1
|
Parsain T, Tripathi A, Tiwari A. Detection of milk adulteration using coffee ring effect and convolutional neural network. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:730-741. [PMID: 38814700 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2358518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
A low-cost and effective method is reported to identify water and synthetic milk adulteration of cow's milk using coffee ring patterns. The cow's milk samples were diluted with tap water (TW), distilled water (DW) and mineral water (MW) and drop cast onto glass slides to observe coffee ring patterns. The area of the ring, total particle area and average particle diameter were extracted from these patterns. For each ring, the ratio of total particle area versus total ring area was calculated. The area ratio, regardless of water adulterants, follows an exponential model with respect to average particle diameter. Unlike TW, the ratio for DW and MW adulterated milk are clustered and classified together with respect to the particle diameter. These results were independent of dilution level and are used for adulterant classification. The ring of milk adulterated using synthetic milk gave multiple concentric rings, flower-like structures, and oil globules throughout the dilution level. An Alexnet model was used to classify water and synthetic milk adulterants in authentic milk. The trained model could achieve 96.7% and 95.8% accuracy for binary and tertiary classification respectively. These results enable us to distinguish synthetic milk from pure milk and segregate DW and MW with respect to TW adulterated milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Parsain
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajay Tripathi
- Department of Physics, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Archana Tiwari
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li H, Sheng W, Haruna SA, Hassan MM, Chen Q. Recent advances in rare earth ion-doped upconversion nanomaterials: From design to their applications in food safety analysis. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3732-3764. [PMID: 37548602 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The misuse of chemicals in agricultural systems and food production leads to an increase in contaminants in food, which ultimately has adverse effects on human health. This situation has prompted a demand for sophisticated detection technologies with rapid and sensitive features, as concerns over food safety and quality have grown around the globe. The rare earth ion-doped upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)-based sensor has emerged as an innovative and promising approach for detecting and analyzing food contaminants due to its superior photophysical properties, including low autofluorescence background, deep penetration of light, low toxicity, and minimal photodamage to the biological samples. The aim of this review was to discuss an outline of the applications of UCNPs to detect contaminants in food matrices, with particular attention on the determination of heavy metals, pesticides, pathogenic bacteria, mycotoxins, and antibiotics. The review briefly discusses the mechanism of upconversion (UC) luminescence, the synthesis, modification, functionality of UCNPs, as well as the detection principles for the design of UC biosensors. Furthermore, because current UCNP research on food safety detection is still at an early stage, this review identifies several bottlenecks that must be overcome in UCNPs and discusses the future prospects for its application in the field of food analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Wei Sheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Suleiman A Haruna
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Md Mehedi Hassan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Quansheng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alizadeh Sani M, Jahed-Khaniki G, Ehsani A, Shariatifar N, Dehghani MH, Hashemi M, Hosseini H, Abdollahi M, Hassani S, Bayrami Z, McClements DJ. Metal-Organic Framework Fluorescence Sensors for Rapid and Accurate Detection of Melamine in Milk Powder. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:94. [PMID: 36671929 PMCID: PMC9855360 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this research, a simple, label-free, and ultra-sensitive fluorescent platform based on a metal-organic framework (MOF) has been developed to detect melamine in milk powder. This fluorescence sensor was fabricated from sensitized terbium (Tb)@NH2-MIL-253 (Al) MOF using a hydrothermal method that involved combining the green emission of Tb (λem = 545 nm) with the blue emission of NH2-MIL-253(Al) MOF (λem = 430 nm) under a single excitation wavelength (λex = 335 nm). The fluorescence sensor was then used under optimized conditions (pH = 9.0; sensor concentration = 30 mg/L; response time = 30 s) to quantify melamine in milk powder. The accuracy, sensitivity, and reproducibility of this sensor were established compared to the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The linear range and lower limit of detection (LLOD, computed with 3σ/S) of the sensor were between 40-396.45 nM (equal to 25 µg/kg-0.25 mg/kg) and 40 nM (equal to 25 µg/kg), respectively, which is much less than the maximum residual level (MRL) for the detection of melamine in infant formula (1 mg/kg) and other foods/feeds (2.5 mg/kg). Additionally, the results had good agreement with the HPLC outcomes, suggesting that the NH2-MIL-253(Al) MOF sensing probe has great precision and repeatability. To conclude, the new fluorescence sensor developed in this study can accurately and sensitively detect melamine in food samples, which may be useful for screening for adulteration of milk powders and other foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Alizadeh Sani
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Jahed-Khaniki
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Ali Ehsani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 516615731, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
- Institute for Environmental Research, Center for Solid Waste Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9138813944, Iran
| | - Hedayat Hosseini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Hassani
- Toxicology and Diseases Specialty Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Zahra Bayrami
- Toxicology and Diseases Specialty Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pradana-López S, Pérez-Calabuig AM, Cancilla JC, Otero L, Torrecilla JS. Single-digit ppm quantification of melamine in powdered milk driven by computer vision. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
5
|
Nagraik R, Sharma A, Kumar D, Chawla P, Kumar AP. Milk adulterant detection: Conventional and biosensor based approaches: A review. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
6
|
Isachenko AI, Melekhin AO, Apyari VV, Volkov PA, Dmitrienko SG. Determination of Melamine by Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy by its Effect on the Formation of a Gold–Polyurethane Foam Nanocomposite. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
7
|
Watt L, Sisco E. Detection of trace drugs of abuse in baby formula using solid-phase microextraction direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (SPME-DART-MS). J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:172-178. [PMID: 32986875 PMCID: PMC9780706 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The intentional or unintentional adulteration of baby formula with drugs of abuse is one of the many increasingly complex samples forensic chemists may have to analyze. This sample type presents a challenge because of a complex matrix that can mask the detection of trace drug residues. To enable screening of baby formula for trace levels of drugs, the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) was investigated. A suite of five drugs was used as adulterants and spiked into baby formula. Samples were then extracted using SPME fibers which were analyzed by DART-MS. Development of a proof-of-concept method was completed by investigating the effects of the DART gas stream temperature and the linear speed of the sample holder. Optimal values of 350°C and 0.2 mm/s were found. Once the method was established, representative responses and sensitivities for the five drugs were measured and found to be in the range of single ng/mL to hundreds ng/mL. Additional studies found that the presence of the baby formula matrix increased analyte signal (relative to methanolic solutions) by greater than 200%. Comparison of the SPME-DART-MS method to a traditional DART-MS method for trace drug detection found at least a factor of 13 improvement in signal for the drugs investigated. This work demonstrates that SPME-DART-MS is a viable technique for the screening of complex matrices, such as baby formula, for trace drug residues and that development of a comprehensive method is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Watt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Edward Sisco
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899,, (301)975-2093
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Čapla J, Zajác P, Čurlej J, Belej Ľ, Kročko M, Bobko M, Benešová L, Jakabová S, Vlčko T. Procedures for the identification and detection of adulteration of fish and meat products. POTRAVINARSTVO 2020. [DOI: 10.5219/1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition or exchange of cheaper fish species instead of more expensive fish species is a known form of fraud in the food industry. This can take place accidentally due to the lack of expertise or act as a fraud. The interest in detecting animal species in meat products is based on religious demands (halal and kosher) as well as on product adulterations. Authentication of fish and meat products is critical in the food industry. Meat and fish adulteration, mainly for economic pursuit, is widespread and leads to serious public health risks, religious violations, and moral loss. Economically motivated adulteration of food is estimated to create damage of around € 8 to 12 billion per year. Rapid, effective, accurate, and reliable detection technologies are keys to effectively supervising meat and fish adulteration. Various analytical methods often based on protein or DNA measurements are utilized to identify fish and meat species. Although many strategies have been adopted to assure the authenticity of fish and meat and meat a fish products, such as the protected designation of origin, protected geographical indication, certificate of specific characteristics, and so on, the coverage is too small, and it is unrealistic to certify all meat products for protection from adulteration. Therefore, effective supervision is very important for ensuring the suitable development of the meat industry, and rapid, effective, accurate, and reliable detection technologies are fundamental technical support for this goal. Recently, several methods, including DNA analysis, protein analysis, and fat-based analysis, have been effectively employed for the identification of meat and fish species.
Collapse
|
9
|
Melamine contamination and associated health risks: Gut microbiota does make a difference. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:1271-1280. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
10
|
Mabood F, Ali L, Boque R, Abbas G, Jabeen F, Haq QMI, Hussain J, Hamaed AM, Naureen Z, Al‐Nabhani M, Khan MZ, Khan A, Al‐Harrasi A. Robust Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy coupled with multivariate methods for detection and quantification of urea adulteration in fresh milk samples. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5249-5258. [PMID: 33133527 PMCID: PMC7590340 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Urea is added as an adulterant to give milk whiteness and increase its consistency for improving the solid not fat percentage, but the excessive amount of urea in milk causes overburden and kidney damages. Here, an innovative sensitive methodology based on near-infrared spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis has been proposed for the robust detection and quantification of urea adulteration in fresh milk samples. In this study, 162 fresh milk samples were used, those consisting 20 nonadulterated samples (without urea) and 142 with urea adulterant. Eight different percentage levels of urea adulterant, that is, 0.10%, 0.30%, 0.50%, 0.70%, 0.90%, 1.10%, 1.30%, and 1.70%, were prepared, each of them prepared in triplicates. A Frontier NIR spectrophotometer (BSEN60825-1:2007) by Perkin Elmer was used for scanning the absorption of each sample in the wavenumber range of 10,000-4,000 cm-1, using 0.2 mm path length CaF2 sealed cell at resolution of 2 cm-1. Principal components analysis (PCA), partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and partial least-squares regressions (PLSR) methods were applied for the multivariate analysis of the NIR spectral data collected. PCA was used to reduce the dimensionality of the spectral data and to explore the similarities and differences among the fresh milk samples and the adulterated ones. PLS-DA also showed the discrimination between the nonadulterated and adulterated milk samples. The R-square and root mean square error (RMSE) values obtained for the PLS-DA model were 0.9680 and 0.08%, respectively. Furthermore, PLSR model was also built using the training set of NIR spectral data to make a regression model. For this PLSR model, leave-one-out cross-validation procedure was used as an internal cross-validation criteria and the R-square and the root mean square error (RMSE) values for the PLSR model were found as 0.9800 and 0.56%, respectively. The PLSR model was then externally validated using a test set. The root means square error of prediction (RMSEP) obtained was 0.48%. The present proposed study was intended to contribute toward the development of a robust, sensitive, and reproducible method to detect and determine the urea adulterant concentration in fresh milk samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Mabood
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of NizwaNizwaOman
| | - Liaqat Ali
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SargodhaMianwaliPakistan
| | - Ricard Boque
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic ChemistryUniversitat Rovira i VirgiliTarragonaSpain
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of NizwaNizwaOman
| | - Farah Jabeen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MalakandMalakandPakistan
| | | | - Javid Hussain
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of NizwaNizwaOman
| | - Ahmed Moahammed Hamaed
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of NizwaNizwaOman
| | - Zakira Naureen
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of NizwaNizwaOman
| | - Mahmood Al‐Nabhani
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of NizwaNizwaOman
| | - Mohammed Ziauddin Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of NizwaNizwaOman
| | - Ajmal Khan
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural ProductsUniversity of NizwaNizwaOman
| | - Ahmed Al‐Harrasi
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural ProductsUniversity of NizwaNizwaOman
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Turnipseed SB, Jayasuriya H. Analytical methods for mixed organic chemical residues and contaminants in food. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5969-5980. [PMID: 32350581 PMCID: PMC10984255 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Developing methods that can analyze multiple categories of organic chemical residues such as pesticides, veterinary drugs, mycotoxins, human drugs, and environmental contaminants in food with a single analytical procedure is a growing trend. These methods for mixed organic chemical residues and contaminants focus on the chemical properties of these analytes rather than how they are used and adulterate the food supply. This paper highlights recently published methods for mixed residue and contaminant methods in food including advances in technology (instrumental hardware, data processing programs, and sample cleanup) that allow for a larger number of compounds to be monitored simultaneously. The factors that determine the scope, or number and type of analytes in a given method, including needs for specific food commodities, complexity of the analytical procedure, and the intended purpose (qualitative vs quantitative analysis) will be examined. Although there are clear advantages to expanding the number of unwanted chemicals being monitored in the global food supply, challenges to developing and implementing mixed organic residue and contaminant methods will also be discussed. Going forward, it will be important to implement these methods to more thoroughly protect the food supply for a wide variety of targeted and non-targeted chemical residues and contaminants while also having the regulatory framework in place to effectively manage the results of these comprehensive analyses. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherri B Turnipseed
- Animal Drugs Research Center, US Food and Drug Administration, Denver, CO, 80225, USA.
| | - Hiranthi Jayasuriya
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Release of Melamine and Formaldehyde from Melamine-Formaldehyde Plastic Kitchenware. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163629. [PMID: 32784987 PMCID: PMC7463570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of melamine and formaldehyde from kitchenware made of melamine resins is still a matter of great concern. To investigate the migration and release behavior of the monomers from melamine-based food contact materials into food simulants and food stuffs, cooking spoons were tested under so-called hot plate conditions at 100 °C. Release conditions using the real hot plate conditions with 3% acetic acid were compared with conditions in a conventional migration oven and with a release to deionized water. Furthermore, the kinetics of the release were studied using Arrhenius plots giving an activation energy for the release of melamine of 120 kJ/mol. Finally, a correlation between quality of the resins, specifically the kind of bridges between the monomers, and the release of melamine, was confirmed by CP/MAS 13C-NMR measurements of the melamine kitchenware. Obviously, the ratio of methylene bridges and dimethylene ether bridges connecting the melamine monomers during the curing process can be directly correlated with the amount of the monomers released into food.
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang Y, Zhang L, Hettinga KA, Erasmus SW, van Ruth SM. Prevalence of Milk Fraud in the Chinese Market and its Relationship with Fraud Vulnerabilities in the Chain. Foods 2020; 9:E709. [PMID: 32492929 PMCID: PMC7353633 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the prevalence of ultra-high-temperature (UHT) processed milk samples suspected of being adulterated on the Chinese market and, subsequently, relate their geographical origin to the earlier determined fraud vulnerability. A total of 52 UHT milk samples purchased from the Chinese market were measured to detect possible anomalies. The milk compositional features were determined by standardized Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, and the detection limits for common milk adulterations were investigated. The results showed that twelve of the analysed milk samples (23%) were suspected of having quality or fraud-related issues, while one sample of these was highly suspected of being adulterated (diluted with water). Proportionally, more suspected samples were determined among milks produced in the Central-Northern and Eastern areas of China than in those from the North-Western and North-Eastern areas, while those from the South were in between. Combining the earlier collected results on fraud vulnerability in the Chinese milk chains, it appears that increased fraud prevalence relates to poorer business relationships and lack of adequate managerial controls. Since very few opportunities and motivations differ consistently across high and low-prevalence areas, primarily the improvement of control measures can help to mitigate food fraud in the Chinese milk supply chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzheng Yang
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (Y.Y.); (K.A.H.); (S.W.E.)
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liebing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 291, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Kasper A. Hettinga
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (Y.Y.); (K.A.H.); (S.W.E.)
| | - Sara W. Erasmus
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (Y.Y.); (K.A.H.); (S.W.E.)
| | - Saskia M. van Ruth
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (Y.Y.); (K.A.H.); (S.W.E.)
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kessler FK, Schnick W. Ammelinium Sulfate Monohydrate and Ammelinium Sulfate Cyanuric Acid - Synthesis and Structural Characterization. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201900042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian K. Kessler
- Department of Chemistry; Chair in Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry; University of Munich (LMU); Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry; Chair in Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry; University of Munich (LMU); Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Illegal adulteration of milk products by melamine and its analogs has become a threat to the world. In 2008, the misuse of melamine with infant formula caused serious effects on babies of China. Thereafter, the government of China and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limited the use of melamine of 1 mg/kg for infant formula and 2.5 mg/kg for other dairy products. Similarly, the World Health Organization (WHO) has also limited the daily intake of melamine of 0.2 mg/kg body weight per day. Many sensory schemes have been proposed by the scientists for carrying out screening on melamine poisoning. Among them, nanomaterial-based sensing techniques are very promising in terms of real-time applicability. These materials uncover and quantify the melamine by means of diverse mechanisms, such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), aggregation, inner filter effect, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and self-assembly, etc. Nanomaterials used for the melamine determination include carbon dots, quantum dots, nanocomposites, nanocrystals, nanoclusters, nanoparticles, nanorods, nanowires, and nanotubes. In this review, we summarize and comment on the melamine sensing abilities of these nanomaterials for their suitability and future research directions.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee H, Kim MS, Lohumi S, Cho BK. Detection of melamine in milk powder using MCT-based short-wave infrared hyperspectral imaging system. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1027-1037. [PMID: 29718763 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1469050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted on non-destructive and rapid detection of melamine in powdered foods in the last decade. While Raman and near-infrared hyperspectral imaging techniques have been successful in terms of non-destructive and rapid measurement, they have limitations with respect to measurement time and detection capability, respectively. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a mercury cadmium telluride (MCT)-based short-wave infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral imaging system and algorithm to detect melamine quantitatively in milk powder. The SWIR hyperspectral imaging system consisted of a custom-designed illumination system, a SWIR hyperspectral camera, a data acquisition module and a sample transfer table. SWIR hyperspectral images were obtained for melamine-milk samples with different melamine concentrations, pure melamine and pure milk powder. Analysis of variance and the partial least squares regression method over the 1000-2500 nm wavelength region were used to develop an optimal model for detection. The results showed that a melamine concentration as low as 50 ppm in melamine-milk powder samples could be detected. Thus, the MCT-based SWIR hyperspectral imaging system has the potential for quantitative and qualitative detection of adulterants in powder samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoonsoo Lee
- a Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , Beltsville , MD , USA
| | - Moon S Kim
- a Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , Beltsville , MD , USA
| | - Santosh Lohumi
- b Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science , Chungnam National University , Daejeon , South Korea
| | - Byoung-Kwan Cho
- b Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science , Chungnam National University , Daejeon , South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
García Londoño VA, Puñales M, Reynoso M, Resnik S. Melamine contamination in milk powder in Uruguay. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2017; 11:15-19. [PMID: 29105560 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1389993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Forty samples of milk powder purchased in Uruguay were analysed to assess melamine (MEL) levels. Trichloroacetic acid and acetonitrile were used to extract and precipitate milk proteins previously to clean up of the samples by solid-phase extraction and then were determined by liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet detection. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ)of MEL were 0.006 and 0.019 mg kg-1, respectively. Milk was fortified with MEL at three levels, producing average recoveries higher than 83.8%. The values for positive samples ranged from 0.017 to 0.082 mg kg-1. Nine samples were positive. Three of them had concentrations between LOD and LOQ. The mean MEL contamination was 0.028 mg kg-1. Consumption of milk powder containing these levels of MEL does not constitute a health risk for consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Alonso García Londoño
- a Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Química Orgánica e Industrias , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,b Fundación de Investigaciones Científicas Teresa Benedictina de la Cruz , Luján, Buenos Aires , Argentina.,c Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de la República Argentina , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Martín Puñales
- a Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Química Orgánica e Industrias , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Marcela Reynoso
- a Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Química Orgánica e Industrias , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Silvia Resnik
- a Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Química Orgánica e Industrias , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,b Fundación de Investigaciones Científicas Teresa Benedictina de la Cruz , Luján, Buenos Aires , Argentina.,d Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires , La Plata , Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Coupled electrochemical-chemical procedure used in construction of molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrode: a highly sensitive impedimetric melamine sensor. J Solid State Electrochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-017-3731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
19
|
Scholl PF, Bergana MM, Yakes BJ, Xie Z, Zbylut S, Downey G, Mossoba M, Jablonski J, Magaletta R, Holroyd SE, Buehler M, Qin J, Hurst W, LaPointe JH, Roberts D, Zrybko C, Mackey A, Holton JD, Israelson GA, Payne A, Kim MS, Chao K, Moore JC. Effects of the Adulteration Technique on the Near-Infrared Detection of Melamine in Milk Powder. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5799-5809. [PMID: 28617599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The United States Pharmacopeial Convention has led an international collaborative project to develop a toolbox of screening methods and reference standards for the detection of milk powder adulteration. During the development of adulterated milk powder reference standards, blending methods used to combine melamine and milk had unanticipated strong effects on the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum of melamine. The prominent absorbance band at 1468 nm of melamine was retained when it was dry-blended with skim milk powder but disappeared in wet-blended mixtures, where spray-dried milk powder samples were prepared from solution. Analyses using polarized light microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, dielectric relaxation spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and mass spectrometry indicated that wet blending promoted reversible and early Maillard reactions with lactose that are responsible for differences in melamine NIR spectra between wet- and dry-blended samples. Targeted detection estimates based solely on dry-blended reference standards are likely to overestimate NIR detection capabilities in wet-blended samples as a result of previously overlooked matrix effects arising from changes in melamine hydrogen-bonding status, covalent complexation with lactose, and the lower but more homogeneous melamine local concentration distribution produced in wet-blended samples. Techniques used to incorporate potential adulterants can determine the suitability of milk reference standards for use with rapid detection methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Scholl
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) , 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Marti Mamula Bergana
- Research and Development, Abbott Nutrition Division, Abbott Laboratories , 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, Ohio 43219, United States
| | - Betsy Jean Yakes
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) , 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Zhuohong Xie
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention , 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852-1790, United States
| | - Steven Zbylut
- General Mills, Incorporated , 330 University Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Gerard Downey
- Teagasc Food Research Centre , Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland
| | - Magdi Mossoba
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) , 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Joseph Jablonski
- Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) , 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | - Robert Magaletta
- Mondelez Global LLC , 3 Parkway North, Deerfield, Illinois 60015, United States
| | - Stephen E Holroyd
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre , Dairy Farm Road, Palmerston North 442, New Zealand
| | - Martin Buehler
- METER Group, Incorporated , 2365 Northeast Hopkins Court, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Jianwei Qin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - William Hurst
- The Hershey Company , Technical Center, 1025 Reese Avenue, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Joseph H LaPointe
- IonSense, Incorporated , 999 Broadway, Suite 404, Saugus, Massachusetts 01915, United States
| | - Dean Roberts
- Bruker Optics, Incorporated USA , 5465 East Cheryl Parkway, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, United States
| | - Carol Zrybko
- Mondelez Global LLC , 3 Parkway North, Deerfield, Illinois 60015, United States
| | - Andrew Mackey
- Mondelez Global LLC , 3 Parkway North, Deerfield, Illinois 60015, United States
| | - Jason D Holton
- Research and Development, Abbott Nutrition Division, Abbott Laboratories , 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, Ohio 43219, United States
| | - Greg A Israelson
- Research and Development Network, Quality Assurance, Nestlé Purina Petcare , 800 Chouteau Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63102, United States
| | - Anitra Payne
- Dairy Foods Research and Development, Land O'Lakes, Incorporated , Arden Hills, Minnesota 55112, United States
| | - Moon S Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Kuanglin Chao
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Moore
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention , 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852-1790, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nieuwoudt MK, Holroyd SE, McGoverin CM, Simpson MC, Williams DE. Screening for Adulterants in Liquid Milk Using a Portable Raman Miniature Spectrometer with Immersion Probe. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:308-312. [PMID: 27329831 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816653130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A portable Raman system with an immersion fiber optic probe was assessed for point-of-collection screening for the presence of adulterants in liquid milk. N-rich adulterants and sucrose were measured in this proof-of-concept demonstration. Reproducibility, limit of detection range and other figures of merit such as specificity, sensitivity, ratio of predicted to standard deviation, standard error of prediction and root mean squared error for cross validation were determined from partial least squares (PLS) and partial least squares with discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) calibrations of milk mixtures containing 50-1000 ppm (parts per million) of melamine, ammonium sulphate, Dicyandiamide, urea and sucrose. The spectra were recorded by immersing the fiber optic probe directly in the milk solutions. Despite the high scattering background which was easily and reliably estimated and subtracted, the reproducibility for four N-rich compounds averaged to 11% residual standard deviation (RSD) and to 5% RSD for sucrose. PLS calibration models predicted the concentrations of separate validation sets with standard errors of prediction of between 44 and 76 ppm for the four N-rich compounds and 0.17% for sucrose. The sensitivity and specificity of the PLS-DA calibration were 92% and 89%, respectively. The study shows promise for use of portable mini Raman systems for routine rapid point-of-collection screening of liquid milk for the presence of adulterants, without the need for sample preparation or addition of chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michél K Nieuwoudt
- 1 School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
- 2 MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
- 3 The Photon Factory, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
- 4 The Dodd Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
| | | | - Cushla M McGoverin
- 4 The Dodd Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
- 6 Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M Cather Simpson
- 1 School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
- 2 MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
- 3 The Photon Factory, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
- 4 The Dodd Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
- 6 Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David E Williams
- 1 School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
- 2 MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qin J, Kim MS, Chao K, Dhakal S, Lee H, Cho BK, Mo C. Detection and quantification of adulterants in milk powder using a high-throughput Raman chemical imaging technique. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:152-161. [PMID: 27879171 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1263880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Milk is a vulnerable target for economically motivated adulteration. In this study, a line-scan high-throughput Raman imaging system was used to authenticate milk powder. A 5 W 785 nm line laser (240 mm long and 1 mm wide) was used as a Raman excitation source. The system was used to acquire hyperspectral Raman images in a wave number range of 103-2881 cm-1 from the skimmed milk powder mixed with two nitrogen-rich adulterants (i.e., melamine and urea) at eight concentrations (w/w) from 50 to 10,000 ppm. The powdered samples were put in sample holders with a surface area of 150 ×100 mm and a depth of 2 mm for push-broom image acquisition. Varying fluorescence signals from the milk powder were removed using a correction method based on adaptive iteratively reweighted penalised least squares. Image classifications were conducted using a simple thresholding method applied to single-band fluorescence-corrected images at unique Raman peaks selected for melamine (673 cm-1) and urea (1009 cm-1). Chemical images were generated by combining individual binary images of melamine and urea to visualise identification, spatial distribution and morphological features of the two adulterant particles in the milk powder. Limits of detection for both melamine and urea were estimated in the order of 50 ppm. High correlations were found between pixel concentrations (i.e., percentages of the adulterant pixels in the chemical images) and mass concentrations of melamine and urea, demonstrating the potential of the high-throughput Raman chemical imaging method for the detection and quantification of adulterants in the milk powder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Qin
- a USDA/ARS Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory , Beltsville Agricultural Research Center , Beltsville , MD , USA
| | - Moon S Kim
- a USDA/ARS Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory , Beltsville Agricultural Research Center , Beltsville , MD , USA
| | - Kuanglin Chao
- a USDA/ARS Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory , Beltsville Agricultural Research Center , Beltsville , MD , USA
| | - Sagar Dhakal
- a USDA/ARS Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory , Beltsville Agricultural Research Center , Beltsville , MD , USA
| | - Hoonsoo Lee
- a USDA/ARS Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory , Beltsville Agricultural Research Center , Beltsville , MD , USA
| | - Byoung-Kwan Cho
- b Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science , Chungnam National University , Daejeon , South Korea
| | - Changyeun Mo
- c National Institute of Agricultural Science , Rural Development Administration , Jeonju-si , South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang T, Ma J, Chen Y, Li Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Analysis of melamine and analogs in complex matrices: Advances and trends. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:170-182. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering/School of safety engineering; Ningbo University of Technology; Ningbo China
| | - Junfeng Ma
- Department of Biological Chemistry; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Yihui Chen
- Xiangshan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau; Xiangshan China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering/School of safety engineering; Ningbo University of Technology; Ningbo China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nieuwoudt M, Holroyd S, McGoverin C, Simpson M, Williams D. Rapid, sensitive, and reproducible screening of liquid milk for adulterants using a portable Raman spectrometer and a simple, optimized sample well. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7821-7831. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
24
|
Nieuwoudt MK, Martin JW, Oosterbeek RN, Novikova NI, Wang X, Malmström J, Williams DE, Simpson MC. Gold-sputtered Blu-ray discs: simple and inexpensive SERS substrates for sensitive detection of melamine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4403-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
25
|
Lu Y, Xia Y, Liu G, Pan M, Li M, Lee NA, Wang S. A Review of Methods for Detecting Melamine in Food Samples. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 47:51-66. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1176889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
26
|
Kumar N, Kumar H, Mann B, Seth R. Colorimetric determination of melamine in milk using unmodified silver nanoparticles. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 156:89-97. [PMID: 26654965 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Melamine is nitrogen rich chemical compound used as an adulterant in dairy products by unscrupulous people to increase the apparent protein content. This incident prompted the researchers to develop simple methods for easy detection of melamine in food samples. In the present paper, we report a simple and sensitive colorimetric method for detection of melamine in milk based on silver nanoparticles. This method relies upon the principle that melamine causes the aggregation of silver nanoparticles, resulting in abrupt color change from yellow to red under optimized conditions. The concentration of melamine in adulterated sample can be quantitated by monitoring the absorption spectra of silver nanoparticles using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometer. The present colorimetric method which utilizes silver nanoparticles of 35 nm can reliably detect melamine down to a concentration of 0.04 mg l(-1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Harish Kumar
- Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Bimlesh Mann
- Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Raman Seth
- Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
García Ibarra V, Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós A, Sendón R. Study of melamine and formaldehyde migration from melamine tableware. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
Handberg E, Chingin K, Wang N, Dai X, Chen H. Mass spectrometry imaging for visualizing organic analytes in food. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:641-58. [PMID: 24687728 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The demand for rapid chemical imaging of food products steadily increases. Mass spectrometry (MS) is featured by excellent molecular specificity of analysis and is, therefore, a very attractive method for chemical profiling. MS for food imaging has increased significantly over the past decade, aided by the emergence of various ambient ionization techniques that allow direct and rapid analysis in ambient environment. In this article, the current status of food imaging with MSI is reviewed. The described approaches include matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), but emphasize desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI), electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization (ELDI), probe electrospray ionization (PESI), surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (SDAPCI), and laser ablation flowing atmospheric pressure afterglow (LA-FAPA). The methods are compared with regard to spatial resolution; analysis speed and time; limit of detection; and technical aspects. The performance of each method is illustrated with the description of a related application. Specific requirements in food imaging are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Handberg
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P.R. China
| | - Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P.R. China
| | - Nannan Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P.R. China
| | - Ximo Dai
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P.R. China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Melamine is an emerging contaminant in milk, infant formula and pet food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Food Quality and Safety
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130062
- China
| | - Jingyue Xu
- Department of Food Quality and Safety
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130062
- China
| | - Chunyan Sun
- Department of Food Quality and Safety
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130062
- China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
de Lourdes Mendes Finete V, Martins Gouvêa M, de Carvalho Marques FF, Duarte Pereira Netto A. Characterization of newfound natural luminescent properties of melamine, and development and validation of a method of high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for its determination in kitchen plastic ware. Talanta 2014; 123:128-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
31
|
Zheng J, He L. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Chemical Analysis of Food. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:317-328. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinkai Zheng
- Dept. of Food Science; Univ. of Massachusetts; Amherst MA 01003 U.S.A
- Inst. of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Lili He
- Dept. of Food Science; Univ. of Massachusetts; Amherst MA 01003 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rai N, Banerjee D, Bhattacharyya R. Urinary melamine: proposed parameter of melamine adulteration of food. Nutrition 2013; 30:380-5. [PMID: 24206822 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Melamine is widely being reported as a food adulterant. Although its toxicity is currently recognized, melamine adulterations of food items are ongoing for falsely inflating the protein content of the food. Melamine alone or in combination with cyanuric acid or uric acid causes nephrotoxicity, and melamine-induced nephrotoxicity is now a global concern. It has been proven that when consumed, melamine is metabolized at a slower rate and excreted unchanged in urine. There is every possibility that when individuals consume melamine-adulterated food items, the melamine may be excreted unchanged in the urine. Therefore, melamine estimation in urine may be a yardstick to check for melamine adulteration of food items. In the present review, recent literature on this subject is analyzed justifying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Rai
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Rajasri Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dorne JL, Doerge DR, Vandenbroeck M, Fink-Gremmels J, Mennes W, Knutsen HK, Vernazza F, Castle L, Edler L, Benford D. Recent advances in the risk assessment of melamine and cyanuric acid in animal feed. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 270:218-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
34
|
Analytical chemistry, toxicology, epidemiology and health impact assessment of melamine in infant formula: Recent progress and developments. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:325-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
35
|
Picomolar melamine enhanced the fluorescence of gold nanoparticles: Spectrofluorimetric determination of melamine in milk and infant formulas using functionalized triazole capped goldnanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
36
|
Hassani S, Tavakoli F, Amini M, Kobarfard F, Nili-Ahmadabadi A, Sabzevari O. Occurrence of melamine contamination in powder and liquid milk in market of Iran. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:413-20. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.761730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
37
|
A Simple HPLC-DAD Method for the Analysis of Melamine in Protein Supplements: Validation Using the Accuracy Profiles. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/239342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study presents a fully validated simple high-performance liquid chromatography method with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), able to accurately determine the melamine, fraudulently added, in protein supplements, commonly used from healthy adults to enhance exercise or sport performance. The validation strategy was intentionally oriented towards routine use and the reliability of the method rather than extreme performance. For this reason, validation by accuracy profile, including estimation of uncertainty, was chosen. This procedure, based on the concept of total error (bias + standard deviation), clearly showed that this method was able to determine melamine over the range of 0.05–3.0 mg Kg−1, selected by taking into account the maximum residue levels (MRLs) proposed by European legislation to distinguish between the unavoidable background presence of melamine and unacceptable adulteration. The accuracy profile procedure established that at least 95% of the future results obtained with the proposed method would be within the ±15% acceptance limits of the validated HPLC-DAD method over the whole defined concentration range.
Collapse
|
38
|
Liu Y, Todd EED, Zhang Q, Shi JR, Liu XJ. Recent developments in the detection of melamine. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2012; 13:525-32. [PMID: 22761244 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there were two reported outbreaks of food borne illness associated with melamine. The presence of melamine and its related compounds in milk, feed, and other foods has resulted in the need for reliable methods for the detection and accurate quantification of this class of contaminants. The sample pretreatment for melamine in a complex matrix usually involves a liquid extraction by a polar solvent, followed by a further clean-up with solid phase extraction. Analyses of melamine and related compounds are commonly carried out by liquid or gas chromatographic methods conjugated with mass spectrometry. Other innovative screening methods, which use antibodies, molecularly imprinted polymers, capillary electrophoresis, and gold nanoparticles, are also used to develop assays and biosensors to melamine. However, many of these methods have been hindered by matrix effects, the solubility of melamine-cyanuric acid complex, and background contamination. This article reviews recent developments for detecting melamine and discusses future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Viñas P, Campillo N, Férez-Melgarejo G, Hernández-Córdoba M. Determination of Melamine and Derivatives in Foods by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Diode Array Detection. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.694941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
40
|
Wu B, Wang Z, Zhao D, Lu X. A novel molecularly imprinted impedimetric sensor for melamine determination. Talanta 2012; 101:374-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
41
|
Hilding-Ohlsson A, Fauerbach JA, Sacco NJ, Bonetto MC, Cortón E. Voltamperometric discrimination of urea and melamine adulterated skimmed milk powder. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 12:12220-34. [PMID: 23112709 PMCID: PMC3478836 DOI: 10.3390/s120912220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen compounds like urea and melamine are known to be commonly used for milk adulteration resulting in undesired intoxication; a well-known example is the Chinese episode occurred in 2008. The development of a rapid, reliable and economic test is of relevance in order to improve adulterated milk identification. Cyclic voltammetry studies using an Au working electrode were performed on adulterated and non-adulterated milk samples from different independent manufacturers. Voltammetric data and their first derivative were subjected to functional principal component analysis (f-PCA) and correctly classified by the KNN classifier. The adulterated and non-adulterated milk samples showed significant differences. Best results of prediction were obtained with first derivative data. Detection limits in milk samples adulterated with 1% of its total nitrogen derived from melamine or urea were as low as 85.0 mg · L(-1) and 121.4 mg · L(-1), respectively. We present this method as a fast and robust screening method for milk adulteration analysis and prevention of food intoxication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hilding-Ohlsson
- Biosensors and Bioanalysis Lab, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (IQUIBICEN, CONICET), CABA 1428, Argentina; E-Mails: (A.H.-O.); (N.J.S.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Jonathan A. Fauerbach
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (CIHIDECAR, CONICET), CABA 1428, Argentina; E-Mail:
| | - Natalia J. Sacco
- Biosensors and Bioanalysis Lab, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (IQUIBICEN, CONICET), CABA 1428, Argentina; E-Mails: (A.H.-O.); (N.J.S.); (M.C.B.)
| | - M. Celina Bonetto
- Biosensors and Bioanalysis Lab, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (IQUIBICEN, CONICET), CABA 1428, Argentina; E-Mails: (A.H.-O.); (N.J.S.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Eduardo Cortón
- Biosensors and Bioanalysis Lab, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (IQUIBICEN, CONICET), CABA 1428, Argentina; E-Mails: (A.H.-O.); (N.J.S.); (M.C.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Filazi A, Sireli UT, Ekici H, Can HY, Karagoz A. Determination of melamine in milk and dairy products by high performance liquid chromatography. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:602-8. [PMID: 22281324 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A simple, precise, accurate, and validated reverse-phase HPLC method was developed for the determination of melamine in milk (pasteurized and UHT milk) and dairy products (powdered infant formula, fruit yogurt, soft cheese, and milk powder). Following extraction with acetonitrile:water (50:50, vol/vol), samples were purified by filter (0.45 μm), separated on a Nucleosil C8 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 3 μm) with acetonitrile:10 mmol/L sodium L-octane sulfonate (pH 3.1; 15:85, vol/vol) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and determined by a photodiode array detector. A linear calibration curve was obtained in the concentration range from 0.05 to 5 mg/kg. Milk and dairy products were fortified with melamine at 4 levels producing average recovery yields of 95 to 109%. The limits of detection and quantification of melamine were 35 to 110 and 105 to 340 μg/kg, respectively. The method was then used to analyze 300 samples of milk and dairy products purchased from major retailers in Turkey. Melamine was not found in infant formulas and pasteurized UHT milk, whereas 2% of cheese, 8% of milk powder, and 44% of yogurt samples contained melamine at the 121, 694±146, and 294±98 μg/kg levels, respectively. These findings were below the limits set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and European Union legislation. This is the first study to confirm the existence of melamine in milk and dairy products in Turkey. Consumption of foods containing these low levels of melamine does not constitute a health risk for consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Filazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara, Turkey 06110.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kokotou MG, Thomaidis NS. Behavior and Retention Models of Melamine and Its Hydrolysis Products. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
44
|
MacMahon S, Begley TH, Diachenko GW, Stromgren SA. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of economically motivated adulteration in protein-containing foods. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1220:101-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
45
|
Zheng XL, Yu BS, Li KX, Dai YN. Determination of melamine in dairy products by HILIC-UV with NH2 column. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
46
|
Zhang† M, Ping† H, Cao X, Li H, Guan F, Sun C, Liu J. Rapid determination of melamine in milk using water-soluble CdTe quantum dots as fluorescence probes. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 29:333-44. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.643459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
47
|
Hon PYT, Chu PWS, Cheng CH, Lee TCL, Chan PK, Cheung STC, Wong YC. Development of melamine certified reference material in milk using two different isotope dilution mass spectrometry techniques. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6907-13. [PMID: 21872867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new certified reference material (CRM) of melamine in milk GLHK-11-02 was developed aiming to address the great demand from the testing community after the melamine crises. The material was prepared by adding an appropriate quantity of melamine into the skimmed milk samples and the final product was in the form of fine lyophilized powder. Characterization of the material relied on two newly developed gravimetric isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) methods, one using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and another gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Experimental parameters with crucial effects on the performance of the two IDMS methods were thoroughly investigated. These included purity of standard used, equilibration time of isotopes, efficiency of extraction methods as well as possible interferences from the matrix and melamine analogues. Precision was found to be excellent with a coefficient of variation of 2.5% for the LC-IDMS/MS (n=46) and 1.9% for the GC-IDMS (n=30) respectively. Using one-tail Student's t-test at 95% confidence interval, analytical data sets generated from the two methods were found to exhibit no significant difference. Measurement accuracy of the methods was further verified through an Asia Pacific Metrology Program (APMP) pilot study. Analytical results of the present LC-IDMS/MS for the two milk test samples at the concentration level of about 0.45 and 3.5 mg kg(-1) were proven to be very good. There were excellent overlaps between our results and the assigned reference values, and the absolute deviation was less than 3.2%. Both the LC-IDMS/MS and GC-IDMS methods were shown to be sufficiently reliable and accurate for certification of the melamine CRM. Certified value of melamine in dry mass fraction in GLHK-11-02 was 1.14 mg kg(-1). Expanded uncertainty due to sample inhomogeneity, long term and short term stability and variability in the characterization procedure was at 7.1% or 0.08 mg kg(-1). The CRM is primarily used to provide a complete method validation for and to improve the technical competence of melamine analysis to food and chemical testing laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Y T Hon
- Analytical and Advisory Services Division, Government Laboratory, 88 Chung Hau Street, Homantin Government Offices, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chao YY, Lee CT, Wei YT, Kou HS, Huang YL. Using an on-line microdialysis/HPLC system for the simultaneous determination of melamine and cyanuric acid in non-dairy creamer. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 702:56-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
49
|
Seiber JN, Kleinschmidt LA. Contributions of pesticide residue chemistry to improving food and environmental safety: past and present accomplishments and future challenges. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7536-43. [PMID: 21473621 DOI: 10.1021/jf103902t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The principles of modern pesticide residue chemistry were articulated in the 1950s. Early authors pointed out the advantages of systematizing and standardizing analytical methods for pesticides so that they could be widely practiced and the results could be reproduced from one laboratory to the next. The availability of improved methods has led to a much more complete understanding of pesticide behavior and fate in foods and the environment. Using methods based largely upon gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled increasingly with mass spectrometry (MS) and MS(n) as the detection tool, residues can be measured at parts per billion levels and below in a variety of food and environmental matrices. Development of efficient extraction and cleanup methods, techniques such as ELISA, efficient sample preparation techniques such as QuEChERS, and automated laboratory and field instrumentation has also contributed to the tools available for use in modern pesticide residue analysis. As a result, great strides have been made in improving food and worker safety and in understanding environmental behavior and fate of pesticides. There are many challenges remaining in the field of pesticide residue chemistry that will continue to stimulate analytical chemists. New chemistries are emerging, often patterned on complex natural products. Analyzing for the parent chemicals and potentially multiple breakdown products will require analytical ingenuity. The development of more sensitive bioassays and knowledge of unintended side effects will challenge residue chemistry as well, as in the case of following the fate of environmental endocrine disruptors associated with some pesticides as well as nonpesticide contaminants from packaging materials and other familiar articles. Continued funding and other resources to ensure better training, international cooperation, and accelerated research and development activities will be a constant need in pesticide residue chemistry as it is for all areas of science that aim to mitigate or eliminate contaminants that can affect human and environmental health and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James N Seiber
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Development of a Specifically Enhanced Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Detection of Melamine in Milk. Molecules 2011. [PMCID: PMC6264244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16075591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) with enhanced specificity for melamine in milk was developed. Three haptens of melamine with different spacer-arms were used to prepare different plate coating antigens. It was found that the icELISA show best sensitivity and specificity to melamine when using the coating antigen prepared by coupling 3-(4,6-diamino-1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylthio)propanoic acid (Hapten C) with ovalbumin (OVA). The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was 35.4 ng·mL−1, the limit of detection (LOD) was 8.9 ng·mL−1 and the detectable working range (20–80% inhibitory concentration) was from 14.9 to 108.5 ng·mL−1, respectively. Compared to the ELISA results previously reported, the developed icELISA in the present study showed a much lower cross-reactivity to cyromazine, a fly-killing insecticide widely used in vegetables and stables. Recoveries obtained from milk samples in this study were in agreement with those obtained using the HPLC-MS method, indicating the detection performance of the icELISA could meet the requirement of the residue limit set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Therefore, the developed immunoassay can be applied for the analysis of melamine presented in milk.
Collapse
|