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Mofokeng NN, Madikizela LM, Tiggelman I, Chimuka L. Emerging contaminants as unintentional substances in paper and board: A case of unexpected pharmaceuticals detection in the paper recycling chain. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134419. [PMID: 38691993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The contamination of paper products by various chemicals has been reported on a global level, but to date, no published research has investigated pharmaceutical contamination of paper-based products. In this study, pharmaceutical analysis was conducted on 42 samples collected from various points of the recycled paper value chain in Cape Town, South Africa, which included the various grades that may be included in the manufacturing of recycled paperboard. The analysis was achieved by ultrasonic-assisted extraction of paper samples before detection by UHPLC-Q Orbitrap. Quantification limits ranged from 1.15 pg/g for ketoprofen to 46.07 pg/g for methocarbamol. Pharmaceuticals identified in newspaper samples were dexamethasone, ketoprofen, and 17β-estradiol. The latter was also detected in paper shopping bags (up to 697.49 ng/g), infant bathtub packaging (280.62 ng/g), battery packaging (137.43 ng/g), and an egg carton (170.47 ng/g). Carbamazepine was also prominent with its concentration reaching 13.02 ng/g in a vegetable box. Suspect screening tentatively identified 14 additional pharmaceuticals in paper samples, with minocycline, prazepam, and anabolic steroids appearing more prominently. This pioneering study indicated that unintentional pharmaceutical exposure had expanded beyond environmental media to consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nondumiso N Mofokeng
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; Mpact Operations Pty (Ltd), Innovation, Research & Development, Devon Valley Road, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Lawrence M Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 28 Pioneer Ave, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa.
| | - Ineke Tiggelman
- Mpact Operations Pty (Ltd), Innovation, Research & Development, Devon Valley Road, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
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2
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Muncke J, Andersson AM, Backhaus T, Belcher SM, Boucher JM, Carney Almroth B, Collins TJ, Geueke B, Groh KJ, Heindel JJ, von Hippel FA, Legler J, Maffini MV, Martin OV, Peterson Myers J, Nadal A, Nerin C, Soto AM, Trasande L, Vandenberg LN, Wagner M, Zimmermann L, Thomas Zoeller R, Scheringer M. A vision for safer food contact materials: Public health concerns as drivers for improved testing. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108161. [PMID: 37758599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCMs) and food contact articles are ubiquitous in today's globalized food system. Chemicals migrate from FCMs into foodstuffs, so called food contact chemicals (FCCs), but current regulatory requirements do not sufficiently protect public health from hazardous FCCs because only individual substances used to make FCMs are tested and mostly only for genotoxicity while endocrine disruption and other hazard properties are disregarded. Indeed, FCMs are a known source of a wide range of hazardous chemicals, and they likely contribute to highly prevalent non-communicable diseases. FCMs can also include non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), which often are unknown and therefore not subject to risk assessment. To address these important shortcomings, we outline how the safety of FCMs may be improved by (1) testing the overall migrate, including (unknown) NIAS, of finished food contact articles, and (2) expanding toxicological testing beyond genotoxicity to multiple endpoints associated with non-communicable diseases relevant to human health. To identify mechanistic endpoints for testing, we group chronic health outcomes associated with chemical exposure into Six Clusters of Disease (SCOD) and we propose that finished food contact articles should be tested for their impacts on these SCOD. Research should focus on developing robust, relevant, and sensitive in-vitro assays based on mechanistic information linked to the SCOD, e.g., through Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) or Key Characteristics of Toxicants. Implementing this vision will improve prevention of chronic diseases that are associated with hazardous chemical exposures, including from FCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Dept. of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet and Centre for Research and Research Training in Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Scott M Belcher
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Frank A von Hippel
- Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Juliette Legler
- Dept. of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Olwenn V Martin
- Plastic Waste Innovation Hub, Department of Arts and Science, University College London, UK
| | - John Peterson Myers
- Dept. of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Environmental Health Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Angel Nadal
- IDiBE and CIBERDEM, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Dept. of Analytical Chemistry, I3A, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M Soto
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Centre Cavaillès, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- College of Global Public Health and Grossman School of Medicine and Wagner School of Public Service, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Wagner
- Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Ji X, Liang J, Liu J, Shen J, Li Y, Wang Y, Jing C, Mabury SA, Liu R. Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity of Commercial Photoinitiators. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11704-11717. [PMID: 37515552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Photoinitiators (PIs) are a family of anthropogenic chemicals used in polymerization systems that generate active substances to initiate polymerization reactions under certain radiations. Although polymerization is considered a green method, its wide application in various commercial products, such as UV-curable inks, paints, and varnishes, has led to ubiquitous environmental issues caused by PIs. In this study, we present an overview of the current knowledge on the environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity of PIs and provide suggestions for future research based on numerous available studies. The residual concentrations of PIs in commercial products, such as food packaging materials, are at microgram per gram levels. The migration of PIs from food packaging materials to foodstuffs has been confirmed by more than 100 reports of food contamination caused by PIs. Furthermore, more than 20 PIs have been detected in water, sediment, sewage sludge, and indoor dust collected from Asia, the United States, and Europe. Human internal exposure was also confirmed by the detection of PIs in serum. In addition, PIs were present in human breast milk, indicating that breastfeeding is an exposure pathway for infants. Among the most available studies, benzophenone is the dominant congener detected in the environment and humans. Toxicity studies of PIs reveal multiple toxic end points, such as carcinogenicity and endocrine-disrupting effects. Future investigations should focus on synergistic/antagonistic toxicity effects caused by PIs coexposure and metabolism/transformation pathways of newly identified PIs. Furthermore, future research should aim to develop "greener" PIs with high efficiency, low migration, and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Ji
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiefeng Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiale Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yiling Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chuanyong Jing
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Runzeng Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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4
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Bandara R, Indunil G. Food packaging from recycled papers: chemical, physical, optical properties and heavy metal migration. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10959. [PMID: 36267374 PMCID: PMC9576889 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Paper recycling is a viable option for wastepaper management. This study assessed the suitability of recycled papers as a food packaging material. Permanence and durability of three different recycled papers; R1:150 GSM, R2:120 GSM, and R3:100 GSM with aging were evaluated using standard methods. Eventhough opacity increased with aging grammage, burst strength, tensile strength, pH, brightness, and whiteness decreased. Recycled papers failed water absorptiveness test even before aging. Presence of heavy metals in recycled papers were compared with food packaging standards and migration of heavy metals from the packaging to different food types was assessed. Presence of Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cd and Pb were below EC and EPA standards but only Pb and Cd exceeded the EU standard. Migration of Cu, Zn, Mn and Cr were within EPA, EU and EC standards except Pb and Cd with respect to EC standard. Highest migration is associated with foods contain more fatty acids; fast food, sausages and pizza.
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5
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Gkrillas A, Dirven H, Papadopoulou E, Andreassen M, Hjertholm H, Husøy T. Exposure estimates of phthalates and DINCH from foods and personal care products in comparison with biomonitoring data in 24-hour urine from the Norwegian EuroMix biomonitoring study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 155:106598. [PMID: 33957536 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are diesters of phthalic acid and have been widely used as plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics. Phthalates are also used as excipients in pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PCPs). Phthalates can migrate from the plastic into the air, water and food, and humans can be exposed via multiple pathways such as dermal, oral and inhalation. There is evidence that phthalates can induce reproductive and developmental toxicity not only in experimental animals but also in humans through disruption of estrogenic activity. The aim of this study was to collect concentration data on five phthalates in foods and PCPs from the scientific literature and combine these with food consumption data and PCP use frequency data from the EuroMix biomonitoring (BM) study in order to assess exposure. Probabilistic exposure assessments of phthalates were performed from foods and PCPs. Due to the very limited data available in the literature for DINCH, an exposure assessment was not carried out for this compound. The food groups with the highest contribution to phthalates exposure were: beverages, dairy, bread and meat products. The exposure estimates were compared with the measured phthalate metabolite levels from 24-hour urine samples. Regarding the oral route, measured phthalate exposure was between the lower bound (LB) and medium bound (MB) estimated exposure for all phthalates, except for DEP. The measured exposure from urine correlated with the estimated exposure from food for DEHP and DBP, while for BBP and DEP it correlated with the exposure estimates from PCPs. There were no significant differences between the BM data and the estimated exposure, except for DINP for males (p = 0.01). The LB and MB phthalate exposures estimated from foods and PCPs and the measured exposure from the urine were considerably lower than their respective tolerable daily intake (TDI) values established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). For the upper bound (UB), the exposure estimates are approximately double the TDI; however, this is regarded as a worst-case estimate and has low correlation with the measured exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gkrillas
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - H Dirven
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - E Papadopoulou
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - M Andreassen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - H Hjertholm
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - T Husøy
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway.
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6
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Urbelis JH, Cooper JR. Migration of food contact substances into dry foods: A review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1044-1073. [PMID: 33905306 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1905188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of the literature was performed on migration of substances from packaging materials into dry foods, specifically those with surfaces containing no free fats or oils. Historically, migration from food packaging to dry foods has been assumed to be minimal. However, several recent publications have reported concentrations of migrants into dry foods that are substantially higher than anticipated. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of recent studies that examined migration to dry foods or dry food simulants, observe and assess common migrants, and report the highest migration values. Focusing on the packaging materials and migrants that exhibit the highest migration values, this review divided the studies into two categories: 1) analysis of food products in commercial packaging taken directly from grocery store shelves, and 2) analysis of food products and food simulants in contact with packaging or other material fortified with known quantities of a migrant. Discussions include the examination of migration testing methods, viability of different food simulants, and variables that affect migration behaviour. These include the physicochemical properties of both the migrant and food (i.e. volatility, molecular size, structure, food composition and particle size) and factors pertaining to the packaging material and the environment (i.e. temperature, humidity, and the presence of a secondary barrier). Information gaps and remaining questions are also identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Urbelis
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jessica R Cooper
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), College Park, MD, USA
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7
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Carlos KS, de Jager LS, Begley TH. Determination of phthalate concentrations in paper-based fast food packaging available on the U.S. market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:501-512. [PMID: 33493086 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1859623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are one of many chemical compounds that are used as plasticisers. Packaging can transfer plasticisers to the surfaces of foods or other materials. A recent study suggested a link between fast food consumption and increased urine phthalate metabolites even though phthalates are most commonly found in food contact materials made of PVC while fast food packaging is most commonly composed of paper and paper board. Phthalates in PVC are usually present in percent concentrations. In non-PVC food contact materials, such as paper or paperboard, the concentrations, if any, are expected to be significantly lower which can greatly impact the analytical method used for their determination. Due to the widespread use of plasticised PVC in many commercial applications, background concentrations of phthalates are a concern for trace concentration analyses and background contamination must be avoided when performing these analyses. A glassware cleaning method was developed and a solvent extraction with dichloromethane and hexane was used to extract phthalates from paper-based food packaging. The extracts were then analysed using a GC-MS/MS. The minimum reporting concentrations for the method were determined to be 0.10-0.40 µg/g depending on the phthalate investigated. Phthalate concentrations in several different non-PVC printed and unprinted packaging are presented. Of the 54 packaging samples tested, 10 samples contained no reportable concentrations of any of the 6 phthalates investigated. Of those that were reportable, all measured lower than 10 µg/g and in fact, most had concentrations less than 1 µg/g. These data demonstrate that phthalates from fast food packaging do not significantly contribute to overall consumer exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Carlos
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lowri S de Jager
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Timothy H Begley
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
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8
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Blanco-Zubiaguirre L, Zabaleta I, Prieto A, Olivares M, Zuloaga O, Elizalde MP. Migration of photoinitiators, phthalates and plasticizers from paper and cardboard materials into different simulants and foodstuffs. Food Chem 2020; 344:128597. [PMID: 33214042 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The migration of photoinitiators, phthalates and plasticizers from two paper and cardboard materials into food simulants (50% and 95% EtOH and Tenax) and foodstuffs (rice, cereals and milk powder) was studied. In the case of liquid simulants migration was observed to reach the equilibrium after 60 min and depended on the material type and the physicochemical parameters of the migrants, whereas the temperature (room temperature and 60 °C) did not show significant effects. The study of migration of the compounds from a baking paper to Tenax at high temperatures (150 and 250 °C) evidenced an increment of migration when increasing temperature, except for the most volatile analytes. Finally, the migration to foodstuffs was studied using fully validated analytical protocols. Overall, the comparison of the migration rates demonstrated that Tenax was adequate for the simulation of the migration to rice and cereals, but underestimated the migration to infant milk powder, for which 95% EtOH resulted a more suitable simulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Blanco-Zubiaguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - I Zabaleta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - A Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia, Spain
| | - M Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia, Spain
| | - O Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia, Spain
| | - M P Elizalde
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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Dey A, Dhumal CV, Sengupta P, Kumar A, Pramanik NK, Alam T. Challenges and possible solutions to mitigate the problems of single-use plastics used for packaging food items: a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 58:3251-3269. [PMID: 34366444 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Single-use plastic (SUP) being a versatile material, is adopted as an alternate to traditional materials specifically for the use in food packaging due to its inherent characteristics like high durability, inertness, and protecting ability but has become a curse for living being today due to its random usage and unplanned rejection to nature. Mostly plastics used in packaging of beverages, fresh meats, fruits and vegetables are under concern today. Single-use packages result in generation of several billion tons of garbage till date, which pollutes the environment. At the immediate past, it has come to light that micro plastics obtained due to slow degradation of SUP present in oceans, are also being consumed by marine organisms such as fishes and shellfish species which disturbs the marine life extensively. Hence, finding right strategy to mitigate the plastic waste related issues has becoming inevitable today. This review paper briefs various strategies undertaken worldwide to mitigate the pollution due to generation of plastic waste. Various notable impact of adopted strategies and recent innovations to replace the SUP products are also discussed and in view of this a roadmap is also suggested which can be used to achieve the milestone of Zero Plastic Waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Dey
- Indian Institute of Packaging, Plot E-2 M.I.D.C. Area, Andheri East, Mumbai, 400093 Maharashtra India
| | - Chanda Vilas Dhumal
- Indian Institute of Packaging, Plot E-2 M.I.D.C. Area, Andheri East, Mumbai, 400093 Maharashtra India
| | - Priyanka Sengupta
- Indian Institute of Packaging, Plot E-2 M.I.D.C. Area, Andheri East, Mumbai, 400093 Maharashtra India
| | - Arushi Kumar
- Indian Institute of Packaging, Plot E-2 M.I.D.C. Area, Andheri East, Mumbai, 400093 Maharashtra India
| | - Nilay Kanti Pramanik
- Indian Institute of Packaging, Plot E-2 M.I.D.C. Area, Andheri East, Mumbai, 400093 Maharashtra India
| | - Tanweer Alam
- Indian Institute of Packaging, Plot E-2 M.I.D.C. Area, Andheri East, Mumbai, 400093 Maharashtra India
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10
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Fengler R, Gruber L. Migration and permeation of mineral oil components from paper-based food contact materials into foods – A critical comparison of analytical methods. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Interpretation of the migration of benzophenone type photoinitiators into different food simulants and foodstuffs in terms of the physicochemical properties of the migrants. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Blanco-Zubiaguirre L, Zabaleta I, Usobiaga A, Prieto A, Olivares M, Zuloaga O, Elizalde M. Target and suspect screening of substances liable to migrate from food contact paper and cardboard materials using liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2020; 208:120394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Li W, Ji P, Zhou Q, Hua C, Han C. Insights into the Synergistic Biodegradation of Waste Papers Using a Combination of Thermostable Endoglucanase and Cellobiohydrolase from Chaetomium thermophilum. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:49-54. [PMID: 29192396 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-0043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis is considered an efficient and environmental strategy for the degradation of organic waste materials. Compared to mesophilic cellulases, thermostable cellulases with considerable activity are more advantageous in waste paper hydrolysis, particularly in terms of their participation in synergistic action. In this study, the synergistic effect of two different types of thermostable Chaetomium thermophilum cellulases, the endoglucanase CTendo45 and the cellobiohydrolase CtCel6, on five common kinds of waste papers was investigated. CtCel6 significantly enhanced the bioconversion process, and CTendo45 synergistically increased the degradation, with a maximum degree of synergistic effect of 1.67 when the mass ratio of CTendo45/CtCel6 was 5:3. The synergistic degradation products of each paper material were also determined. Additionally, the activities of CTendo45 and CtCel6 were found to be insensitive to various metals at 2 mM and 10 mM ion concentrations. This study gives an initial insight into a satisfactory synergistic effect of C. thermophilum thermostable cellulases for the hydrolysis of different paper materials, which provides a potential combination of enzymes for industrial applications, including environmentally friendly waste management and cellulosic ethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Li
- Department of Mycology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Mycology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Qinzheng Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chengyao Hua
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Mycology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China. .,College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China.
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Weber S, Schrag K, Mildau G, Kuballa T, Walch SG, Lachenmeier DW. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons (MOSH) and Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons (MOAH)-A Short Review. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2018; 13:1177390118777757. [PMID: 29887729 PMCID: PMC5989051 DOI: 10.1177/1177390118777757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mineral oils (such as paraffinum liquidum or white oil), which consist of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH), are widely applied in various consumer products such as medicines and cosmetics. Contamination of food with mineral oil may occur by migration of mineral oil containing products from packaging materials, or during the food production process, as well as by environmental contamination during agricultural production. Considerable analytical interest was initiated by the potential adverse health effects, especially carcinogenic effects of some aromatic hydrocarbons. This article reviews the history of mineral oil analysis, starting with gravimetric and photometric methods, followed by on-line-coupled liquid chromatography with gas chromatography and flame ionization detection (LC-GC-FID), which still is considered as gold standard for MOSH-MOAH analysis. Comprehensive tables of applications in the fields of cosmetics, foods, food contact materials, and living organisms are provided. Further methods including GCxGC-MS methods are reviewed, which may be suitable for confirmation of LC-GC-FID results and identification of compound classes. As alternative to chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has recently been suggested for MOSH-MOAH analysis, especially with the possibility of detecting only the toxicologically relevant aromatic rings. Furthermore, NMR may offer potential as rapid screening especially with low-field instruments usable for raw material control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Weber
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karola Schrag
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerd Mildau
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuballa
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephan G Walch
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
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15
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Dong R, Zhou T, Zhao S, Zhang H, Zhang M, Chen J, Wang M, Wu M, Li S, Chen B. Food consumption survey of Shanghai adults in 2012 and its associations with phthalate metabolites in urine. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 101:80-88. [PMID: 28117142 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet is considered to be a significant exposure pathway for phthalates. In this study, we assessed the associations between food consumption and urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites among Shanghai adults. METHODS A cross-sectional study involving 2418 participants was conducted in the fall of 2012. Recent food consumption was assessed by a 24-h dietary recall survey, and a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) characterized long-term dietary patterns. Urinary metabolites of six phthalates were measured. RESULTS Both the 24-h recall survey and FFQ identified wheat, dairy, and fruits as being positively associated with the excretion of phthalate metabolites. The 24-h recall data also showed positive associations with processed meats and alcohol. We evaluated the impact of reported consumption of multiple food categories simultaneously (wheat, fruits, meats, etc.) on metabolite excretion and found that, as more food types were consumed, the number of metabolites excreted, as well as their concentrations, increased with high significance (p values<0.0001). We also evaluated the two survey instruments together. When both surveys reported consumption of fruits and dairy, the numbers of metabolites and their concentrations were significantly higher compared to when both surveys reported non-consumption, (p values<0.000001). Rice consumption was found to be negatively associated with phthalate excretion; frequent and high levels of rice consumption were found to be associated with lower excretion of metabolites. CONCLUSION Food consumption was associated with phthalate exposure in Shanghai adults. Both 24-h recall and FFQ identified significant associations between consumption of food types and phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Shanghai Institutes of Preventive Medicine, China
| | - Shanzhen Zhao
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingsi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Biedermann M, Biedermann-Brem S, Grob K. May polypropylene films be a sufficiently effective functional barrier for foods packed in recycled paperboard and stored at room temperature? J Verbrauch Lebensm 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-017-1101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Huang C, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Wang S. Mathematical equations combined with the MHE-GC method to study desorption kinetics of contaminants from food-package paper to air. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02872e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Online sample incubation techniques are convenient, sensitive and safe, additionally, mathematical equations are applicative for other similar contaminants in paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxing Huang
- College of Light Industry & Food Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- College of Light Industry & Food Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Light Industry & Food Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- College of Light Industry & Food Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- China
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18
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Pivnenko K, Laner D, Astrup TF. Material Cycles and Chemicals: Dynamic Material Flow Analysis of Contaminants in Paper Recycling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12302-12311. [PMID: 27572286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study provides a systematic approach for assessment of contaminants in materials for recycling. Paper recycling is used as an illustrative example. Three selected chemicals, bisphenol A (BPA), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOHs), are evaluated within the paper cycle. The approach combines static material flow analysis (MFA) with dynamic material and substance flow modeling. The results indicate that phasing out of chemicals is the most effective measure for reducing chemical contamination. However, this scenario was also associated with a considerable lag phase (between approximately one and three decades) before the presence of chemicals in paper products could be considered insignificant. While improved decontamination may appear to be an effective way of minimizing chemicals in products, this may also result in lower production yields. Optimized waste material source-segregation and collection was the least effective strategy for reducing chemical contamination, if the overall recycling rates should be maintained at the current level (approximately 70% for Europe). The study provides a consistent approach for evaluating contaminant levels in material cycles. The results clearly indicate that mass-based recycling targets are not sufficient to ensure high quality material recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostyantyn Pivnenko
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David Laner
- Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management, Vienna University of Technology , Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas F Astrup
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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19
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Ding S, Cao Y, Gong A, Wang Y. Determination of photoinitiator 4-methylbenzophenone in milk by cloud point extraction. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4027-4034. [PMID: 27569853 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and easy sample pretreatment methodology was proposed for the detection of photoinitiator 4-methylbenzophenone from milk before high-performance liquid chromatography. Appropriate conditions for demulsification were studied. The parameters affecting cloud point extraction, such as concentration of Tween-20, electrolyte salt, equilibration temperature, and time, have been investigated. When the spiked level was 200-1000 μg/kg, the average addition standard recovery was 99.14-105.98% with the optimum cloud point extraction conditions (concentration of Tween-20, 138 g/L; mass of anhydrous sodium sulfate, 0.75 g; equilibration temperature, 65°C; equilibration time, 30 min). To decrease the detection limits, further work about the organic solvent, shaking time, and ultrasonic parameters was carried. When the spiked level was 10-100 μg/kg, the average addition standard recovery was 70.40-106.91% with the optimum cloud point extraction and enrichment conditions (optimum cloud point extraction conditions; volume of cyclohexane, 30 mL; shaking time, 20 min; time of ultrasonic, 20 min; temperature of ultrasonic bath, 45°C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Ding
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yanqiu Cao
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Aijun Gong
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, P. R. China
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20
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Functional barriers or adsorbent to reduce the migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons from recycled cardboard into dry food. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Lago MA, Ackerman LK. Identification of print-related contaminants in food packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:518-29. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1136435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Tarnow P, Hutzler C, Grabiger S, Schön K, Tralau T, Luch A. Estrogenic Activity of Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons Used in Printing Inks. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147239. [PMID: 26771904 PMCID: PMC4714758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of printing inks are based on mineral oils (MOs) which contain complex mixtures of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. Consumer exposure to these oils occurs either through direct skin contacts or, more frequently, as a result of MO migration into the contents of food packaging that was made from recycled newspaper. Despite this ubiquitous and frequent exposure little is known about the potential toxicological effects, particularly with regard to the aromatic MO fractions. From a toxicological point of view the huge amount of alkylated and unsubstituted compounds therein is reason for concern as they can harbor genotoxicants as well as potential endocrine disruptors. The aim of this study was to assess both the genotoxic and estrogenic potential of MOs used in printing inks. Mineral oils with various aromatic hydrocarbon contents were tested using a battery of in vitro assays selected to address various endpoints such as estrogen-dependent cell proliferation, activation of estrogen receptor α or transcriptional induction of estrogenic target genes. In addition, the comet assay has been applied to test for genotoxicity. Out of 15 MOs tested, 10 were found to potentially act as xenoestrogens. For most of the oils the effects were clearly triggered by constituents of the aromatic hydrocarbon fraction. From 5 oils tested in the comet assay, 2 showed slight genotoxicity. Altogether it appears that MOs used in printing inks are potential endocrine disruptors and should thus be assessed carefully to what extent they might contribute to the total estrogenic burden in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tarnow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8–10, 10598, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christoph Hutzler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8–10, 10598, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Grabiger
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8–10, 10598, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Schön
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8–10, 10598, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8–10, 10598, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8–10, 10598, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Pivnenko K, Eriksson E, Astrup TF. Waste paper for recycling: Overview and identification of potentially critical substances. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 45:134-142. [PMID: 25771763 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Paper product manufacturing involves a variety of chemicals used either directly in paper and pulp production or in the conversion processes (i.e. printing, gluing) that follow. Due to economic and environmental initiatives, paper recycling rates continue to rise. In Europe, recycling has increased by nearly 20% within the last decade or so, reaching a level of almost 72% in 2012. With increasing recycling rates, lower quality paper fractions may be included. This may potentially lead to accumulation or un-intended spreading of chemical substances contained in paper, e.g. by introducing chemicals contained in waste paper into the recycling loop. This study provides an overview of chemicals potentially present in paper and applies a sequential hazard screening procedure based on the intrinsic hazard, physical-chemical and biodegradability characteristics of the substances. Based on the results, 51 substances were identified as potentially critical (selected mineral oils, phthalates, phenols, parabens, as well as other groups of chemicals) in relation to paper recycling. It is recommended that these substances receive more attention in waste paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostyantyn Pivnenko
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej Building 113, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Eva Eriksson
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej Building 113, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas F Astrup
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej Building 113, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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24
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Lago MA, Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós A, Sendón R, Bustos J, Nieto MT, Paseiro P. Photoinitiators: a food safety review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:779-98. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1014866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Guazzotti V, Limbo S, Piergiovanni L, Fengler R, Fiedler D, Gruber L. A study into the potential barrier properties against mineral oils of starch-based coatings on paperboard for food packaging. Food Packag Shelf Life 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Lee J, Pedersen AB, Thomsen M. The influence of resource strategies on childhood phthalate exposure--the role of REACH in a zero waste society. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:312-322. [PMID: 25212603 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate how resource strategies, which intend to reduce waste and increase recycling, influence on human exposure to hazardous chemicals from material recycling. In order to examine the flows of hazardous chemicals in recycled material, a mass flow analysis of plastics and paper at European level, including the flow of phthalates, i.e. di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and benzyl-butyl phthalate (BBP), has been performed. The result for the year 2012 shows that 26% of plastic wastes and 60% of paper consumed in Europe were recycled. This corresponds to the finding that approximately 4% of DEHP and BBP and 18% of DBP annual demands in Europe as raw material re-enter the product cycle with recycled plastics and paper. To examine the potential contribution of the phthalate exposure through recycled plastics and paper, a case study assessing the childhood exposures to phthalates from foods packed in recycled paper and plastics has been performed for 2-year-old children in Denmark. The result verifies that an increase in recycled paperboard and PET bottles in food packaging material causes a significant increase in childhood exposure to DBP corresponding to an additional exposure of 0.116-0.355 μg/kg bw/day; up to 18% of the total DBP exposure in Danish 2-year-olds. While most of the DEHP exposure can be explained, more than 50% of DBP and 70% of BBP exposure sources still remain to be identified. Finally, a conceptual framework for a circular economy based on sustainable and clean resource flows is proposed in order to increase material recycling without increasing adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Lee
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Anders Branth Pedersen
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Marianne Thomsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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Eicher A, Biedermann M, Zurfluh M, Grob K. Migration by ‘direct’ or ‘indirect’ food contact? ‘Dry’ and ‘wetting’ foods? Experimental data for ‘touching’ contact of dry foods with paper and board. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 32:110-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.975753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Internal bags with barrier layers for foods packed in recycled paperboard: recent progress. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Van Den Houwe K, van de Velde S, Evrard C, Van Hoeck E, Van Loco J, Bolle F. Evaluation of the migration of 15 photo-initiators from cardboard packaging into Tenax®using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:767-75. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.886340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Muncke J. Food Contact Materials: Practices, Agencies and Challenges. MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6500-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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