo beverage (PLA), or a control condition (CON) 45 min prior to commencing the exercise protocol. Peak and mean power output and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded for each sprint. There were no significant differences in peak power output (CAF: 949 ± 199 W, COF: 949 ± 174 W, PLA: 971 ± 149 W and CON: 975 ± 170 W; p = 0.872; ηP2 = 0.02) or mean power output (CAF: 873 ± 172 W, COF: 862 ± 44 W, PLA: 887 ± 119 W and CON: 892 ± 143 W; p = 0.819; ηP2 = 0.03) between experimental conditions. Mean RPE was similar for all trials (CAF: 11 ± 2, COF: 11 ± 2, PLA: 11 ± 2 and CON: 11 ± 2; p = 0.927; ηP2 = 0.01). Neither the ingestion of COF or CAF improved repeated sprint cycling performance in relatively untrained males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Clarke
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.
| | - Harry Baxter
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.
| | | | - Victoria Jones
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.
| | - Samuel Oxford
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.
| | | | - Charlotte Wyatt
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.
| | - Peter Mundy
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|