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Feigel ED, Sterczala AJ, Krajewski KT, Sekel NM, Lovalekar M, Peterson PA, Koltun KJ, Flanagan SD, Connaboy C, Martin BJ, Wardle SL, O'Leary TJ, Greeves JP, Nindl BC. Physiological characteristics predictive of passing military physical employment standard tasks for ground close combat occupations in men and women. Eur J Sport Sci 2024. [PMID: 38967991 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Challenges for some women meeting the physical employment standards (PES) for ground close combat (GCC) roles stem from physical fitness and anthropometric characteristics. The purpose of this study was to identify the modifiable and nonmodifiable characteristics predictive of passing GCC-based PES tasks and determine the modifiable characteristics suitable to overcome nonmodifiable limitations. 107 adults (46 women) underwent multiday testing assessing regional and total lean mass (LM), percent body fat (BF%), aerobic capacity (V̇O2peak), strength, power, and PES performance. Predictors with p-value <0.200 were included in stepwise logistic regression analysis or binary logistic regression when outcomes among sexes were insufficient. Relative and absolute arm LM (OR: 4.617-8.522, p < 0.05), leg LM (OR: 2.463, p < 0.05), and upper body power (OR: 2.061, p < 0.05) predicted medicine ball chest throw success. Relative and absolute arm LM (OR: 3.734-11.694, p < 0.05), absolute trunk LM (OR: 2.576, p < 0.05), and leg LM (OR: 2.088, p < 0.05) predicted casualty drag success. Upper body power (OR: 3.910, p < 0.05), absolute trunk LM (OR: 2.387, p < 0.05), leg LM (OR: 2.290, p < 0.05), and total LM (OR: 1.830, p < 0.05) predicted maximum single lift success. Relative and absolute arm LM (OR: 3.488-7.377, p < 0.05), leg LM (OR: 1.965, p < 0.05), and upper body power (OR: 1.957, p < 0.05) predicted water can carry success. %BF (OR: 0.814, p = 0.007), V̇O2peak (OR: 1.160, p = 0.031), and lower body strength (OR: 1.059, p < 0.001) predicted repeated lift and carry success. V̇O2peak (OR: 1.540, p < 0.001) predicted 2-km ruck march success. Modifiable characteristics were the strongest predictors for GCC-based PES task success to warrant their improvement for enhancing PES performance for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Feigel
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam J Sterczala
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kellen T Krajewski
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicole M Sekel
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick A Peterson
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristen J Koltun
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian J Martin
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sophie L Wardle
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas J O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Julie P Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Bradley C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Feng D, Li L, Xu Q, Li T. Evaluating the impact of a combined aerobic and strength training intervention on the physical performance of male Chinese People's Liberation Army air force pilots. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32177. [PMID: 38947478 PMCID: PMC11214463 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of a 16-week combined training program on the physical performance of 20 male Air Force pilots, with an average age of 31.87 ± 2.75 years, body mass of 76.33 ± 0.79 kg, and height of 175.55 ± 3.65 cm. This intervention encompassed both aerobic and strength training, involving six weekly training sessions. The participants were categorized into two groups based on their initial physical performance levels to explore potential baseline influences on post-intervention adaptations. The study measured changes in estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), maximal strength, muscular endurance, and long jump performance before and after the training program. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant differences over time in theV ˙ O2 max (F = 86.898; p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.821), handgrip strength right hand (F = 160.480; p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.894), handgrip strength left hand (F = 102.196; p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.843), squat maximal strength (F = 525.725; p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.965), push-ups (F = 337.197; p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.974), sit up (F = 252.500; p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.930) and standing long jump (F = 521.714; p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.965). In conclusion, the 16-week combined training regimen significantly enhanced the physical performance of Air Force pilots, regardless of their initial performance levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeSen Feng
- ChengDu Sports Univ, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Huaqiang secondary, Renshou 620500, PR China
| | - Qi Xu
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - TingYu Li
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland
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Tornero-Aguilera JF, Stergiou M, Rubio-Zarapuz A, Martín-Rodríguez A, Massuça LM, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Optimising Combat Readiness: Practical Strategies for Integrating Physiological and Psychological Resilience in Soldier Training. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1160. [PMID: 38921275 PMCID: PMC11202720 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12121160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This narrative review examines the intricate psychophysiological interplay between cognitive functions and physical responses within military personnel engaged in combat. It elucidates the spectrum of responses elicited by symmetric and asymmetric warfare alongside specialised combat scenarios, including close-quarters and subterranean warfare. Central to this discourse is the emphasis on integrating training programs beyond physical conditioning to encompass psychological resilience and decision-making efficacy under duress. The exploration further ventures into applying advanced technologies such as virtual reality and wearable devices, highlighting their pivotal role in augmenting training outcomes and supporting soldier health. Through a detailed analysis of psychophysiological variations across different military branches of service, the narrative review advocates for bespoke training regimens and support frameworks tailored to address the unique exigencies of each service branch. Concluding observations stress the importance of evolving military training paradigms, advocating for adopting realistic, immersive training simulations that mirror the complexities of the contemporary battlefield. This synthesis aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on optimising military training protocols and enhancing the operational readiness and well-being of armed forces personnel. This narrative review is essential for military psychologists, trainers, and policymakers, aiming to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical implementation in military training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.T.-A.); (M.S.); (A.R.-Z.); (A.M.-R.); (V.J.C.-S.)
| | - Maria Stergiou
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.T.-A.); (M.S.); (A.R.-Z.); (A.M.-R.); (V.J.C.-S.)
| | - Alejandro Rubio-Zarapuz
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.T.-A.); (M.S.); (A.R.-Z.); (A.M.-R.); (V.J.C.-S.)
| | - Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.T.-A.); (M.S.); (A.R.-Z.); (A.M.-R.); (V.J.C.-S.)
| | - Luís Miguel Massuça
- ICPOL—Police Research Center, Higher Institute of Police Sciences and Internal Security, 1300-663 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES), Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.T.-A.); (M.S.); (A.R.-Z.); (A.M.-R.); (V.J.C.-S.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
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Scheit L, Schröder J, Will S, Reer R, Hoffmann MA. Prevalence of obesity and associated health risks in soldiers of the German Armed Forces. J Occup Med Toxicol 2024; 19:12. [PMID: 38622636 PMCID: PMC11020664 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-024-00411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity rates are rising in the armed forces of Western democratic countries, impacting military readiness and health. This highlights the need for preventive health risk assessments and countermeasures. METHODS Using mandatory health examination data from 2018 to 2022, we analyzed the prevalence of obesity, health risks, and associated specific military risk factors (rank and unit) in 43,214 soldiers of the German Armed Forces. Statistical methods included χ2 contingencies and binary logistic regressions. RESULTS The prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30) was 18.0%. Male soldiers (OR = 3.776) and those with an officer's rank (OR = 1.244) had an increased chance for obesity. Serving in a combat unit reduced the chance of being obese (OR = .886). Considering BMI and waist circumference, 2.4% of the total sample faced extremely high cardiovascular and metabolic health risks, while 11.0% and 11.6% had very high or high health risks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data underscore the importance of targeting obesity-related health risk factors in soldiers to ensure their well-being and deployment readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Scheit
- Clinic I-Internal Medicine, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Lesserstr. 180, Hamburg, 22049, Germany.
| | - Jan Schröder
- Faculty of Psychology and Human Movement Science, Institute for Human Movement Science, Department of Sports Medicine, University of Hamburg, Turmweg 2, Hamburg, 20148, Germany
| | - Selina Will
- Clinic I-Internal Medicine, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Lesserstr. 180, Hamburg, 22049, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Reer
- Faculty of Psychology and Human Movement Science, Institute for Human Movement Science, Department of Sports Medicine, University of Hamburg, Turmweg 2, Hamburg, 20148, Germany
| | - Manuela Andrea Hoffmann
- Institute for Preventive Medicine of the German Armed Forces, Aktienstr. 87, Andernach, 56626, Germany
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstraße 1, Mainz, 55131, Germany
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5
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Maroni TD, Siddall AG, Rue CA, Needham-Beck SC, Walker FS, Greeves JP, Wardle SL, Fieldhouse A, Myers SD, Blacker SD. Beyond change scores: Employing an improved statistical approach to analyze the impact of entry fitness on physical performance during British Army basic training in men and women. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14610. [PMID: 38534053 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The aim was to use a robust statistical approach to examine whether physical fitness at entry influences performance changes between men and women undertaking British Army basic training (BT). Performance of 2 km run, seated medicine ball throw (MBT) and isometric mid-thigh pull (MTP) were assessed at entry and completion of Standard Entry (SE), Junior Entry-Short (JE-Short), and Junior Entry-Long (JE-Long) training for 2350 (272 women) recruits. Performance change was analyzed with entry performance as a covariate (ANCOVA), with an additional interaction term allowing different slopes for courses and genders (p < 0.05). Overall, BT courses saw average improvements in 2 km run performance (SE: -6.8% [-0.62 min], JE-Short: -4.6% [-0.43 min], JE-Long: -7.7% [-0.70 min]; all p < 0.001) and MBT (1.0-8.8% [0.04-0.34 m]; all p < 0.05) and MTP (4.5-26.9% [6.5-28.8 kg]; all p < 0.001). Regression models indicate an expected form of "regression to the mean" whereby test performance change was negatively associated with entry fitness in each course (those with low baseline fitness exhibit larger training improvements; all interaction effects: p < 0.001,η p 2 $$ {\eta}_{\mathrm{p}}^2 $$ > 0.006), particularly for women. However, when matched for entry fitness, men displayed considerable improvements in all tests, relative to women. Training courses were effective in developing recruit physical fitness, whereby the level of improvement is, in large part, dependent on entry fitness. Factors including age, physical maturity, course length, and physical training, could also contribute to the variability in training response between genders and should be considered when analyzing and/or developing physical fitness in these cohorts for future success of military job-task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa D Maroni
- Occupational Performance Research Group, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Andrew G Siddall
- Occupational Performance Research Group, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Carla A Rue
- Occupational Performance Research Group, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Sarah C Needham-Beck
- Occupational Performance Research Group, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Faye S Walker
- Occupational Performance Research Group, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Julie P Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, Hampshire, UK
| | - Sophie L Wardle
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, Hampshire, UK
| | - Anne Fieldhouse
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, Hampshire, UK
| | - Stephen D Myers
- Occupational Performance Research Group, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Sam D Blacker
- Occupational Performance Research Group, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
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Sterczala AJ, Rodriguez‐Ortiz N, Feigel ED, Krajewski K, Martin BJ, Sekel NM, Lovalekar M, Kargl CK, Koltun KJ, Van Eck C, Flanagan S, Connaboy C, Wardle SL, O'Leary TJ, Greeves JP, Nindl BC. Skeletal muscle adaptations to high-intensity, low-volume concurrent resistance and interval training in recreationally active men and women. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15953. [PMID: 38490811 PMCID: PMC10942853 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared the structural and cellular skeletal muscle factors underpinning adaptations in maximal strength, power, aerobic capacity, and lean body mass to a 12-week concurrent resistance and interval training program in men and women. Recreationally active women and men completed three training sessions per week consisting of high-intensity, low-volume resistance training followed by interval training performed using a variety upper and lower body exercises representative of military occupational tasks. Pre- and post-training vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were analyzed for changes in muscle fiber type, cross-sectional area, capillarization, and mitochondrial biogenesis marker content. Changes in maximal strength, aerobic capacity, and lean body mass (LBM) were also assessed. Training elicited hypertrophy of type I (12.9%; p = 0.016) and type IIa (12.7%; p = 0.007) muscle fibers in men only. In both sexes, training decreased type IIx fiber expression (1.9%; p = 0.046) and increased total PGC-1α (29.7%, p < 0.001) and citrate synthase (11.0%; p < 0.014) content, but had no effect on COX IV content or muscle capillarization. In both sexes, training increased maximal strength and LBM but not aerobic capacity. The concurrent training program was effective at increasing strength and LBM but not at improving aerobic capacity or skeletal muscle adaptations underpinning aerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Sterczala
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Human Engineering Research LaboratoriesVA Pittsburgh Healthcare SystemPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Nathaniel Rodriguez‐Ortiz
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Evan D. Feigel
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kellen T. Krajewski
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Brian J. Martin
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Nicole M. Sekel
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Christopher K. Kargl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kristen J. Koltun
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Carola Van Eck
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shawn D. Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Center for Lower Extremity Ambulatory ResearchRosalind Franklin University of Medicine & ScienceNorth ChicagoILUSA
| | - Christopher Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Center for Lower Extremity Ambulatory ResearchRosalind Franklin University of Medicine & ScienceNorth ChicagoILUSA
| | - Sophie L. Wardle
- Army Health and Performance ResearchArmy HeadquartersAndoverUK
- Present address:
Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Thomas J. O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance ResearchArmy HeadquartersAndoverUK
- Present address:
Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Julie P. Greeves
- Army Health and Performance ResearchArmy HeadquartersAndoverUK
- Present address:
Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Present address:
Division of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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Kekäläinen T, Pulkka AT, Kyröläinen H, Ojanen T, Helén J, Pihlainen K, Heikkinen R, Vaara JP. Exercise self-efficacy remains unaltered during military service. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1307979. [PMID: 38348257 PMCID: PMC10859872 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1307979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise self-efficacy is a crucial aspect of adopting and maintaining a physically active lifestyle. Regular physical activity may enhance exercise self-efficacy. This study aimed to investigate the baseline associations of physical fitness, physical activity, and body composition with exercise self-efficacy and the effects of military service on exercise self-efficacy. Methods: The sample consisted of healthy young Finnish conscripts (n = 243) undergoing military service. The participants were divided into two groups: an intervention group undergoing a high-intensity functional training program (n = 113) and a control group undergoing traditional physical training within their military service (n = 130). Exercise self-efficacy (adoption and barrier) and aerobic and muscular fitness were measured thrice (baseline, month 3, and month 5). Self-reported leisure-time physical activity and measured fat percentage were collected at baseline. Results Adoption and barrier exercise self-efficacy correlated positively with aerobic and muscular fitness and leisure time physical activity (r = 0.33-0.59, p < 0.001), and barrier self-efficacy negatively with fat percentage (r = -0.15, p < 0.05) at baseline. No changes in adoption (time p = 0.912) and barrier self-efficacy (time p = 0.441) occurred during the military service. There were no differences between groups in these changes (group × time interaction p = 0.643 for adoption self-efficacy and p = 0.872 for barrier self-efficacy). Change in muscular fitness correlated positively with change in barrier self-efficacy in the high-intensity functional training group (r = 0.35, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Exercise self-efficacy is positively associated with physical fitness and physical activity among young males. However, military service, whether it involves high-intensity functional physical training or more diverse traditional physical training, does not improve exercise self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Kekäläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Antti-Tuomas Pulkka
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Ojanen
- Human Performance Division, Finnish Defence Research Agency, Tuusula, Finland
| | - Joonas Helén
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai Pihlainen
- Training Division, Defence Command, Finnish Defence Forces, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Heikkinen
- Statistical Analysis Services, Analyysitoimisto Statisti Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jani P. Vaara
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Sankari M, Vaara JP, Pihlainen K, Ojanen T, Kyröläinen H. Lower-body muscular power predicts performance on urban combat simulation. Work 2024; 77:1331-1340. [PMID: 38517830 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military operations in urban environments requires faster movements and therefore may place greater demands on soldier strength and anaerobic ability. OBJECTIVE The aim was to study how physical fitness and body composition are associated with occupational test for urban combat soldiers before and after a 5-day military field exercise (MFE). METHODS Twenty-six conscripts (age = 20±1 yrs.) volunteered, of which thirteen completed the study. Occupational performance was determined by using the newly developed Urban Combat Simulation test (UCS); which included 50-m sprinting, moving a truck tire (56 kg) 2 meters with a sledgehammer, a 12-m kettlebell carry (2×20 kg) up the stairs with a 3-m ascent, 4-time sandbag lifts (20 kg) with obstacle crossing, and a 20-m mannequin (85 kg) drag. Aerobic and muscle fitness, as well as anaerobic capacity were measured, and, body composition was assessed with multifrequency bioimpedance analysis. RESULTS The UCS performance correlated significantly with standing long jump performance, as well as lower and upper body maximal strength before (r = -0.56 to -0.66) and after (r = -0.59 to -0.68) MFE, and, with body mass and FFM before (r = -0.81 to -0.83) and after (r = -0.86 to -0.91) MFE. In the regression analyses, fat free mass (R2 = 0.50, p = 0.01) and counter movement jump in combat load (R2 = 0.46, p = 0.009) most strongly explained the UCS performance. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that muscle mass and lower body explosive force production together with maximal strength are key fitness components related to typical urban combat soldiers' military tasks. Physical training developing these components are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Sankari
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jani P Vaara
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai Pihlainen
- Training Division of Defence Command, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Ojanen
- Human Performance Division, Finnish Defence Research Agency, Tuusula, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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9
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Pihlainen K, Santtila M, Nindl BC, Raitanen J, Ojanen T, Vaara JP, Helén J, Nykänen T, Kyröläinen H. Changes in physical performance, body composition and physical training during military operations: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21455. [PMID: 38052976 PMCID: PMC10698179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systematic review and meta-analysis applying PRISMA guidelines with a PICOS format was constructed to provide an overview of changes in physical performance, body composition and physical training in soldiers during prolonged (≥ 3 months) military operations. Twenty-four studies out of the screened 4431 records filled the inclusion criteria. A small decrease in endurance performance was the most consistent finding (Hedge's g [g] - 0.21, 95% CI - 0.01 to - 0.41) while small overall increases in maximal strength of the lower (g 0.33, 95% CI 0.16-0.50) and upper body (g 0.33, 95% CI 0.19-0.46) were observed. In addition, small increases in strength endurance (push-up, g 0.34, 95% CI 0.15-0.52; sit-up g 0.26, 95% CI 0.07-0.44) were observed. The overall changes in body composition were trivial. Heterogeneity in the outcome variables varied mainly between low to moderate. Large inter-individual variations were observed in physical training volume, including decrements especially in endurance training frequency and volume. A reduction in total training load was often associated with negative changes in body composition and physical performance according to the principle of training specificity. Individuals with higher initial fitness level were more susceptible to decrements in their physical performance during operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pihlainen
- Human Performance Sector, Training Division, Defence Command, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - M Santtila
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - B C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Raitanen
- Faculty of Social Sciences (Health Sciences), Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - T Ojanen
- Human Performance Division, Finnish Defence Research Agency, Tuusula, Finland
| | - J P Vaara
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Helén
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Nykänen
- Army Academy, Finnish Defence Forces, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - H Kyröläinen
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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10
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Rice H, Seynnes O, Werkhausen A. Effect of increased running speed and weight carriage on peak and cumulative tibial loading. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2516-2523. [PMID: 37642291 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tibial stress injuries are a burdensome injury among military recruits. Military activities include running and the carriage of additional weight, and this may be related to the high risk of bone stress injuries. The aim of this study was to quantify tibial loading when running at two different speeds, with and without additional weight, and to quantify their combined influence. METHODS Fourteen male distance runners who ran at least 40 km per week ran barefoot on a force-instrumented treadmill in four conditions representing preferred running speed (mean (SD) 3.1 (0.3) m/s) and 20% increased running speed (3.8 (0.4) m/s), with and without 20% of body weight carried in a weight vest. Kinematics and kinetics were synchronously collected. Bending moments were estimated about the medial-lateral axis of the tibial centroid located 1/3rd of the length from distal to proximal. Static equilibrium was ensured at each 1% of stance. Peak bending moments were obtained in addition to cumulative-weighted loading, where weighted loading accounted for the relative importance of the magnitude of the bending moment and the quantity of loading using a bone-dependent weighting factor. RESULTS There were no interaction effects for running speed and weight carriage on peak or cumulative tibial loading. Running at a 20% faster speed increased peak and cumulative loading per kilometer by 8.0% (p < 0.001) and 4.8% (p < 0.001), respectively. Carriage of an additional 20% of body weight increased peak and cumulative loading per kilometer by 6.6% (p < 0.001) and 8.5% (p < 0.001), respectively. INTERPRETATION Increasing the physical demand of running by increasing speed or weight carriage increased peak tibial loading and cumulative tibial loading per kilometer, and this may increase the risk of tibial stress injury. Running speed and weight carriage independently influenced tibial loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Rice
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivier Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amelie Werkhausen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Ojanen T, Pihlainen K, Vaara JP, Kyröläinen H. Performance changes during repeated military occupational test and its associations to physical performance. ERGONOMICS 2023; 66:2223-2231. [PMID: 36939035 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2023.2193869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated performance changes during three runs (1 min recovery) of repeated military simulation task test (RMST) and its associations with physical performance. Voluntary male soldiers (N = 114) participated in a series of measurements of physical performance. Lower body explosive force production, anaerobic endurance and upper body strength endurance together explained 58% of the variance in the first RSMT (p < 0.001). The same variables explained the variance in the second and third runs of RSMT by 60% and 51%, but explosive force production was replaced with aerobic endurance, assessed by the 3.2 km loaded run (p < 0.001). This study demonstrated that the role of explosive power of the lower body decreased and military specific aerobic endurance increased when occupational performance was assessed under acute fatigue even during a short high-intensity test. These results may benefit tactical strength and conditioning coaches in training optimisation for improved occupational performance in military.Practioners summary: Soldiers are required to perform occupational tasks in a repeated manner with short recovery time. In the present study, the role of explosive power of the lower body decreased and military specific aerobic endurance increased when occupational performance was assessed with a repeated high-intensity task specific performance test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Ojanen
- Finnish Defence Research Agency, Finnish Defence Forces, Järvenpää, Finland
| | - Kai Pihlainen
- Defence Command, Finnish Defence Forces, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jani P Vaara
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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12
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Helén J, Kyröläinen H, Ojanen T, Pihlainen K, Santtila M, Heikkinen R, Vaara JP. High-Intensity Functional Training Induces Superior Training Adaptations Compared With Traditional Military Physical Training. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2477-2483. [PMID: 37387578 PMCID: PMC10671205 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Helén, J, Kyröläinen, H, Ojanen, T, Pihlainen, K, Santtila, M, Heikkinen, R, and Vaara, JP. High-intensity functional training induces superior training adaptations compared with traditional military physical training. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2477-2483, 2023-This study examined the effectiveness of concurrent strength and endurance training with an emphasis on high-intensity functional training (HIFT) during military service. Voluntary male conscripts (aged 18-28 years) were placed in either an experimental (EXP: n = 50-66) or a control (CON: n = 50-67) group. The training for the EXP group included HIFT using body mass, sandbags, and kettlebells. The CON group trained according to the current practice. Physical performance and body composition were assessed at baseline (PRE), at week 10 (MID), and after (POST) the 19-week training period. Significance was set at p < 0.05. The total distance covered in a 12-minute running test increased in both groups, but the change in EXP was superior to the change in CON (11.6%, ES: 0.79 vs. 5.7%, ES: 0.33; p = 0.027). Maximal strength and power characteristics increased in EXP (3.1-5.0%), whereas no improvements were observed in CON. Conscripts with the highest initial fitness showed no improvements in physical performance in either group. Body mass and waist circumference decreased in EXP, whereas CON showed an increase in muscle mass. These findings suggest that HIFT is an effective and time-efficient approach to improve soldiers' aerobic fitness during military service. For the optimal development of strength, the training equipment used may not have provided sufficient and progressive loading to yield considerable strength adaptations. More focus should be placed on sufficient intensity and volume in both strength and endurance training, especially for the most fit soldiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonas Helén
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland;
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylän yliopisto, Finland;
| | - Tommi Ojanen
- Human Performance Division, Finnish Defence Research Agency, Järvenpää, Finland;
| | - Kai Pihlainen
- Training Division, Defence Command, Finnish Defence Forces, Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Matti Santtila
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Risto Heikkinen
- Statistical Analysis Services, Analyysitoimisto Statisti Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jani P. Vaara
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland;
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13
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Murphy MC, Stannard J, Sutton VR, Owen PJ, Park B, Chivers PT, Hart NH. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injury in military recruits: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:144. [PMID: 37898757 PMCID: PMC10612319 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injuries are a common occurrence in military recruit training, however due to differences in the capture of training exposure, injury incidence rates are rarely reported. Our aim was to determine the musculoskeletal injury epidemiology of military recruits, including a standardised injury incidence rate. METHODS Epidemiological systematic review following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Five online databases were searched from database inception to 5th May 2021. Prospective and retrospective studies that reported data on musculoskeletal injuries sustained by military recruits after the year 2000 were included. We reported on the frequency, prevalence and injury incidence rate. Incidence rate per 1000 training days (Exact 95% CI) was calculated using meta-analysis to allow comparisons between studies. Observed heterogeneity (e.g., training duration) precluded pooling of results across countries. The Joanna Briggs Institute Quality Assessment Checklist for Prevalence Studies assessed study quality. RESULTS This review identified 41 studies comprising 451,782 recruits. Most studies (n = 26; 63%) reported the number of injured recruits, and the majority of studies (n = 27; 66%) reported the number of injuries to recruits. The prevalence of recruits with medical attention injuries or time-loss injuries was 22.8% and 31.4%, respectively. Meta-analysis revealed the injury incidence rate for recruits with a medical attention injury may be as high as 19.52 injuries per 1000 training days; and time-loss injury may be as high as 3.97 injuries per 1000 training days. Longer recruit training programs were associated with a reduced injury incidence rate (p = 0.003). The overall certainty of the evidence was low per a modified GRADE approach. CONCLUSION This systematic review with meta-analysis highlights a high musculoskeletal injury prevalence and injury incidence rate within military recruits undergoing basic training with minimal improvement observed over the past 20 years. Longer training program, which may decrease the degree of overload experienced by recruit, may reduce injury incidence rates. Unfortunately, reporting standards and reporting consistency remain a barrier to generalisability. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO (Registration number: CRD42021251080).
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles C Murphy
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
- School of Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia.
| | - Joanne Stannard
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Vanessa R Sutton
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Patrick J Owen
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendon Park
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Paola T Chivers
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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14
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Withrow KL, Rubin DA, Dawes JJ, Orr RM, Lynn SK, Lockie RG. Army Combat Fitness Test Relationships to Tactical Foot March Performance in Reserve Officers' Training Corps Cadets. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030477. [PMID: 36979168 PMCID: PMC10045466 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT), consisting of deadlift, standing power throw, hand release push-up, sprint-drag-carry, leg tuck or plank, and 2-mile run, is the United States Army's new fitness test. The ACFT is designed to measure multiple fitness components required to perform combat tasks. One critical task is the tactical foot march (TFM), where soldiers cover long distances while carrying loads comprised of mission-essential equipment. As the ACFT is meant to predict soldier task performance, determining the relationships between the ACFT and the TFM is important. Data from 29 cadets (♂ = 20, ♀ = 9) from one university Reserve Officers' Training Corps program were analyzed. The ACFT was recorded in raw and scaled scores. The TFM was performed over 6.44 km, with time recorded. Cadets carried a 15.88-kg rucksack, fighting load carrier, 3-L hydration pack, and replica M4 carbine. Independent samples t-tests evaluated ACFT and TFM between-sex differences. Partial correlations, controlling for sex, determined ACFT event and TFM relationships. Male cadets outperformed females in all ACFT tasks (p ≤ 0.039), except the push-up. ACFT total score, leg tuck, 2-mile run, and sprint-drag-carry showed large correlations with the TFM (r = ±0.463-0.531, p ≤ 0.026). Aerobic and anaerobic capacity and upper body/trunk strength were important fitness components for cadet TFM performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Withrow
- 16th Combat Aviation Brigade, Holistic Health and Fitness, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA 98433, USA
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Daniela A Rubin
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - J Jay Dawes
- Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Lab, School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia
| | - Scott K Lynn
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
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15
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A Minimal Sensor Inertial Measurement Unit System Is Replicable and Capable of Estimating Bilateral Lower-Limb Kinematics in a Stationary Bodyweight Squat and a Countermovement Jump. J Appl Biomech 2023; 39:42-53. [PMID: 36652950 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to validate a 7-sensor inertial measurement unit system against optical motion capture to estimate bilateral lower-limb kinematics. Hip, knee, and ankle sagittal plane peak angles and range of motion (ROM) were compared during bodyweight squats and countermovement jumps in 18 participants. In the bodyweight squats, left peak hip flexion (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .51), knee extension (ICC = .68) and ankle plantar flexion (ICC = .55), and hip (ICC = .63) and knee (ICC = .52) ROM had moderate agreement, and right knee ROM had good agreement (ICC = .77). Relatively higher agreement was observed in the countermovement jumps compared to the bodyweight squats, moderate to good agreement in right peak knee flexion (ICC = .73), and right (ICC = .75) and left (ICC = .83) knee ROM. Moderate agreement was observed for right ankle plantar flexion (ICC = .63) and ROM (ICC = .51). Moderate agreement (ICC > .50) was observed in all variables in the left limb except hip extension, knee flexion, and dorsiflexion. In general, there was poor agreement for peak flexion angles, and at least moderate agreement for joint ROM. Future work will aim to optimize methodologies to increase usability and confidence in data interpretation by minimizing variance in system-based differences and may also benefit from expanding planes of movement.
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16
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Nevin J, Jones MI. Human Performance Optimization (HPO) for the Warfighter—Keeping It Simple in a Complex Age: A Narrative Review. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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17
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Task demand and load carriage experience affect gait variability among military cadets. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18347. [PMID: 36319838 PMCID: PMC9626617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Load carriage is an inevitable daily task for soldiers. The purposes of this study were to explore the extent to which gait variability (GV) is affected by load carriage and experience among military cadets, and whether experience-related differences in GV are dependent on task demand. Two groups of cadets (30 experienced, 30 less experienced) completed a load carriage task in each of three load conditions (no load, 16 kg, 32 kg). Three categories of GV measures were obtained: spatiotemporal variability, joint kinematic variability, and Lyapunov exponents. Compared to traditional mean gait measures, GV measures were more discriminative of experience: although both groups showed similar mean gait measures, the experienced participants had reduced variability in spatiotemporal measures (p ≤ 0.008) and joint kinematics (p ≤ 0.004), as well as lower levels of long-term local dynamic stability at the ankle (p = 0.040). In both groups, heavier loads were also caused increased GV (p ≤ 0.018) and enhanced short-term local dynamic stability at the knee (p = 0.014). These results emphasize the importance of GV measures, which may provide a more complete description of adaptability, stability, and control; highlight alternate movement strategies during more difficult load carriage; and capture experience-related differences in load carriage strategies.
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18
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Santtila M, Pihlainen K, Vaara J, Nindl BC, Heikkinen R, Kyröläinen H. Aerobic fitness predicted by demographics, anthropometrics, health behaviour, physical activity and muscle fitness in male and female recruits entering military service. BMJ Mil Health 2022:e002267. [PMID: 36270735 DOI: 10.1136/military-2022-002267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The physical and mental training load can be high during military service. Therefore, tailored preconditioning programmes based on assessment of physical fitness could increase readiness for military service, especially among those ones with lower baseline fitness level. The purpose of present study was to investigate how self-assessed health behaviour, physical activity and muscle fitness can predict physical fitness in young male and female military cohorts. METHODS Demographics, health behaviour and daily physical activity preceding military service were surveyed by a questionnaire. Thereafter, physical fitness was assessed during the military service by the tests of 12 min running, 1 min push-ups and sit-ups. Explosive power of the lower extremities was studied by maximal standing long jump. Measurements of body anthropometry consisted of body mass, height, and waist circumference. RESULTS The two strongest individual predictors of objectively measured running distance in 12 min were self-reported physical activity and physical readiness in both men and women. Self-reported physical activity, readiness for military service, sitting time, education, smoking and body anthropometrics together explained 52% of the variance in the 12 min running test result (R2=0.52, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) 8.8%, mean absolute error (MAE) 207 m) in men, while for women the predictive values were weaker. Addition of muscle fitness results to the adjusted regression model further improved the model, which explained 59% of the variance in the 12 min running tests result of male conscripts (R2=0.59, MAPE 7.8%, MAE 181 m). CONCLUSION In the present study, self-reported physical activity, muscle fitness, physical readiness for military service, sitting time, education, smoking and body anthropometrics predicted inadequately the measured endurance capacity among recruits. The present questionnaire-based variables do not accurately predict physical fitness of recruits and thus, they are not either suitable for practical use for preconditioning programmes or preselection before entering the military service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Santtila
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Pihlainen
- Training Division, Defence Command, Finland, Finnish Defence Forces, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Vaara
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - B C Nindl
- Department of Sport Medice and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R Heikkinen
- Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - H Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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Tomczak A, Anyżewska A, Bertrandt J, Lepionka T, Kruszewski A, Gaździńska A. Assessment of the Level of Physical Activity and Body Mass Index of Soldiers of the Polish Air Force. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148392. [PMID: 35886262 PMCID: PMC9318013 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Level of physical activity positively affects health condition, correlates highly with level of physical fitness and contributes to the efficient performance of military tasks. The aim of the study was to assess the level of physical activity and body mass index of the Polish Air Force soldiers. A total of 543 professional soldiers (men) doing military service in military units of the Polish Air Force underwent the examination. The average age of examined soldiers amounted to 34.8 ± 9.0 years. In order to carry out the research, the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used. Out of the total of 477 questionnaires that qualified for the analysis, a high level of physical activity was found among 81.1% of subjects, moderate 10.5% and low 8.4%. Average MET values were obtained in the following: job-related, relocation (transportation), housekeeping, recreation (leisure activities and sport). The average MET values were 4173 ± 5306 MET; 2371 ± 2725 MET; 2455 ± 4843 MET; 2421 ± 2802 MET, respectively. The average level of body mass index amounted to 25.98 ± 3.38 kg/m2. The tested Air Force soldiers were generally characterized by a high and moderate level of physical activity. Generally, there was no difference in the level of physical activity between the flight crew and the ground staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Tomczak
- Military Section, Polish Scientific Physical Education Association, 00-809 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Anyżewska
- University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, 59 Okopowa, 01-043 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Bertrandt
- Faculty of Economic Sciences, John Paul II University of Applied Sciences in Biała Podlaska, 95/97 Sidorska, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Lepionka
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Artur Kruszewski
- Department of Individual Sports, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34 St., 01-813 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agata Gaździńska
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Obesity Treatment, Department of Psychophysiological Measurements and Human Factor, Research Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, 54/56 Krasińskiego, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland;
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20
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The Short-Term Reliability of the Conceptualised 'Combat Readiness Assessment'. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116486. [PMID: 35682070 PMCID: PMC9180215 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Military fitness testing has historically assessed individual fitness components. Fitness assessments of this nature do not adequately monitor the physical requirements of military operations. The development of a more combat-specific fitness test would enhance accuracy in assessing the soldiers' readiness for the demands of war. This study aimed to assess the short-term reliability of the conceptualised 'Combat Readiness Assessment' (CRA) following a single familiarisation trial with 21 male phase-two British Army Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineer (REME) recruits (age (years) 19.7 ± 2.5) split into two groups (N = 11 and 10) to conform with recruit availability. The CRA was designed to be a multifaceted fitness assessment aimed at replicating the physical demands of a combat situation for military personnel. Methods: Three repeated assessments of the CRA were completed over a 10-day period (trial one as a familiarisation) to assess the short-term reliability of the CRA post familiarisation. The CRA was completed carrying a 4 kg rifle (SA80 A2) and involved a 400 m (M) run wearing an 11 kg backpack (removed after the 400 M) followed by weighted carries, sprints, casualty drags and agility tasks. Completion time (seconds) was recorded to assess performance. Intraclass correlations (ICCs) (2,1) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), the standard error of the measurement (SEM) and the coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated for completion time for trials 1-3 (T1-3) and 2-3 (T2-3) to assess reliability post-familiarisation. Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) was calculated for T1-2 and T2-3. Descriptive statistics were calculated for completion time for T1-3 and T2-3. Results: The reliability following a familiarisation trial from T1-3 (ICC: 0.75; SEM: 7.1 s; CV: 9.97%) to T2-3 (ICC: 0.88; SEM: 6.4 s; CV: 10.05%) increased. Mean trial time decreased post familiarisation from T1-3 (210.9 ± 21.03 s) to T2-3 (206.3 ± 20.73 s). Conclusions: These findings are inconclusive regarding the short-term reliability of the CRA. The small sample size resulted in wide 95% confidence intervals associated with the ICCs, making the true ICC value hard to determine. The ICCs and MAPE suggest that the reliability of the CRA increased following a familiarisation trial, but this requires further research with a larger cohort to determine with confidence.
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Body Composition Symmetry in Aircraft Pilots. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the body composition symmetry in upper and lower body segments of aircrafts pilots. To reach the study aim, body composition in upper and lower body segments of 206 male aircraft pilots of the Spanish Army (23.1 ± 6.87 years) and 105 civilians (24.0 ± 6.29 years) were evaluated by a bioimpedance analyser (InBody 720, Biospace Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea). Aircraft pilots presented a tendency to dysmetria in upper and lower body segments, showing fitter values in the protagonist side when performing flight functions. Dysmetria could be detrimental during flight manoeuvres and produce injuries in aircraft pilots. It would be recommended to design specific training protocols to improve this imbalance.
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