1
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Delgado M, Garcia-Sanz JA. Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies against Cancer: Present and Future. Cells 2023; 12:2837. [PMID: 38132155 PMCID: PMC10741644 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of monoclonal antibodies with therapeutic potential against cancer have been generated and developed. Ninety-one are currently used in the clinics, either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents or other antibodies, including immune checkpoint antibodies. These advances helped to coin the term personalized medicine or precision medicine. However, it seems evident that in addition to the current work on the analysis of mechanisms to overcome drug resistance, the use of different classes of antibodies (IgA, IgE, or IgM) instead of IgG, the engineering of the Ig molecules to increase their half-life, the acquisition of additional effector functions, or the advantages associated with the use of agonistic antibodies, to allow a broad prospective usage of precision medicine successfully, a strategy change is required. Here, we discuss our view on how these strategic changes should be implemented and consider their pros and cons using therapeutic antibodies against cancer as a model. The same strategy can be applied to therapeutic antibodies against other diseases, such as infectious or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose A. Garcia-Sanz
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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2
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Kimura K, Kuwahara A, Suzuki S, Nakanishi T, Kumagai I, Asano R. Cancer therapeutic trispecific antibodies recruiting both T and natural killer cells to cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2023; 50:212. [PMID: 37859608 PMCID: PMC10620844 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are major effector cells recruited by cancer therapeutic bispecific antibodies; however, differences in the populations of these cells in individual tumors limit the general use of these antibodies. In the present study, trispecific antibodies were created, namely T cell and NK cell engagers (TaKEs), that recruit both T cells and NK cells. Notably, three Fc‑fused TaKEs were designed, TaKE1‑Fc, TaKE2‑Fc and TaKE3‑Fc, using variable fragments targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor on tumor cells, CD3 on T cells, and CD16 on NK cells. Among them, TaKE1‑Fc was predicted to form a circular tetrabody‑like configuration and exhibited the highest production and greatest cancer growth inhibitory effects. TaKE1 was prepared from TaKE1‑Fc by digesting the Fc region for further functional evaluation. The resulting TaKE1 exhibited trispecificity via its ability to bind cancer cells, T cells and NK cells, as well as comparable or greater cancer growth inhibitory effects to those of two bispecific antibodies that recruit T cells and NK cells, respectively. A functional trispecific antibody with the potential to exert strong therapeutic effects independent of T cell and NK cell populations was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Kimura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuwahara
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Saori Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Division of Science and Engineering for Materials, Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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3
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Zhao W, Ke S, Cai X, Zuo Z, Shi W, Qiu H, Cai G, Gong Y, Wu Y, Ruan S, Chen Y. Radiotherapy plus camrelizumaband irinotecan for oligometastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients after first-line immunotherapy plus chemotherapy failure: An open-label, single-arm, phase II trial. Radiother Oncol 2023; 184:109679. [PMID: 37105302 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2023.109679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of advanced and metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but most patients eventually developed disease progression. Immuno-resistance is becoming an unavoidable clinical problem. Oligometastasis is a limited-metastatic state, and patients at this stage should be evaluated for the addition of metastasis-directed local intervention, which may be associated with improved prognosis. As an immunomodulator, radiotherapy may exhibit synergistic effect when added to immunotherapy. This study assessed the efficacy and safety of low-dose radiotherapy plus immunotherapy and second-line chemotherapy in oligometastatic ESCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this phase II trial (ChiCTR2000040533), oligometastatic ESCC patients after first-line immunotherapy plus chemotherapy failure were treated with low dose radiotherapy plus camrelizumab and second-line irinotecan chemotherapy. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), clinical benefit rate (CBR), and safety. Abscopal response rate (ARR) and abscopal control rate (ACR) were also been explored. RESULTS Between November 19, 2018 and March 17, 2021, 49 patients were enrolled. With a median follow-up of 12.8 months, median PFS and OS were 6.9 months (95%CI, 4.6-9.3) and 12.8 months (95%CI, 10.1-15.5), respectively. ORR was 40.8% (95%CI, 27.3-55.7). DCR was 75.5% (95%CI, 60.8-86.2). ARR was 34.7% (95%CI, 22.1-49.7). ACR was 69.4% (95%CI, 54.4-81.3). The most common adverse effects of any grade were myelosuppression, weight loss and fatigue. Grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 31 (63.3%) patients, with the most common being leukopenia (30.6%). No treatment-related deaths occurred. CONCLUSION Low dose radiotherapy plus camrelizumab and irinotecan exhibited survival benefit with manageable safety for oligometastatic ESCC patients after first-line immunotherapy plus chemotherapy failure. It deserves to be validated in a larger trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensi Zhao
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan
| | - Shaobo Ke
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- Department of Oncology, Shiyan People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhigang Zuo
- Department of Oncology, Shiyan People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan
| | - Hu Qiu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan
| | - Gaoke Cai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan
| | - Shasha Ruan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan
| | - Yongshun Chen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan.
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4
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Wei L, Tian Y, Chen X, Guo X, Chen C, Zheng Y, Xu J, Ye X. Data mining and analysis for emicizumab adverse event signals based on the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System database. Int J Clin Pharm 2023:10.1007/s11096-022-01514-4. [PMID: 36848023 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-022-01514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emicizumab is the latest treatment for patients with hemophilia A. Its safety in real-world data is limited, and regulatory agencies and clinical researchers have raised concerns about the risk of adverse events. AIM This study aimed to detect potential adverse event signals of emicizumab using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. METHOD Data in FAERS from the fourth quarter of 2017 to the second quarter of 2021 were searched. Cases of adverse events were extracted using the Preferred Term in the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (version 24.0). Disproportionality analysis was performed using the reporting odds ratio (ROR) and information component (IC) methods based on statistical shrinkage transformation. RESULTS A total of 5,598,717 patients were included, of which 1,244 took emicizumab. A total of 703 emicizumab-related adverse event signals were mined, and 101 positive signals were detected. Haemarthrosis (ROR/ROR975/ROR025 = 155.62/184.34/131.38, IC/IC975/IC025 = 7.28/7.48/7.01), haemorrhage (ROR/ROR975/ROR025 = 71.01/81.18/62.12, IC/IC975/IC025 = 6.15/6.31/5.94), muscle haemorrhage (ROR/ROR975/ROR025 = 53.38/75.83/37.58, IC/IC975/IC025 = 5.74/6.16/5.15), traumatic haemorrhage (ROR/ROR975/ROR025 = 27.78/46.29/16.67, IC/IC975/IC025 = 4.80/5.40/3.92), haematoma (ROR/ROR975/ROR025 = 18.15/26.35/12.51, IC/IC975/IC025 = 4.18/4.63/3.55), device-related thrombosis (ROR/ROR975/ROR025 = 21.27/37.57/12.04, IC/IC975/IC025 = 4.41/5.08/3.43), and activated partial thromboplastin time prolonged (ROR/ROR975/ROR025 = 20.68/36.51/11.71, IC/IC975/IC025 = 4.37/5.04/3.39) had the strongest signal intensities. Haemorrhage, haemarthrosis, arthralgia, fall, and injection site pain were reported more frequently. CONCLUSION This study found that mild arthralgia and injection site reaction were associated with emicizumab. Attention should also be paid to other serious adverse events related to emicizumab, such as acute myocardial infarction and sepsis, to ensure patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhui Wei
- Department of Health Statistics, Faculty of Health Service, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Dapartment of Anesthesiology, The Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Health Statistics, Faculty of Health Service, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaojing Guo
- Department of Health Statistics, Faculty of Health Service, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chenxin Chen
- Department of Health Statistics, Faculty of Health Service, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Health Statistics, Faculty of Health Service, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jinfang Xu
- Department of Health Statistics, Faculty of Health Service, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaofei Ye
- Department of Health Statistics, Faculty of Health Service, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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5
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Khan A, Cowen-Rivers AI, Grosnit A, Deik DGX, Robert PA, Greiff V, Smorodina E, Rawat P, Akbar R, Dreczkowski K, Tutunov R, Bou-Ammar D, Wang J, Storkey A, Bou-Ammar H. Toward real-world automated antibody design with combinatorial Bayesian optimization. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100374. [PMID: 36814835 PMCID: PMC9939385 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are multimeric proteins capable of highly specific molecular recognition. The complementarity determining region 3 of the antibody variable heavy chain (CDRH3) often dominates antigen-binding specificity. Hence, it is a priority to design optimal antigen-specific CDRH3 to develop therapeutic antibodies. The combinatorial structure of CDRH3 sequences makes it impossible to query binding-affinity oracles exhaustively. Moreover, antibodies are expected to have high target specificity and developability. Here, we present AntBO, a combinatorial Bayesian optimization framework utilizing a CDRH3 trust region for an in silico design of antibodies with favorable developability scores. The in silico experiments on 159 antigens demonstrate that AntBO is a step toward practically viable in vitro antibody design. In under 200 calls to the oracle, AntBO suggests antibodies outperforming the best binding sequence from 6.9 million experimentally obtained CDRH3s. Additionally, AntBO finds very-high-affinity CDRH3 in only 38 protein designs while requiring no domain knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Khan
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | | | | | | | - Philippe A. Robert
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Eva Smorodina
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Puneet Rawat
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Rahmad Akbar
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | | | | | - Dany Bou-Ammar
- American University of Beirut Medical Centre, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon
| | - Jun Wang
- Huawei Noah’s Ark Lab, London N1C 4AG, UK
- University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Amos Storkey
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Haitham Bou-Ammar
- Huawei Noah’s Ark Lab, London N1C 4AG, UK
- University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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6
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Kuhne F, Heinrich K, Winter M, Fichtl J, Hoffmann G, Zähringer F, Spitzauer K, Meier M, Khan TA, Bonnington L, Wagner K, Stracke JO, Reusch D, Wegele H, Mormann M, Bulau P. Identification of Hetero-aggregates in Antibody Co-formulations by Multi-dimensional Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2203-2212. [PMID: 36669833 PMCID: PMC9893218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Antibody combination therapies have become viable therapeutic treatment options for certain severe diseases such as cancer. The co-formulation production approach is intrinsically associated with more complex drug product variant profiles and creates more challenges for analytical control of drug product quality. In addition to various individual quality attributes, those arising from the interactions between the antibodies also potentially emerge through co-formulation. In this study, we describe the development of a widely applicable multi-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method for antibody homo- versus hetero-aggregate characterization. The co-formulation of trastuzumab and pertuzumab was used, a challenging model system, comprising two monoclonal antibodies with very similar physicochemical properties. The data presented demonstrate the high stability of the co-formulation, where only minor aggregate formation is observed upon product storage and accelerated temperature or light-stress conditions. The results also show that the homo- and hetero-aggregates, formed in low and comparable proportions, are only marginally impacted by the formulation and product storage conditions. No preferential formation of hetero-aggregates, in comparison to the already existing pertuzumab and trastuzumab homo-aggregates, was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kuhne
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany,Institute
of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Katrin Heinrich
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fichtl
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Gabriel Hoffmann
- Pharma
Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche
Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Zähringer
- Pharma
Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche
Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Spitzauer
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Monika Meier
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Tarik A. Khan
- Pharma
Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche
Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lea Bonnington
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Wagner
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jan Olaf Stracke
- Pharma
Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche
Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Harald Wegele
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mormann
- Institute
of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Patrick Bulau
- Pharma
Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche
Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland,
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7
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Abstract
In this 14th installment of the annual Antibodies to Watch article series, we discuss key events in commercial monoclonal antibody therapeutics development that occurred in 2022 and forecast events that might occur in 2023. As of mid-November, 12 antibody therapeutics had been granted first approvals in either the United States or European Union (tebentafusp (Kimmtrak), faricimab (Vabysmo), sutimlimab (Enjaymo), relatlimab (Opdualag), tixagevimab/cilgavimab (Evusheld), mosunetuzumab (Lunsumio), teclistamab (TECVAYLI), spesolimab (SPEVIGO), tremelimumab (Imjudo; combo with durvalumab), nirsevimab (Beyfortus), mirvetuximab soravtansine (ELAHERE™), and teplizumab (TZIELD)), including 4 bispecific antibodies and 1 ADC. Based on FDA action dates, several additional product candidates could be approved by the end of 2022. An additional seven were first approved in China or Japan in 2022, including two bispecific antibodies (cadonilimab and ozoralizumab). Globally, at least 24 investigational antibody therapeutics are undergoing review by regulatory agencies as of mid-November 2022. Our data show that, with antibodies for COVID-19 excluded, the late-stage commercial clinical pipeline grew by ~20% in the past year to include nearly 140 investigational antibody therapeutics that were designed using a wide variety of formats and engineering techniques. Of those in late-stage development, marketing application submissions for at least 23 may occur by the end of 2023, of which 5 are bispecific (odronextamab, erfonrilimab, linvoseltamab, zanidatamab, and talquetamab) and 2 are ADCs (datopotamab deruxtecan, and tusamitamab ravtansine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Kaplon
- Translational Medicine Department, Institut de Recherches Internationales ServierSuresnes, France
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, LondonUK
| | - Alicia Chenoweth
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, LondonUK
| | | | - Janice M. Reichert
- The Antibody Society Inc, Framingham, MAUSA,CONTACT Janice M. Reichert The Antibody Society Inc, 247 Prospect Street, Framingham, MA01701, USA
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8
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Drug Repurposing at the Interface of Melanoma Immunotherapy and Autoimmune Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010083. [PMID: 36678712 PMCID: PMC9865219 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have a remarkable ability to evade recognition and destruction by the immune system. At the same time, cancer has been associated with chronic inflammation, while certain autoimmune diseases predispose to the development of neoplasia. Although cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized antitumor treatment, immune-related toxicities and adverse events detract from the clinical utility of even the most advanced drugs, especially in patients with both, metastatic cancer and pre-existing autoimmune diseases. Here, the combination of multi-omics, data-driven computational approaches with the application of network concepts enables in-depth analyses of the dynamic links between cancer, autoimmune diseases, and drugs. In this review, we focus on molecular and epigenetic metastasis-related processes within cancer cells and the immune microenvironment. With melanoma as a model, we uncover vulnerabilities for drug development to control cancer progression and immune responses. Thereby, drug repurposing allows taking advantage of existing safety profiles and established pharmacokinetic properties of approved agents. These procedures promise faster access and optimal management for cancer treatment. Together, these approaches provide new disease-based and data-driven opportunities for the prediction and application of targeted and clinically used drugs at the interface of immune-mediated diseases and cancer towards next-generation immunotherapies.
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9
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Monoclonal antibody therapeutics for infectious diseases: Beyond normal human immunoglobulin. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108233. [PMID: 35738431 PMCID: PMC9212443 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antibody therapy is effective for treating infectious diseases. Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the rise of drug-resistant bacteria, rapid development of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to treat infectious diseases is urgently needed. Using a therapeutic human mAb with the lowest immunogenicity is recommended, because chimera and humanized mAbs are occasionally immunogenic. In order to directly obtain naïve human mAbs, there are three methods: phage display, B cell receptor (BCR) cDNA sequencing of a single cell, and antibody-encoding gene and amino acid sequencing of immortalized cells using memory B cells, which are isolated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy, vaccinated, infected, or recovered individuals. After screening against the antigen and performing neutralization assays, a human neutralizing mAb is constructed from the antibody-encoding DNA sequences of these memory B cells. This review describes examples of obtaining human neutralizing mAbs against various infectious diseases using these methods. However, a few of these mAbs have been approved for therapy. Therefore, antigen characterization and evaluation of neutralization activity in vitro and in vivo are indispensable for the development of therapeutic mAbs. These results will accelerate the development of antibody drug as therapeutic agents.
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10
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Liu Y, Xiang J, Liao Y, Peng G, Shen C. Identification of tryptophan metabolic gene-related subtypes, development of prognostic models, and characterization of tumor microenvironment infiltration in gliomas. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1037835. [PMID: 36407768 PMCID: PMC9673907 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1037835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic regulation and immunotherapy of tumor microenvironment (TME) is a hot topic in recent years. However, the potential value of tryptophan metabolism genes in regulating TME and immunotherapy is still unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive study of glioma patients was carried out based on 40 tryptophan metabolic genes. Subsequently, these prognostic tryptophan metabolic genes are systematically associated with immunological characteristics and immunotherapy. A risk score model was constructed and verified in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) cohorts to provide guidance for prognosis prediction and immunotherapy of glioma patients. RESULTS We described the changes of tryptophan metabolism genes in 966 glioma samples from genetic and transcriptional fields and evaluated their expression patterns from two independent data sets. We identified two different molecular subtypes and found that two subtypes were associated with clinicopathological features, prognosis, TME cell infiltration, and immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs). Then, four genes (IL4I1, CYP1A1, OGDHL, and ASMT) were screened out by univariate and multivariate cox regression analysis of tryptophan metabolism genes, and a risk score model for predicting the overall survival (OS) of glioma patients was constructed. And its predictive ability is verified using the CGGA database. At the same time, we verified the expression of IL4I1, CYP1A1, OGDHL, and ASMT four genes in glioma specimens and cell lines in GES4260 and GES15824. Therefore, we constructed a nomogram to improve the clinical applicability of the risk assessment model. The high risk score group, characterized by increased TMB and immune cell infiltration, was also sensitive to temozolomide immunotherapy. Our comprehensive analysis of tryptophan metabolic genes in gliomas shows that they play a potential role in tumor immune stromal microenvironment, clinicopathological features, and prognosis. CONCLUSION Tryptophan metabolism genes play an indispensable role in the complexity, diversity, and prognosis of TME. This risk score model based on tryptophan metabolism gene is a new predictor of clinical prognosis and immunotherapy response of glioma, and guides a more appropriate immunotherapy strategy for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Xiang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yiwei Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gang Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chenfu Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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11
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Banik N, Braun S, Gerit Brandenburg J, Fricker G, Kalonia DS, Rosenkranz T. Technology development to evaluate the effectiveness of viscosity reducing excipients. Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122204. [PMID: 36116691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Addition of pharmaceutical excipients is a commonly used approach to decrease the viscosity of highly concentrated protein formulations, which otherwise could not be subcutaneously injected or processed. The variety of protein-protein interactions, which are responsible for increased viscosities, makes a portfolio approach necessary. Screening of several excipients to develop such a portfolio is time and money consuming in industrial settings. Responsible protein-protein interactions were investigated using the interaction parameter kD obtained from dynamic light scattering measurements in the studies presented herein. Together with in-silico calculated excipient parameter, kD could be used as a screening tool accelerating screening and formulation development as kD is suitable to high-throughput formats using small quantities of protein and low concentrations. A qualitative correlation between kD and high-concentration viscosity behavior could be shown in our case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Banik
- Biomolecule Formulation, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 329, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Braun
- Biomolecule Formulation, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Gerit Brandenburg
- Chief Science and Technology Office, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 329, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Devendra S Kalonia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Tobias Rosenkranz
- Biomolecule Formulation, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
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12
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Advances of research of Fc-fusion protein that activate NK cells for tumor immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108783. [PMID: 35561479 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of bioengineering technology has introduced Fc-fusion proteins, representing a novel kind of recombinant protein, as promising biopharmaceutical products in tumor therapy. Numerous related anti-tumor Fc-fusion proteins have been investigated and are in different stages of development. Fc-fusion proteins are constructed by fusing the Fc-region of the antibody with functional proteins or peptides. They retain the bioactivity of the latter and partial properties of the former. This structural and functional advantage makes Fc-fusion proteins an effective tool in tumor immunotherapy, especially for the recruitment and activation of natural killer (NK) cells, which play a critical role in tumor immunotherapy. Even though tumor cells have developed mechanisms to circumvent the cytotoxic effect of NK cells or induce defective NK cells, Fc-fusion proteins have been proven to effectively activate NK cells to kill tumor cells in different ways, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), activate NK cells in different ways in order to promote killing of tumor cells. In this review, we focus on NK cell-based immunity for cancers and current research progress of the Fc-fusion proteins for anti-tumor therapy by activating NK cells.
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13
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Bender C, Eichling S, Franzen L, Herzog V, Ickenstein LM, Jere D, Nonis L, Schwach G, Stoll P, Venczel M, Zenk S. Evaluation of in vitro tools to predict the in vivo absorption of biopharmaceuticals following subcutaneous administration. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2514-2524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Seno Y, Matsushita T, Marhbubul HM, Ali MI, Mahmud MM, Mandai T, Nemoto H. Storable protection-free BGL reagents possessing a bioorthogonal functional group at apex. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Das R, Langou S, Le TT, Prasad P, Lin F, Nguyen TD. Electrical Stimulation for Immune Modulation in Cancer Treatments. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:795300. [PMID: 35087799 PMCID: PMC8788921 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.795300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is becoming a very common treatment for cancer, using approaches like checkpoint inhibition, T cell transfer therapy, monoclonal antibodies and cancer vaccination. However, these approaches involve high doses of immune therapeutics with problematic side effects. A promising approach to reducing the dose of immunotherapeutic agents given to a cancer patient is to combine it with electrical stimulation, which can act in two ways; it can either modulate the immune system to produce the immune cytokines and agents in the patient's body or it can increase the cellular uptake of these immune agents via electroporation. Electrical stimulation in form of direct current has been shown to reduce tumor sizes in immune-competent mice while having no effect on tumor sizes in immune-deficient mice. Several studies have used nano-pulsed electrical stimulations to activate the immune system and drive it against tumor cells. This approach has been utilized for different types of cancers, like fibrosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, human papillomavirus etc. Another common approach is to combine electrochemotherapy with immune modulation, either by inducing immunogenic cell death or injecting immunostimulants that increase the effectiveness of the treatments. Several therapies utilize electroporation to deliver immunostimulants (like genes encoded with cytokine producing sequences, cancer specific antigens or fragments of anti-tumor toxins) more effectively. Lastly, electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve can trigger production and activation of anti-tumor immune cells and immune reactions. Hence, the use of electrical stimulation to modulate the immune system in different ways can be a promising approach to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritopa Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Sofia Langou
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Thinh T. Le
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Pooja Prasad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Thanh D. Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
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16
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Jin Y, Schladetsch MA, Huang X, Balunas MJ, Wiemer AJ. Stepping forward in antibody-drug conjugate development. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 229:107917. [PMID: 34171334 PMCID: PMC8702582 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are cancer therapeutic agents comprised of an antibody, a linker and a small-molecule payload. ADCs use the specificity of the antibody to target the toxic payload to tumor cells. After intravenous administration, ADCs enter circulation, distribute to tumor tissues and bind to the tumor surface antigen. The antigen then undergoes endocytosis to internalize the ADC into tumor cells, where it is transported to lysosomes to release the payload. The released toxic payloads can induce apoptosis through DNA damage or microtubule inhibition and can kill surrounding cancer cells through the bystander effect. The first ADC drug was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2000, but the following decade saw no new approved ADC drugs. From 2011 to 2018, four ADC drugs were approved, while in 2019 and 2020 five more ADCs entered the market. This demonstrates an increasing trend for the clinical development of ADCs. This review summarizes the recent clinical research, with a specific focus on how the in vivo processing of ADCs influences their design. We aim to provide comprehensive information about current ADCs to facilitate future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jin
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Megan A Schladetsch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xueting Huang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Marcy J Balunas
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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17
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Tomar DS, Licari G, Bauer J, Singh SK, Li L, Kumar S. Stress-dependent flexibility of a full-length human monoclonal antibody: Insights from molecular dynamics to support biopharmaceutical development. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:628-637. [PMID: 34742728 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
After several decades of advancements in drug discovery, product development of biopharmaceuticals remains a time- and resource-consuming endeavor. One of the main reasons is associated to the lack of fundamental understanding of conformational dynamics of such biologic entities, and how they respond to various stresses encountered during manufacturing. In this work, we have studied the conformational dynamics of human IgG1κ b12 monoclonal antibody (mAb) using molecular dynamics simulations. The hundreds of nanoseconds long trajectories reveal that b12 mAb is highly flexible. Its variable domains show greater conformational fluctuations than the constant domains. Additionally, it collapses towards a more globular shape in response to thermal stress, leading to decrease in the total solvent exposed surface area and radius of gyration. This behavior is more pronounced for the deglycosylated b12 mAb, and it appears to correlate with increase in inter-domain contacts between specific regions of the antibody. Conformational fluctuations also cause temporary formation and disruption of hydrophobic and charged patches on the antibody surface, which is particularly important for the prediction of CMC properties during development phases of antibody-based biotherapeutics. The insights gained through these simulations may help the development of biologic drugs, especially with regards to manufacturing processes where antibodies may undergo significant thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj S Tomar
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, USA
| | - Giuseppe Licari
- Pharmaceuticals Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Joschka Bauer
- Pharmaceuticals Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Satish K Singh
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, USA
| | - Li Li
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877.
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18
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Mitra S, Tomar PC. Hybridoma technology; advancements, clinical significance, and future aspects. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:159. [PMID: 34661773 PMCID: PMC8521504 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hybridoma technology is one of the most common methods used to produce monoclonal antibodies. In this process, antibody-producing B lymphocytes are isolated from mice after immunizing the mice with specific antigen and are fused with immortal myeloma cell lines to form hybrid cells, called hybridoma cell lines. These hybridoma cells are cultured in a lab to produce monoclonal antibodies, against a specific antigen. This can be achieved by an in vivo or an in vitro method. It is preferred above all the available methods to produce monoclonal antibodies because antibodies thus produced are of high purity and are highly sensitive and specific. Monoclonal antibodies are useful in diagnostic, imaging, and therapeutic purposes and have a very high clinical significance. Once hybridoma cells become stable, these cell lines offer limitless production of homogenized antibodies. This method is also cost-effective. The antibodies produced by this method are highly sensitive and specific to the targeted antigen. It is an important tool used in various fields of research such as in toxicology, animal biotechnology, medicine, pharmacology, cell, and molecular biology. Monoclonal antibodies are used extensively in the diagnosis and therapeutic applications. Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies are used as probes to detect tumor antigens in the living system; also radioisotope coupled antibodies are used for therapeutic target specific action on oncogenic cells. SHORT CONCLUSION Presently, the monoclonal antibodies used are either raised in mice or rats; this poses a risk of disease transfer from mice to humans. There is no guarantee that antibodies thus created are entirely virus-free, despite the purification process. Also, there are some immunogenic responses observed against the antibodies of mice origin. Technologically advanced techniques such as genetic engineering helped in reducing some of these limitations. Advanced methods are under development to make lab-produced monoclonal antibodies as human as possible. This review discusses the advantages and challenges associated with monoclonal antibody production, also enlightens the advancement, clinical significance, and future aspects of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Mitra
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India
| | - Pushpa Chaudhary Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India.
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19
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Di Mambro T, Vanzolini T, Bruscolini P, Perez-Gaviro S, Marra E, Roscilli G, Bianchi M, Fraternale A, Schiavano GF, Canonico B, Magnani M. A new humanized antibody is effective against pathogenic fungi in vitro. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19500. [PMID: 34593880 PMCID: PMC8484667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections mainly affect patients undergoing transplantation, surgery, neoplastic disease, immunocompromised subjects and premature infants, and cause over 1.5 million deaths every year. The most common fungi isolated in invasive diseases are Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., and Aspergillus spp. and even if four classes of antifungals are available (Azoles, Echinocandins, Polyenes and Pyrimidine analogues), the side effects of drugs and fungal acquired and innate resistance represent the major hurdles to be overcome. Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools currently used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in different clinical contexts but not yet developed for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. In this paper we report the development of the first humanized monoclonal antibody specific for β-1,3 glucans, a vital component of several pathogenic fungi. H5K1 has been tested on C. auris, one of the most urgent threats and resulted efficient both alone and in combination with Caspofungin and Amphotericin B showing an enhancement effect. Our results support further preclinical and clinical developments for the use of H5K1 in the treatment of patients in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Di Mambro
- grid.12711.340000 0001 2369 7670Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, 61029 Urbino, Italy ,Diatheva S.R.L, Via Sant’Anna 131/135, 61030 Cartoceto, Italy
| | - Tania Vanzolini
- grid.12711.340000 0001 2369 7670Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Bruscolini
- grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sergio Perez-Gaviro
- grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.467120.6Centro Universitario de la Defensa, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Emanuele Marra
- Takis S.R.L, Via di Castel Romano 100, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marzia Bianchi
- grid.12711.340000 0001 2369 7670Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fraternale
- grid.12711.340000 0001 2369 7670Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Giuditta Fiorella Schiavano
- grid.12711.340000 0001 2369 7670Department of Humanities, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Barbara Canonico
- grid.12711.340000 0001 2369 7670Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- grid.12711.340000 0001 2369 7670Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, 61029 Urbino, Italy ,Diatheva S.R.L, Via Sant’Anna 131/135, 61030 Cartoceto, Italy
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20
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Ghazawi FM, Mahmood F, Kircik L, Poulin Y, Bourcier M, Vender R, Wiseman MC, Lynde C, Litvinov IV. A Review of the Efficacy and Safety for Biologic Agents Targeting IL-23 in Treating Psoriasis With the Focus on Tildrakizumab. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:702776. [PMID: 34447766 PMCID: PMC8383205 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.702776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic and debilitating inflammatory immune-mediated skin disorder. Several cytokines including interleukin (IL)-23 were demonstrated to play a central role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Treatment options for psoriasis range from topical to systemic modalities, depending on the extent, anatomical locations involved and functional impairment level. Targeting cytokines or their cognate receptors that are involved in disease pathogenesis such as IL-12/23 (i.e., targeting the IL-12p40 subunit shared by these cytokines), IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-17RA, and TNF-α using biologic agents emerged in recent years as a highly effective therapeutic option for patients with moderate-to-severe disease. This review provides an overview of the important role of IL-23 signaling in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. We describe in detail the available IL-23 inhibitors for chronic plaque psoriasis. The efficacy, pharmacokinetic properties, and the safety profile of one of the most recent IL-23 biologic agents (tildrakizumab) are evaluated and reviewed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras M Ghazawi
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Farhan Mahmood
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Leon Kircik
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Yves Poulin
- Division of Dermatology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Bourcier
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Ronald Vender
- Division of Dermatology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Marni C Wiseman
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Charles Lynde
- Division of Dermatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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21
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Haberger M, Heidenreich AK, Hook M, Fichtl J, Lang R, Cymer F, Adibzadeh M, Kuhne F, Wegele H, Reusch D, Bonnington L, Bulau P. Multiattribute Monitoring of Antibody Charge Variants by Cation-Exchange Chromatography Coupled to Native Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2062-2071. [PMID: 33687195 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the product variants of a therapeutic T-cell bispecific humanized monoclonal antibody (TCB Mab, ∼200 kDa, asymmetric) and to develop an online cation-exchange chromatography native electrospray mass spectrometry method (CEC-UV-MS) for direct TCB Mab charge variant monitoring during bioprocess and formulation development. For the identification and functional evaluation of the diverse and complex TCB Mab charge variants, offline fractionation combined with comprehensive analytical testing was applied. The offline fractionation of abundant product variant peaks enabled identification of coeluting acid charge variants such as asparagine deamidation, primary and secondary Fab glycosylation (with and without sialic acid), and the presence of O-glycosylation in the G4S-linker region. Consequently, a new nonconsensus N-glycosylation motif (N-338-FG) in the heavy chain CDR region was discovered. Functional evaluation by cell-based potency testing demonstrated a clear and negative impact of both asparagine deamidations, whereas the O-glycosylation did not affect the TCB Mab biological activity. We established an online native CEC-UV-MS method, with an ammonium acetate buffer and pH gradient, to directly monitor the TCB Mab charge variants. All abundant chemical degradations and post-translational amino acid modifications already identified by offline fraction experiments and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry peptide mapping could also be monitored by the online CEC-UV-MS method. The herein reported online native CEC-UV-MS methodology represents a complementary or even alternative approach for multiattribute monitoring of biologics, offering multiple benefits, including increased throughput and reduced sample handling and intact protein information in the near-native state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Haberger
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Michaela Hook
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fichtl
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Lang
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Florian Cymer
- Pharma Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., c, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mahdi Adibzadeh
- Pharma Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., c, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Kuhne
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Harald Wegele
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Lea Bonnington
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Bulau
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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22
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Vélez-Jiménez MK, Chiquete-Anaya E, Orta DSJ, Villarreal-Careaga J, Amaya-Sánchez LE, Collado-Ortiz MÁ, Diaz-García ML, Gudiño-Castelazo M, Hernández-Aguilar J, Juárez-Jiménez H, León-Jiménez C, Loy-Gerala MDC, Marfil-Rivera A, Antonio Martínez-Gurrola M, Martínez-Mayorga AP, Munive-Báez L, Nuñez-Orozo L, Ojeda-Chavarría MH, Partida-Medina LR, Pérez-García JC, Quiñones-Aguilar S, Reyes-Álvarez MT, Rivera-Nava SC, Torres-Oliva B, Vargas-García RD, Vargas-Méndez R, Vega-Boada F, Vega-Gaxiola SB, Villegas-Peña H, Rodriguez-Leyva I. Comprehensive management of adults with chronic migraine: Clinical practice guidelines in Mexico. CEPHALALGIA REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/25158163211033969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Migraine is a polygenic multifactorial disorder with a neuronal initiation of a cascade of neurochemical processes leading to incapacitating headaches. Headaches are generally unilateral, throbbing, 4–72 h in duration, and associated with nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and sonophobia. Chronic migraine (CM) is the presence of a headache at least 15 days per month for ≥3 months and has a high global impact on health and economy, and therapeutic guidelines are lacking. Methods: Using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations system, we conducted a search in MEDLINE and Cochrane to investigate the current evidence and generate recommendations of clinical practice on the identification of risk factors and treatment of CM in adults. Results: We recommend avoiding overmedication of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); ergotamine; caffeine; opioids; barbiturates; and initiating individualized prophylactic treatment with topiramate eptinezumab, galcanezumab, erenumab, fremanezumab, or botulinum toxin. We highlight the necessity of managing comorbidities initially. In the acute management, we recommend NSAIDs, triptans, lasmiditan, and gepants alone or with metoclopramide if nausea or vomiting. Non-pharmacological measures include neurostimulation. Conclusions: We have identified the risk factors and treatments available for the management of CM based on a grading system, which facilitates selection for individualized management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erwin Chiquete-Anaya
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, México
| | - Daniel San Juan Orta
- Department of Clinical Research of the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Dr. Manuel Velazco Suárez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Enrique Amaya-Sánchez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional SXXI Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Collado-Ortiz
- Staff physician of the hospital and the Neurological Center ABC (The American British Cowdray Hospital IAP, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Juan Hernández-Aguilar
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Infantil de México. Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Carolina León-Jiménez
- Department of Neurology, ISSSTE Regional Hospital, “Dr. Valentin Gomez Farías”, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Alejandro Marfil-Rivera
- Headache and Chronic Pain Clinic, Neurology Service, Hospital Univrsitario Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Adriana Patricia Martínez-Mayorga
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital “Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto”, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Lilia Nuñez-Orozo
- Department of Neurology, National Medical Center 20 de Noviembre, ISSSTE, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Roberto Partida-Medina
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Felipe Vega-Boada
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, México
| | | | - Hilda Villegas-Peña
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Clínica de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ildefonso Rodriguez-Leyva
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital “Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto”, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico City, Mexico
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23
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Woodley WD, Morel DR, Sutter DE, Pettis RJ, Bolick NG. Clinical Evaluation of Large Volume Subcutaneous Injection Tissue Effects, Pain, and Acceptability in Healthy Adults. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 15:92-104. [PMID: 34268888 PMCID: PMC8742644 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining feasibility and tolerability of large volume viscous subcutaneous injection may enable optimized, intuitive delivery system design. A translational early feasibility clinical study examined large volume subcutaneous injection viability, tolerability, acceptability, tissue effects and depot location for ~1, 8, and 20 cP injections at volumes up to 10 ml in the abdomen and 5 ml in the thigh in 32 healthy adult subjects. A commercial syringe pump system delivered 192 randomized, constant rate (20 µl/s) injections (6/subject) with in‐line injection pressure captured versus time. Deposition location was qualified via ultrasound. Tissue effects and pain tolerability were monitored through 2 hours post‐injection with corresponding Likert acceptability questionnaires administered through 72 hours. All injection conditions were feasible and well‐tolerated with ≥79.3% favorable subject responses for injection site appearance and sensation immediately post‐injection, increasing to ≥96.8% at 24 hours. Mean subject pain measured via 100 mm visual analog scale increased at needle insertion (6.9 mm, SD 10.8), peaked during injection (26.9 mm, SD 21.7) and diminished within 10 minutes post‐removal (1.9 mm, SD 4.2). Immediate injection site wheal (90.9%) and erythema (92.6%) formation was observed with progressive although incomplete resolution through 2 hours (44.6% and 11.4% remaining, respectively). Wheal resolution occurred more rapidly at lower viscosities. Most subjects (64.5%) had no preference between abdomen and thigh. Correlations between tissue effects, injection pressure and pain were weak (Pearson’s rho ± 0–0.4). The large volume injections tested, 1–20 cP viscosities up to 10 ml in the abdomen and 5 ml in the thigh, are feasible with good subject acceptability and rapid resolution of tissue effects and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy D Woodley
- BD Technologies & Innovation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Didier R Morel
- BD Medical- Pharmaceutical Systems, Le Pont de Claix, France
| | - Diane E Sutter
- BD Technologies & Innovation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ronald J Pettis
- BD Technologies & Innovation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Spuntarelli V, Negro A, Luciani M, Bentivegna E, Martelletti P. Eptinezumab for the treatment of migraine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:999-1011. [PMID: 34009094 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1931678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Migraine is one of the most common illnesses in the world, with severe economical and subjective implications. Nowadays specific and nonspecific drugs are used for migraine chronic therapy, but a portion of patients have no benefit from these administrations. CGRP receptor antagonists are a good preventive treatment for episodic and chronic migraine. AREAS COVERED This article reviews both preclinical and clinical studies on eptinezumab as a potential preventive therapy for migraine, as well as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features. Thus, it summarizes safety and tolerability data based on human studies. EXPERT OPINION Eptinezumab had good results in several trials, making this molecule a promising migraine preventive drug. Although preclinical and clinical studies showed a significant efficacy, there are no data on the use of Eptinezumab during pregnancy or breastfeeding. There are still some knowledge limits about its pharmacokinetics and metabolism. This is a matter of concern that should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Spuntarelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Negro
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Emergency Department, Regional Referral Headache Centre, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Bentivegna
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Martelletti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Emergency Department, Regional Referral Headache Centre, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
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25
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Liu C, Zhou F, Yan Z, Shen L, Zhang X, He F, Wang H, Lu X, Yu K, Zhao Y, Zhu D. Discovery of a novel, potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction with robust in vivo anti-tumour efficacy. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2651-2670. [PMID: 33768523 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies have achieved great success in clinical treatment. However, monoclonal antibody drugs also have challenges, such as high manufacturing costs, poor diffusion, low oral bioavailability and limited penetration into tumour tissue. The development of small-molecule inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction represents a promising perspective to overcome the above challenges in cancer immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We explored structural activity relationships and used biochemical assays to generate a lead compound (ZE132). CD8+ T-cells killing assay and Ifng expression assay were used to verify the in vitro cellular activity of ZE132. Off-target study was performed to verify the selectivity. Syngeneic mouse models were used to verify the in vivo activity of ZE132 in tumour immune microenvironment (TIME). We also performed pharmacokinetics profiling in mice and The Cancer Genome Atlas database analysis. KEY RESULTS ZE132 can effectively inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 interactions in vitro, and it has a potent affinity to PD-L1. ZE132 shows robust anti-tumour effects in vivo, better than anti-PD-1 antibody. In the analysis of TIME, we found that ZE132 treatment promotes cytotoxic T-cell tumour infiltration and induces IL-2 expression. In addition, ZE132 elicits strong inhibitory effects on the mRNA expression of TGF-β, which may serve as a potential biomarker to predict responsiveness to PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapies. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We identified a new lead compound ZE132 targeting PD-1/PD-L1 interactions, not only showing favourable drug-like properties in vitro and in vivo but also showing the advantage of overcoming the barrier of TIME compared to anti-PD-1 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feilong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lian Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fenglian He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ker Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery and Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immune Therapy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Rejas-Gutierrez J, Sicras-Mainar A, Darbà J. Future projections of opioid use and cost in patients with chronic osteoarthritis pain in Spain. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2021; 13:1759720X211010599. [PMID: 33995603 PMCID: PMC8107672 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x211010599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Opioids are widely used in moderate-to-severe chronic pain which is non-responsive to standard analgesics. Prescriptions have increased in Europe in the last decade, although remain lower than in USA. This work projected the future utilization and costs of opioids in chronic osteoarthritis (OA) pain in the Spanish National Health System (NHS). Methods: An epidemiological model was populated with the opioid dispensing trends from 2010 to 2019 using Spanish Medicinal Agency rates of opioid utilization in subjects over 18 years of age and the real-world OPIOIDS study to estimate chronic-OA-pain patients receiving opioids. A best-fitted trend analysis model was applied estimating the likely number of DHD (defined daily dose/1000 inhabitants per day) to calculate projected opioid utilization and costs for the period 2020–2029. Results: In 2010, an estimated 5.67 DHD were dispensed for the equivalent of 217,076 chronic OA pain patients per day [1.99 DHD, 76,084 refractory to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)]. From these trends and OA prevalence, the projected number of DHDs is expected to increase more than threefold to 17.98 DHDs by the year 2029 for the equivalent of 727,356 chronic OA pain patients per day (8.18 DHD, 330,720 refractory to NSAIDs); 41.8% on strong opioids. The estimated cost was €116.9m (€45.0m in NSAID-refractory OA) in 2010 rising by 222% to €376.1m (€199.7m refractory to NSAIDs) by 2029. Conclusion: Chronic-OA-pain-related opioid dispensing and costs to the NHS are set to increase more than threefold from 2010 to 2029 in Spain. Using opioids for OA pain is concerning given disease chronicity and other related costs not computed in these projections. Plain language summary • Opioids are widely used in chronic pain which is non-responsive to standard analgesics. Prescriptions have increased in Europe, although remain lower than in USA. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease usually accompanied by pain. Despite not recommended, opioids use in OA have been expanded because this health condition is increasing with ageing and, also, because physicians both primary and specialist boosted their use. • This study aimed to quantify the current burden of opioids used for chronic moderate-to-severe OA pain by estimating the number of defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DHD) and associated costs, and to forecast the likely burden on the National Health System (NHS) in Spain for the years 2020–2029. • In 2010, an estimated 5.67 DHDs were dispensed for the equivalent of 217,076 chronic OA pain patients per day. From these trends, the projected number of DHDs is expected to increase more than threefold to 17.98 DHDs by the year 2029 for the equivalent of 727,356 chronic OA pain patients per day; 41.8% on strong opioids. The estimated cost was €116.9m in 2010 rising by 222% to €376.1m by 2029. • Chronic OA-pain-related opioid dispensing and costs to the NHS are set to increase substantially (threefold to more than fourfold) from 2010 to 2029 in Spain. Thus, using opioids for OA pain is concerning given disease chronicity, aging population and other related costs not computed in these projections. Our findings can inform payors and clinicians about ongoing discussions on appropriate analgesic management for longer-term OA pain, including resource requirements at a national level. Clinicians who prescribe opioids for OA pain should consider the potential implications of side effects such as sedation, cognitive deterioration, incremental need of caregivers, particularly in older people, and carefully consider the risk–benefit balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rejas-Gutierrez
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Health Outcomes Research, Pfizer, S.L.U., Avda. de Europa, 20-B, Parque Empresarial La Moraleja, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Antoni Sicras-Mainar
- Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Atrys Health, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Darbà
- Department of Economics, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Manabe S, Yamaguchi Y. Antibody Glycoengineering and Homogeneous Antibody‐Drug Conjugate Preparation. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3005-3014. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shino Manabe
- Laboratory of Functional Molecule Chemistry Hoshi University 2-4-41 Ebara Shinagawa Tokyo 142-8501 Japan
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Development Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University 4-4-1 Komatsushima Aobaku, Sendai Miyagi 981-8558 Japan
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28
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Strasser L, Farrell A, Ho JTC, Scheffler K, Cook K, Pankert P, Mowlds P, Viner R, Karger BL, Bones J. Proteomic Profiling of IgG1 Producing CHO Cells Using LC/LC-SPS-MS 3: The Effects of Bioprocessing Conditions on Productivity and Product Quality. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:569045. [PMID: 33898396 PMCID: PMC8062983 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.569045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical market is dominated by monoclonal antibodies, the majority of which are produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. Intense cell engineering, in combination with optimization of various process parameters results in increasing product titers. To enable further improvements in manufacturing processes, detailed information about how certain parameters affect cellular mechanisms in the production cells, and thereby also the expressed drug substance, is required. Therefore, in this study the effects of commonly applied changes in bioprocessing parameters on an anti-IL8 IgG1 producing CHO DP-12 cell line were investigated on the level of host cell proteome expression combined with product quality assessment of the expressed IgG1 monoclonal antibody. Applying shifts in temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen concentration, respectively, resulted in altered productivity and product quality. Furthermore, analysis of the cells using two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry employing tandem mass tag based isotopic quantitation and synchronous precursor selection-MS3 detection revealed substantial changes in the protein expression profiles of CHO cells. Pathway analysis indicated that applied bioprocessing conditions resulted in differential activation of oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, activation of ERK5 and TNFR1 signaling suggested an affected cell cycle. Moreover, in-depth product characterization by means of charge variant analysis, peptide mapping, as well as structural and functional analysis, revealed posttranslational and structural changes in the expressed drug substance. Taken together, the present study allows the conclusion that, in anti-IL8 IgG1 producing CHO DP-12 cells, an improved energy metabolism achieved by lowering the cell culture pH is favorable when aiming towards high antibody production rates while maintaining product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Strasser
- Characterization and Comparability Laboratory, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amy Farrell
- Characterization and Comparability Laboratory, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jenny T C Ho
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hemel Hempstead, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ken Cook
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hemel Hempstead, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Mowlds
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hemel Hempstead, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Viner
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Barry L Karger
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan Bones
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Lu Z, Truex NL, Melo MB, Cheng Y, Li N, Irvine DJ, Pentelute BL. IgG-Engineered Protective Antigen for Cytosolic Delivery of Proteins into Cancer Cells. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:365-378. [PMID: 33655074 PMCID: PMC7908032 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic immunotoxins composed of antibodies and bacterial toxins provide potent activity against malignant cells, but joining them with a defined covalent bond while maintaining the desired function is challenging. Here, we develop novel immunotoxins by dovetailing full-length immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and nontoxic anthrax proteins, in which the C terminus of the IgG heavy chain is connected to the side chain of anthrax toxin protective antigen. This strategy enabled efficient conjugation of protective antigen variants to trastuzumab (Tmab) and cetuximab (Cmab) antibodies. The conjugates effectively perform intracellular delivery of edema factor and N terminus of lethal factor (LFN) fused with diphtheria toxin and Ras/Rap1-specific endopeptidase. Each conjugate shows high specificity for cells expressing human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), respectively, and potent activity across six Tmab- and Cmab-resistant cell lines. The conjugates also exhibit increased pharmacokinetics and pronounced in vivo safety, which shows promise for further therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Lu
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nicholas L. Truex
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mariane B. Melo
- The
Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Ragon
Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yiran Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Na Li
- The
Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- The
Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Ragon
Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, 4000
Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, United
States
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The
Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Center
for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- E-mail:
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30
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Kim J, Kim YJ, Cao M, De Mel N, Albarghouthi M, Miller K, Bee JS, Wang J, Wang X. Analytical characterization of coformulated antibodies as combination therapy. MAbs 2021; 12:1738691. [PMID: 32138591 PMCID: PMC7153825 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1738691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
When two therapeutic agents are combined in a single formulation, i.e., coformulated, the quality and safety of the individual agents must be preserved. Here we describe an approach to evaluate the quality attributes of two individual monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), designated mAb-A and mAb-B, in coformulation. The mAbs were fractionated from heat-stressed coformulated drug product (DP) by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Each purified mAb fraction was then compared with mAb-A and mAb-B in their individual formulations from the same drug substance sources used to make the coformulated DP lot, which was subjected to the same stress conditions. Product variants were evaluated and compared by using several analytical tests, including high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), reducing and nonreducing gel electrophoresis, ion-exchange chromatography, capillary isoelectric focusing, and peptide mapping with mass spectrometry. Intermolecular interactions in coformulated and photostressed DPs were studied by evaluating aggregates fractionated from coformulated DP by HPSEC. Aggregate fractions of coformulated DP contained dimers, but not coaggregates, of mAb-A or mAb-B. Moreover, extensive assays for higher-order structure and biological interactions confirmed that there was no interaction between the two mAb molecules in the coformulation. These results demonstrate that the two coformulated therapeutic mAbs had the same quality attributes as the individually formulated mAb-A and mAb-B, no new quality attributes were formed, and no physicochemical, intermolecular, or biological interactions occurred between the two components. The approach described here can be used to monitor the product quality of other coformulated antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kim
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yoen Joo Kim
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Mingyan Cao
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Niluka De Mel
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Methal Albarghouthi
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Jared S Bee
- Formulation and Drug Development, REGENXBIO Inc, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jihong Wang
- Analytical Sciences, Viela Bio, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Biopharmaceutical Development and Operations, Viela Bio, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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32
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Abstract
In this 12th annual installment of the Antibodies to Watch article series, we discuss key events in antibody therapeutics development that occurred in 2020 and forecast events that might occur in 2021. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic posed an array of challenges and opportunities to the healthcare system in 2020, and it will continue to do so in 2021. Remarkably, by late November 2020, two anti-SARS-CoV antibody products, bamlanivimab and the casirivimab and imdevimab cocktail, were authorized for emergency use by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the repurposed antibodies levilimab and itolizumab had been registered for emergency use as treatments for COVID-19 in Russia and India, respectively. Despite the pandemic, 10 antibody therapeutics had been granted the first approval in the US or EU in 2020, as of November, and 2 more (tanezumab and margetuximab) may be granted approvals in December 2020.* In addition, prolgolimab and olokizumab had been granted first approvals in Russia and cetuximab saratolacan sodium was first approved in Japan. The number of approvals in 2021 may set a record, as marketing applications for 16 investigational antibody therapeutics are already undergoing regulatory review by either the FDA or the European Medicines Agency. Of these 16 mAbs, 11 are possible treatments for non-cancer indications and 5 are potential treatments for cancer. Based on the information publicly available as of November 2020, 44 antibody therapeutics are in late-stage clinical studies for non-cancer indications, including 6 for COVID-19, and marketing applications for at least 6 (leronlimab, tezepelumab, faricimab, ligelizumab, garetosmab, and fasinumab) are planned in 2021. In addition, 44 antibody therapeutics are in late-stage clinical studies for cancer indications. Of these 44, marketing application submissions for 13 may be submitted by the end of 2021. *Note added in proof on key events announced during December 1-21, 2020: margetuximab-cmkb and ansuvimab-zykl were approved by FDA on December 16 and 21, 2020, respectively; biologics license applications were submitted for ublituximab and amivantamab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Kaplon
- Institut De Recherches Internationales Servier , Translational Medicine Department, Suresnes, France
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Jiao X, Wang M, Zhang Z, Li Z, Ni D, Ashton AW, Tang HY, Speicher DW, Pestell RG. Leronlimab, a humanized monoclonal antibody to CCR5, blocks breast cancer cellular metastasis and enhances cell death induced by DNA damaging chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:11. [PMID: 33485378 PMCID: PMC7825185 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (BCa) (TNBC) is a deadly form of human BCa with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. In our prior analysis of over 2200 breast cancer samples, the G protein-coupled receptor CCR5 was expressed in > 95% of TNBC samples. A humanized monoclonal antibody to CCR5 (leronlimab), used in the treatment of HIV-infected patients, has shown minimal side effects in large patient populations. Methods A humanized monoclonal antibody to CCR5, leronlimab, was used for the first time in tissue culture and in mice to determine binding characteristics to human breast cancer cells, intracellular signaling, and impact on (i) metastasis prevention and (ii) impact on established metastasis. Results Herein, leronlimab was shown to bind CCR5 in multiple breast cancer cell lines. Binding of leronlimab to CCR5 reduced ligand-induced Ca+ 2 signaling, invasion of TNBC into Matrigel, and transwell migration. Leronlimab enhanced the BCa cell killing of the BCa chemotherapy reagent, doxorubicin. In xenografts conducted with Nu/Nu mice, leronlimab reduced lung metastasis of the TNBC cell line, MB-MDA-231, by > 98% at 6 weeks. Treatment with leronlimab reduced the metastatic tumor burden of established TNBC lung metastasis. Conclusions The safety profile of leronlimab, together with strong preclinical evidence to both prevent and reduce established breast cancer metastasis herein, suggests studies of clinical efficacy may be warranted. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-021-01391-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanmao Jiao
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 100 East Lancaster Avenue, LIMR R234, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA.
| | - Min Wang
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 100 East Lancaster Avenue, LIMR R234, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 100 East Lancaster Avenue, LIMR R234, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - Zhiping Li
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 100 East Lancaster Avenue, LIMR R234, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - Dong Ni
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 100 East Lancaster Avenue, LIMR R234, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - Anthony W Ashton
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 100 East Lancaster Avenue, LIMR R234, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA.,Division of Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | | | | | - Richard G Pestell
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 100 East Lancaster Avenue, LIMR R234, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA. .,Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. .,Xavier University School of Medicine, 1000 Woodbury Rd, Suite 109, Woodbury, NY, 11797, USA.
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Arslan FB, Ozturk Atar K, Calis S. Antibody-mediated drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120268. [PMID: 33486037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Passive and active targeted nanoparticulate delivery systems show promise to compensate for lacking properties of conventional therapy such as side effects, insufficient efficiency and accumulation of the drug at target site, poor pharmacokinetic properties etc. For active targeting, physically or covalently conjugated ligands, including monoclonal antibodies and their fragments, are consistently used and researched for targeting delivery systems or drugs to their target site. Currently, there are several FDA approved actively targeted antibody-drug conjugates, whereas no active targeted delivery system is in clinical use at present. However, efforts to successfully formulate actively targeted delivery systems continue. The scope of this review will be the use of monoclonal antibodies and their fragments as targeting ligands. General information about targeted delivery and antibodies will be given at the first half of the review. As for the second half, fragmentation of antibodies and conjugation approaches will be explained. Monoclonal antibodies and their fragments as targeting ligands and approaches for conjugating these ligands to nanoparticulate delivery systems and drugs will be the main focus of this review, polyclonal antibodies will not be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Betul Arslan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kivilcim Ozturk Atar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sema Calis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Palavecino LA, Rodrigues CR, Bello ML, Vasconcellos AG. Inventive step assessment of top selling monoclonal antibodies in Brazil. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:193-202. [PMID: 33412957 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1873955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The patent system is fundamental for the pharmaceutical industry development, providing a return on the large investment of time and financial resources. Among the patentability requirements, understanding how to comply with the inventive step is especially important for patent applicants. Regarding mAbs, due to the high affinity and specificity for their molecular therapeutic target, minimal structural changes can lead to unexpected properties, being a common issue among Patent Offices.Areas covered: The present research investigated the Brazilian patents covering top-selling mAbs.Expert Opinion: The more complete and detailed the mAb when the patent application is filed, the greater the chance of the patent being granted. It is necessary to disclose, at least, the six CDRs, the complete variable region, and/or the hybridoma. The Applicant shall specify faced obstacles during mAb generation, mainly if it is a common issue and resulted in improved properties. If it is possible, the Applicants shall compare the claimed mAbs to previous ones, focusing on the achieved unexpected or improved properties. After an objection by BRPTO, the Applicant shall submit data with quantitatively data about qualitative information disclosed at the Specification when filed. If applicable, show different epitope-binding and highlight clinical advantages of successful mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Azulay Palavecino
- Departamento de Biologia Geral (GBG), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Antibióticos, Bioquímica, Educação e Modelagem Molecular (Labiemol), Niterói, RJ, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Geral (GBG), Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia (PPBI), UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Murilo Lamim Bello
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Guimarães Vasconcellos
- Divisão de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa, Academia de Propriedade Intelectual, Inovação e Desenvolvimento do Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Dixon KJ, Wu J, Walcheck B. Engineering Anti-Tumor Monoclonal Antibodies and Fc Receptors to Enhance ADCC by Human NK Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:312. [PMID: 33467027 PMCID: PMC7829765 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the most widely used and characterized immunotherapy for hematologic and solid tumors. The significance of this therapy is their direct and indirect effects on tumor cells, facilitated by the antibody's antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and fragment crystallizable region (Fc region), respectively. The Fab can modulate the function of cell surface markers on tumor cells in an agonistic or antagonistic manner, whereas the Fc region can be recognized by an Fc receptor (FcR) on leukocytes through which various effector functions, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), can be elicited. This process is a key cytolytic mechanism of natural killer (NK) cells. These innate lymphocytes in the human body recognize tumor-bound antibodies exclusively by the IgG Fc receptor CD16A (FcγRIIIA). Two allelic versions of CD16A bind IgG with either lower or higher affinity. Cancer patients homozygous for the higher affinity allele of CD16A have been reported to respond significantly better to mAb therapies for various malignancies. These studies revealed that mAb therapy efficacy positively correlates with higher affinity binding to CD16A. Approaches to enhance tumor antigen targeting by NK cells by modifying the Fc portion of antibodies or the FcR on NK cells are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruce Walcheck
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.J.D.); (J.W.)
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Abstract
This 2020 installment of the annual 'Antibodies to Watch' series documents the antibody therapeutics approved in 2019 and in regulatory review in the United States or European Union, as well as those in late-stage clinical studies, as of November 2019*. At this time, a total of 5 novel antibody therapeutics (romosozumab, risankizumab, polatuzumab vedotin, brolucizumab, and crizanlizumab) had been granted a first approval in either the US or EU, and marketing applications for 13 novel antibody therapeutics (eptinezumab, teprotumumab, enfortumab vedotin, isatuximab, [fam-]trastuzumab deruxtecan, inebilizumab, leronlimab, sacituzumab govitecan, satralizumab, narsoplimab, tafasitamab, REGNEB3 and naxituximab) were undergoing review in these regions, which represent the major markets for antibody therapeutics. Also as of November 2019, 79 novel antibodies were undergoing evaluation in late-stage clinical studies. Of the 79 antibodies, 39 were undergoing evaluation in late-stage studies for non-cancer indications, with 2 of these (ublituximab, pamrevlumab) also in late-stage studies for cancer indications. Companies developing 7 (tanezumab, aducanumab, evinacumab, etrolizumab, sutimlimab, anifrolumab, and teplizumab) of the 39 drugs have indicated that they may submit a marketing application in either the US or EU in 2020. Of the 79 antibodies in late-stage studies, 40 were undergoing evaluation as treatments for cancer, and potentially 9 of these (belantamab mafodotin, oportuzumab monatox, margetuximab, dostarlimab, spartalizumab, 131I-omburtamab, loncastuximab tesirine, balstilimab, and zalifrelimab) may enter regulatory review in late 2019 or in 2020. Overall, the biopharmaceutical industry's clinical pipeline of antibody therapeutics is robust, and should provide a continuous supply of innovative products for patients in the future. *Note on key updates through December 18, 2019: 1) the US Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval to enfortumab vedotin-ejfv (Padcev) on December 18, 2019, bringing the total number of novel antibody therapeutics granted a first approval in either the US or EU during 2019 to 6; 2) the European Commission approved romosozumab on December 9, 2019; 3) the European Medicines Agency issued a positive opinion for brolucizumab; 4) Sesen Bio initiated a rolling biologics license application (BLA) on December 6, 2019; 5) GlaxoSmithKline submitted a BLA for belantamab mafodotin; and 6) the status of the Phase 3 study (NCT04128696) of GSK3359609, a humanized IgG4 anti-ICOS antibody, in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma was updated to recruiting from not yet recruiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Kaplon
- Division of Biotechnology & Biomarker Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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Kozani PS, Kozani PS, O’Connor RS. Humanized Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells. JOURNAL OF CANCER IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 3:183-187. [PMID: 35128536 PMCID: PMC8813057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Safarzadeh Kozani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, P.O. Box 41446/66949, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Nursing, Midwifery, and Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, P.O. Box 41446/66949, Iran
| | - Pooria Safarzadeh Kozani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box 14115/111, Iran
| | - Roddy S. O’Connor
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Saadé J, Biacchi M, Giorgetti J, Lechner A, Beck A, Leize-Wagner E, François YN. Analysis of Monoclonal Antibody Glycopeptides by Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry Coupling (CE-MS). Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2271:97-106. [PMID: 33908002 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1241-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a crucial posttranslational modification (PTM) that might affect the safety and efficacy of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) enables the characterization of the primary structure of mAbs. A bottom-up proteomic workflow is designed to provide detailed information about the glycosylation. In this chapter, we describe the validated experimental protocol applied for the characterization and relative quantification of mAbs N-glycosylation at the glycopeptide level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Saadé
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Biacchi
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérémie Giorgetti
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antony Lechner
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Beck
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Emmanuelle Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Scheffel J, Kanje S, Hober S. Z Ca: A Protein A-Derived Domain with Calcium-Dependent Affinity for Mild Antibody Purification. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2178:245-249. [PMID: 33128754 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0775-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies are at the forefront of modern medicine where high purity, which is typically obtained by Protein A-based affinity purification, is of utmost importance. In this chapter, we present a method for neutral and selective purification of antibodies by utilizing an engineered affinity ligand, ZCa, derived from Protein A. This domain displays a calcium-dependent binding of antibodies and has been multimerized and immobilized to a chromatography resin to achieve an affinity matrix with high binding capacity. IgG antibodies can be eluted from the tetrameric ZCa ligand at pH 7 with the addition of EDTA, or at pH 5.5 with EDTA for purification of monoclonal IgG1, which is significantly milder than the low pH (3-4) required in conventional Protein A affinity chromatography. Here, a protocol for selective capture of IgG with elution at neutral pH from a ZCa tetramer ligand immobilized on a chromatography resin is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Scheffel
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Kanje
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Gao ZY, Zhang QL, Shi C, Gou JX, Gao D, Wang HB, Yao SJ, Lin DQ. Antibody capture with twin-column continuous chromatography: Effects of residence time, protein concentration and resin. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Macarrón Palacios A, Grzeschik J, Deweid L, Krah S, Zielonka S, Rösner T, Peipp M, Valerius T, Kolmar H. Specific Targeting of Lymphoma Cells Using Semisynthetic Anti-Idiotype Shark Antibodies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:560244. [PMID: 33324393 PMCID: PMC7726437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.560244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The B-cell receptor (BCR) is a key player of the adaptive immune system. It is a unique part of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules expressed on the surface of B cells. In case of many B-cell lymphomas, the tumor cells express a tumor-specific and functionally active BCR, also known as idiotype. Utilizing the idiotype as target for lymphoma therapy has emerged to be demanding since the idiotype differs from patient to patient. Previous studies have shown that shark-derived antibody domains (vNARs) isolated from a semi-synthetic CDR3-randomized library allow for the rapid generation of anti-idiotype binders. In this study, we evaluated the potential of generating patient-specific binders against the idiotype of lymphomas. To this end, the BCRs of three different lymphoma cell lines SUP-B8, Daudi, and IM-9 were identified, the variable domains were reformatted and the resulting monoclonal antibodies produced. The SUP-B8 BCR served as antigen in fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based screening of the yeast-displayed vNAR libraries which resulted after three rounds of screening in the enrichment of antigen-binding vNARs. Five vNARs were expressed as Fc fusion proteins and consequently analyzed for their binding to soluble antigen using biolayer interferometry (BLI) revealing binding constants in the lower single-digit nanomolar range. These variants showed specific binding to the parental SUP-B8 cell line confirming a similar folding of the recombinantly expressed proteins compared with the native cell surface-presented BCR. First initial experiments to utilize the generated vNAR-Fc variants for BCR-clustering to induce apoptosis or ADCC/ADCP did not result in a significant decrease of cell viability. Here, we report an alternative approach for a personalized B-cell lymphoma therapy based on the construction of vNAR-Fc antibody-drug conjugates to enable specific killing of malignant B cells, which may widen the therapeutic window for B-cell lymphoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Macarrón Palacios
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lukas Deweid
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Krah
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thies Rösner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, UKSH, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, UKSH, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, UKSH, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Findling O, Sellner J. Second-generation immunotherapeutics in multiple sclerosis: can we discard their precursors? Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:416-428. [PMID: 33248250 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Options for disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis have increased over the past two decades. Among these innovations are interferon-β, glatiramer acetate, fumaric acid and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors, an antibody targeting the migration of immune cells, a compound that traps immune cells in lymphoid organs by sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulation and immune-reconstitution therapies. Second-generation drugs such as pegylated interferon-β, advanced CD20 depleting antibodies, more-specific S1PR modulators and new formulations have been developed to achieve higher efficacy while exhibiting fewer side effects. In this review, we address the shortcomings of the parent drugs, present the pros and cons of the second-generation therapies and summarize upcoming developments in the field of immunotherapy for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Findling
- Department of Neurology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Tulln, Karl-Landsteiner-University, Tulln, Austria
| | - Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Mistelbach, Austria; Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.
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Ros F, Offner S, Klostermann S, Thorey I, Niersbach H, Breuer S, Zarnt G, Lorenz S, Puels J, Siewe B, Schueler N, Dragicevic T, Ostler D, Hansen-Wester I, Lifke V, Kaluza B, Kaluza K, van Schooten W, Buelow R, Tissot AC, Platzer J. Rabbits transgenic for human IgG genes recapitulating rabbit B-cell biology to generate human antibodies of high specificity and affinity. MAbs 2020; 12:1846900. [PMID: 33228444 PMCID: PMC7780963 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1846900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic animals incorporating human antibody genes are extremely attractive for drug development because they obviate subsequent antibody humanization procedures required for therapeutic translation. Transgenic platforms have previously been established using mice, but also more recently rats, chickens, and cows and are now in abundant use for drug development. However, rabbit-based antibody generation, with a strong track record for specificity and affinity, is able to include gene conversion mediated sequence diversification, thereby enhancing binder maturation and improving the variance/selection of output antibodies in a different way than in rodents. Since it additionally frequently permits good binder generation against antigens that are only weakly immunogenic in other organisms, it is a highly interesting species for therapeutic antibody generation. We report here on the generation, utilization, and analysis of the first transgenic rabbit strain for human antibody production. Through the knockout of endogenous IgM genes and the introduction of human immunoglobulin sequences, this rabbit strain has been engineered to generate a highly diverse human IgG antibody repertoire. We further incorporated human CD79a/b and Bcl2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) genes, which enhance B-cell receptor expression and B-cell survival. Following immunization against the angiogenic factor BMP9 (Bone Morphogenetic Proteins 9), we were able to isolate a set of exquisitely affine and specific neutralizing antibodies from these rabbits. Sequence analysis of these binders revealed that both somatic hypermutation and gene conversion are fully operational in this strain, without compromising the very high degree of humanness. This powerful new transgenic strategy will allow further expansion of the use of endogenous immune mechanisms in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ros
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Offner
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Klostermann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Informatics, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Irmgard Thorey
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Niersbach
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Breuer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Grit Zarnt
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorenz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Basile Siewe
- THE JACKSON LABORATORY JMCRS, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Schueler
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Tajana Dragicevic
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Dominique Ostler
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Imke Hansen-Wester
- Supplier Quality Management, Global External Quality Roche Diagnostics GmbH , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Valeria Lifke
- Personalized Healthcare Solution, Immunoassay Development and System Integration, Roche Diagnostics GmbH , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Kaluza
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kaluza
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Alain C Tissot
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Josef Platzer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg, Germany
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Waibl F, Fernández-Quintero ML, Kamenik AS, Kraml J, Hofer F, Kettenberger H, Georges G, Liedl KR. Conformational Ensembles of Antibodies Determine Their Hydrophobicity. Biophys J 2020; 120:143-157. [PMID: 33220303 PMCID: PMC7820740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in the development of antibody biotherapeutics is their tendency to aggregate. One root cause for aggregation is exposure of hydrophobic surface regions to the solvent. Many current techniques predict the relative aggregation propensity of antibodies via precalculated scales for the hydrophobicity or aggregation propensity of single amino acids. However, those scales cannot describe the nonadditive effects of a residue’s surrounding on its hydrophobicity. Therefore, they are inherently limited in their ability to describe the impact of subtle differences in molecular structure on the overall hydrophobicity. Here, we introduce a physics-based approach to describe hydrophobicity in terms of the hydration free energy using grid inhomogeneous solvation theory (GIST). We apply this method to assess the effects of starting structures, conformational sampling, and protonation states on the hydrophobicity of antibodies. Our results reveal that high-quality starting structures, i.e., crystal structures, are crucial for the prediction of hydrophobicity and that conformational sampling can compensate errors introduced by the starting structure. On the other hand, sampling of protonation states only leads to good results when combined with high-quality structures, whereas it can even be detrimental otherwise. We conclude by pointing out that a single static homology model may not be adequate for predicting hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Waibl
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monica L Fernández-Quintero
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna S Kamenik
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Kraml
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Hofer
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubert Kettenberger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Guy Georges
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Kim J, Luo H, White W, Rees W, Venkat R, Albarghouthi M. Impact of Fc N-linked glycans on in vivo clearance of an immunoglobulin G1 antibody produced by NS0 cell line. MAbs 2020; 12:1844928. [PMID: 33171078 PMCID: PMC7671047 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1844928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of glycosylation on therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) may affect the safety and efficacy of these agents. In particular, glycans of nonhuman origin, such as galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (gal-α-gal) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NGNA), in the Fc region of therapeutic mAbs produced from murine cell lines carry a risk of immunogenicity. Immunogenic glycan structures can have immune-mediated clearance, resulting in faster clearance from in vivo circulation than non-immunogenic structures. To demonstrate the impact of these Fc nonhuman glycans on in vivo clearance, we purified and analyzed the glycan profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb1) from human serum samples collected from clinical study participants. We purified mAb1 in a three-step chromatographic separation process (protein A, immobilized anti-mAb1 antibody affinity, and weak cation exchange chromatography) and extracted and labeled its N-linked oligosaccharide structures with 2-aminobenzamide acid for analysis on ultrahigh-performance hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. A comparison of the glycan profile of mAb1 recovered from human serum on the same day and 4 weeks after dosing revealed no significant differences, indicating similar clearance of mAb1 with nonhuman gal-α-gal or NGNA glycan in the Fc region compared with the human glycans. The relative proportions of the glycans remained similar, and all patients who had already received multiple doses of mAb1 over the course of a year were negative for antidrug antibodies, suggesting that none of the glycans induced an immune response. Therefore, we concluded that mAb1 gal-α-gal and NGNA glycoforms represent a low risk of conferring immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kim
- BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Haibin Luo
- BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Wendy White
- BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - William Rees
- Research and Development, Viela Bio , Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Raghavan Venkat
- BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Methal Albarghouthi
- BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Graham JC, Hillegass J, Schulze G. Considerations for setting occupational exposure limits for novel pharmaceutical modalities. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 118:104813. [PMID: 33144077 PMCID: PMC7605856 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop new and effective medicines, pharmaceutical companies must be modality agnostic. As science reveals an enhanced understanding of biological processes, new therapeutic modalities are becoming important in developing breakthrough therapies to treat both rare and common diseases. As these new modalities progress, concern and uncertainty arise regarding their safe handling by the researchers developing them, employees manufacturing them and nurses administering them. This manuscript reviews the available literature for emerging modalities (including oligonucleotides, monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins and bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, peptides, vaccines, genetically modified organisms, and several others) and provides considerations for occupational health and safety-oriented hazard identification and risk assessments to enable timely, consistent and well-informed hazard identification, hazard communication and risk-management decisions. This manuscript also points out instances where historical exposure control banding systems may not be applicable (e.g. oncolytic viruses, biologics) and where other occupational exposure limit systems are more applicable (e.g. Biosafety Levels, Biologic Control Categories). Review of toxicology and pharmacology information for novel therapeutic modalities. Identification of occupational hazards associated with novel therapeutic modalities. Occupational hazards and exposure risks differ across pharmaceutical modalities. Occupational exposure control banding systems are not one size fits all. Banding system variations offer benefits while enabling proper exposure controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Graham
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA.
| | - Jedd Hillegass
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Gene Schulze
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
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Karlberg M, de Souza JV, Fan L, Kizhedath A, Bronowska AK, Glassey J. QSAR Implementation for HIC Retention Time Prediction of mAbs Using Fab Structure: A Comparison between Structural Representations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218037. [PMID: 33126648 PMCID: PMC7663183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) constitute a rapidly growing biopharmaceutical sector. However, their growth is impeded by high failure rates originating from failed clinical trials and developability issues in process development. There is, therefore, a growing need for better in silico tools to aid in risk assessment of mAb candidates to promote early-stage screening of potentially problematic mAb candidates. In this study, a quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) modelling workflow was designed for the prediction of hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) retention times of mAbs. Three novel descriptor sets derived from primary sequence, homology modelling, and atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were developed and assessed to determine the necessary level of structural resolution needed to accurately capture the relationship between mAb structures and HIC retention times. The results showed that descriptors derived from 3D structures obtained after MD simulations were the most suitable for HIC retention time prediction with a R2 = 0.63 in an external test set. It was found that when using homology modelling, the resulting 3D structures became biased towards the used structural template. Performing an MD simulation therefore proved to be a necessary post-processing step for the mAb structures in order to relax the structures and allow them to attain a more natural conformation. Based on the results, the proposed workflow in this paper could therefore potentially contribute to aid in risk assessment of mAb candidates in early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micael Karlberg
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (M.K.); (L.F.); (A.K.)
| | - João Victor de Souza
- Chemistry—School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (J.V.d.S.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Lanyu Fan
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (M.K.); (L.F.); (A.K.)
- Chemistry—School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (J.V.d.S.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Arathi Kizhedath
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (M.K.); (L.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Agnieszka K. Bronowska
- Chemistry—School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (J.V.d.S.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Jarka Glassey
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (M.K.); (L.F.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence:
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The Immunopathology of Complement Proteins and Innate Immunity in Autoimmune Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:229-251. [PMID: 31834594 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The complement is a powerful cascade of the innate immunity and also acts as a bridge between innate and acquired immune defence. Complement activation can occur via three distinct pathways, the classical, alternative and lectin pathways, each resulting in the common terminal pathway. Complement activation results in the release of a range of biologically active molecules that significantly contribute to immune surveillance and tissue homeostasis. Several soluble and membrane-bound regulatory proteins restrict complement activation in order to prevent complement-mediated autologous damage, consumption and exacerbated inflammation. The crucial role of complement in the host homeostasis is illustrated by association of both complement deficiency and overactivation with severe and life-threatening diseases. Autoantibodies targeting complement components have been described to alter expression and/or function of target protein resulting in a dysregulation of the delicate equilibrium between activation and inhibition of complement. The spectrum of diseases associated with complement autoantibodies depends on which complement protein and activation pathway are targeted, ranging from autoimmune disorders to kidney and vascular diseases. Nevertheless, these autoantibodies have been identified as differential biomarkers for diagnosis or follow-up of disease only in a small number of clinical conditions. For some autoantibodies, a clear relationship with clinical manifestations has been identified, such as anti-C1q, anti-Factor H, anti-C1 Inhibitor antibodies and C3 nephritic factor. For other autoantibodies, the origin and the functional consequences still remain to be elucidated, questioning about the pathophysiological significance of these autoantibodies, such as anti-mannose binding lectin, anti-Factor I, anti-Factor B and anti-C3b antibodies. The detection of autoantibodies targeting complement components is performed in specialized laboratories; however, there is no consensus on detection methods and standardization of the assays is a real challenge. This review summarizes the current panorama of autoantibodies targeting complement recognition proteins of the classical and lectin pathways, associated proteases, convertases, regulators and terminal components, with an emphasis on autoantibodies clearly involved in clinical conditions.
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McMahon JT, Faraj RR, Adamson DC. Emerging and investigational targeted chemotherapy and immunotherapy agents for metastatic brain tumors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:1389-1406. [PMID: 33040640 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1836154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastases to the central nervous system are the most common cause of malignant intracranial tumors in adults. Current standard of care includes surgery and radiation, but overall survival remains poor. A range of systemic therapies are emerging as promising treatment options for these patients. AREAS COVERED This study reviews novel drug regimens that are under investigation in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials. To identify relevant therapies under clinical investigation, a search was performed on http://clinicaltrials.gov and Pubmed with the keywords brain metastasis, Phase I clinical trial, and Phase II clinical trial from 2016 to 2020. The authors detail the mechanisms of action of all trial agents, outline evidence for their utility, and summarize the current state of the field. EXPERT OPINION Current advancements in the medical management of brain metastases can be categorized into targeted therapies, methods of overcoming treatment resistance, novel combinations of therapies, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment with a specific focus on immunotherapy. Each of these realms holds great promise for the field going forward. A more streamlined structure for enrollment into clinical trials will be a crucial step in accelerating progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Razan R Faraj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Cory Adamson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Atlanta VA Medical Center , Decatur, GA
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