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Savel H, Meyer-Losic F, Proust-Lima C, Richert L. Statistical classification of treatment responses in mouse clinical trials for stratified medicine in oncology drug discovery. Sci Rep 2024; 14:934. [PMID: 38195626 PMCID: PMC10776864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Translational oncology research strives to explore a new aspect: identifying subgroups that exhibit treatment response even during pre-clinical phases. In this study, we focus on PDX models and their implementation in mouse clinical trials (MCT). Our primary objective was to identify subgroups with different treatment responses using Latent Class Mixed Model (LCMM).We used a public dataset and focused on one treatment, encorafenib, and two indications, melanoma and colorectal cancer, for which efficacy depends on a specific mutation BRAF V600E. One LCMM per indication was implemented to classify treatment responses at the PDX level, analyzing the growth kinetics of treated tumors and matched controls within the PDX models. A simulation study was carried out to explore the performance of LCMM in this context. For both applications, LCMM identified classes for which the higher the proportion of mutated BRAF V600E PDX models the greater the treatment effect, which is aligned with encorafenib use recommendations. The simulation study showed that LCMM could identify classes with large differences in treatment effects. LCMM is a suitable tool for MCT to explore treatment response subgroups of PDX. Once these subgroups are defined, characterization of their phenotypes/genotypes could be performed to explore treatment response predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Savel
- U1219, Inserm Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, Department of Public Health, Université de Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Ipsen Innovation, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940, Les Ulis, France
- Inria, SISTM, 33400, Talence, France
| | | | - Cécile Proust-Lima
- U1219, Inserm Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, Department of Public Health, Université de Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Institut Bergonié, CHU de Bordeaux, INSERM, Université de Bordeaux, CIC-EC 1401, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laura Richert
- U1219, Inserm Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, Department of Public Health, Université de Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
- Institut Bergonié, CHU de Bordeaux, INSERM, Université de Bordeaux, CIC-EC 1401, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
- Inria, SISTM, 33400, Talence, France.
- Université de Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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Wu T, Li C, Zhou C, Niu X, Li G, Zhou Y, Gu X, Cui H. Inhibition of USP14 enhances anti-tumor effect in vemurafenib-resistant melanoma by regulation of Skp2. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2381-2399. [PMID: 35648318 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09729-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mutation of BRAF V600E often occurred in melanoma and results in tumorigenesis. BRAF mutation drives hyperactivation of the RAF-MAPK-ERK pathway. The acquired drug resistance upon prolonged use of BRAF inhibitors (such as vemurafenib) still remains the main obstacle. Previously, we have found that E3 ligase Skp2 over-expresses vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells, and knockdown of Skp2 enhances the anti-tumor effect of vemurafenib. Interestingly, the literature has reported that the selective USP14/UCHL5 inhibitor b-AP15 displays great potential in melanoma therapy; however, the molecular mechanism still remains unknown. METHODS In vitro, the effect of the combination regimen of vemurafenib (Vem, PLX4032) and b-AP15 on vem-sensitive and vem-resistant melanoma has been investigated by wound healing, colony formation, transwell invasion assay, flow cytometry, lysosome staining, and ROS detection. In vivo, the combination effect on vem-resistant melanoma has been evaluated with a nude mice xenograft tumor model. GST-pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays have been applied to investigate the interactions between USP14, UCHL5, and Skp2. Cycloheximide (CHX) assay and ubiquitination assays have been used to explore the effect of USP14 on Skp2 protein half-life and ubiquitination status. RESULTS In the present study, we have revealed that repression of USP14 sensitizes vemurafenib resistance in melanoma through a previously unappreciated mechanism that USP14 but not UCHL5 stabilizes Skp2, blocking its ubiquitination. K119 on Skp2 is required for USP14-mediated deubiquitination and stabilization of Skp2. Furthermore, the mutated catalytic activity amino acid cysteine (C) 114 on USP14 abrogates stabilization of Skp2. Stabilization of Skp2 is required for USP14 to negatively regulate autophagy. The combination regimen of Skp2 inhibitor vemurafenib and USP14/UCHL5 inhibitor b-AP15 dramatically inhibits cell viability, migration, invasion, and colony formation in vemurafenib-sensitive and vemurafenib-resistant melanoma. Vemurafenib and b-AP15 hold cells in the S phase thus leading to apoptosis as well as the formation of the autophagic vacuole in vemurafenib-resistant SKMEL28 cells. The enhanced proliferation effect of USP14 and Skp2 is mainly due to a more effective reduction of cell apoptosis and autophagy. Further evaluation of various protein alterations has revealed that the increased expression of cleaved-PARP, LC3, and decreased Ki67 are more obvious in the combination of vemurafenib and b-AP15 treatment than those in single-drug treatment. Moreover, the co-treatment of vemurafenib and b-AP15 dramatically inhibits the growth of vemurafenib-resistant melanoma xenograft in vivo. Collectively, our findings have demonstrated that the combination of Skp2 inhibitor and USP14 inhibitor provides a new solution for the treatment of BRAF inhibitor resistance melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chengyun Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Changlong Zhou
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaxia Niu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Gege Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yali Zhou
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Xinsheng Gu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China.
| | - Hongmei Cui
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Fay CJ, Jakuboski S, Mclellan B, Allais BS, Semenov Y, Larocca CA, LeBoeuf NR. Diagnosis and Management of Dermatologic Adverse Events from Systemic Melanoma Therapies. Am J Clin Dermatol 2023; 24:765-785. [PMID: 37395930 PMCID: PMC10796164 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-023-00790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The advent of protein kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy has profoundly improved the management of advanced melanoma. However, with these therapeutic advancements also come drug-related toxicities that have the potential to affect various organ systems. We review dermatologic adverse events from targeted (including BRAF and MEK inhibitor-related) and less commonly used melanoma treatments, with a focus on diagnosis and management. As immunotherapy-related toxicities have been extensively reviewed, herein, we discuss injectable talimogene laherparepvec and touch on recent breakthroughs in the immunotherapy space. Dermatologic adverse events may severely impact quality of life and are associated with response and survival. It is therefore essential that clinicians are aware of their diverse presentations and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Fay
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Center for Cutaneous Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Beth Mclellan
- Department of Dermatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Blair S Allais
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Center for Cutaneous Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yevgeniy Semenov
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cecilia A Larocca
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Center for Cutaneous Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole R LeBoeuf
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Center for Cutaneous Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Mazzera L, Abeltino M, Lombardi G, Cantoni AM, Jottini S, Corradi A, Ricca M, Rossetti E, Armando F, Peli A, Ferrari A, Martinelli G, Scupoli MT, Visco C, Bonifacio M, Ripamonti A, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Bonati A, Perris R, Lunghi P. MEK1/2 regulate normal BCR and ABL1 tumor-suppressor functions to dictate ATO response in TKI-resistant Ph+ leukemia. Leukemia 2023; 37:1671-1685. [PMID: 37386079 PMCID: PMC10400427 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-01940-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) remains a clinical challenge in Ph-positive variants of chronic myeloid leukemia. We provide mechanistic insights into a previously undisclosed MEK1/2/BCR::ABL1/BCR/ABL1-driven signaling loop that may determine the efficacy of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in TKI-resistant leukemic patients. We find that activated MEK1/2 assemble into a pentameric complex with BCR::ABL1, BCR and ABL1 to induce phosphorylation of BCR and BCR::ABL1 at Tyr360 and Tyr177, and ABL1, at Thr735 and Tyr412 residues thus provoking loss of BCR's tumor-suppression functions, enhanced oncogenic activity of BCR::ABL1, cytoplasmic retention of ABL1 and consequently drug resistance. Coherently, pharmacological blockade of MEK1/2 induces dissociation of the pentameric MEK1/2/BCR::ABL1/BCR/ABL1 complex and causes a concurrent BCRY360/Y177, BCR::ABL1Y360/Y177 and cytoplasmic ABL1Y412/T735 dephosphorylation thereby provoking the rescue of the BCR's anti-oncogenic activities, nuclear accumulation of ABL1 with tumor-suppressive functions and consequently, growth inhibition of the leukemic cells and an ATO sensitization via BCR-MYC and ABL1-p73 signaling axes activation. Additionally, the allosteric activation of nuclear ABL1 was consistently found to enhance the anti-leukemic effects of the MEK1/2 inhibitor Mirdametinib, which when combined with ATO, significantly prolonged the survival of mice bearing BCR::ABL1-T315I-induced leukemia. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of MEK1/2-inhibitors/ATO combination for the treatment of TKI-resistant leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mazzera
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Manuela Abeltino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Guerino Lombardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Jottini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Attilio Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Micaela Ricca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Rossetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- National Healthcare Service (SSN-Servizio Sanitario Nazionale) ASL Piacenza, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Angelo Peli
- Department for Life Quality Studies Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrari
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, FC, Italy
- Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Scupoli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carlo Visco
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, Section of Hematology-University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bonifacio
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, Section of Hematology-University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessia Ripamonti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Adult Hematology, IRCCS San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Adult Hematology, IRCCS San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Antonio Bonati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Perris
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology-COMT, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Lunghi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology-COMT, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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5
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Valentini E, Di Martile M, Brignone M, Di Caprio M, Manni I, Chiappa M, Sergio I, Chiacchiarini M, Bazzichetto C, Conciatori F, D'Aguanno S, D'Angelo C, Ragno R, Russillo M, Colotti G, Marchesi F, Bellone ML, Dal Piaz F, Felli MP, Damia G, Del Bufalo D. Bcl-2 family inhibitors sensitize human cancer models to therapy. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:441. [PMID: 37460459 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05963-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BH3 mimetics, targeting the Bcl-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins, represent a promising therapeutic opportunity in cancers. ABT-199, the first specific Bcl-2 inhibitor, was approved by FDA for the treatment of several hematological malignancies. We have recently discovered IS21, a novel pan BH3 mimetic with preclinical antitumor activity in several tumor types. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of IS21 and other BH3 mimetics, both as single agents and combined with the currently used antineoplastic agents in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ovarian cancer, and melanoma. IS21 was found to be active in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, melanoma, lung, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer cell lines. Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 protein levels predicted IS21 sensitivity in melanoma and ovarian cancer, respectively. Exploring IS21 mechanism of action, we found that IS21 activity depends on the presence of BAX and BAK proteins: complexes between Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins and their main binding partners were reduced after IS21 treatment. In combination experiments, BH3 mimetics sensitized leukemia cells to chemotherapy, ovarian cancer cells and melanoma models to PARP and MAPK inhibitors, respectively. We showed that this enhancing effect was related to the potentiation of the apoptotic pathway, both in hematologic and solid tumors. In conclusion, our data suggest the use of inhibitors of anti-apoptotic proteins as a therapeutic strategy to enhance the efficacy of anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Valentini
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Di Martile
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Brignone
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marica Di Caprio
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Manni
- SAFU Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Chiappa
- Laboratory of Gynecological Preclinical Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Sergio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Chiacchiarini
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Bazzichetto
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Conciatori
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona D'Aguanno
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen D'Angelo
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Rino Ragno
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Russillo
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Marchesi
- Hematology Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bellone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Felli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Laboratory of Gynecological Preclinical Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Del Bufalo
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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6
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Kollipara S, Ahmed T, Praveen S. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling to predict drug-drug interactions for encorafenib. Part I. Model building, validation, and prospective predictions with enzyme inhibitors, inducers, and transporter inhibitors. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:366-381. [PMID: 37609899 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2250856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Encorafenib, a potent BRAF kinase inhibitor undergoes significant metabolism by CYP3A4 (83%) and CYP2C19 (16%) and also a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Because of this, encorafenib possesses potential for enzyme-transporter related interactions. Clinically, its drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with CYP3A4 inhibitors (posaconazole, diltiazem) were reported and hence there is a necessity to study DDIs with multiple enzyme inhibitors, inducers, and P-gp inhibitors.USFDA recommended clinical CYP3A4, CYP2C19, P-gp inhibitors, CYP3A4 inducers were selected and prospective DDIs were simulated using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling (PBPK). Impact of dose (50 mg vs. 300 mg) and staggering of administrations (0-10 h) on the DDIs were predicted.PBPK models for encorafenib, perpetrators simulated PK parameters within twofold prediction error. Clinically reported DDIs with posaconazole and diltiazem were successfully predicted.CYP2C19 inhibitors did not result in significant DDI whereas strong CYP3A4 inhibitors resulted in DDI ratio up to 4.5. Combining CYP3A4, CYP2C19 inhibitors yielded DDI equivalent CYP3A4 alone. Strong CYP3A4 inducers yielded DDI ratio up to 0.3 and no impact of P-gp inhibitors on DDIs was observed. The DDIs were not impacted by dose and staggering of administration. Overall, this work indicated significance of PBPK modelling for evaluating clinical DDIs with enzymes, transporters and interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivacharan Kollipara
- KL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sivadasu Praveen
- KL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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7
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Álvaro-Martins MJ, Railean V, Martins F, Machuqueiro M, Pacheco R, Santos S. Synthesis and the In Vitro Evaluation of Antitumor Activity of Novel Thiobenzanilides. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041877. [PMID: 36838864 PMCID: PMC9963285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a generic term for a large group of diseases that are the second-leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. Melanoma is a highly aggressive skin tumor with an increasing incidence and poor prognosis in the metastatic stage. Breast cancer still stands as one of the major cancer-associated deaths among women, and diagnosed cases are increasing year after year worldwide. Despite the recent therapeutic advances for this type of cancer, novel drugs and treatment strategies are still urgently needed. In this paper, the synthesis of 18 thiobenzanilide derivatives (17 of them new) is described, and their cytotoxic potential against melanoma cells (A375) and hormone-dependent breast cancer (MCF-7) cells is evaluated using the MTT assay. In the A375 cell line, most of the tested thiobenzanilides derivatives showed EC50 values in the order of μM. Compound 17 was the most promising, with an EC50 (24 h) of 11.8 μM. Compounds 8 and 9 are also interesting compounds that deserve to be further improved. The MCF-7 cell line, on the other hand, was seen to be less susceptible to these thiobenzanilides indicating that these compounds show different selectivity towards skin and breast cancer cells. Compound 15 showed the highest cytotoxic potential for MCF-7 cells, with an EC50 (24 h) of 43 μM, a value within the range of the EC50 value determined for tamoxifen (30.0 μM). ADME predictions confirm the potential of the best compounds. Overall, this work discloses a new set of thiobenzanilides that are worth being considered as new scaffolds for the further development of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Álvaro-Martins
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Violeta Railean
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filomena Martins
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Machuqueiro
- BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Pacheco
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (S.S.); Tel.: +351-217-500-000 (ext. 28532) (R.P.); +351-217-500-000 (ext. 28513) (S.S.)
| | - Susana Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (S.S.); Tel.: +351-217-500-000 (ext. 28532) (R.P.); +351-217-500-000 (ext. 28513) (S.S.)
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8
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Hefnawy MM, Alanazi MM, Al-Hossaini AM, Alnasser AI, El-Azab AS, Jardan YAB, Attwa MW, El-Gendy MA. A Rapid and Sensitive Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Bioanalytical Method for the Quantification of Encorafenib and Binimetinib as a First-Line Treatment for Advanced (Unresectable or Metastatic) Melanoma-Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010079. [PMID: 36615272 PMCID: PMC9822280 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination regimen targeting BRAF and MEK inhibition, for instance, encorafenib (Braftovi™, ENF) plus binimetinib (Mektovi®, BNB), are now recommended as first-line treatment in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600-activating mutation. Patients treated with combination therapy of ENF and BNB demonstrated a delay in resistance development, increases in antitumor activity, and attenuation of toxicities compared with the activity of either agent alone. However, the pharmacokinetic profile of the FDA-approved ENF and BNB is still unclear. In this study, a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method for simultaneous quantification of ENF and BNB in rat plasma was developed and validated. Chromatography was performed on an Agilent Eclipse plus C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm), with an isocratic mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid in water/acetonitrile (67:33, v/v, pH 3.2) at a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. A positive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was chosen for detection and the process of analysis was run for 2 min. Plasma samples were pre-treated using protein precipitation with acetonitrile containing spebrutinib as the internal standard (IS). Method validation was assessed as per the FDA guidelines for the determination of ENF and BNB over concentration ranges of 0.5-3000 ng/mL (r2 ≥ 0.997) for each drug (plasma). The lower limits of detection (LLOD) for both drugs were 0.2 ng/mL. The mean relative standard deviation (RSD) of the results for accuracy and precision was ≤ 7.52%, and the overall recoveries of ENF and BNB from rat plasma were in the range of 92.88-102.28%. The newly developed approach is the first LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method that can perform simultaneous quantification of ENF and BNB in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. The mean result for Cmax for BNB and ENF was found to be 3.43 ± 0.46 and 16.42 ± 1.47 µg/mL achieved at 1.0 h for both drugs, respectively. The AUC0-∞ for BNB and ENF was found to be 18.16 ± 1.31 and 36.52 ± 3.92 µg/mL.h, respectively. On the other hand, the elimination half-life (t1/2kel) parameters for BNB and ENF in the rat plasma were found to be 3.39 ± 0.43 h and 2.48 ± 0.24 h, and these results are consistent with previously reported values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Hefnawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-1-467-7346; Fax: +966-1-467-6220
| | - Mohammed M. Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Al-Hossaini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz I. Alnasser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel S. El-Azab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef A. Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal A. El-Gendy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Guerrisi A, Falcone I, Valenti F, Rao M, Gallo E, Ungania S, Maccallini MT, Fanciulli M, Frascione P, Morrone A, Caterino M. Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Melanoma: Treatment Management Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11243965. [PMID: 36552729 PMCID: PMC9777238 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI), a field of research in which computers are applied to mimic humans, is continuously expanding and influencing many aspects of our lives. From electric cars to search motors, AI helps us manage our daily lives by simplifying functions and activities that would be more complex otherwise. Even in the medical field, and specifically in oncology, many studies in recent years have highlighted the possible helping role that AI could play in clinical and therapeutic patient management. In specific contexts, clinical decisions are supported by "intelligent" machines and the development of specific softwares that assist the specialist in the management of the oncology patient. Melanoma, a highly heterogeneous disease influenced by several genetic and environmental factors, to date is still difficult to manage clinically in its advanced stages. Therapies often fail, due to the establishment of intrinsic or secondary resistance, making clinical decisions complex. In this sense, although much work still needs to be conducted, numerous evidence shows that AI (through the processing of large available data) could positively influence the management of the patient with advanced melanoma, helping the clinician in the most favorable therapeutic choice and avoiding unnecessary treatments that are sure to fail. In this review, the most recent applications of AI in melanoma will be described, focusing especially on the possible finding of this field in the management of drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Guerrisi
- Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical and Dermatological Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Italia Falcone
- SAFU, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Fabio Valenti
- UOC Oncological Translational Research, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rao
- Enea-FSN-TECFIS-APAM, C.R. Frascati, via Enrico Fermi, 45, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Gallo
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Ungania
- Medical Physics and Expert Systems Laboratory, Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS-Regina Elena Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Maccallini
- Departement of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Università La Sapienza di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fanciulli
- SAFU, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Frascione
- Oncologic and Preventative Dermatology, IFO-San Gallicano Dermatological Institute-IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Morrone
- Scientific Direction, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Caterino
- Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical and Dermatological Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
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10
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Anestopoulos I, Kyriakou S, Tragkola V, Paraskevaidis I, Tzika E, Mitsiogianni M, Deligiorgi MV, Petrakis G, Trafalis DT, Botaitis S, Giatromanolaki A, Koukourakis MI, Franco R, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI. Targeting the epigenome in malignant melanoma: Facts, challenges and therapeutic promises. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108301. [PMID: 36283453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most lethal type of skin cancer with high rates of mortality. Although current treatment options provide a short-clinical benefit, acquired-drug resistance highlights the low 5-year survival rate among patients with advanced stage of the disease. In parallel, the involvement of an aberrant epigenetic landscape, (e.g., alterations in DNA methylation patterns, histone modifications marks and expression of non-coding RNAs), in addition to the genetic background, has been also associated with the onset and progression of melanoma. In this review article, we report on current therapeutic options in melanoma treatment with a focus on distinct epigenetic alterations and how their reversal, by specific drug compounds, can restore a normal phenotype. In particular, we concentrate on how single and/or combinatorial therapeutic approaches have utilized epigenetic drug compounds in being effective against malignant melanoma. Finally, the role of deregulated epigenetic mechanisms in promoting drug resistance to targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors is presented leading to the development of newly synthesized and/or improved drug compounds capable of targeting the epigenome of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Anestopoulos
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - S Kyriakou
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - V Tragkola
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - I Paraskevaidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E Tzika
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - M V Deligiorgi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Petrakis
- Saint George Hospital, Chania, Crete, Greece
| | - D T Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - S Botaitis
- Department of Surgery, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, Democritus University of Thrace School of Medicine, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - A Giatromanolaki
- Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - M I Koukourakis
- Radiotherapy / Oncology, Radiobiology & Radiopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - R Franco
- Redox Biology Centre, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - A Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - M I Panayiotidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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11
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Encorafenib Acts as a Dual-Activity Chemosensitizer through Its Inhibitory Effect on ABCC1 Transporter In Vitro and Ex Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122595. [PMID: 36559089 PMCID: PMC9785850 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Encorafenib (LGX818, trade name Braftovi), a novel BRAF inhibitor, has been approved for the treatment of melanoma and colorectal cancer. In the present work, we evaluated encorafenib's possible antagonistic effects on the pharmacokinetic mechanisms of multidrug resistance (MDR), as well as its perpetrator role in drug interactions. Firstly, encorafenib potently inhibited the efflux function of the ABCC1 transporter in drug accumulation assays, while moderate and null interaction levels were recorded for ABCB1 and ABCG2, respectively. In contrast, the mRNA expression levels of all the tested transporters were not altered by encorafenib. In the drug combination studies, we found that daunorubicin and topotecan resistances were synergistically attenuated by the encorafenib-mediated interaction in A431-ABCC1 cells. Notably, further experiments in ex vivo patient-derived explants confirmed the MDR-modulating ability of encorafenib. Advantageously, the overexpression of tested drug efflux transporters failed to hinder the antiproliferative activity of encorafenib. In addition, no significant modulation of the CYP3A4 enzyme's activity by encorafenib was observed. In conclusion, our work indicated that encorafenib can act as an effective chemosensitizer targeting the ABCC1-induced MDR. Our in vitro and ex vivo data might provide valuable information for designing the novel effective scheme applicable in the clinical pharmacotherapy of BRAF-mutated/ABCC1-expressing tumors.
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12
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Gu Y, Wei C, Chung M, Li H, Guo Z, Long M, Li Y, Wang W, Aimaier R, Li Q, Wang Z. Concurrent inhibition of FAK/SRC and MEK overcomes MEK inhibitor resistance in Neurofibromatosis Type I related malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Front Oncol 2022; 12:910505. [PMID: 35965583 PMCID: PMC9372505 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.910505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are aggressive soft-tissue sarcomas which lack effective drugs. Loss of the RAS GTPase-activating protein NF1 and subsequent overactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPK) signaling exist nearly uniformly in MPNST, making MAPK inhibition a promising therapeutic intervention. However, the efficacy of MEK inhibitor (MEKi) monotherapy was limited in MPNST and the relative mechanisms remained largely unexplored. In this study, we generated three MEKi-resistant cell models and investigated the mechanisms of MEKi resistance using high-throughput transcriptomic sequencing. We discovered that cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced by MEKi were rescued in MEKi-resistant cells and the upregulation of LAMA4/ITGB1/FAK/SRC signaling conferred resistance to MEKi. In addition, concurrent inhibition of MAPK signaling and FAK/SRC cascade could sensitize MPNST cells to MEKi. Our findings provide potential solutions to overcome MEKi resistance and effective combination therapeutic strategies for treating MPNSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Gu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengjiang Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Manhon Chung
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zizhen Guo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Manmei Long
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuehua Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rehanguli Aimaier
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhichao Wang, ; ; Qingfeng Li, ;
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhichao Wang, ; ; Qingfeng Li, ;
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13
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Carter TJ, George C, Harwood C, Nathan P. Melanoma in pregnancy: Diagnosis and management in early-stage and advanced disease. Eur J Cancer 2022; 166:240-253. [PMID: 35325701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one-third of women diagnosed with melanoma are of child-bearing age. The annual incidence of melanoma has risen steadily over the last 40 years, resulting in increasing numbers of women diagnosed with melanoma both during pregnancy, and post-partum. To date, there are no formal guidelines on the management of pregnancy associated melanoma (PAM), both early stage and metastatic. This article reviews the existing literature and provides a framework for the investigation and multidisciplinary management of PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Carter
- Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Rickmansworth Road, Northwood, Middlesex, UK
| | - Christina George
- Department of Dermatology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Catherine Harwood
- Department of Dermatology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Whitechapel, London, UK
| | - Paul Nathan
- Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Rickmansworth Road, Northwood, Middlesex, UK.
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14
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Koroknai V, Szász I, Jámbor K, Balázs M. Cytokine and Chemokine Receptor Patterns of Human Malignant Melanoma Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2644. [PMID: 35269787 PMCID: PMC8910570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine and chemokine receptors can promote tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis development by inducing different intracellular signaling pathways. The aim of this study was to determine the cytokine and chemokine receptor gene expression patterns in human melanoma cell lines. We found a large set of cytokine and chemokine receptor genes that were significantly differentially expressed between melanoma cell lines that originated from different subtypes of primary melanomas as well as cell lines that originated from melanoma metastases. The relative expressions of two receptor genes (CCR2 and TNFRSF11B) were positively correlated with the invasive potential of the cell lines, whereas a negative correlation was observed for the TNFRSF14 gene expression. We also found a small set of receptor genes that exhibited a significantly decreased expression in association with a BRAFV600E mutation. Based on our results, we assume that the analyzed cytokine and chemokine receptor collection may provide potential to distinguish the different subtypes of melanomas, helping us to understand the biological behavior of BRAFV600E-mutated melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Koroknai
- MTA-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (V.K.); (I.S.)
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - István Szász
- MTA-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (V.K.); (I.S.)
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Krisztina Jámbor
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Margit Balázs
- MTA-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (V.K.); (I.S.)
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
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15
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Novel treatment strategy for NRAS-mutated melanoma through a selective inhibitor of CD147/VEGFR-2 interaction. Oncogene 2022; 41:2254-2264. [PMID: 35217792 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
More than 70% of human NRASmut melanomas are resistant to MEK inhibitors highlighting the crucial need for efficient therapeutic strategies for these tumors. CD147, a membrane receptor, is overexpressed in most cancers including melanoma and is associated with poor prognosis. We show here that CD147i, a specific inhibitor of CD147/VEGFR-2 interaction represents a potential therapeutic strategy for NRASmut melanoma cells. It significantly inhibited the malignant properties of NRASmut melanomas ex vivo and in vivo. Importantly, NRASmut patient's-derived xenografts, which were resistant to MEKi, became sensitive when combined with CD147i leading to decreased proliferation ex vivo and tumor regression in vivo. Mechanistic studies revealed that CD147i effects were mediated through STAT3 pathway. These data bring a proof of concept on the impact of the inhibition of CD147/VEGFR-2 interaction on melanoma progression and represents a new therapeutic opportunity for NRASmut melanoma when combined with MEKi.
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16
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Martinez R, Huang W, Buck H, Rea S, Defnet AE, Kane MA, Shapiro P. Proteomic Changes in the Monolayer and Spheroid Melanoma Cell Models of Acquired Resistance to BRAF and MEK1/2 Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3293-3311. [PMID: 35128241 PMCID: PMC8811929 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway inhibitors are important therapies for treating many cancers. However, acquired resistance to most protein kinase inhibitors limits their ability to provide durable responses. Approximately 50% of malignant melanomas contain activating mutations in BRAF, which promotes cancer cell survival through the direct phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK/ERK 1/2 (MEK1/2) and the activation of ERK1/2. Although the combination treatment with BRAF and MEK1/2 inhibitors is a recommended approach to treat melanoma, the development of drug resistance remains a barrier to achieving long-term patient benefits. Few studies have compared the global proteomic changes in BRAF/MEK1/2 inhibitor-resistant melanoma cells under different growth conditions. The current study uses high-resolution label-free mass spectrometry to compare relative protein changes in BRAF/MEK1/2 inhibitor-resistant A375 melanoma cells grown as monolayers or spheroids. While approximately 66% of proteins identified were common in the monolayer and spheroid cultures, only 6.2 or 3.6% of proteins that significantly increased or decreased, respectively, were common between the drug-resistant monolayer and spheroid cells. Drug-resistant monolayers showed upregulation of ERK-independent signaling pathways, whereas drug-resistant spheroids showed primarily elevated catabolic metabolism to support oxidative phosphorylation. These studies highlight the similarities and differences between monolayer and spheroid cell models in identifying actionable targets to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Martinez
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United
States
| | - Weiliang Huang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United
States
| | - Heather Buck
- Nathan
Schnaper Internship Program in Translational Cancer Research, Marlene
and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22S. Greene Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Samantha Rea
- Nathan
Schnaper Internship Program in Translational Cancer Research, Marlene
and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22S. Greene Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Amy E. Defnet
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United
States
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United
States
| | - Paul Shapiro
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United
States
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17
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Karki NR, Patel H, Gupta L, Karim NA. Encorafenib/binimetinib induced severe liver injury in a melanoma patient: Case report and review of literature. CURRENT PROBLEMS IN CANCER: CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpccr.2021.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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18
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Patel V, Szász I, Koroknai V, Kiss T, Balázs M. Molecular Alterations Associated with Acquired Drug Resistance during Combined Treatment with Encorafenib and Binimetinib in Melanoma Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236058. [PMID: 34885166 PMCID: PMC8656772 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination treatment using BRAF/MEK inhibitors is a promising therapy for patients with advanced BRAFV600E/K mutant melanoma. However, acquired resistance largely limits the clinical efficacy of this drug combination. Identifying resistance mechanisms is essential to reach long-term, durable responses. During this study, we developed six melanoma cell lines with acquired resistance for BRAFi/MEKi treatment and defined the molecular alterations associated with drug resistance. We observed that the invasion of three resistant cell lines increased significantly compared to the sensitive cells. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed differentially expressed genes that were functionally linked to a variety of biological functions including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, the ROS pathway, and KRAS-signalling. Using proteome profiler array, several differentially expressed proteins were detected, which clustered into a unique pattern. Galectin showed increased expression in four resistant cell lines, being the highest in the WM1617E+BRes cells. We also observed that the resistant cells behaved differently after the withdrawal of the inhibitors, five were not drug addicted at all and did not exhibit significantly increased lethality; however, the viability of one resistant cell line (WM1617E+BRes) decreased significantly. We have selected three resistant cell lines to investigate the protein expression changes after drug withdrawal. The expression patterns of CapG, Enolase 2, and osteopontin were similar in the resistant cells after ten days of "drug holiday", but the Snail protein was only expressed in the WM1617E+BRes cells, which showed a drug-dependent phenotype, and this might be associated with drug addiction. Our results highlight that melanoma cells use several types of resistance mechanisms involving the altered expression of different proteins to bypass drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Patel
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - István Szász
- MTA-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (I.S.); (V.K.)
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Viktória Koroknai
- MTA-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (I.S.); (V.K.)
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Tímea Kiss
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Margit Balázs
- MTA-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (I.S.); (V.K.)
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Correspondence:
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19
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Drug resistance of targeted therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer harbored EGFR mutation: from mechanism analysis to clinical strategy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:3653-3664. [PMID: 34661758 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85% in all cases of lung cancer. In recent years, molecular targeting drugs for NSCLC have been developed rapidly. The epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have changed the paradigm of cancer therapy from empirical cytotoxic chemotherapy to molecular-targeted cancer therapy. Currently, there are three generations of EGFR-TKIs, all of which have achieved good efficacy in clinical therapy. However, most patients developed drug resistance after 6-13 months EGFR-TKIs treatment. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of EGFR-TKIs resistance mechanisms is of vital importance for clinical management of NSCLC. METHODS Relevant data and information about the topic were obtained by searching PubMed (Medline), Web of Science and Google Scholar using the subject headings, such as "NSCLC", "EGFR-TKIs resistance", "EGFR mutations", "human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2/erbB-2)", "hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)", "vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)", "insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)", "epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)", "phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)", "RAS mutation", "BRAF mutation", "signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)", and "tumor microenvironment", etc. RESULTS: The mechanisms for EGFR-TKIs resistance include EGFR mutations, upregulation of HER2, HGF/c-MET, VEGF IGF1, EMT and STAT3 pathways, mutations of PTEN, RAS and BRAF genes, and activation of other by-pass pathways. These mechanisms are interconnected and can be potential targets for the treatment of NSCLC. CONCLUSION In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of EGFR-TKIs drug resistance and the clinical strategies to overcome drug resistance from the perspective of EGFR-TKIs combined treatment.
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20
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Gogas H, Dummer R, Ascierto PA, Arance A, Mandalà M, Liszkay G, Garbe C, Schadendorf D, Krajsová I, Gutzmer R, Sileni VC, Dutriaux C, Yamazaki N, Loquai C, Queirolo P, Jan de Willem G, Sellier AT, Suissa J, Murris J, Gollerkeri A, Robert C, Flaherty KT. Quality of life in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma receiving the combination encorafenib plus binimetinib: Results from a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase III study (COLUMBUS). Eur J Cancer 2021; 152:116-128. [PMID: 34091420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In COLUMBUS, treatment with encorafenib plus binimetinib in patients with advanced BRAF-mutant melanoma showed improved progression-free and overall survival with favourable tolerability compared to vemurafenib treatment. Here, results on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are presented. METHODS COLUMBUS was a two-part, open-label, randomised, phase III study in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma. In PART-I, 577 patients were randomised (1:1:1) to encorafenib plus binimetinib, encorafenib or vemurafenib. The primary objective was to assess progression-free survival. As a secondary objective, HRQoL was assessed by the EQ-5D, the EORTC QLQ-C30 and the FACT-M questionnaires. Furthermore, time to definitive 10% deterioration was estimated with a Kaplan-Meier analysis and differences in mean scores between groups were calculated with a mixed-effect model for repeated measures. Hospitalisation rate and the impact of hospitalisation on HRQoL were also assessed. RESULTS Patients receiving the combination treatment showed improvement of their FACT-M and EORTC QLQ-C30 global health status scores, compared to those receiving vemurafenib (post-baseline score differences: 3.03 [p < 0.0001] for FACT M and 5.28 [p = 0.0042] for EORTC QLQ-C30), indicative of a meaningful change in patient's status. Furthermore, a delay in the deterioration of QoL was observed in non-hospitalised patients compared to hospitalised patients (hazard ratio [95% CI]: 1.16 [0.80; 1.68] for EORTC QLQ-C30 and 1.27 [0.81; 1.99] for FACT-M) and a risk reduction of 10% deterioration, favoured the combination in both groups. CONCLUSION The improved efficacy of encorafenib plus binimetinib compared to vemurafenib, translates into a positive impact on the perceived health status as assessed by the HRQoL questionnaires. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01909453 and EudraCT number 2013-001176-38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Gogas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- University Hospital Zürich Skin Cancer Center, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo A Ascierto
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ana Arance
- Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Mandalà
- Unit of Medical Oncology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Claus Garbe
- Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivana Krajsová
- University Hospital Prague and Charles University First Medical Faculty, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Caroline Dutriaux
- University Hospital Centre Bordeaux, Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux, France
| | - Naoya Yamazaki
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Paola Queirolo
- Division of Medical Oncology for Melanoma, Sarcoma, and Rare Tumors, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Groot Jan de Willem
- Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Oncological Center, Zwolle, Netherlands
| | | | - Jeanne Suissa
- Pierre Fabre Medicament, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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21
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Attwa MW, Darwish HW, Al-Shakliah NS, Kadi AA. A Validated LC-MS/MS Assay for the Simultaneous Quantification of the FDA-Approved Anticancer Mixture (Encorafenib and Binimetinib): Metabolic Stability Estimation. Molecules 2021; 26:2717. [PMID: 34063139 PMCID: PMC8125647 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The concurrent use of oral encorafenib (Braftovi, ENF) and binimetinib (Mektovi, BNB) is a combination anticancer therapy approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) for patients with BRAFV600E/V600K mutations suffering from metastatic or unresectable melanoma. Metabolism is considered one of the main pathways of drug elimination from the body (responsible for elimination of about 75% of known drugs), it is important to understand and study drug metabolic stability. Metabolically unstable compounds are not good as they required repetitive dosages during therapy, while very stable drugs may result in increasing the risk of adverse drug reactions. Metabolic stability of compounds could be examined using in vitro or in silico experiments. First, in silico metabolic vulnerability for ENF and BNB was investigated using the StarDrop WhichP450 module to confirm the lability of the drugs under study to liver metabolism. Second, we established an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of ENF and BNB applied to metabolic stability assessment. Third, in silico toxicity assessment of ENF and BNB was performed using the StarDrop DEREK module. Chromatographic separation of ENF, BNB, and avitinib (an internal standard) was achieved using an isocratic mobile phase on a Hypersil BDS C18 column. The linear range for ENF and BNB in the human liver microsome (HLM) matrix was 5-500 ng/mL (R2 ≥ 0.999). The metabolic stabilities were calculated using intrinsic clearance and in vitro half-life. Furthermore, ENF and BNB did not significantly influence each other's metabolic stability or metabolic disposition when used concurrently. These results indicate that ENF and BNB will slowly bioaccumulate after multiple doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.W.A.); (N.S.A.-S.); (A.A.K.)
- Students’ University Hospital, The Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hany W. Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.W.A.); (N.S.A.-S.); (A.A.K.)
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Nasser S. Al-Shakliah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.W.A.); (N.S.A.-S.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.W.A.); (N.S.A.-S.); (A.A.K.)
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22
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Pampena R, Michelini S, Lai M, Chester J, Pellacani G, Longo C. New systemic therapies for cutaneous melanoma: why, who and what. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2021; 156:344-355. [PMID: 33913672 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.21.06936-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of melanoma has been increasing in both sexes in the last decades. Advanced melanoma has always been one of the deadliest cancers worldwide due to his high metastatic capacity. In the last ten years, progresses in the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the melanoma development and progression, and in immune-response against melanoma, empowered the development of two new classes of systemic therapeutic agents: target-therapies and immunotherapies. Both classes consist of monoclonal antibodies inhibiting specific molecules. Target-therapies are selectively directed against cells harboring the BRAFV600-mutation, while immunotherapies target the two molecules involved in immune-checkpoint regulation, enhancing the immune response against the tumor: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 receptor (PD-1). Target- and immunotherapy demonstrated to improve both progression-free and overall survival in melanoma patients either in metastatic or in adjuvant settings. Several drugs have been approved in recent years as monotherapy or in combination, and many other drugs are currently under investigation in clinical trials. In the current review on new systemic therapies for cutaneous melanoma, we revised the molecular basis and the mechanisms of actions of both target- and immunotherapy (why). We discussed who are the best candidate to receive such therapies in both the adjuvant and metastatic setting (who) and which were the most important efficacy and safety data on these drugs (what).
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Pampena
- Centro Oncologico ad Alta Tecnologia Diagnostica, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Michela Lai
- Centro Oncologico ad Alta Tecnologia Diagnostica, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Johanna Chester
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Caterina Longo
- Centro Oncologico ad Alta Tecnologia Diagnostica, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy - .,Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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23
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Liang X, Wu P, Yang Q, Xie Y, He C, Yin L, Yin Z, Yue G, Zou Y, Li L, Song X, Lv C, Zhang W, Jing B. An update of new small-molecule anticancer drugs approved from 2015 to 2020. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113473. [PMID: 33906047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A high incidence of cancer has given rise to the development of more anti-tumor drugs. From 2015 to 2020, fifty-six new small-molecule anticancer drugs, divided into ten categories according to their anti-tumor target activities, have been approved. These include TKIs (30 drugs), MAPK inhibitors (3 drugs), CDK inhibitors (3 drugs), PARP inhibitors (3 drugs), PI3K inhibitors (3 drugs), SMO receptor antagonists (2 drugs), AR antagonists (2 drugs), SSTR inhibitors (2 drugs), IDH inhibitors (2 drugs) and others (6 drugs). Among them, PTK inhibitors (30/56) have led to a paradigm shift in cancer treatment with less toxicity and more potency. Each of their structures, approval statuses, applications, SAR analyses, and original research synthesis routes have been summarized, giving us a more comprehensive map for further efforts to design more specific targeted agents for reducing cancer in the future. We believe this review will help further research of potential antitumor agents in clinical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China.
| | - Pan Wu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Yunyu Xie
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Changliang He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Guizhou Yue
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Bo Jing
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
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24
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Bilska B, Schedel F, Piotrowska A, Stefan J, Zmijewski M, Pyza E, Reiter RJ, Steinbrink K, Slominski AT, Tulic MK, Kleszczyński K. Mitochondrial function is controlled by melatonin and its metabolites in vitro in human melanoma cells. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12728. [PMID: 33650175 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Although immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment for some patients, resistance towards therapy and unwanted side effects remain a problem for numerous individuals. Broad anti-cancer activities of melatonin are recognized; however, additional investigations still need to be elucidated. Herein, using various human melanoma cell models, we explore in vitro the new insights into the regulation of melanoma by melatonin and its metabolites which possess, on the other side, high safety profiles and biological meaningful. In this study, using melanotic (MNT-1) and amelanotic (A375, G361, Sk-Mel-28) melanoma cell lines, the comparative oncostatic responses, the impact on melanin content (for melanotic MNT-1 melanoma cells) as well as the mitochondrial function controlled by melatonin, its precursor (serotonin), a kynuric (N1 -acetyl-N2 -formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, AFMK) and indolic pathway (6-hydroxymelatonin, 6(OH)MEL and 5-methoxytryptamine, 5-MT) metabolites were assessed. Namely, significant disturbances were observed in bioenergetics as follows: (i) uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), (ii) attenuation of glycolysis, (iii) dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (mtΔΨ) accompanied by (iv) massive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and (v) decrease of glucose uptake. Collectively, these results together with previously published reports provide a new biological potential and make an imperative to consider using melatonin or its metabolites for complementary future treatments of melanoma-affected patients; however, these associations should be additionally investigated in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadetta Bilska
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Fiona Schedel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Stefan
- Department of Oncology, Nicolaus Copernicus University Medical College, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michal Zmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Meri K Tulic
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
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25
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Cui H, Wang Q, Miller DD, Li W. The Tubulin Inhibitor VERU-111 in Combination With Vemurafenib Provides an Effective Treatment of Vemurafenib-Resistant A375 Melanoma. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:637098. [PMID: 33841154 PMCID: PMC8027488 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.637098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the deadliest skin cancers having a five-year survival rate around 15–20%. An overactivated MAPK/AKT pathway is well-established in BRAF mutant melanoma. Vemurafenib (Vem) was the first FDA-approved BRAF inhibitor and gained great clinical success in treating late-stage melanoma. However, most patients develop acquired resistance to Vem within 6–9 months. Therefore, developing a new treatment strategy to overcome Vem-resistance is highly significant. Our previous study reported that the combination of a tubulin inhibitor ABI-274 with Vem showed a significant synergistic effect to sensitize Vem-resistant melanoma both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we unveiled that VERU-111, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of α and β tubulin that is under clinical development, is highly potent against Vem-resistant melanoma cells. The combination of Vem and VERU-111 resulted in a dramatically enhanced inhibitory effect on cancer cells in vitro and Vem-resistant melanoma tumor growth in vivo compared with single-agent treatment. Further molecular signaling analyses demonstrated that in addition to ERK/AKT pathway, Skp2 E3 ligase also plays a critical role in Vem-resistant mechanisms. Knockout of Skp2 diminished oncogene AKT expression and contributed to the synergistic inhibitory effect of Vem and VERU-111. Our results indicate a treatment combination of VERU-111 and Vem holds a great promise to overcome Vem-resistance for melanoma patients harboring BRAF (V600E) mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qinghui Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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26
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Roy T, Boateng ST, Banang-Mbeumi S, Singh PK, Basnet P, Chamcheu RCN, Ladu F, Chauvin I, Spiegelman VS, Hill RA, Kousoulas KG, Nagalo BM, Walker AL, Fotie J, Murru S, Sechi M, Chamcheu JC. Synthesis, inverse docking-assisted identification and in vitro biological characterization of Flavonol-based analogs of fisetin as c-Kit, CDK2 and mTOR inhibitors against melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Bioorg Chem 2021; 107:104595. [PMID: 33450548 PMCID: PMC7870562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to hurdles, including resistance, adverse effects, and poor bioavailability, among others linked with existing therapies, there is an urgent unmet need to devise new, safe, and more effective treatment modalities for skin cancers. Herein, a series of flavonol-based derivatives of fisetin, a plant-based flavonoid identified as an anti-tumorigenic agent targeting the mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR)-regulated pathways, were synthesized and fully characterized. New potential inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases (c-KITs), cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2), and mTOR, representing attractive therapeutic targets for melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) treatment, were identified using inverse-docking, in vitro kinase activity and various cell-based anticancer screening assays. Eleven compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activities greater than the parent molecule against four human skin cancer cell lines, including melanoma (A375 and SK-Mel-28) and NMSCs (A431 and UWBCC1), with IC50 values ranging from 0.12 to < 15 μM. Seven compounds were identified as potentially potent single, dual or multi-kinase c-KITs, CDK2, and mTOR kinase inhibitors after inverse-docking and screening against twelve known cancer targets, followed by kinase activity profiling. Moreover, the potent compound F20, and the multi-kinase F9 and F17 targeted compounds, markedly decreased scratch wound closure, colony formation, and heightened expression levels of key cancer-promoting pathway molecular targets c-Kit, CDK2, and mTOR. In addition, these compounds downregulated Bcl-2 levels and upregulated Bax and cleaved caspase-3/7/8 and PARP levels, thus inducing apoptosis of A375 and A431 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, compounds F20, F9 and F17, were identified as promising c-Kit, CDK2 and mTOR inhibitors, worthy of further investigation as therapeutics, or as adjuvants to standard therapies for the control of melanoma and NMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tithi Roy
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Samuel T Boateng
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Sergette Banang-Mbeumi
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Pratik Basnet
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Roxane-Cherille N Chamcheu
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Federico Ladu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Isabel Chauvin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Vladimir S Spiegelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, USA
| | - Ronald A Hill
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Konstantin G Kousoulas
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Bolni Marius Nagalo
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
| | - Anthony L Walker
- School of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Jean Fotie
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southeastern Louisiana University, SELU, Hammond, LA 70402-0878, USA
| | - Siva Murru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Mario Sechi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Jean Christopher Chamcheu
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA.
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27
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Ahmed R, Muralidharan R, Srivastava A, Johnston SE, Zhao YD, Ekmekcioglu S, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Molecular Targeting of HuR Oncoprotein Suppresses MITF and Induces Apoptosis in Melanoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020166. [PMID: 33418925 PMCID: PMC7825065 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The human antigen R (HuR) protein regulates the expression of hundreds of proteins in a cell that support tumor growth, drug resistance, and metastases. HuR is overexpressed in several human cancers, including melanoma, and is a molecular target for cancer therapy. Our study objective, therefore, was to develop HuR-targeted therapy for melanoma. We identified that HuR regulates the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) that has been implicated in both intrinsic and acquired drug resistance in melanoma and is a putative therapeutic target in melanoma. Using a gene therapeutic approach, we demonstrated silencing of HuR reduced MITF protein expression and inhibited the growth of melanoma cells but not normal melanocytes. However, combining HuR-targeted therapy with a small molecule MEK inhibitor suppressed MITF and produced a synergistic antitumor activity against melanoma cells. Our study results demonstrate that HuR is a promising target for melanoma treatment and offers new combinatorial treatment strategies for overriding MITF-mediated drug resistance. Abstract Background: Treatment of metastatic melanoma possesses challenges due to drug resistance and metastases. Recent advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy have shown clinical benefits in melanoma patients with increased survival. However, a subset of patients who initially respond to targeted therapy relapse and succumb to the disease. Therefore, efforts to identify new therapeutic targets are underway. Due to its role in stabilizing several oncoproteins’ mRNA, the human antigen R (HuR) has been shown as a promising molecular target for cancer therapy. However, little is known about its potential role in melanoma treatment. Methods: In this study, we tested the impact of siRNA-mediated gene silencing of HuR in human melanoma (MeWo, A375) and normal melanocyte cells in vitro. Cells were treated with HuR siRNA encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle (NP) either alone or in combination with MEK inhibitor (U0126) and subjected to cell viability, cell-cycle, apoptosis, Western blotting, and cell migration and invasion assays. Cells that were untreated or treated with control siRNA-NP (C-NP) were included as controls. Results: HuR-NP treatment significantly reduced the expression of HuR and HuR-regulated oncoproteins, induced G1 cell cycle arrest, activated apoptosis signaling cascade, and mitigated melanoma cells’ aggressiveness while sparing normal melanocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HuR-NP treatment significantly reduced the expression of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in both MeWo and MITF-overexpressing MeWo cells (p < 0.05). Finally, combining HuR-NP with U0126 resulted in synergistic antitumor activity against MeWo cells (p < 0.01). Conclusion: HuR-NP exhibited antitumor activity in melanoma cells independent of their oncogenic B-RAF mutational status. Additionally, combinatorial therapy incorporating MEK inhibitor holds promise in overriding MITF-mediated drug resistance in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebaz Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.A.); (R.M.); (A.S.)
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ranganayaki Muralidharan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.A.); (R.M.); (A.S.)
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (Y.D.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Akhil Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.A.); (R.M.); (A.S.)
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (Y.D.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Sarah E. Johnston
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Yan D. Zhao
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (Y.D.Z.); (A.M.)
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Suhendan Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (Y.D.Z.); (A.M.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.A.); (R.M.); (A.S.)
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (Y.D.Z.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-405-271-6101
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Hartman ML, Gajos-Michniewicz A, Talaj JA, Mielczarek-Lewandowska A, Czyz M. BH3 mimetics potentiate pro-apoptotic activity of encorafenib in BRAF V600E melanoma cells. Cancer Lett 2020; 499:122-136. [PMID: 33259900 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BRAFV600- and MEK1/2-targeting therapies rarely produce durable response in melanoma patients. We investigated five BRAFV600E melanoma cell lines derived from drug-naïve tumor specimens to assess cell death response to encorafenib (Braftovi), a recently FDA-approved BRAFV600 inhibitor. Drug-naïve cell lines (i) did not harbor damaging alterations in genes encoding core apoptotic machinery, but they differed in (ii) mitochondrial priming as demonstrated by whole-cell BH3 profiling, and (iii) levels of selected anti-apoptotic proteins. Encorafenib modulated the balance between apoptosis-regulating proteins as it upregulated BIM and BMF, and attenuated NOXA, but did not affect the levels of pro-survival proteins except for MCL-1 and BCL-XL in selected cell lines. Induction of apoptosis could be predicted using Dynamic BH3 profiling. The extent of apoptosis was dependent on both (i) cell-intrinsic proximity to the apoptotic threshold (initial mitochondrial priming) and (ii) the abundance of encorafenib-induced BIM (iBIM; drug-induced change in priming). While co-inhibition of MCL-1 and BCL-XL/BCL-2 was indispensable for apoptosis in drug-naïve cells, encorafenib altered cell dependence to MCL-1, and reliance on BCL-XL/BCL-2 was additionally found in cell lines that were highly primed to apoptosis by encorafenib. This translated into robust apoptosis when encorafenib was combined with selective BH3 mimetics. Our study provides a mechanistic insight into the role of proteins from the BCL-2 family in melanoma cell response to targeted therapy, and presents preclinical evidence that (i) MCL-1 is a druggable target to potentiate encorafenib activity, whereas (ii) pharmacological inhibition of BCL-XL/BCL-2 might be relevant but only for a narrow group of encorafenib-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz L Hartman
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Gajos-Michniewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Julita A Talaj
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Malgorzata Czyz
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
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29
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Huijberts SC, van Geel RM, Bernards R, Beijnen JH, Steeghs N. Encorafenib, binimetinib and cetuximab combined therapy for patients with BRAFV600E mutant metastatic colorectal cancer. Future Oncol 2020; 16:161-173. [PMID: 32027186 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10-15% of colorectal cancers (CRCs) harbor an activating BRAF mutation, leading to tumor growth promotion by activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases pathway. BRAFV600E mutations are prognostic for treatment failure after first-line systemic therapy in the metastatic setting. In contrast to the efficacy of combined BRAF and MEK inhibition in melanoma, BRAFV600E mutant CRC is intrinsically unresponsive due to upregulation of HER/EGFR. However, combining the EGFR inhibitor cetuximab, the BRAF inhibitor encorafenib and the MEK inhibitor binimetinib improves overall survival. This review discusses the current treatment field for patients with BRAFV600E mutant metastatic CRC and summarizes the pharmacology, efficacy and safety of the novel doublet and triplet therapies consisting of encorafenib and cetuximab with or without binimetinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Cfa Huijberts
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Mjm van Geel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6229 HX, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rene Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands.,Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 TC, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands.,Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 TC, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje Steeghs
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands.,Division of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
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30
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Tumor Microenvironment: Implications in Melanoma Resistance to Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102870. [PMID: 33036192 PMCID: PMC7601592 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The response to pharmacological treatments is deeply influenced by the tight interactions between the tumor cells and the microenvironment. In this review we describe, for melanoma, the most important mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapy and immunotherapy mediated by the components of the microenvironment. In addition, we briefly describe the most recent therapeutic advances for this pathology. The knowledge of molecular mechanisms, which are underlying of drug resistance, is fundamental for the development of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of melanoma patients. Abstract Antitumor therapies have made great strides in recent decades. Chemotherapy, aggressive and unable to discriminate cancer from healthy cells, has given way to personalized treatments that, recognizing and blocking specific molecular targets, have paved the way for targeted and effective therapies. Melanoma was one of the first tumor types to benefit from this new care frontier by introducing specific inhibitors for v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), v-kit Hardy–Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT), and, recently, immunotherapy. However, despite the progress made in the melanoma treatment, primary and/or acquired drug resistance remains an unresolved problem. The molecular dynamics that promote this phenomenon are very complex but several studies have shown that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays, certainly, a key role. In this review, we will describe the new melanoma treatment approaches and we will analyze the mechanisms by which TME promotes resistance to targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
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31
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Eberlein B, Biedermann T, Hein R, Posch C. Photosensitivität unter Vemurafenib. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:1079-1084. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14140_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Eberlein
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie am Biederstein, Fakultät für Medizin Technische Universität München Deutschland
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie am Biederstein, Fakultät für Medizin Technische Universität München Deutschland
| | - Rüdiger Hein
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie am Biederstein, Fakultät für Medizin Technische Universität München Deutschland
| | - Christian Posch
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie am Biederstein, Fakultät für Medizin Technische Universität München Deutschland
- Fakultät für Medizin Sigmund Freud Privatuniversität Wien Österreich
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32
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Kleszczyński K, Böhm M. Can melatonin and its metabolites boost the efficacy of targeted therapy in patients with advanced melanoma? Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:860-863. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Böhm
- Department of Dermatology University of Münster Münster Germany
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33
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Eberlein B, Biedermann T, Hein R, Posch C. Vemurafenib-related photosensitivity. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:1079-1083. [PMID: 32558291 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Increased photosensitivity is a common cutaneous adverse effect associated with the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib. Clinically, it presents as an immediate sensation of heat and edematous erythema during sun exposure, as well as a sunburn reaction in terms of a late reaction. Phototesting has shown that the UVA range (320 nm to 400 nm), triggers both the immediate and the late reaction. In terms of pathogenesis, photochemical studies have suggested that exposure of vemurafenib to UVA radiation produces an UVA-absorbing photoproduct. In vitro studies on various cell models have also demonstrated that the phototoxic effects of vemurafenib are exclusively caused by UVA irradiation. This latter mechanism is probably responsible for the photosensitivity clinically observed in patients receiving vemurafenib. In addition, vemurafenib is able to inhibit ferrochelatase. The resulting increase in protoporphyrin IX has also been observed in some human studies involving the drug. However, it is yet unproven whether porphyrins actually contribute to the immediate skin reactions seen in individuals on vemurafenib, even though the clinical presentation is similar to that found in erythropoietic protoporphyria with a comparable pathomechanism. Other BRAF inhibitors, such as dabrafenib and encorafenib, are associated with significantly lower photosensitivity. It is essential that patients treated with vemurafenib are informed about immediate and delayed reactions potentially caused even by low doses of UVA. This includes counseling on photoprotective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Eberlein
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hein
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Posch
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University, Munich, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
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34
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Liu H, Nazmun N, Hassan S, Liu X, Yang J. BRAF mutation and its inhibitors in sarcoma treatment. Cancer Med 2020; 9:4881-4896. [PMID: 32476297 PMCID: PMC7367634 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway plays a significant role in mediating cellular physiological activities, such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence. This signaling pathway is composed of several major proto‐oncogenes of RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, among which the BRAF proto‐oncogene, as one of the three members of the RAF family, has a higher mutation rate than ARAF and CRAF and has attracted extensive attention. Regarding the BRAF mutation, approximately 95% of BRAF mutations belong to the BRAF V600E mutation, which can enhance the expression of the MAPK signaling pathway and is thus related to the occurrence and development of various malignant tumors and has been successfully identified as a therapeutic target. Moreover, drug resistance to BRAF inhibitor treatment also appears to be an important issue. Considering the successful use of BRAF inhibitors in melanoma, we provide a brief overview of the BRAF mutations, including their basic structures and activation mechanisms, and the new classification method for BRAF mutations. Most importantly, we summarize the results of BRAF inhibitor treatment in different sarcomas. To overcome drug resistance to BRAF inhibitor treatment, we also outline the different mechanisms of drug resistance to BRAF inhibitor treatment and introduce the combination strategy of BRAF inhibitors with other targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Liu
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Nahar Nazmun
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China.,International Medical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Shafat Hassan
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China.,International Medical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jilong Yang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
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35
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Morris VK, Bekaii-Saab T. Improvements in Clinical Outcomes for BRAFV600E -Mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:4435-4441. [PMID: 32253230 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the last two decades have seen a broad improvement in overall survival, colorectal cancer is still the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Patient populations continue to face poor disease prognoses due to the challenges of early detection and the molecular subtypes driving their colorectal cancer. Consequently, many patients present with metastatic colorectal cancer, which often limits options and shifts treatment focus away from curative interventions. BRAFV600E mutations are present in approximately 10% of colorectal cancer tumors and are associated with uninhibited cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and resistance to standard therapeutic options. In colorectal cancer, BRAFV600E mutations are associated with decreased overall survival, poor treatment responses, and different patterns of metastatic spread compared with tumors with wild-type BRAF Success in treating other BRAFV600E -mutant cancers with BRAF inhibitors as monotherapy has not translated into efficacious treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Consequently, combination therapy with inhibitors of BRAF, MEK, and EGFR, which overcomes the innate treatment-resistant characteristics of BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer, is now recommended by treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van K Morris
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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36
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Zheng ZY, Anurag M, Lei JT, Cao J, Singh P, Peng J, Kennedy H, Nguyen NC, Chen Y, Lavere P, Li J, Du XH, Cakar B, Song W, Kim BJ, Shi J, Seker S, Chan DW, Zhao GQ, Chen X, Banks KC, Lanman RB, Shafaee MN, Zhang XHF, Vasaikar S, Zhang B, Hilsenbeck SG, Li W, Foulds CE, Ellis MJ, Chang EC. Neurofibromin Is an Estrogen Receptor-α Transcriptional Co-repressor in Breast Cancer. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:387-402.e7. [PMID: 32142667 PMCID: PMC7286719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report that neurofibromin, a tumor suppressor and Ras-GAP (GTPase-activating protein), is also an estrogen receptor-α (ER) transcriptional co-repressor through leucine/isoleucine-rich motifs that are functionally independent of GAP activity. GAP activity, in turn, does not affect ER binding. Consequently, neurofibromin depletion causes estradiol hypersensitivity and tamoxifen agonism, explaining the poor prognosis associated with neurofibromin loss in endocrine therapy-treated ER+ breast cancer. Neurofibromin-deficient ER+ breast cancer cells initially retain sensitivity to selective ER degraders (SERDs). However, Ras activation does play a role in acquired SERD resistance, which can be reversed upon MEK inhibitor addition, and SERD/MEK inhibitor combinations induce tumor regression. Thus, neurofibromin is a dual repressor for both Ras and ER signaling, and co-targeting may treat neurofibromin-deficient ER+ breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yi Zheng
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meenakshi Anurag
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan T Lei
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jin Cao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Purba Singh
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianheng Peng
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Physical Examination, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Hilda Kennedy
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nhu-Chau Nguyen
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Philip Lavere
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin-Hui Du
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Bone and Soft Tissue, Zhengzhou University Affiliated Henan Cancer Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Burcu Cakar
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Song
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Beom-Jun Kim
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiejun Shi
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sinem Seker
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Doug W Chan
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhao
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue, Zhengzhou University Affiliated Henan Cancer Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Maryam Nemati Shafaee
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiang H-F Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suhas Vasaikar
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan G Hilsenbeck
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles E Foulds
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew J Ellis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Eric C Chang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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37
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Schreck KC, Patel MP, Wemmer J, Grossman SA, Peters KB. RAF and MEK inhibitor therapy in adult patients with brain tumors: a case-based overview and practical management of adverse events. Neurooncol Pract 2020; 7:369-375. [PMID: 32765888 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy has gained mainstream attention with notable successes against specific genetic mutations in many cancers. One particular mutation, the BRAF V600E mutation, is present in a small subset of gliomas in adults. Although clinical experience and trial data of RAF-targeted therapy in adults with glioma are lacking at this time, the poor prognosis of adult high-grade glioma has led neuro-oncology practitioners to consider the use of targeted therapy in these patients. In this manuscript, we describe the use of RAF and MEK inhibitors in adults with recurrent glioma. We discuss the utility of these agents, describe their toxicities, and give examples of management strategies. Given the significant toxicities of RAF and MEK inhibitors, along with the long potential duration of treatment, neuro-oncology providers should counsel patients carefully before initiating therapy and monitor them closely while undergoing treatment with RAF-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karisa C Schreck
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mallika P Patel
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jan Wemmer
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Katherine B Peters
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Toomey S, Carr A, Mezynski MJ, Elamin Y, Rafee S, Cremona M, Morgan C, Madden S, Abdul-Jalil KI, Gately K, Farrelly A, Kay EW, Kennedy S, O'Byrne K, Grogan L, Breathnach O, Morris PG, Eustace AJ, Fay J, Cummins R, O'Grady A, Kalachand R, O'Donovan N, Kelleher F, O'Reilly A, Doherty M, Crown J, Hennessy BT. Identification and clinical impact of potentially actionable somatic oncogenic mutations in solid tumor samples. J Transl Med 2020; 18:99. [PMID: 32087721 PMCID: PMC7036178 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of anti-cancer therapeutic agents target specific mutant proteins that are expressed by many different tumor types. Successful use of these therapies is dependent on the presence or absence of somatic mutations within the patient's tumor that can confer clinical efficacy or drug resistance. METHODS The aim of our study was to determine the type, frequency, overlap and functional proteomic effects of potentially targetable recurrent somatic hotspot mutations in 47 cancer-related genes in multiple disease sites that could be potential therapeutic targets using currently available agents or agents in clinical development. RESULTS Using MassArray technology, of the 1300 patient tumors analysed 571 (43.9%) had at least one somatic mutation. Mutations were identified in 30 different genes. KRAS (16.5%), PIK3CA (13.6%) and BRAF (3.8%) were the most frequently mutated genes. Prostate (10.8%) had the lowest number of somatic mutations identified, while no mutations were identified in sarcoma. Ocular melanoma (90.6%), endometrial (72.4%) and colorectal (66.4%) tumors had the highest number of mutations. We noted high concordance between mutations in different parts of the tumor (94%) and matched primary and metastatic samples (90%). KRAS and BRAF mutations were mutually exclusive. Mutation co-occurrence involved mainly PIK3CA and PTPN11, and PTPN11 and APC. Reverse Phase Protein Array (RPPA) analysis demonstrated that PI3K and MAPK signalling pathways were more altered in tumors with mutations compared to wild type tumors. CONCLUSIONS Hotspot mutational profiling is a sensitive, high-throughput approach for identifying mutations of clinical relevance to molecular based therapeutics for treatment of cancer, and could potentially be of use in identifying novel opportunities for genotype-driven clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Toomey
- Medical Oncology Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Aoife Carr
- Medical Oncology Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mateusz Janusz Mezynski
- Medical Oncology Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yasir Elamin
- Medical Oncology Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shereen Rafee
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mattia Cremona
- Medical Oncology Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clare Morgan
- Medical Oncology Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Madden
- Data Science Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Khairun I Abdul-Jalil
- Medical Oncology Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathy Gately
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Angela Farrelly
- Medical Oncology Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elaine W Kay
- Department of Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Pathology, Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kenneth O'Byrne
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Liam Grogan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oscar Breathnach
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick G Morris
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexander J Eustace
- Medical Oncology Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanna Fay
- Department of Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert Cummins
- Department of Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anthony O'Grady
- Department of Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roshni Kalachand
- Medical Oncology Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Norma O'Donovan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fergal Kelleher
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aine O'Reilly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Doherty
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Crown
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bryan T Hennessy
- Medical Oncology Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Savoia P, Fava P, Casoni F, Cremona O. Targeting the ERK Signaling Pathway in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061483. [PMID: 30934534 PMCID: PMC6472057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the role of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway in melanomagenesis and its progression have opened a new era in the treatment of this tumor. Vemurafenib was the first specific kinase inhibitor approved for therapy of advanced melanomas harboring BRAF-activating mutations, followed by dabrafenib and encorafenib. However, despite the excellent results of first-generation kinase inhibitors in terms of response rate, the average duration of the response was short, due to the onset of genetic and epigenetic resistance mechanisms. The combination therapy with MEK inhibitors is an excellent strategy to circumvent drug resistance, with the additional advantage of reducing side effects due to the paradoxical reactivation of the MAPK pathway. The recent development of RAS and extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK) inhibitors promises to add new players for the ultimate suppression of this signaling pathway and the control of pathway-related drug resistance. In this review, we analyze the pharmacological, preclinical, and clinical trial data of the various MAPK pathway inhibitors, with a keen interest for their clinical applicability in the management of advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Savoia
- Department of Health Science, University of Eastern Piedmont, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Paolo Fava
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy.
| | - Filippo Casoni
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Ottavio Cremona
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
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