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Popiolek-Kalisz J, Glibowski P. Apple Peel Supplementation Potential in Metabolic Syndrome Prevention. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030753. [PMID: 36983908 PMCID: PMC10056680 DOI: 10.3390/life13030753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Introduction: Apples are a source of bioactive substances, e.g., anthocyanidins and flavonols, and dietary fiber. Their highest concentrations are observed in the skin. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a set of conditions originally associated with obesity. Excessive adipose tissue accompanying obesity leads to chronic inflammation and metabolic disorders, which result in the development of dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and glucose levels. Thus, supplementation of apple peels, a source of antioxidant substances and fiber, could potentially be a method supporting the prevention of MetS. This paper summarizes the results of available research on the potential impact of apple peel supplementation on the components of MetS. (2) Results: The results from in vitro and animal model studies indicate a positive effect of apple peel supplementation on lipid profile, glucose levels, and blood pressure regulation mediators. Only one human study was performed, and it showed that the consumption of apple peels had an effect on endothelial function but not on other clinical parameters. At the moment, there are no results from observations on large groups of people available. (3) Conclusions: The results of in vitro and animal-model studies indicate the potential of apple peel supplementation in MetS prevention, but it has not been clinically confirmed in human studies. Conducting large human studies could allow a definite clarification of the role of apple peel supplementation in MetS prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Popiolek-Kalisz
- Clinical Dietetics Unit, Department of Bioanalytics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Cardiology, Cardinal Wyszynski Hospital in Lublin, 20-718 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Paweł Glibowski
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
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2
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Rutkowska E, Wołejko E, Kaczyński P, Łuniewski S, Łozowicka B. High and low temperature processing: Effective tool reducing pesticides in/on apple used in a risk assessment of dietary intake protocol. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137498. [PMID: 36495984 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Apples play an important role in everyone's diet and may contain pesticide residues that can pose a significant health problem for consumers. Various technological processes are promising methods for minimizing pesticide concentrations in fruit. Therefore, the subject of this comprehensive study was to investigate the effects of high-temperature (baking) and low-temperature (freeze-drying) processes on the change in the levels of nine fungicides in apples with skin and peeled. The investigated compounds belong to the chemical groups of benzimidazole (thiophanate methyl and carbendazim), phtalimide (captan and their metabolite tetrahydrophtalimid (THPI)), strobilurin (pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin) and triazole (difenoconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole). Processing factors (PF) were calculated for each pesticide-process-product combination. The results show that baking and freeze-drying generally reduced pesticide concentrations, with PFs ranging from 0.31 to 0.81 and 0.26 to 0.68, respectively. Apart from freeze-drying for carbendazim and baking for captan, PFs were above 1. Only for thiophanate-methyl, a complete reduction was observed, which resulted from complete degradation to carbendazim. The study also aimed to assess human risk according to the new strategy for different sub-populations with conversion using the 36 PFs obtained. The highest acute exposure (expressed as %ARfD) was obtained for tebuconazole in raw apples (initial concentration of 1.42 mg/kg; 400% ARfD) for Dutch toddlers. After food processing, this decreased to 284% (0.74 mg/kg, baking) and to 137% (0.37 mg/kg, freeze-drying), but was still above the safety limit. Similarly, for adults and the general French population for tebuconazole, the %ARfD was high as it reached the values of 104% (initial concentration of 0.89 mg/kg) in unprocessed apples, 73.9% after baking (0.73 mg/kg) and 35.6% after freeze-drying (0.35 mg/kg). The results indicate that food processing techniques can potentially be used to minimize the hazardous effects of pesticide residues on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Rutkowska
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Wołejko
- Bialystok University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Wiejska 45, 15-351, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kaczyński
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Stanisław Łuniewski
- The University of Finance and Management, Ciepla 40, 15-472, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland
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3
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Zhao H, Li R, Hu J. Frequently used pesticides and their metabolites residues in apple and apple juice from markets across China: Occurrence and health risk assessment. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Lecerf JM, Périquet A, Carlin F, Lanckriet S, Paris N, Robaglia C, Gleizer B, Belzunces L, Cravedi JP, Calvarin J. Comparison of pesticide residue and specific nutrient levels in peeled and unpeeled apples. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:496-505. [PMID: 36468616 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that the consumption of apples has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases and some cancers, largely as a result of their micronutrient and phytoconstituent contents. Apple peel not only contains more polyphenols than the flesh, but also is likely to contain pesticide residues. The present study aimed to compare the contents of certain micronutrients and residual pesticide levels in peeled and unpeeled apples. RESULTS Peeled apples contained fewer pesticide residues at lower concentrations than unpeeled apples. However, whether samples were peeled or not, the exposure values for pesticide residues in apples never exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI), but ranged between 0.04% and 2.10% of the ADI in adults for food intake estimated at the 95th percentile (277 g per person per day). Determination of polyphenol, fibre, magnesium and vitamin C levels showed that the nutritional differences observed between peeled and unpeeled apples were marginal. CONCLUSION The consumption of apples, such as the apples tested in the present study, results in an exposure to pesticides that is low for unpeeled apples, and lower for peeled apples. Moreover, there was no significant loss of nutritional value from eating peeled apples based on the nutrients investigated. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Lecerf
- Nutrition & Physical Activity Department, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Suzanne Lanckriet
- Nutrition & Physical Activity Department, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Paris
- Optima Europe Statistical Consulting Firm, Floirac, France
| | - Christophe Robaglia
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Biosciences & Biotechnologies Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Plant Genetics & Biophysics Team, Marseille, France
| | | | - Luc Belzunces
- INRAE, Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, UR 0406 A&E, Avignon, France
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Reddy BKK, Bhuvaneswari K, Geetha P, Thamilarasi N, Suganthi A, Paramasivam M. Effect of decontamination and processing on insecticide residues in grape (Muscat Hamburg). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:75790-75804. [PMID: 35661308 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of simple decontamination methods and processing on imidacloprid, dimethoate, and emamectin benzoate residues in grapes and their processed products by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among the decontamination methods evaluated, washing with NaCl (2%) solution was effective for reducing imidacloprid (77.55%), dimethoate (83.27%), and emamectin benzoate (77.28%) residues in mature grapes. No metabolites (omethoate and 6-chloronicotinic acid) were detected in both decontamination and processing studies. The grapes were processed into various products, including fresh juice, squash, and raisin, following the standard effective steps for each product. Washing with NaCl (2%) solution for decontamination was included as an additional step in the standard protocol and resulted in substantial removal of surface residues of the selected insecticides. The processing factor calculated was less than one for all the products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Padmanaban Geetha
- Department of Food Processing, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Natarajan Thamilarasi
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Angappan Suganthi
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Mariappan Paramasivam
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
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Lehel J, Vöröskői P, Palkovics A, Szabó C, Darnay L, Budai P, Laczay P, Lányi K. Farm to table: Residues of different pesticides in tomato and tomato juice - Food safety aspects. Acta Vet Hung 2022; 70:236-244. [PMID: 36129792 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During plant cultivation, the pesticides can get into the tissue of vegetables due to crop protection processes, and thus into the food chain. Therefore, they constitute a potential risk to the consumer's health. Depletion of pesticides [spirotetramat (Movento), azoxystrobin and difenoconazole (Amistar Top)] was monitored by testing tomatoes treated individually or simultaneously and tomato juices prepared from the treated tomatoes. The investigations aimed to reveal any kinetic interaction between the compounds tested and changes in their elimination, and thus to assess their compliance with the official Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). The co-presence of pesticides prolonged the elimination of the individual compounds which reached significantly higher residue levels (P < 0.0001) in tomato, especially difenoconazole (45%) and azoxystrobin (50%) on day 8 after treatment that can cause food safety issues to the human consumers. However, the concentrations of pesticides applied alone or simultaneously were found to be below the corresponding MRL values after the withdrawal period in all investigated tomato and tomato juice samples. Accordingly, the investigated pesticides can be safely used simultaneously, their concentrations are in compliance with the legal regulations and thus their concomitant presence does not pose any risk to the consumers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Lehel
- 1 Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
- 2 National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Vöröskői
- 1 Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Palkovics
- 3 Faculty of Horticulture and Rural Development, John von Neumann University, Kecskemét, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szabó
- 3 Faculty of Horticulture and Rural Development, John von Neumann University, Kecskemét, Hungary
| | - Lívia Darnay
- 1 Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Budai
- 4 Institute of Plant Protection, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Péter Laczay
- 1 Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Lányi
- 1 Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
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Hikino S, Yajima T, Sakasai M, Tomiyama N, Iijima K, Ohyama K. [Separate Analysis of Loquat Fruit Pulp, Peel, and Pits to Calculate Pesticide Residue Levels in the Whole Commodity]. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2022; 63:62-69. [PMID: 35650030 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.63.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of handling "not detectable" residues (ND: <0.01 mg/kg) in the pulp and detectable residues in the pits on the calculation of pesticide residue in the whole fruit, residue levels in the pulp, peel, and pits of loquat fruits were separately analyzed. Following conventional Japanese agricultural practices, 16 pesticides were sprayed at the maximum application rates in three test fields. All target pesticides were detected at quantifiable levels in the peel (n=144). In contrast, the percentages of detected pesticides in the pulp and pits were 42% (n=61) and 36% (n=52), respectively. Most pesticide residues were present in the peel. For comparison, the pesticide residue levels in the whole fruits were determined based on three indices: the highest estimate (H), calculated using the measured residue levels in the pits and by replacing the ND residues in the pulp as the limit of quantification (LOQ) values; conventional estimate (C), calculated by neglecting all residues in the pits (0 mg/kg) and replacing the ND residues in the pulp as LOQ values; and the lowest estimate (L), calculated by neglecting all residues in the pits and the ND residues in the pulp (0 mg/kg). The L/C and H/C ratios ranged from 74% (L/C) to 106% (H/C). In seven of eighty-three cases with less than 90% difference, residue levels in the whole loquat fruits were low (≤0.06 mg/kg), with the actual range being equal to or below the minimum unit of 0.01. In comparison of three field datasets, the range of residue levels was estimated to be 2.77 mg/kg. Based on the results of separate analysis, handling of ND residues in the pulp and detectable residues in the pits did not significantly affect the calculated pesticide residue levels in the whole loquat fruits.
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DEMİRCAN H, SARIOĞLU K, SAĞDIÇ O, ÖZKAN K, KAYACAN S, US AA, ORAL RA. Deer apple (Malus trilobata) fruit grown in the Mediterranean region: identification of some components and pomological features. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.116421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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López-Fernández O, Bohrer BM, Munekata PES, Domínguez R, Pateiro M, Lorenzo JM. Improving oxidative stability of foods with apple-derived polyphenols. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 21:296-320. [PMID: 34897991 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Consumers demand healthy and natural food products. Thus, naturally derived antioxidants are emerging as a promising alternative to the use of present ingredients. Apples and apple derivative products (e.g., apple juice, apple cider, apple sauce, and others) are widely consumed throughout the world for a variety of different reasons and supply a large quantity of polyphenolic compounds. The extraction of polyphenolic compounds from apples and their incorporation into processed foods as naturally sourced ingredients could be a preferred alternative to commonly used commercial antioxidants that are used in many foods. In addition, they could have a positive impact on the environment and on the economy due to the utilization of byproducts generated during processing of apples, like apple pomace. In terms of the extraction procedures for the antioxidant compounds found in apples, the most efficient processes are methods that use ultrasound as the extraction tool. With this technique, greater yields are achieved, and less extraction time is required when compared with other, more conventional, extraction methods. However, parameters such as the extraction solvent, temperature during extraction, and extraction time must be suitably optimized in order to obtain the best performance and the highest antioxidant capacity. From an application standpoint, the use of apple-derived polyphenol extracts as a naturally derived food additive has documented applications for bread, meat, fish, cookies, and juices and there is evidence of increased antioxidant capacity, reduced rate of lipid oxidation, and increased storage time without compromising on sensory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin M Bohrer
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Mirian Pateiro
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
| | - José Manuel Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Ourense, Spain.,Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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10
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Xu G, Jia X, Li J, Kuang L, Li H, Dong F. Enantioselective fate of famoxadone during processing of apple cider and grape wine. Chirality 2021; 33:134-142. [PMID: 33460199 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Famoxadone enantiomers were separated on Lux Amylose-1 chiral column and determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The half-lives of R-(-)-famoxadone and S-(+)-famoxadone were 69.3 and 86.6 h in apple cider, 231.0 and 346.5 h in apple pomace, 69.3 and 77.0 h in grape wine, and 231.0 and 346.5 h in grape pomace, respectively. The enantiomeric fraction (EF) values decreased gradually from 0.498, 0.499, and 0.500 (0 h) to 0.404, 0.374, and 0.427 (144 h) and then increased gradually to 0.474, 0.427, and 0.422 (312 h) in apple cider, grape wine, and grape pomace. The EF value in apple pomace decreased gradually from 0.499 (0 h) to 0.450 (168 h) and then increased gradually to 0.482 (312 h). The processing factors (PFs) for famoxadone ranged from 0.014 to 0.024 in the overall process. The residue of famoxadone reduced 94.7-97.4% after the fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Xu
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
| | - Xiaohui Jia
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
| | - Jing Li
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
| | - Lixue Kuang
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
| | - Haifei Li
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wang SY, Shi XC, Liu FQ, Laborda P. Chromatographic Methods for Detection and Quantification of Carbendazim in Food. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11880-11894. [PMID: 33059442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbendazim (CBZ), which is a fungicide widely used for the management of plant diseases, has been detected in a number of food products. The negative effects of CBZ to human health have stimulated the reduction of the maximum residue limits (MRLs), and subsequently the development of reliable and sensitive detection methods. Here, we are reviewing for the first time all reported chromatographic methods for the detection and quantification of CBZ in food. Several techniques, including liquid chromatography (LC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), were used for the separation and detection of CBZ, showing diverse characteristics and sensitivity. Some methods allowed the specific determination of CBZ, whereas other methods were successfully applied for the simultaneous quantification of a huge number of pesticides. Most reported methods showed limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) lower than the MRLs. Relevant efforts in the field have been directed toward the simplification and optimization of the extraction steps prior to the chromatographic separation to increase the recovery and reduce the matrix effects. In this Review, the matrices, extraction procedures, and separation and detection parameters are detailed and compared in order to provide new insights on the development of new reliable methods for the detection of CBZ in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Chi Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Quan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Pedro Laborda
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
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12
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Wang N, Zhao S, Long X, Gong J, Sui C, Zhang Y, Chen L, Hu D. Determination, risk assessment and processing factors for pyridaben in field-incurred kiwifruit samples. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:613-619. [PMID: 32308122 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1753458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Field trials in six agricultural sites were carried out to investigate the dissipation and residue levels of pyridaben in kiwifruit. Each sample was extracted with acetonitrile, purified with octadecylsilane and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method had good linearity (R2 > 0.99), accuracy (recoveries of 78.53-98.00%) and precision (relative standard deviation of 0.86-6.11%). The dissipation of pyrdaben in kiwifruit followed first-order kinetics with a half-life < 8 d, and terminal residues in kiwifruit were lower than 0.5 mg/kg after 14 d of application. Risk assessment indicated that both chronic and acute dietary intake risk values were far below 100%, suggesting that pyridaben residues in kiwifruit were relatively safe to humans. Moreover, the effects of traditional household processes on kiwifruit were investigated. The processing factors (PFs) indicated that peeling and peeling-juicing processes could remove pyridaben residues from kiwifruit, and the former was more effective than the latter (PF at 0.15 vs. 0.51). Nevertheless, drying kiwifruit with an oven increased the amount of pyridaben (PF at 1.05). These results could provide guidance for the safe and reasonable use of pyridaben in agriculture and may be helpful for the Chinese government to determine maximum residue limit of pyridaben in kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niao Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Long
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Gong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Changling Sui
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingzhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Z, Zhao H, Shen Q, Qi P, Wang X, Xu H, Di S, Wang Z. High‐throughput determination of fungicides in grapes using thin‐film microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1558-1565. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zong‐hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University Nanjing P. R. China
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural ProductsZhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Hui‐yu Zhao
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural ProductsZhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Qian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Pei‐pei Qi
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural ProductsZhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xin‐quan Wang
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural ProductsZhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural ProductsZhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Shan‐shan Di
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural ProductsZhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Zhi‐wei Wang
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural ProductsZhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou P. R. China
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Wanwimolruk C, Phopin K, Wanwimolruk S. Food safety in Thailand 6: How to eat guava fruits safely? Effects of washing and peeling on removing pesticide residues in guava fruits. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chonthicha Wanwimolruk
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and InnovationMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Kamonrat Phopin
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and InnovationMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical TechnologyMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Sompon Wanwimolruk
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and InnovationMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
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Jiang W, Chen X, Liu F, Pan C. Residue Distribution, Dissipation Behavior, and Removal of Four Fungicide Residues on Harvested Apple after Waxing Treatment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2307-2312. [PMID: 30735378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The residue distribution and dissipation of pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, cyprodinil, and kresoxim-methyl, which were introduced during postharvest waxing treatments of apples, were investigated. In addition, different residue removal methods were tested for the four fungicides in apples, and the removal efficiencies were compared. A multiresidue analytical method was developed based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method (QuEChERS) for the determination of the fungicide residues in apples. The dissipation study demonstrated that there was no significant change of fungicide residue magnitude during a 40-day storage process under ambient temperature. The fungicide residues in apples by wax treatment were shown to be very much stable. The results of residue distribution study demonstrated that waxing treatment may help to reduce the risk of pesticide when only the pulp was consumed. In the residue removal study, results suggested that higher temperature and the addition of acetic acid can improve the residue removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Jiang
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Xiaochu Chen
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Fengmao Liu
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Canping Pan
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
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The dissipation of thiamethoxam and its main metabolite clothianidin during strawberry growth and jam-making process. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15242. [PMID: 30323350 PMCID: PMC6189094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33334-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies focused on the residue of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin on strawberry where it is widely used, despite this is essential to assess the potential food risk of thiamethoxam and its main metabolite clothianidin. In this study, the dissipation of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin during strawberry growth and jam-making process were assessed. The strawberry was sprayed with thiamethoxam based on the field application to investigate the dissipation of thiamethoxam as well as clothianidin formation. The half-life of thiamethoxam in strawberry was 9.0 days and the concentration of clothianidin in strawberry gradually increased from 0.55 to 11 μg/kg within 30 days. In addition, the amount of thiamethoxam decreased by 51.7% and clothianidin decreased by 40.2% during the homogenization process. The processing factor values of whole processing all less than 1 except simmering. This results from this study will not only help to understand the dissipation kinetics of thiamethoxam and clothianidin in the strawberry, but also facilitate to make more accurate risk assessments of them during strawberry jam making process.
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Chung SW. How effective are common household preparations on removing pesticide residues from fruit and vegetables? A review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:2857-2870. [PMID: 29222908 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the use of pesticides is inevitable for pest control in crops, especially for fruit and vegetables. After the harvest from raw agricultural commodities, the amount of pesticide residues in food is mainly influenced by the storage, handling and processing that follow. If good agricultural and good manufacturing practices are enforced effectively, the amount of pesticide residues would be brought below the corresponding maximum residue level. Thus, the consumption of raw and/or prepared fruit and vegetables would be safe. Nonetheless, reports regarding pesticide residues in fruit or vegetables on mass media have been worrying consumers, who are concerned about the adverse effects of pesticide residues. As a result, consumers perform household processing before consumption to reduce any related risks. However, can these preparations effectively remove pesticide residues? Reviewing the extensive literature, it showed that, in most cases, washing and soaking can only lead to a certain degree of reduction in residue level, while other processing such as peeling, soaking in chemical baths and blanching can reduce pesticide residues more effectively. In general, the behaviour of residues during processing can be rationalised in terms of the physico-chemical properties of the pesticide and the nature of the process. In contrast, the reported studies are diversified and some areas still lack sufficient studies to draw any remarks. Recommendations are provided with respect to the available information that aims to formulate an environmental friendly, cost-effective and efficient household processing of fruit and vegetables to reduce pesticide residues. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wc Chung
- Food Research Laboratory, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Hong Kong
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Guo J, Li M, Liu Y, Wang F, Kong Z, Sun Y, Lu J, Jin N, Huang Y, Liu J, Francis F, Fan B. Residue and Dietary Risk Assessment of Chiral Cyflumetofen in Apple. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051060. [PMID: 29724046 PMCID: PMC6099807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultra-performance convergence chromatography is an environmentally-friendly analytical method that uses dramatically reduced amounts of organic solvents. In addition, a robust and highly sensitive chiral separation method was developed for the novel chiral acaricide cyflumetofen by using ultra-performance convergence chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, which shows that stereoisomer recoveries determined for various apple parts ranged from 78.3% to 119.9%, with the relative standard deviations being lower than 14.0%. The half-lives of (−)-cyflumetofen and (+)-cyflumetofen obtained under 5-fold applied dosage equal to 22.13 and 22.23 days, respectively. For 1.5-fold applied dosage, the respective values were determined as 22.42 and 23.64 days, i.e., the degradation of (−)-cyflumetofen was insignificantly favored over that of its enantiomer. Importantly, cyflumetofen was unevenly distributed in apples, with its relative contents in apple peel, peduncle, and pomace equal to 50%, 22%, and 16%, respectively. The proposed method can be used to efficiently separate and quantify chiral pesticide with advantages of a shorter analysis time, greater sensitivity, and better environmental compatibility. Additionally, the consumption of apples with residue of cyflumetofen did not pose a health risk to the population if the cyflumetofen applied under satisfactory agricultural practices after the long-term dietary risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process/Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Minmin Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process/Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio-Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Yongguo Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process/Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Kong
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process/Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yufeng Sun
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process/Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jia Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process/Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Nuo Jin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process/Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yatao Huang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process/Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiameng Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process/Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio-Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Bei Fan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process/Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
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Wanwimolruk S, Duangsuwan W, Phopin K, Boonpangrak S. Food safety in Thailand 5: the effect of washing pesticide residues found in cabbages and tomatoes. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-017-1116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Han Y, Song L, An Q, Pan C. Removal of six pesticide residues in cowpea with alkaline electrolysed water. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2333-2338. [PMID: 27633686 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduction of six pesticide residues (isoprocarb, chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin, beta-cypermethrin, difenoconazole and azoxystrobin) in cowpea by alkaline electrolysed water (AlEW) solutions with different pH was investigated. The commonly used washing treatments in household processing were used for comparison. RESULTS The residue magnitudes were determined by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Results showed that the removal effect of AlEW solution on the six pesticides was superior to tap water, 5% sodium chloride, 5% sodium carbonate and 5% acetic acid solution. AlEW with pH 12.2 had more potential to eliminate the six pesticides in cowpeas. Moreover, the reduction of pesticide residues gradually increased with the increase of washing time. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that AlEW solution with pH of 12.2 could be used to reduce pesticide residues on fresh cowpea samples. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
| | - Le Song
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
| | - Quanshun An
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
| | - Canping Pan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
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Amirahmadi M, Kobarfard F, Pirali-Hamedani M, Yazdanpanah H, Rastegar H, Shoeibi S, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Effect of Iranian traditional cooking on fate of pesticides in white rice. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1301956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Amirahmadi
- Food and Drug Reference Control Laboratories Center, Food and Drug Organization, MOH & ME, Tehran, Iran,
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, MOH & ME, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Morteza Pirali-Hamedani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Hassan Yazdanpanah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, and
| | - Hossein Rastegar
- Food and Drug Reference Control Laboratories Center, Food and Drug Organization, MOH & ME, Tehran, Iran,
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, MOH & ME, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Shahram Shoeibi
- Food and Drug Reference Control Laboratories Center, Food and Drug Organization, MOH & ME, Tehran, Iran,
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, MOH & ME, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Phopin K, Wanwimolruk S, Prachayasittikul V. Food safety in Thailand. 3: Pesticide residues detected in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), queen of fruits. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:832-840. [PMID: 27185538 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For developing countries like Thailand, regulation of pesticide usage exists, but it is not fully enforced. Therefore, pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits have not been well monitored. This study aimed to determine the pesticide residues in mangosteen fruits sold in Thailand. The mangosteen samples (n = 111) were purchased and the contents of 28 pesticides were analysed by GC-MS/MS method. RESULTS Of the pesticides tested, eight were found in 100% of the mangosteen samples. However, in 97% of these samples, either chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, metalaxyl or profenofos was detected exceeding their maximum residue limits (MRLs), representing a 97% rate of pesticide detection above the MRL. This rate is much higher than those found in other fruits sold in developed countries. However, this conclusion excludes the fresh Thai mangosteens grown for export, as these are generally cultivated and harvested to GAP standards. Since the edible part of the mangosteen is the pulp, washing the fruits with running water can reduce the risk of pesticide residues contaminating the pulp which would be eaten by the consumer. CONCLUSION The findings strongly suggest that routine monitoring of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables is required to reduce the health risks associated with consuming contaminated food. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonrat Phopin
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Sompon Wanwimolruk
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Virapong Prachayasittikul
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
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Abolaji AO, Awogbindin IO, Adedara IA, Farombi EO. Insecticide chlorpyrifos and fungicide carbendazim, common food contaminants mixture, induce hepatic, renal, and splenic oxidative damage in female rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:483-493. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327116652459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The fungicide carbendazim (CBZ) and insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) are currently applied together by farmers for the control of pests. Here, we investigated the impacts of 7 days oral co-exposure to 10 mg/kg body weight of CPF and 50 mg/kg body weight of CBZ on selected oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers in the liver, kidney, and spleen of female rats. The results showed that while the body weight gain and relative organ weights were not significantly affected after separate exposure to CPF and CBZ, there was a significant decrease in the body weight gain with concomitant increases in the relative kidney and spleen weights of rats treated with the mixture. Also, CPF and CBZ co-exposure significantly increased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine ( p < 0.05) when compared with the groups treated with CBZ or CPF alone and the control. The significant decreases in both antioxidant enzymes activities and nonenzymatic antioxidant level following individual administration of CPF and CBZ to rats were intensified in the co-exposure group ( p < 0.05). Additionally, the marked increases in the levels of oxidative stress indices in liver, kidney, and spleen of rats treated with CPF or CBZ alone were intensified in the co-exposure group ( p < 0.05). Histopathologically, co-exposure to CPF and CBZ exacerbates their individual effects on the liver, kidney, and spleen. These findings showed that co-exposure to CPF and CBZ in rats elicited more severe oxidative damage on the liver, kidney, and spleen of the rats, indicative of an additive effect compared to CPF or CBZ alone and as such, may pose a greater environmental risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- AO Abolaji
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - IO Awogbindin
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - IA Adedara
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - EO Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Li M, Liu Y, Fan B, Lu J, He Y, Kong Z, Zhu Y, Jian Q, Wang F. A chemometric processing-factor-based approach to the determination of the fates of five pesticides during apple processing. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gerbig S, Brunn HE, Spengler B, Schulz S. Spatially resolved investigation of systemic and contact pesticides in plant material by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI). Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7379-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Lozowicka B. Health risk for children and adults consuming apples with pesticide residue. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 502:184-198. [PMID: 25260164 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pesticide residues in apples raises serious health concerns, especially when the fresh fruits are consumed by children, particularly vulnerable to the pesticide hazards. This study demonstrates the results from nine years of investigation (2005-2013) of 696 samples of Polish apples for 182 pesticides using gas and liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric techniques. Only 33.5% of the samples did not contain residues above the limit of detection. In 66.5% of the samples, 34 pesticides were detected, of which maximum residue level (MRL) was exceeded in 3%. Multiple residues were present in 35% of the samples with two to six pesticides, and one sample contained seven compounds. A study of the health risk for children, adults and the general population consuming apples with these pesticides was performed. The pesticide residue data have been combined with the consumption of apples in the 97.5 percentile and the mean diet. A deterministic model was used to assess the chronic and acute exposures that are based on the average and high concentrations of residues. Additionally, the "worst-case scenario" and "optimistic case scenario" were used to assess the chronic risk. In certain cases, the total dietary pesticide intake calculated from the residue levels observed in apples exceeds the toxicological criteria. Children were the group most exposed to the pesticides, and the greatest short-term hazard stemmed from flusilazole at 624%, dimethoate at 312%, tebuconazole at 173%, and chlorpyrifos methyl and captan with 104% Acute Reference Dose (ARfD) each. In the cumulative chronic exposure, among the 17 groups of compounds studied, organophosphate insecticides constituted 99% acceptable daily intake (ADI). The results indicate that the occurrence of pesticide residues in apples could not be considered a serious public health problem. Nevertheless, an investigation into continuous monitoring and tighter regulation of pesticide residues is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Lozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Chełmońskiego 22, Bialystok PL 15195, Poland.
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Kovacova J, Kocourek V, Kohoutkova J, Lansky M, Hajslova J. Production of apple-based baby food: changes in pesticide residues. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1089-99. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.912356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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The fate of spirotetramat and its metabolite spirotetramat-enol in apple samples during apple cider processing. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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