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Valério MV, Schaun GZ, Andrade LS, David GB, Orcy RB, Rombaldi AJ, Alberton CL. Caffeine Supplementation Effects on Concurrent Training Performance in Resistance-Trained Men: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:546-554. [PMID: 38100570 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2276401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of acute caffeine supplementation on the performance during a session of resistance training alone (RT) or in combination with aerobic training (i.e. concurrent training; CT). Method: Fourteen resistance-trained men (23.1 ± 4.2 years) were recruited and performed both RT and CT under three different conditions: control (CONT), placebo (PLA), and caffeine (CAF; 6 mg.kg-1) for a total of six experimental conditions. Results: Both total and per set number of repetitions, and total volume load were lower during CT as compared to RT, irrespective of the supplementation condition (all p < .001), whereas a supplementation main effect was observed for the total number of repetitions (p = .001), the number of repetitions in the first (p = .002) and second sets (p = .001), and total volume load (p = .001). RPE values were higher after the CT sessions than after the RT sessions (p < .001), whereas no differences were observed between supplementation conditions (p = .865). Conclusions: Caffeine supplementation was not sufficient to minimize the acute interference effect on strength performance in a CT session when compared to RT alone. In contrast, caffeine improved strength performance during the first set of both CT and RT, while maintaining a similar RPE between the supplementation conditions. However, the overall effect was small.
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Canli U, Aldhahi MI. The physiological and physical benefits of two types of concurrent training: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:8. [PMID: 38169423 PMCID: PMC10762810 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely acknowledged that aerobic exercise and strength training are crucial components of most workout programs. However, there is no consensus as to whether the effectiveness of exercises is affected by the sequence in which they are performed. Therefore, the overarching aim of the study was to understand the optimal order of two types of concurrent training program for 13 weeks by comparing the effectiveness of the training on body composition, predicated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), dynamic respiratory parameters and muscle strength in healthy middle-aged people. METHODS Thirty-three middle-aged individuals, who were categorized as moderately active based on their responses to International Physical Activity Questionnaires, underwent random allocation. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups: the Strength Training followed by Aerobic Training group (SAG, n = 16) and the Aerobic Training followed by Strength Training group (ASG, n = 17). Body composition, aerobic endurance, respiratory parameters, and upper and lower strength were assessed at baseline and after (post-test) a 13-week intervention. The chi-square test and the independent t-test were used to compare sociodemographic variables between the groups. A 2 × 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures (group x measurement) was conducted. The study was retrospectively registered on clinicaltrials.gov in May of 2023 (clinicaltials.gov identifier: NCT05862415; in 04/25/2023). RESULTS Findings showed no significant differences between the group in the VO2max, FVC or FEV1 (F = 1.122, 0.028, 0.06, 2.483; p > 0.05, respectively). Intragroup analysis revealed changes in PEF compared to baseline in the ASG (F = 5.895; p < 0.05). Increases were observed in all strength parameters for both training programs. CONCLUSIONS The concurrent training effect on muscle composition, oxygen consumption and muscle strength specifically 1RM, in middle-aged individuals are equivocal, regardless of the exercise order. The results indicate that both exercise sequences can elicit similar benefits in terms of cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, and endurance. This lack of difference suggests that the order of exercise does not play a significant role in determining the effectiveness of the workout or the subsequent physiological adaptations. CLINICALTIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER NCT05862415. Date of registration: 04/25/2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Canli
- Sports Science Faculty, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Monira I Aldhahi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU), P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Li RH, Karageorghis CI, Chen YC, Chen YC, Liao YH, Hung TM, Chang YK. Effect of acute concurrent exercise training and the mediating role of lactate on executive function: An ERP study. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 70:102531. [PMID: 37837841 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Both acute aerobic (AE) and resistance exercise (RE) have been acknowledged to be effective methods in enhancing executive function and brain-related P3 amplitudes. Nevertheless, the effect of acute concurrent exercise training (CET), combining both AE and RE, on executive function remains subject to speculation. Moreover, investigation of the mechanisms that underlie improvements in executive function would facilitate scientific understanding. Notably, lactate has emerged as a candidate among several potential mechanisms. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of acute CET on the cognitive flexibility dimension of executive function using behavioural and neuro-electric measures. A secondary aim was to determine the mediating effect of blood lactate in the acute exercise-executive function relationship. Seventy-eight young adults (38 women, 40 men; 22.8 ± 1.8 years) were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: CET, AE, or reading control (RC). Cognitive flexibility was evaluated using the Task-Switching Test and its derived electroencephalography (EEG) was assessed immediately prior to and following each treatment. Fingertip lactate assays were taken prior to, at the midpoint, and after each treatment. Both acute CET and AE shortened response time regardless of test conditions when compared to the RC group. Greater P3 amplitude was observed following CET in the heterogeneous condition and under AE in the switch condition. A significant mediation of blood lactate for response time emerged in both the CET and AE groups for the heterogeneous and switch conditions. The blood lactate mediation was not reflected in P3 amplitude. The present findings suggest that acute CET leads to positive behavioural and neuro-electric alterations of cognitive flexibility, and its effect is similar to AE. Additionally, blood lactate serves as a mediator of the effects of acute exercise on executive function from a behavioural, but not neuro-electric standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Hong Li
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Ying-Chu Chen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chih Chen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Liao
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Social Emotional Education and Development Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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4
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Motahari Rad M, Bijeh N, Attarzadeh Hosseini SR, Raouf Saeb A. The effect of two concurrent exercise modalities on serum concentrations of FGF21, irisin, follistatin, and myostatin in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023; 129:424-433. [PMID: 33044849 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1829649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of concurrent training (CT) sequences on fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), irisin, myostatin (MSTN), and follistatin (FST) among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Fifty-one diabetic men were randomly selected and assigned to concurrent aerobic-resistance (A-R) training and concurrent resistance-aerobic (R-A) training, and non-exercise control (CON) groups. The training protocols consisted of three sessions per week for 12 weeks. The A-R and R-A groups received the same CT protocols and performed with different sequences. The subjects' blood samples were obtained at baseline and 48 hours after the last session of the intervention. The results showed that the concentration of FGF21 did not change significantly after the 12 weeks of CT with different sequences (p > .05, η2 = 0.123), but the serum concentration of irisin (A-R = 2.93 μg.L-1 (95% CI = 1.45-4.42, d = -0.57) and R-A = 3.31 μg.L-1 (95% CI = 1.13-5.49, d = -0.68)) and FST (A-R = 4.96 ng.mL-1 (95% CI = 3.41-6.5, d = -0.39) and R-A = 4.19 ng.mL-1 (95% CI = 2.82-5.56, d = -0.55)) significantly increased while the serum MSTN concentration (A-R = 152.32 ng.L-1 (95% CI = 61.83-242.82, d = 1.31) and R-A = 173 ng.L-1 (95% CI = 35.89-227.5, d = 0.83)) of both A-R and R-A groups mainly decreased (p < .01). There was no significant difference between A-R and R-A groups' irisin, FST, and MSTN concentration (p > .05), though the CT improved the body compositions, strength, and peak oxygen uptake in both groups (p < .01). Regardless of the CT sequences, it was found that CT acted as a therapeutic modality of training for T2DM patients by increasing their irisin and FST and decreasing their MSTN concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Motahari Rad
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nahid Bijeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Acute and Long-Term Effects of Concurrent Resistance and Swimming Training on Swimming Performance. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10030029. [PMID: 35324638 PMCID: PMC8953612 DOI: 10.3390/sports10030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry-land resistance exercise (RT) is routinely applied concurrent to swimming (SWIM) training sessions in a year-round training plan. To date, the impact of the acute effect of RT on SWIM or SWIM on RT performance and the long-term RT-SWIM or SWIM-RT training outcome has received limited attention. The existing studies indicate that acute RT or SWIM training may temporarily decrease subsequent muscle function. Concurrent application of RT-SWIM or SWIM-RT may induce similar physiological alterations. Such alterations are dependent on the recovery duration between sessions. Considering the long-term effects of RT-SWIM, the limited existing data present improvements in front crawl swimming performance, dry-land upper and lower body maximum strength, and peak power in swim turn. Accordingly, SWIM-RT training order induces swimming performance improvements in front crawl and increments in maximum dry-land upper and lower body strength. Concurrent application of RT-SWIM or SWIM-RT training applied within a training day leads in similar performance gains after six to twelve weeks of training. The current review suggests that recovery duration between RT and SWIM is a predisposing factor that may determine the training outcome. Competitive swimmers may benefit after concurrent application with both training order scenarios during a training cycle.
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Bayat D, Tadibi V. Acute growth hormone response to concurrent strength–sprint training with different orders in strength-trained men. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00743-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Vaamonde D, García-Manso JM, Algar-Santacruz C, Abbasi A, Sarmiento S, Valverde-Esteve T. Behaviour of salivary testosterone and cortisol in men during an Ironman Triathlon. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1335-1342. [PMID: 34256680 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1955011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Endurance exercise induces notable acute hormonal responses on the gonadal and adrenal hormones. The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in salivary testosterone (Ts), salivary cortisol (Cs) and T/C ratio during long-distance triathlon. Ten well-trained male triathletes participated in the study and were assessed for hormonal changes at four time-points (pre-competition, post-swimming, post-cycling, and post-running phases). Ts decreased from pre-competition to post-swimming (from 93.37 pg/mL to 57.63 pg/mL; p < .01) and increased during two other parts of the competition to almost pre-competition values (cycling: 79.20 pg/mL, p = .02; running: 89,66 pg/mL, p = .04, respectively). Cs showed a similar behaviour; decreasing in the post-swimming phase (1.74 pg/mL) and increasing in the other transitions (post-cycling: 7.30 pg/mL; post-running: 13.31 pg/mL), with significant differences between pre-competition and post- competition values (p = .01). Conversely, T/C increased significantly from pre-competition to post-swimming phase (p = .04) to later decrease until the end of the competition. Overall, T/C significantly decreased (p < .05). In conclusion, during an Ironman triathlon, hormone values fluctuate in response to the demands of the competition. Ts and Cs decrease after-swimming, increase after-cycling and reach the maximum values after-running. T/C reflects overall catabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Vaamonde
- Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas y Sociosanitarias. School of Medicine and Nursing. Universidad de Córdoba. Córdoba, Spain.,International Network on Physical Exercise and Fertility (INPEF), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel García-Manso
- International Network on Physical Exercise and Fertility (INPEF), Córdoba, Spain.,Physical Education Department, School of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Carolina Algar-Santacruz
- Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas y Sociosanitarias. School of Medicine and Nursing. Universidad de Córdoba. Córdoba, Spain.,Nutrir. Nutrición Médica y Ejercicio, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Asghar Abbasi
- Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Sarmiento
- Physical Education Department, School of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Teresa Valverde-Esteve
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Visual and Body Expression, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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8
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Sá M, Santos T, Afonso J, Peralta M, Henriques-Neto D, Marques A. A combined training program's effect on anthropometry, body composition, physical fitness and blood pressure in elite police. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:508-516. [PMID: 34256533 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined training (CT) simultaneously associates aerobic and strength exercises. Worldwide, studies on CT´s on Police officers' physical fitness are scarce. This study aims to measure a 4-month CT program's impact in the Close Protection Unit of the Portuguese Elite Police. METHODS A pre-and post-test study included 32 participants (mean age 30.1±2.7 years old). Anthropometry, body composition, physical fitness, and blood pressure assessments were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, 26.0) with a significance level at p≤0.05. RESULTS The main results showed an improvement in anthropometrics; aerobic capacity, strength, muscular endurance, and systolic blood pressure. However, a lean mass decrease, a fat mass increase, and worse results in other bioimpedance measures were observed. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the poor body composition results may imply a closer look for health concerns, although physical fitness has improved. Thus, it might be suggested that a CT program is helpful to increase physical fitness in elite police officers. Yet, improvements for its future application can be suggested, namely to include and address hydration level, nutrition, and rest/sleep moments. Moreover, because a high physical fitness level is needed in these population throughout their lifespan, ministerial policies should develop specific training programs, that can reduce morbidity and premature mortality, and have a major cos-teffectiveness impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Sá
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal - .,Corpo de Segurança Pessoal, Unidade Especial de Polícia da Polícia de Segurança Pública, Lisbon, Portugal -
| | - Teresa Santos
- Universidade Europeia, Lisboa - Portugal.,Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Saúde (CIIS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Saúde Ambiental (ISAMB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Afonso
- Center for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Peralta
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Saúde Ambiental (ISAMB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Adilson Marques
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Saúde Ambiental (ISAMB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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9
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Moberg M, Apró W, Cervenka I, Ekblom B, van Hall G, Holmberg HC, Ruas JL, Blomstrand E. High-intensity leg cycling alters the molecular response to resistance exercise in the arm muscles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6453. [PMID: 33742064 PMCID: PMC7979871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined acute molecular responses to concurrent exercise involving different muscles. Eight men participated in a randomized crossover-trial with two sessions, one where they performed interval cycling followed by upper body resistance exercise (ER-Arm), and one with upper body resistance exercise only (R-Arm). Biopsies were taken from the triceps prior to and immediately, 90- and 180-min following exercise. Immediately after resistance exercise, the elevation in S6K1 activity was smaller and the 4E-BP1:eIF4E interaction greater in ER-Arm, but this acute attenuation disappeared during recovery. The protein synthetic rate in triceps was greater following exercise than at rest, with no difference between trials. The level of PGC-1α1 mRNA increased to greater extent in ER-Arm than R-Arm after 90 min of recovery, as was PGC-1α4 mRNA after both 90 and 180 min. Levels of MuRF-1 mRNA was unchanged in R-Arm, but elevated during recovery in ER-Arm, whereas MAFbx mRNA levels increased slightly in both trials. RNA sequencing in a subgroup of subjects revealed 862 differently expressed genes with ER-Arm versus R-Arm during recovery. These findings suggest that leg cycling prior to arm resistance exercise causes systemic changes that potentiate induction of specific genes in the triceps, without compromising the anabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Moberg
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden. .,The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Box 5626, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - William Apró
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Cervenka
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Ekblom
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jorge L Ruas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Blomstrand
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Drozdova-Statkevičienė M, Česnaitienė VJ, Levin O, Pauwels L, Pukėnas K, Helsen WF, Staes F, Masiulis N. The beneficial effects of acute strength training on sway activity and sway regularity in healthy older men: Evidence from a posturography study. Neurosci Lett 2021; 749:135718. [PMID: 33600901 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of acute strength training on balance control were studied in healthy older human men (age-range 60-77y). Participants performed the Tandem Romberg Stance while completing an attention demanding cognitive task (Mathematical Counting) before and after a single acute strength training session applied to the lower limb musculature (experimental group; n = 19) or no intervention (control group; n = 18). Balance stability and the automaticity of balance control were estimated through the calculation of the center-of-pressure (CoP) velocity (Vcop) and the statistical regularity (wavelet entropy) of the CoP trajectory (WEcop), respectively. Training included 3 sets of 3 repetitions of barbell squats using Smith Machine, ranging from 90 % of one repetition maximum (1RM) to 100 % 1RM with 3 min rest between repetitions and 5 min rest between sets. Vcop and WEcop decreased after training (all time main effects, p ≤ 0.028) but group time interactions were not significant (all, p ≥ 0.056). Exploratory analyses revealed that participants in the experimental group showed a significant decrease of Vcop and WEcop in the mediolateral (ML) directions from pre to post [ML Vcop: 15.4 %; Bonferroni-corrected p = 0.048); ML WEcop: 10.5 %; Bonferroni-corrected p = 0.016]. A trend towards a decrease in Vcop and WEcop was also observed in controls, with more prominent gains in the anteroposterior than in the ML direction (Bonferroni-corrected p > 0.2). Overall, findings suggest that acute strength training may improve attentional control of balance along the narrow dimension of the support. Further studies are warranted to examine the specific mechanisms underlying these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oron Levin
- Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, LT-44221, Lithuania; KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Lisa Pauwels
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | - Werner F Helsen
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Filip Staes
- KU Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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Jacob N, Novaes JS, Behm DG, Vieira JG, Dias MR, Vianna JM. Characterization of Hormonal, Metabolic, and Inflammatory Responses in CrossFit® Training: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1001. [PMID: 32982775 PMCID: PMC7485252 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: CrossFit® training is a high-intensity functional training program that aims to increase physical functional performance through biochemical responses, i.e., hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory responses. Most hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory changes induced by CrossFit® training have been reported in isolated clinical studies. The purpose of this review was to systematically explore the existing literature on characterization of hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory responses resulting from CrossFit® training. Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus from August 2019 to October 2019. Studies were selected through critical review of the content. Using specific keywords, 623 articles were found, of which 597 were excluded for ineligibility, and 25 were eligible. The papers were separated according to subject area: hormonal (n = 8), metabolic (n = 19), and inflammatory (n = 6) changes. All were published between 2015 and 2019. Results: This review reveals potential effects of CrossFit® training on hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory responses. However, studies had low levels of evidence and reliability due to methodological limitations. Conclusion: In summary, the results showed a greater volume and intensity of workouts accentuate the responses, that are of paramount importance for improving understanding of the effects of CrossFit® training and serve as a basis for prescribing future exercise protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacipe Jacob
- Medical and Health Sciences College of Juiz de Fora - Suprema, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Jefferson S. Novaes
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education of Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
- Department of Gymnastics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - João G. Vieira
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education of Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R. Dias
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education of Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Morphofunctional Assessment of Granbery Methodist College, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Jeferson M. Vianna
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education of Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Lee MJC, Ballantyne JK, Chagolla J, Hopkins WG, Fyfe JJ, Phillips SM, Bishop DJ, Bartlett JD. Order of same-day concurrent training influences some indices of power development, but not strength, lean mass, or aerobic fitness in healthy, moderately-active men after 9 weeks of training. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233134. [PMID: 32407361 PMCID: PMC7224562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of concurrent exercise order for improving endurance and resistance adaptations remains unclear, particularly when sessions are performed a few hours apart. We investigated the effects of concurrent training (in alternate orders, separated by ~3 hours) on endurance and resistance training adaptations, compared to resistance-only training. Materials and methods Twenty-nine healthy, moderately-active men (mean ± SD; age 24.5 ± 4.7 y; body mass 74.9 ± 10.8 kg; height 179.7 ± 6.5 cm) performed either resistance-only training (RT, n = 9), or same-day concurrent training whereby high-intensity interval training was performed either 3 hours before (HIIT+RT, n = 10) or after resistance training (RT+HIIT, n = 10), for 3 d.wk-1 over 9 weeks. Training-induced changes in leg press 1-repetition maximal (1-RM) strength, countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, body composition, peak oxygen uptake ( V˙O2peak), aerobic power ( W˙peak), and lactate threshold ( W˙LT) were assessed before, and after both 5 and 9 weeks of training. Results After 9 weeks, all training groups increased leg press 1-RM (~24–28%) and total lean mass (~3-4%), with no clear differences between groups. Both concurrent groups elicited similar small-to-moderate improvements in all markers of aerobic fitness ( V˙O2peak ~8–9%; W˙LT ~16-20%; W˙peak ~14-15%). RT improved CMJ displacement (mean ± SD, 5.3 ± 6.3%), velocity (2.2 ± 2.7%), force (absolute: 10.1 ± 10.1%), and power (absolute: 9.8 ± 7.6%; relative: 6.0 ± 6.6%). HIIT+RT elicited comparable improvements in CMJ velocity only (2.2 ± 2.7%). Compared to RT, RT+HIIT attenuated CMJ displacement (mean difference ± 90%CI, -5.1 ± 4.3%), force (absolute: -8.2 ± 7.1%) and power (absolute: -6.0 ± 4.7%). Only RT+HIIT reduced absolute fat mass (mean ± SD, -11.0 ± 11.7%). Conclusions In moderately-active males, concurrent training, regardless of the exercise order, presents a viable strategy to improve lower-body maximal strength and total lean mass comparably to resistance-only training, whilst also improving indices of aerobic fitness. However, improvements in CMJ displacement, force, and power were attenuated when RT was performed before HIIT, and as such, exercise order may be an important consideration when designing training programs in which the goal is to improve lower-body power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. -C. Lee
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Javier Chagolla
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William G. Hopkins
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jackson J. Fyfe
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joonalup, Australia
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13
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Rao AJ, Mallard AR, Grant R. Testofen
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(Fenugreek extract) increases strength and muscle mass compared to placebo in response to calisthenics. A randomized control trial. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Rao
- Faculty of Health Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
- Australasian Research Institute Sydney Adventist Hospital Wahroonga NSW Australia
| | - Alistair R. Mallard
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Ross Grant
- Australasian Research Institute Sydney Adventist Hospital Wahroonga NSW Australia
- School of Medical Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- Sydney Adventist Hospital Clinical School University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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14
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Steckling FM, Lima FD, Farinha JB, Rosa PC, Royes LFF, Cuevas MJ, Bresciani G, Soares FA, González-Gallego J, Barcelos RP. Diclofenac attenuates inflammation through TLR4 pathway and improves exercise performance after exhaustive swimming. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:264-271. [PMID: 31618484 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of NSAIDs has become a common practice to counteract the pro-inflammatory acute effects of exercise, in order to improve sports performance. The liver, due to its central role in energy metabolism, may be involved primarily in the process of ROS generation and consequently inflammation after exhaustive exercise. OBJECTIVE To analyze the influence of diclofenac on the liver TLR4 pathway and time to exhaustion in rats submitted to repeated exhaustive swimming. METHODS An exhaustive test was performed in order to mimic athletes' routine, and inflammatory status and oxidative stress markers were evaluated in the liver. Animals were divided into sedentary and exhaustion groups, with this last performing three exhaustive swimming bouts. At the same time, diclofenac or saline was pre-administered once a day for nine days. RESULTS Data showed significantly increased COX-2, TLR4, and MyD88 protein content in the liver after exhaustive swimming bouts. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines also increased after exhaustive exercise, while these effects were attenuated in the group treated with diclofenac plus exhaustive swimming bouts. The anti-inflammatory modulation provoked by diclofenac treatment was associated with an increased time to exhaustion in the exercise bouts. The exhaustive exercise increased TBARS formation, but diclofenac treatment blunted this elevation, while GSH/GSSG ratios in both exhaustion-saline and exhaustion-diclofenac-treated groups were lower than in the sedentary-saline group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that diclofenac may improve exercise performance and represent an effective tool to ameliorate the pro-inflammatory status in liver when associated with exhaustive exercise, and the liver may be a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia M Steckling
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Frederico D Lima
- Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Juliano B Farinha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Pamela Carvalho Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Maria J Cuevas
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Guilherme Bresciani
- Grupo de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Salud (IRyS), Escuela de Educación Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Félix Alexandre Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Rômulo P Barcelos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
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15
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Villa-González E, Barranco-Ruiz Y, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Carretero-Ruiz A, García-Martínez JM, Hernández-Martínez A, Torrente-Sánchez MJ, Ferrer-Márquez M, Soriano-Maldonado A, Artero EG. Supervised exercise following bariatric surgery in morbid obese adults: CERT-based exercise study protocol of the EFIBAR randomised controlled trial. BMC Surg 2019; 19:127. [PMID: 31488115 PMCID: PMC6729089 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-019-0566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence of weight regain in patients after bariatric surgery (BS), generally occurring from 12 to 24 months postoperatively. Postoperative exercise has been suggested to ad long-term weight maintenance and to improve physical function in BS patients. However, there are a limited number of intervention studies investigating the possible benefits of exercise in this population. The aim of the current report is to provide a comprehensive CERT (Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template)-based description of the rationale and details of the exercise programme implemented in the EFIBAR Study (Ejercicio FÍsico tras cirugía BARiátrica), a randomised controlled trial investigating the effects of a 16-week supervised concurrent (aerobic and strength) exercise intervention program on weight loss (primary outcome), body composition, cardiometabolic risk, physical fitness, physical activity and quality of life (secondary outcomes) in patients with severe/morbid obesity following bariatric surgery. METHODS A total of 80 BS patients [60-80% expected women, aged 18 to 60 years, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m2 or ≥ 35 kg/m2 with comorbid conditions)] will be enrolled in the EFIBAR Randomized Control Trial (RCT). Participants allocated in the exercise group (n = 40) will undertake a 16-week supervised concurrent (strength and aerobic) exercise programme (three sessions/week, 60 min/session), starting 7 to 14 days after surgery. The rationale of the exercise programme will be described following the CERT criteria detailing the 16 key items. The study has been reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Torrecárdenas University Hospital (Almería, Spain) (ref. N° 76/2016). DISCUSSION The present study details the exercise programme of the EFIBAR RCT, which may serve: 1) exercise professionals who would like to implement an evidence-based exercise programme for BS patients, and 2) as an example of the application of the CERT criteria. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was prospectively registered at Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03497546 on April 13, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Villa-González
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity” Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 52005 Melilla, Spain
| | - Yaira Barranco-Ruiz
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity” Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 52005 Melilla, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alejandro Carretero-Ruiz
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - José María García-Martínez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alba Hernández-Martínez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Ferrer-Márquez
- Hospital Mediterráneo, Almería, Spain
- Torrecárdenas University Hospital, Almería, Spain
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Enrique G. Artero
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - On behalf of the EFIBAR Study Group
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity” Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 52005 Melilla, Spain
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Hospital Mediterráneo, Almería, Spain
- Torrecárdenas University Hospital, Almería, Spain
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16
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The Multimodal Nature of High-Intensity Functional Training: Potential Applications to Improve Sport Performance. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7020033. [PMID: 30699906 PMCID: PMC6409553 DOI: 10.3390/sports7020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Training for sports performance requires the development of multiple fitness components within the same program. In this context, training strategies that have the potential to concomitantly enhance metabolic and musculoskeletal fitness are of great value for athletes and coaches. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the current studies on high-intensity functional training (HIFT) and to assess how HIFT could be utilized in order to improve sport-specific performance. Studies on untrained and recreationally-active participants have led to positive results on aerobic power and anaerobic capacity, and muscular endurance, while results on muscular strength and power are less clear. Still, HIFT sessions can elicit high levels of metabolic stress and resistance training exercises are prescribed with parameters that can lead to improvements in muscular endurance, hypertrophy, strength, and power. As similar training interventions have been shown to be effective in the athletic population, it is possible that HIFT could be a time-efficient training intervention that can positively impact athletes’ performances. While the potential for improvements in fitness and performance with HIFT is promising, there is a clear need for controlled studies that employ this training strategy in athletes in order to assess its effectiveness in this population.
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17
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Jha P, Khurana S, Ali K, Ahmad I, Verma S. Effects of concurrent training on physical health and performance. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this narrative review was to evaluate the current literature and to provide further insight into the role of concurrent training on various components of physical health or performance. Literature was obtained by electronic searches of databases using specific keywords. Combined effect of training sessions proved to be as beneficial as drug interactions. Results from cross-sectional, longitudinal, and intervention studies are reviewed and discussed with main focus on physical parameters, such as body composition, physiological parameters, molecular adaptation, athlete’s perspective, order of execution, interference phenomena and recovery. In conclusion, concurrent resistance and endurance training is an effective method for enhancing overall fitness as well as improving quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Jha
- Human Performance Lab, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - S. Khurana
- Department of Rehabilitation, Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, Sector-C, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - K. Ali
- Human Performance Lab, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - I. Ahmad
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - S. Verma
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110070, India
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