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Sharma Ghimire P, Eckart A, Al-Makhzoomy IK, Stavitz J. Sex Differences in Bone, Muscle, and Inflammatory Markers and Their Associations with Muscle Performance Variables. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:215. [PMID: 37999432 PMCID: PMC10675833 DOI: 10.3390/sports11110215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of various markers such as Sclerostin, Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1), Irisin, receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL), and Vitamin D have been well studied in bone metabolism. Additionally, inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) have been shown to hinder muscle protein synthesis, leading to the loss of muscle and strength. However, a research gap exists in understanding their role in muscle function and physical activity. Therefore, this study aims to explore the serum levels of Sclerostin, DKK-1, Irisin, IL-6, RANKL, Vitamin D, and TNF-α and assess their relationships with upper- and lower-body strength in young adults. In this study, 38 college-aged students (18-23 years), males and females, participated and completed the protocols. The participants' lower and upper body strength were assessed by the vertical jump test (Just Jump, Probotic, AL) with a Tendo FitroDyne (Tendo Sports Machines, Trencin, Slovak Republic) and handgrip (HG) dynamometry (Takei Scientific Instruments, Yashiroda, Japan), respectively. Fasting morning blood samples were analyzed for serum levels of biomarkers by ELISA. The results indicate significant sex differences in Sclerostin, DKK-1, Irisin, and Vitamin D levels (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a positive association was observed between Sclerostin, DKK-1, and Vitamin D, with lower body muscle performance variables (p < 0.05). Conversely, a significant negative correlation was observed between TNF-α and lower-body muscle performance variables (p < 0.05). The results suggest that these markers may have a distinct effect on muscle performance, underscoring the need for further investigation to elucidate the concept of muscle-bone crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Sharma Ghimire
- College of Health Professions and Human Services, Kean University, 1000 Morris Ave, Union, NJ 07083, USA; (A.E.); (I.K.A.-M.); (J.S.)
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Lozano-Berges G, Matute-Llorente Á, Gómez-Bruton A, González-Agüero A, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Casajús JA. Do Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Affect Body Composition, Physical Fitness, Bone Strength and Bone Biomarkers in Female Children and Adolescent Football Players? A One-Season Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15394. [PMID: 36430113 PMCID: PMC9697430 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to compare changes in body composition, physical fitness, and bone biomarkers in female children and adolescent football players with different Vitamin D levels. Twenty-two players were classified into two groups according to 25(OH)D concentrations: 11 with deficient/insufficient 25(OH)D levels (IVD; <30 ng/mL) and 11 with sufficient 25(OH)D levels (SVD; ≥30 ng/mL). Body composition parameters were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and a peripheral quantitative computed tomography scanner. The following physical fitness tests were applied: maximal isometric knee extension (MIF), long jump, 30-m sprint, and 20-m shuttle run test (VO2max). Electrochemiluminescence immunoassays were used to analyze bone biomarkers and 25(OH)D. All variables were registered at the beginning and the end of the football season. The increase in subtotal bone mineral density (BMD) was higher in players with SVD than those with IVD (p = 0.030). Only players with SVD improved their MIF of the left leg (p = 0.005); whereas, only players with IVD decreased their 30-m sprint performance (p = 0.007) and VO2max (p = 0.046). No significant between- and within-group differences were found for bone biomarkers. SVD might cause an extra improvement of subtotal BMD in female children and adolescent football players. Moreover, it seems that the 25(OH)D concentration could be an important parameter for physical fitness improvement in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Lozano-Berges
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Matute-Llorente
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gómez-Bruton
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex González-Agüero
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Vicente-Rodríguez
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Casajús
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Brzeziański M, Migdalska-Sęk M, Czechowska A, Radzimiński Ł, Jastrzębski Z, Brzeziańska-Lasota E, Sewerynek E. Correlation between the Positive Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation and Physical Performance in Young Male Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:5138. [PMID: 35564532 PMCID: PMC9101676 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether supplementation with vitamin D during eight weeks of high-intensity training influences muscle power and aerobic performance in young soccer players. A total of 25 athletes were divided into two groups: the supplemented group (GS; n = 12; vitamin D 20,000 IU, twice a week) and the non-supplemented group (GN; n = 13). A set of measurements, including sprint tests, explosive power test, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and serum 25(OH)D concentration, were obtained before (T1) and after (T2) the intervention. A significant group x time interaction was found in the 25(OH)D serum levels (p = 0.002; ES = 0.36, large). A significant improvement in VO2max was found in the TG (p = 0.0004) and the GS (p = 0.031). Moreover, a positive correlation between 25(OH)D and VO2max (R = 0.4192, p = 0.0024) was calculated. The explosive power tests revealed insignificant time interactions in the average 10-jump height and average 10-jump power (p = 0.07, ES = 0.13; p = 0.10, ES = 0.11, respectively). A statistically insignificant trend was observed only in the group-by-time interaction for the sprint of 10 m (p = 0.05; ES = 0.15, large). The present study provides evidence that vitamin D supplementation has a positive but trivial impact on the explosive power and locomotor skills of young soccer players, but could significantly affect their aerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Brzeziański
- Department of Endocrine Disorders and Bone Metabolism, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland; (M.B.); (E.S.)
- Academic Laboratory of Three-Dimensional Anthropometry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Migdalska-Sęk
- Department of Biomedicine and Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Czechowska
- Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Radzimiński
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland; (Ł.R.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zbigniew Jastrzębski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland; (Ł.R.); (Z.J.)
| | - Ewa Brzeziańska-Lasota
- Department of Biomedicine and Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Ewa Sewerynek
- Department of Endocrine Disorders and Bone Metabolism, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland; (M.B.); (E.S.)
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Prevalence and novel risk factors for vitamin D insufficiency in elite athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:3857-3871. [PMID: 35882673 PMCID: PMC9596536 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02967-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vitamin D insufficiency may be common among elite athletes, but prevalence is unclear, and some potentially important risk factors are uncertain. The present study aimed to (a) estimate the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in elite athletes, and (b) examine differences in prevalence between the sexes, and between adults and adolescents, from recent studies which used a contemporary definition of insufficiency. METHODS Four databases (Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and Sports Medicine and Education Index) were searched for studies in elite athletes. Literature selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were conducted independently by two researchers. Vitamin D insufficiency was defined as 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L. Meta-analysis was conducted, using R software x64 4.0.2, to provide estimates of prevalence of insufficiency for adults and adolescents, and to examine between-sex differences in risk of insufficiency. RESULTS From the initial 943 literature search hits, 51 studies were eligible with 5456 participants, 33 studies in adults (12/33 in winter and spring), 15 studies in adolescents (6/15 in winter and spring) and 3 studies with age of study participants not given. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency from meta-analysis was 30% (95% CI 22-39%) in adults and prevalence was higher, though not significantly so, at 39% (95% CI 25-55%) in adolescents. Differences in the prevalence of insufficiency between the sexes for the eight studies which provided within-study comparisons was not significant (RR = 1.0; 95% CI 0.79-1.26). Evidence quality was moderate. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (≤ 50 nmol/L) in elite athletes is high, suggesting a need for greater attention to prevention and treatment. Prevalence estimates in the present study are conservative due to a relative lack of studies in winter. While there was no evidence of higher risk among women than men in the present study, there was less evidence on women.
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Datson N, Lolli L, Drust B, Atkinson G, Weston M, Gregson W. Inter-methodological quantification of the target change for performance test outcomes relevant to elite female soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:248-261. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1942538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Malina RM, Martinho DV, Valente-dos-Santos J, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Kozieł SM. Growth and Maturity Status of Female Soccer Players: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1448. [PMID: 33557121 PMCID: PMC7913875 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reported mean ages, heights and weights of female soccer players aged <19 years in 161 studies spanning the years 1992-2020 were extracted from the literature or calculated from data available to the authors; 35 studies spanning the years 1981-2020 also included an indicator of biological maturation. Heights and weights were plotted relative to U.S. reference data. Preece-Baines Model 1 was fitted to moving averages to estimate ages at peak velocity. Maturity indicators included skeletal age, pubertal status, age at menarche, percentage of predicted adult height and predicted maturity offset. Heights and weights showed negligible secular variation across the time interval. Heights were slightly above or approximated the reference medians through 14 years old and then varied between the medians and 75th percentiles through 18 years old. Weights were above the reference medians from 9 to 18 years old. Mean ages at menarche ranged from 12.7 to 13.0 years. The trend in heights and weights suggested the persistence and/or selection of taller and heavier players during adolescence, while estimated age at peak height velocity (PHV) and ages at menarche were within the range of mean ages in European and North American samples. Data for skeletal and sexual maturity status were limited; predicted maturity offset increased linearly with mean ages and heights at prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Diogo V. Martinho
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, CIDAF (uid/dtp/042143/2020), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.V.M.); (M.J.C.-e.-S.)
| | - João Valente-dos-Santos
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/042143/2020), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, CIDAF (uid/dtp/042143/2020), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.V.M.); (M.J.C.-e.-S.)
| | - Sławomir M. Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland;
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Abstract
Vitamin D Deficiency in Sports Abstract. A deficiency in vitamin D is very common in the general population as well as in athletes. The aim of this overview is to assess the level of knowledge about the importance of vitamin D for athletes. A deficiency in vitamin D is present in up to 90 % of athletes. Risk groups are young athletes, female athletes, athletes with a limitation such as paraplegia, vegetarians, athletes with a resorption disorder such as celiac disease, athletes training and competing indoors (e.g. ice hockey, basketball, boxing, rhythmic gymnastics), and older athletes. Dark skin pigmentation, the use of sunscreen, the time of day of the training (early morning, late evening) and the geographical location influence the risk for a deficiency in vitamin D. Exposure to the sun and a balanced diet are often not enough to prevent a vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen
- Institut für Hausarztmedizin, Universität Zürich, Zürich
| | | | - Pantelis T Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Griechenland
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athen, Griechenland
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Di Luigi L, Antinozzi C, Piantanida E, Sgrò P. Vitamin D, sport and health: a still unresolved clinical issue. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:1689-1702. [PMID: 32632904 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01347-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D metabolites have a pleiotropic role in human physiology, both in static and dynamic conditions, and a lot of vitamin D-related biological effects could influence physical and sport performances in athletes. Probably due to different factors (e.g., drugs, doping, nutrition, ultraviolet B radiation exposure), in athletes a very high prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy (i.e., deficiency or insufficiency) has been observed. Vitamin D inadequacy in athletes could be associated with specific health risks and to alterations of functional capacities, potentially influencing the fine adjustment of physical performances during training and sport competitions. When risk factors for vitamin D inadequacy exist, a preventive vitamin D supplementation is indicated, and if a vitamin D inadequacy is diagnosed, its supplementation is recommended. Unfortunately, on these issues many concerns remain unresolved. Indeed, it is not clear if athletes should be classified as a special population at increased risk for vitamin D inadequacy; moreover, in comparison to the non-athletic population, it is still not clear if athletes should have different reference ranges and different optimal target levels for serum vitamin D, if they have additional health risks, and if they need different type of supplementations (doses) for prevention and/or replacement therapy. Moreover, in athletes also the abuse of vitamin D supplements for ergogenic purposes raise different ethical and safety concerns. In this review, the main physio-pathological, functional and clinical issues that relate vitamin D to the world of athletes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Di Luigi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Roma "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - C Antinozzi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Roma "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - E Piantanida
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Via Ravasi 2, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - P Sgrò
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Roma "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
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Association of Vitamin D Status with Lower Limb Muscle Strength in Professional Basketball Players: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092715. [PMID: 32899479 PMCID: PMC7551193 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency in athletes may play a role in influencing fracture risk and athletic performance. This study aimed to examine the vitamin D status of basketball players and determine its correlation with muscle strength. We included 36 male professional basketball players (mean age, 22.6 ± 3.2 years) categorized by vitamin D status. We examined the muscle strength of knee extension/flexion and ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion using an isokinetic dynamometer. Eleven (30.5%), fifteen (41.7%), and ten (27.8%) players had deficient (<20 ng/mL), insufficient (20–32 ng/mL), and sufficient vitamin D levels (>32 ng/mL), respectively. In the dominant side, there were no significant correlations of vitamin D level with knee extension/flexion strength (r = 0.134, p = 0.436; r = −0.017, p = 0.922, respectively), or with plantarflexion/dorsiflexion ankle strength (r = −0.143, p = 0.404; r = 1.109, p = 0.527, respectively). Moreover, the isokinetic lower limb strengths were not significantly different between the three groups in all settings (all p > 0.05). In conclusion, professional basketball players had a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency. Though it may not be associated with muscle strength, maintaining adequate vitamin D levels by micronutrients monitoring, regular dietician consultation, and supplementation is still a critically considerable strategy to enhance young athletes’ health.
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Petrigna L, Karsten B, Marcolin G, Paoli A, D’Antona G, Palma A, Bianco A. A Review of Countermovement and Squat Jump Testing Methods in the Context of Public Health Examination in Adolescence: Reliability and Feasibility of Current Testing Procedures. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1384. [PMID: 31787902 PMCID: PMC6853898 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of a public health physical fitness (PF) examination in adolescence, a countermovement jump (CMJ) and a squat jump (SJ) are two vertical jump (VJ) tests widely used to evaluate lower limb muscle strength and power, respectively. The main criticism of both the CMJ and SJ test is the lack of test standardization. Therefore, the objectives of this review are: (a) to gather information about both jumps; (b) to investigate whether it is possible to identify common procedures referred to in the CMJ and SJ technical execution, and (c) to design standard operating procedures (SOPs) to promote CMJ and SJ standardization in an adolescent population aged 12-18 years. METHODS The review partially adopted the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement (PRISMA). Due to growing attention in monitoring physical health through field tests in recent years, articles were collected using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from January 2009 to July 2019. Original articles in which CMJ or SJ were used to assess the muscular strength in adolescents were eligible for further analysis. Articles written in English was imposed as a limit. RESULTS A total of 117 studies met the inclusion criteria. The description of the CMJ and SJ test procedures was different within the literature, with discrepancies in the jump technique, number of jumps, and measurement devices used. CONCLUSIONS A lack of method standardization for both the CMJ and the SJ test was identified. Based on the literature, SOPs for both VJs were proposed. These are useful in the context of public health PF examination in adolescents, as they facilitate an unbiased comparison of jump performance data between published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Petrigna
- Ph.D. Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bettina Karsten
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, Differdange, Luxembourg
| | - Giuseppe Marcolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Palma
- Ph.D. Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Regional Sport School of CONI Sicilia, Italian National Olympic Committee, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Ph.D. Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Regional Sport School of CONI Sicilia, Italian National Olympic Committee, Sicilia, Italy
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11
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Bezuglov E, Tikhonova A, Zueva A, Khaitin V, Waśkiewicz Z, Gerasimuk D, Żebrowska A, Rosemann T, Nikolaidis P, Knechtle B. Prevalence and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency in Young Male Russian Soccer Players in Winter. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102405. [PMID: 31597404 PMCID: PMC6835528 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (25(OH)D) insufficiency and deficiency are highly prevalent in adult soccer players and can exceed 80% even in regions with high insolation; however, the treatment of this condition is often complicated. The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in youth Russian soccer players and the efficacy of its treatment. Participants were 131 young male football players (age 15.6 ± 2.4 years). Low vitamin D levels (below 30 ng/mL) were observed in 42.8% of the analyzed participants. These athletes were split in two groups composed of persons with vitamin D deficiency (serum vitamin D below 21 ng/mL) and insufficiency (serum vitamin D in range of 21–29 ng/mL). A dietary supplement of 5000 IU cholecalciferol per day was administered for two months. After the treatment, an average 92% increase in vitamin D concentration was observed (before treatment—19.7 ± 5.4 ng/mL, after treatment—34.7 ± 8.6 ng/mL, p < 0.001) and 74% of the post-treatment values were within the reference range (30–60 ng/mL). Serum concentration of vitamin D increased by 200% ± 98% (p < 0.001) during the first month of treatment with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency being successfully treated in 83% of the football players. In summary, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was high in young Russian soccer players. Furthermore, it was indicated that the daily usage of cholecalciferol in a dose 5000 IU was an effective and well-tolerated treatment for vitamin D insufficiency. No linear dependency between the duration of treatment and increase in vitamin 25(OH)D concentration was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bezuglov
- Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
- FC Lokomotiv, 107553 Moscow, Russia
- Russi An Football Union, 115172 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Tikhonova
- Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Zueva
- Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Zbigniew Waśkiewicz
- Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Sport Science, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Dagmara Gerasimuk
- Department of Sports Training, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Żebrowska
- Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(0)-71-226-93-00
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The Dependence of Running Speed and Muscle Strength on the Serum Concentration of Vitamin D in Young Male Professional Football Players Residing in the Russian Federation. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11091960. [PMID: 31438463 PMCID: PMC6769888 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent among athletes, and it can negatively affect physical performance. At the same time, most of the available data were obtained from untrained individuals of various ages, and published studies performed in athletes led to contradictory conclusions. Methods: This cohort prospective study examined the serum concentration of 25-hydroxycalciferol (25(OH)D) and its association with running speed and muscle power in 131 young football players (mean age 15.6 ± 2.4 years). Results: 25(OH)D levels were below reference in 42.8% (serum 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL) and above reference in 30.5% of the participants (serum 25(OH)D 61–130 ng/mL). A comparison of the results of 5, 15, and 30 m sprint tests and the standing long jump test found no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Athletes from the 25(OH)D-insufficient group were treated with 5000 IU cholecalciferol supplement daily for 60 days. After the treatment, the 25(OH)D concentration increased by 79.2% and was within reference in 84% of the treated athletes (serum 25(OH)D 30–60 ng/mL). Testing was repeated after the end of treatment, and a statistically significant increase in the results of the 5, 15, and 30 m sprint tests was observed (Cohen’s d was 0.46, 0.33, and 0.34, respectively), while the results of the standing long jump test remained unchanged. Body height, body weight, and lean body mass of the football players also increased. Conclusions: These findings indicate that there is likely no correlation between serum levels of 25(OH)D, muscle power, and running speed in young professional football players, and the changes observed post-treatment might have been caused by changes in the anthropometric parameters. During the study, all the anthropometric parameters changed, but the amount of lean body mass only correlated with the results of the 5 m sprint.
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Relationship between 25(OH)D levels and athletic performance in elite Polish judoists. Biol Sport 2018; 35:191-196. [PMID: 30455548 PMCID: PMC6234302 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.74195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence for a role of vitamin D in muscle function and for its influence on athletic performance, injury profile and recovery in well-trained athletes. The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between 25(OH)D levels and hand grip strength, lower limb isokinetic strength and muscle power in elite judoists. We enrolled 25 Polish elite judoists. The mean age was 21.9±9.8 years, the mean height was 179.2±6.6 cm, the mean body mass was 79.1±8.7 kg, and the mean career duration was 11.5±3.9 years. Serum levels of 25(OH)D and parathormone (PTH) were measured by electrochemiluminescence (ECLIA) using the Elecsys system (Roche, Switzerland). Serum calcium was determined by colorimetry using the Konelab 60 system from bioMérieux (France). Lower limb strength was tested with the Biodex Multi-Joint 4 Isokinetic Dynamometer (Biodex Medical System, New York, USA), and hand grip strength was measured with a manual dynamometer (TAKEI, Japan). Muscle power was determined with the electronic jump mat OptoJump (Microgate, Bolzano, Italy). Our study showed decreased serum 25(OH)D levels in 80% of the professional judoists. The results also demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation between vitamin D levels and left hand grip strength, muscle power assessed by vertical jump, and total work in left and right knee extensors at an angular velocity of 60°/s. Based on our results it can be concluded that in well-trained professional athletes, there may be a relationship between serum levels of 25(OH)D and skeletal muscle strength, power, and work.
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Lombardi G, Vitale JA, Logoluso S, Logoluso G, Cocco N, Cocco G, Cocco A, Banfi G. Circannual rhythm of plasmatic vitamin D levels and the association with markers of psychophysical stress in a cohort of Italian professional soccer players. Chronobiol Int 2017; 34:471-479. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1297820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Jacopo Antonino Vitale
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Logoluso
- Biochimica dello Sport – Laboratorio Analisi Logoluso, Bisceglie,Italy
| | - Giovanni Logoluso
- Biochimica dello Sport – Laboratorio Analisi Logoluso, Bisceglie,Italy
| | - Nino Cocco
- Cardiologia UTIC, Ospedale Policlinico Casilino, Roma, Italy
| | - Giulio Cocco
- UO Diagnostica Ecografica, Università “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonino Cocco
- Biochimica dello Sport – Laboratorio Analisi Cocco, Villa Santa Maria, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
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