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Muncke J, Andersson AM, Backhaus T, Belcher SM, Boucher JM, Carney Almroth B, Collins TJ, Geueke B, Groh KJ, Heindel JJ, von Hippel FA, Legler J, Maffini MV, Martin OV, Peterson Myers J, Nadal A, Nerin C, Soto AM, Trasande L, Vandenberg LN, Wagner M, Zimmermann L, Thomas Zoeller R, Scheringer M. A vision for safer food contact materials: Public health concerns as drivers for improved testing. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108161. [PMID: 37758599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCMs) and food contact articles are ubiquitous in today's globalized food system. Chemicals migrate from FCMs into foodstuffs, so called food contact chemicals (FCCs), but current regulatory requirements do not sufficiently protect public health from hazardous FCCs because only individual substances used to make FCMs are tested and mostly only for genotoxicity while endocrine disruption and other hazard properties are disregarded. Indeed, FCMs are a known source of a wide range of hazardous chemicals, and they likely contribute to highly prevalent non-communicable diseases. FCMs can also include non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), which often are unknown and therefore not subject to risk assessment. To address these important shortcomings, we outline how the safety of FCMs may be improved by (1) testing the overall migrate, including (unknown) NIAS, of finished food contact articles, and (2) expanding toxicological testing beyond genotoxicity to multiple endpoints associated with non-communicable diseases relevant to human health. To identify mechanistic endpoints for testing, we group chronic health outcomes associated with chemical exposure into Six Clusters of Disease (SCOD) and we propose that finished food contact articles should be tested for their impacts on these SCOD. Research should focus on developing robust, relevant, and sensitive in-vitro assays based on mechanistic information linked to the SCOD, e.g., through Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) or Key Characteristics of Toxicants. Implementing this vision will improve prevention of chronic diseases that are associated with hazardous chemical exposures, including from FCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Dept. of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet and Centre for Research and Research Training in Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Scott M Belcher
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Frank A von Hippel
- Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Juliette Legler
- Dept. of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Olwenn V Martin
- Plastic Waste Innovation Hub, Department of Arts and Science, University College London, UK
| | - John Peterson Myers
- Dept. of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Environmental Health Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Angel Nadal
- IDiBE and CIBERDEM, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Dept. of Analytical Chemistry, I3A, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M Soto
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Centre Cavaillès, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- College of Global Public Health and Grossman School of Medicine and Wagner School of Public Service, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Wagner
- Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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Wang X, Nag R, Brunton NP, Siddique MAB, Harrison SM, Monahan FJ, Cummins E. A probabilistic approach to model bisphenol A (BPA) migration from packaging to meat products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158815. [PMID: 36115396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic chemical which has raised concerns due to its potential toxicological effects on humans, has been widely detected in canned and non-canned meat and meat products. This study estimated BPA migration from packaging to non-canned and canned meat products by developing two probabilistic models. BPA concentration data in packaging materials were collated, including polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy-based coatings, and polyester-based coatings. Migration ratios were calculated from migration tests of BPA molecules moving from packaging to food simulants. The predictive model revealed that the BPA migration concentration from packaging ranges from 0.017 to 0.13 (5th-95th percentile) μg kg-1 with a simulated mean of 0.056 μg kg-1 in non-canned meat products. This is in stark contrast to the simulated mean of 134.57 (5th-95th percentile: 59.17-223.25) μg kg-1 for canned meat products. Nevertheless, plastic packaging was estimated to contribute only 3 % of BPA levels in non-canned meat products. The sensitivity analysis showed that the contact area of meat products with films is the most sensitive parameter of the plastic packaging migration model. It is concluded that plastic packaging may not be the only or dominant source of BPA in non-canned meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- University College Dublin, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Rajat Nag
- University College Dublin, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Nigel P Brunton
- University College Dublin, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Md Abu Bakar Siddique
- University College Dublin, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Sabine M Harrison
- University College Dublin, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Frank J Monahan
- University College Dublin, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Enda Cummins
- University College Dublin, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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3
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Alvi M, Rehman K, Akash MSH, Yaqoob A, Shoaib SM. Determination of Metabolomics Profiling in BPA-Induced Impaired Metabolism. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112496. [PMID: 36432690 PMCID: PMC9692868 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) is unavoidable and it has far-reaching negative effects on living systems. This study aimed to explore the toxic effects of BPA in an experimental animal model through a metabolomics approach that is useful in measuring small molecule perturbations. Beside this, we also examined the ameliorative effects of resveratrol (RSV) against BPA-induced disturbances in experimental mice. This study was conducted for 28 days, and the results showed that BPA indeed induced an impairment in amino acid metabolism, taking place in the mitochondria by significantly (p < 0.05) decreasing the levels of certain amino acids, i.e., taurine, threonine, asparagine, leucine, norleucine, and glutamic acid in the mice plasma. However, the administration of RSV did prove effective against the BPA-induced intoxication and significantly (p < 0.05) restored the level of free amino acids. Lipid metabolites, L-carnitine, sphinganine, phytosphingosine, and lysophosphatidylcholine were also determined in the mice serum. A significant (p < 0.05) decline in glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD,) glutathione, and catalase levels and an elevation in malondialdehyde level in the BPA group confirmed the generation of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in experimental mice exposed to BPA. The expression of Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I), carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT-II), lecithin−cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), carnitine O-octanoyltransferase (CROT), carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT), and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR) genes was significantly upregulated in the liver tissue homogenates of experimental mice exposed to BPA, although RSV regulated the expression of these genes when compared with BPA treated experimental mice. CPT-I, CPT-II, and CACT genes are located in the mitochondria and are involved in the metabolism and transportation of carnitine. Hence, this study confirms that BPA exposure induced oxidative stress, upregulated gene expression, and impaired lipid and amino acid metabolism in experimental mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, The Women University, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - Azka Yaqoob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Syed Muhammad Shoaib
- Drugs Testing Laboratory, Faisalabad, Primary & Secondary Healthcare Department, Government of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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Wang X, Nag R, Brunton NP, Siddique MAB, Harrison SM, Monahan FJ, Cummins E. Human health risk assessment of bisphenol A (BPA) through meat products. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113734. [PMID: 35750124 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Meat and meat products are often consumed in our daily diet, providing essential nutrients. Contamination by chemical hazards, including bisphenol A (BPA) in meat products, is a concern and is continuously monitored. BPA is well-known for its endocrine-disrupting properties, which may cause potential toxicological effects on reproductive, nervous, and immune systems. Dietary consumption is the main route of BPA exposure, and meat products are a major contributor. BPA exposure from meat consumption is the focus of this review. This review found that BPA has been widely detected in canned and non-canned meat products. BPA in canned meat is assumed to be predominantly from migration from can coatings. Relatively low levels are observed in non-canned products, and the source of contamination in these products has yet to be definitively identified. A recent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) draft opinion has proposed to lower the tolerable daily intake of BPA from 4 μg kg body weight (bw)-1 day-1 to 0.04 ng kg body weight (bw)-1 day-1, therefore potential health risks need to be addressed. This review has investigated potential contamination at the farm, industrial processes, and retail levels. Data gaps in the literature are also identified to improve future food safety in the meat industry. Also, a unified risk assessment strategy has been proposed. Further understanding of BPA migration in meat products is needed as a part of the exposure assessment to reduce potential risk, and more data on the dose-response relationship will help comprehend potential adverse health effects of BPA on humans. This research will inform the public, meat producers and processing industry, and policymakers on potential exposure to BPA and risk reduction measures, thus, ensuring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Rajat Nag
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Nigel P Brunton
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Md Abu Bakar Siddique
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Sabine M Harrison
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Frank J Monahan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Enda Cummins
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Çiftçi S, Yalçın SS, Samur G. Comparison of daily bisphenol A intake based on dietary and urinary levels in breastfeeding women. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 106:9-17. [PMID: 34563571 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an artificial chemical, and one of the significant external routes of daily BPA exposure is diet. Dietary BPA exposure can be calculated by urinary BPA concentration and dietary recall data. This cross-sectional study investigates exclusively breastfeeding women's BPA exposure by urinary total BPA concentration and nutritional records, including the 24 h Dietary Recall (HDR) and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). In this study, we included exclusively breastfeeding, healthy women volunteers (n = 80; 18-40 years), collected spot-morning urine samples and conducted a comprehensive face-to-face survey. Moreover, the women's urine BPA concentration was adjusted according to their urine creatinine concentrations. We assessed dietary BPA intake with the 24HDR and FFQ. Estimated daily BPA exposure according to urinary output volume and urinary creatinine concentration median values were 0.0507 and 0.06 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. Moreover, dietary BPA daily intake was found to be 0.17 and 0.95 μg/kg bw/day according to 24HDR data and FFQ data. The milk and dairy product group's and soft drinks group's contributions to the daily intake of BPA were 55.9 % and 25.92 %, respectively. The hazard ratio for BPA exposure was within limits according to references, including US EPA, Health Canada, and EFSA. This study indicates that BPA exposure, based on both total urinary BPA concentration and dietary recall data, was within the recommended daily intake level (4 μg/kg bw/day). However, further studies are required to understand the influence of seasonal, multicentre, and socioeconomic differences on BPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Çiftçi
- İzmir Democracy University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mehmet Ali Akman Street, 13/2, 35290, Konak, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Sıddıka Songül Yalçın
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gülhan Samur
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Turkey.
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Sex-Specific Effects of Plastic Caging in Murine Viral Myocarditis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168834. [PMID: 34445539 PMCID: PMC8396197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Myocarditis is an inflammatory heart disease caused by viral infections that can lead to heart failure, and occurs more often in men than women. Since animal studies have shown that myocarditis is influenced by sex hormones, we hypothesized that endocrine disruptors, which interfere with natural hormones, may play a role in the progression of the disease. The human population is exposed to the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) from plastics, such as water bottles and plastic food containers. Methods: Male and female adult BALB/c mice were housed in plastic versus glass caging, or exposed to BPA in drinking water versus control water. Myocarditis was induced with coxsackievirus B3 on day 0, and the endpoints were assessed on day 10 post infection. Results: We found that male BALB/c mice that were exposed to plastic caging had increased myocarditis due to complement activation and elevated numbers of macrophages and neutrophils, whereas females had elevated mast cell activation and fibrosis. Conclusions: These findings show that housing mice in traditional plastic caging increases viral myocarditis in males and females, but using sex-specific immune mechanisms.
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The Role of the Bisphenol A in Diabetes and Obesity. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060666. [PMID: 34200822 PMCID: PMC8230545 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A is a compound commonly found in products meant for daily use. It was one of the first compounds to be identified as an endocrine disruptor that was capable of disrupting the endocrine system and producing very similar effects to those of metabolic syndrome. It has recently gained popularity in the scientific arena as a risk factor for obesity and diabetes due to its ability to imitate natural oestrogens and bind to their receptors. The aim was to study the possible relationship between the Bisphenol A endocrine disruptor with diabetes and obesity. The analysis of the articles allows us to conclude that Bisphenol A is an additional risk factor to consider in the development of diabetes and obesity, since it is capable of stimulating the hypertrophy of adipocytes and altering the endocrine system by mimicking the effects of the oestrogen molecule, since epidemiological studies carried out have suggested that the same disruptions seen in experimental studies on animals can be found in humans; however, despite many countries having developed policies to limit exposure to this disruptor in their populations, there is a lack of international agreement. Understanding its relationship with obesity and diabetes will help to raise awareness in the population and adopt public health campaigns to prevent exposure-especially among young people-to these substances.
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Jurewicz J, Majewska J, Berg A, Owczarek K, Zajdel R, Kaleta D, Wasik A, Rachoń D. Serum bisphenol A analogues in women diagnosed with the polycystic ovary syndrome - is there an association? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115962. [PMID: 33223334 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the endocrine disrupting effects of bisphenol A (BPA) several governmental authorities have banned its use and the manufacturers had to find alternative substances with similar chemical properties. This led to the increase in the use of so-called BPA analogues, which however also turn out to possess mild estrogenic and ani-androgenic properties and thus, may cause fertility problems and sex-hormone dependent endocrinopathies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential association between the exposure to BPA and its two analogues: BPS and BPF, with the diagnosis of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which remains the most common female endocrinopathy. Serum concentrations of BPA, BPS and BPF were measured using high performance liquid chromatography method with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) among 199 women with PCOS and 158 control subjects. In women with PCOS serum BPS concentrations were significantly higher compared to the control subjects (geometric mean [95% CI]: 0.14 ng/mL [0.10; 1.17] vs. 0.08 ng/mL [0.06; 0.09], P = 0.023). Serum BPA and BPF concentrations did not differ between the studied groups. There was however a negative correlation between serum BPA and HOMA-IR (r = - 0.233, P = 0.001) and TST (r = - 0.203, P = 0.006) in women with PCOS. No correlations were found between the serum BPs and other metabolic parameters such as serum lipids, insulin, DHEA-S, androstenedione and FAI. When studying the association between serum BPA analogues and PCOS it turned out that women whose serum BPS concentrations were in the first tertile were more likely to be diagnosed with this endocrinopathy (OR [95% CI]: 1.21 [1.04; 3.46], P = 0.017). This association was also statistically significant when adjusted for age, education, BMI, smoking, income, and alcohol consumption (adjusted OR [95% CI]: 1.12 [1.03; 3.71], P = 0.029). These results point to the potential association between the exposure to BPS and the diagnosis of PCOS. The role of BPA is not clear and warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jurewicz
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Łódź, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Majewska
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Berg
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa 23A, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Owczarek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-223, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Radosław Zajdel
- Chair of Business and Informatics, University of Łódź, POW 3/5, 90-255, Łódź, Poland
| | - Dorota Kaleta
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Łódź, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Łódź, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-223, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dominik Rachoń
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Dumitrascu MC, Mares C, Petca RC, Sandru F, Popescu RI, Mehedintu C, Petca A. Carcinogenic effects of bisphenol A in breast and ovarian cancers. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:282. [PMID: 33014160 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous chemical compounds ubiquitously found in everyday life of the modern world. EDCs enter the human body where they act similarly to endogenous hormones, altering the functions of the endocrine system and causing adverse effects on human health. Bisphenol A (BPA), the principal representative of this class, is a carbon-based synthetic plastic, and a key element in manufacturing cans, reusable water bottles and medical equipment. BPA mimics the actions of estrogen on multiple levels by activating estrogen receptors α and β. BPA regulates various processes, such as cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis, leading to neoplastic changes. Considering genetic mechanisms, BPA exerts its functions via multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, including the STAT3, PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Furthermore, BPA is associated with various modifications of the reproductive system in both males and females. These alterations include benign lesions, such as endometrial hyperplasia, the development of ovarian cysts, an increase in the ductal density of mammary gland cells and other preneoplastic lesions. These benign lesions may continue to develop to breast or ovarian cancer; the effects of BPA depend on various molecular and epigenetic mechanisms that dictate whether the endocrine or reproductive system is impacted, wherein preexisting benign lesions can become cancerous. The present review supports the need for continuous research on BPA, considering its widespread use and most available data suggesting a carcinogenic effect of BPA on the female reproductive system. Although most studies on BPA have been conducted in vitro with human cells or in vivo with animal models, it can be argued that more studies should be conducted in vivo with humans to further promote understanding of the impact of BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Cristian Dumitrascu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Emergency Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Mares
- Department of Urology, 'Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele' Clinical Hospital, 050659 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan-Cosmin Petca
- Department of Urology, 'Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele' Clinical Hospital, 050659 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Urology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florica Sandru
- Department of Dermatology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan-Ionut Popescu
- Department of Urology, 'Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele' Clinical Hospital, 050659 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Claudia Mehedintu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Malaxa Clinical Hospital, 022441 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aida Petca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
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Akash MSH, Sabir S, Rehman K. Bisphenol A-induced metabolic disorders: From exposure to mechanism of action. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 77:103373. [PMID: 32200274 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is considered as ubiquitous xenooestrogen and an endocrine disrupting chemical which has deleterious effects on endocrine functions. Human populations are continuously exposed to BPA as it is abundant in daily life. It has been found to be associated with wide range of metabolic disorders notably type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Numerous epidemiological studies have been conducted to find its role in development of DM. Experimental studies have found that BPA exposure is associated with pathogenesis of DM and also considered as a risk factor for gestational diabetes. Being a lipophilic compound, BPA is preferably accumulated in adipose tissues where it alters the production of adipokines that play important roles in insulin resistance. BPA induces apoptosis by caspase activation after mitochondrial damage and it impairs insulin signaling pathways by altering associated ion channel activity especially potassium channels. Perinatal exposure of BPA makes offspring more susceptible to develop DM in early years. Epigenetic modifications are the key mechanisms for BPA-induced metabolic re-programming, where BPA alters the expression of DNA methyltransferases involved in methylation of various genes. In this way, DNA methyltransferase controls the expression of numerous genes including genes important for insulin secretion and signaling. Furthermore, BPA induces histone modifications and alters miRNA expression. In this article, we have briefly described the sources of BPA exposure to human being and summarized the evidence from epidemiological studies linking DM with BPA exposure. Additionally, we have also highlighted the potential molecular pathways for BPA-induced DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shakila Sabir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, University Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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11
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Salamanca-Fernández E, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Arrebola JP, Vela F, Díaz C, Chirlaque MD, Colorado-Yohar S, Jiménez-Zabala A, Irizar A, Guevara M, Ardanaz E, Iribarne-Durán LM, Pérez Del Palacio J, Olea N, Agudo A, Sánchez MJ. Bisphenol-A in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort in Spain: Levels at recruitment and associated dietary factors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109012. [PMID: 31837551 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is considered an endocrine disruptor and it is present in numerous products of daily use. The aim of this study was to analyze serum BPA concentrations in a subcohort of the Spanish European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), as well as to identify potential predictors of the exposure. The population consisted on 3553 subjects from 4 EPIC-Spain centres and BPA levels were measured in serum samples by UHPLC-MS/MS. Almost 70% of the participants showed detectable BPA values (>0.2 ng/ml), with a geometric mean of 1.19 ng/ml (95% CI: 1.12-1.25). By sex, detectable percentages were similar (p = 0.56) but with higher serum levels in men (1.27 vs 1.11 ng/ml, p = 0.01). Based on the adjusted regression models, a 50 g/day increase in the consumption of added fats and oils were associated with 43% lower BPA serum levels, while sugar and confectionary was associated with 25% higher levels of serum BPA. We evidenced differential exposure levels by province, sex and age, but not by anthropometric or lifestyle characteristics. Further investigation is needed to understand the influence of diet in BPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Salamanca-Fernández
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP). Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP). Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP). Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Pedro Arrebola
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP). Madrid, Spain; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Granada. Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Vela
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain
| | - Caridad Díaz
- MEDINA Foundation, Center of Excellence in Research into Innovative Medicines in Andalusia, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Granada, Spain
| | - María Dolores Chirlaque
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP). Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain; Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Sandra Colorado-Yohar
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP). Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain; Research Group on Demography and Health, National Faculty of Public Health, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Jiménez-Zabala
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP). Madrid, Spain; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, Avenida Navarra No 4, 20013, San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Health Research Institute, Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Amaia Irizar
- Health Research Institute, Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marcela Guevara
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP). Madrid, Spain; Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP). Madrid, Spain; Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luz María Iribarne-Durán
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada. Granada, Spain
| | - José Pérez Del Palacio
- MEDINA Foundation, Center of Excellence in Research into Innovative Medicines in Andalusia, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Granada, Spain
| | - Nicolás Olea
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP). Madrid, Spain; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada. Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, Nutrition and Cancer Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain
| | - Maria-José Sánchez
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP). Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP). Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Granada. Granada, Spain
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12
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Liu W, Liu A, Zhao R, Pan F, Liu Z, Sui H, Li J. Development of packaging factors for the risk assessment of food contact substances from food consumption survey of Chinese infants and toddlers. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Bruno KA, Mathews JE, Yang AL, Frisancho JA, Scott AJ, Greyner HD, Molina FA, Greenaway MS, Cooper GM, Bucek A, Morales-Lara AC, Hill AR, Mease AA, Di Florio DN, Sousou JM, Coronado AC, Stafford AR, Fairweather D. BPA Alters Estrogen Receptor Expression in the Heart After Viral Infection Activating Cardiac Mast Cells and T Cells Leading to Perimyocarditis and Fibrosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:598. [PMID: 31551929 PMCID: PMC6737078 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory heart disease that leads to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and heart failure. Sex hormones play an important role in the development of myocarditis with testosterone driving disease in males and estrogen being cardioprotective in females. The human population is widely exposed to the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) from plastics such as water bottles, plastic food containers, copy paper, and receipts. Several clinical and numerous animal studies have found an association between elevated BPA levels and cardiovascular disease. A recent report found elevated levels of BPA in the serum of patients with DCM compared to healthy controls. In this study we examined whether exposure to BPA for 2 weeks prior to viral infection and leading up to myocarditis at day 10 altered inflammation in female BALB/c mice housed in standard plastic cages/water bottles with soy-free food and bedding. We found that a human relevant dose of BPA (25 μg/L) in drinking water, with an estimated exposure of 5 μg BPA/kg BW, significantly increased myocarditis and pericarditis compared to control water without altering viral genome levels in the heart. BPA exposure activated ERα and ERβ in the spleen 24 h after infection and phosphorylated ERα and ERβ during myocarditis, but decreased ERα and increased ERβ mRNA in the heart as measured by qRT-PCR. Exposure to BPA significantly increased CD4+ T cells, IFNγ, IL-17A, TLR4, caspase-1, and IL-1β in the heart. BPA exposure also increased cardiac fibrosis compared to controls. Mast cells, which are associated with cardiac remodeling, were found to increase in number and degranulation, particularly along the pericardium. Interestingly, plastic caging/water bottle exposure alone led to increased mast cell numbers, pericardial degranulation and fibrosis in female BALB/c mice compared to animals housed in glass cages/water bottles with soy-free food and bedding. These data suggest that BPA exposure may increase the risk of developing myocarditis after a viral infection in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Ann Bruno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Alex Lingyun Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - J. Augusto Frisancho
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ashley Jennie Scott
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Henry David Greyner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Frank Anthony Molina
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Merci Shekinah Greenaway
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - George Maxwell Cooper
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Adriana Bucek
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Anneliese Ruth Hill
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Anna Alisa Mease
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Damian Nicolas Di Florio
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - John Michael Sousou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | | | - Allison Ray Stafford
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - DeLisa Fairweather
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: DeLisa Fairweather
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14
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Desdoits-Lethimonier C, Lesné L, Gaudriault P, Zalko D, Antignac JP, Deceuninck Y, Platel C, Dejucq-Rainsford N, Mazaud-Guittot S, Jégou B. Parallel assessment of the effects of bisphenol A and several of its analogs on the adult human testis. Hum Reprod 2018; 32:1465-1473. [PMID: 28482050 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are bisphenol A (BPA) and BPA analogs (BPA-A) safe for male human reproductive function? SUMMARY ANSWER The endocrine function of human testes explants [assessed by measuring testosterone and insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3)] was impacted by exposure of the human adult testis explants to BPA/BPA-A. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The few epidemiologic studies performed suggest that bisphenols have potential endocrine disruptive properties, but they did not identify clear and direct patterns of endocrine disruption. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Adult human testis explants in culture were exposed to BPA and the analogs bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol E (BPE), bisphenol B (BPB) and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) at 10-9-10-5 M for 24 or 48 h. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Human adult testes were obtained from prostate cancer patients who had no hormone therapy, or from multiorgan donors. After ex vivo exposure to the investigated bisphenols, the measured outcomes were related to histopathology (gross morphology and germ cell viability determined by anti-caspase three immunohistochemistry), and the levels of testosterone, INSL3 and inhibin B were measured using immunoassays. The levels of mRNA encoding key enzymes of bisphenol biotransformation were investigated by quantitative PCR: UGT2B15 UDP (glucuronosyltransferase two family, polypeptide B15), GUSB (glucuronidase beta), SULT1A1 and 3 (sulfotransferase family 1 A member 1 and 3) and STS (steroid sulfatase). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A significant dose-dependent inhibition was found between testosterone levels measured in the culture medium and concentrations of BPA (P = 0.00778 at 24 h and P = 0.0291 at 48 h), BPE (P = 0.039) and BPF (P = 0.00663). The observed BPA and BPA-A-induced inhibition of testosterone production varied according to duration of exposure and BPA/BPA-A concentrations. BPA (10-9 M; P < 0.05), BPB (10-9 M; P < 0.05), BPS (10-9 and 10-8 M; P < 0.05) and BADGE (10-5 M; P < 0.05) increased Leydig cell INSL3 production. By contrast, BPE dose dependently inhibited INSL3 (P = 0.0372). Conversely, Sertoli cell function (inhibin B) and germ cell viability were not significantly affected by either bisphenols. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Environmental compounds cannot be deliberately administered to men, justifying the use of an ex vivo approach. A relatively low number of testes samples were available for analysis (n = 3, except for testosterone secretion with n = 5). The active concentrations of BPA and BPA-A used in the study were higher than those found in human biological fluids. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Under our experimental conditions, direct exposure to BPA or BPA-A can result in endocrine disturbance in the adult human testis. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was funded by Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), EHESP-School of Public Health, University of Rennes1, by grants from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR; grant#ANR-13-CESA-0012-03 NEWPLAST) and Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES; grant#EST-2010/2/046 (BPATESTIS)). All authors declare they have no current or potential competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Desdoits-Lethimonier
- Inserm (Institut National de la santé et de la recherche médicale), Irset - Inserm UMR 1085 (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, CEDEX, France.,Université de Rennes I, 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, CEDEX, France
| | - L Lesné
- Inserm (Institut National de la santé et de la recherche médicale), Irset - Inserm UMR 1085 (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, CEDEX, France.,Université de Rennes I, 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, CEDEX, France
| | - P Gaudriault
- Inserm (Institut National de la santé et de la recherche médicale), Irset - Inserm UMR 1085 (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, CEDEX, France.,Université de Rennes I, 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, CEDEX, France
| | - D Zalko
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - J P Antignac
- Oniris UMR INRA 1329 LABERCA (Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et des Contaminants dans les aliments), La Chantrerie, Nantes, France
| | - Y Deceuninck
- Oniris UMR INRA 1329 LABERCA (Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et des Contaminants dans les aliments), La Chantrerie, Nantes, France
| | - C Platel
- CHU Rennes, Unité de coordination hospitalière des prélèvements d'organes et de tissus, 2 rue Henri Guilloux 35000 Rennes, France
| | - N Dejucq-Rainsford
- Inserm (Institut National de la santé et de la recherche médicale), Irset - Inserm UMR 1085 (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, CEDEX, France.,Université de Rennes I, 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, CEDEX, France
| | - S Mazaud-Guittot
- Inserm (Institut National de la santé et de la recherche médicale), Irset - Inserm UMR 1085 (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, CEDEX, France.,Université de Rennes I, 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, CEDEX, France
| | - B Jégou
- Inserm (Institut National de la santé et de la recherche médicale), Irset - Inserm UMR 1085 (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, CEDEX, France.,EHESP-School of Public Health, 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France
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15
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Noureddine El Moussawi S, Karam R, Cladière M, Chébib H, Ouaini R, Camel V. Effect of sterilisation and storage conditions on the migration of bisphenol A from tinplate cans of the Lebanese market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:377-386. [PMID: 29058566 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1395521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of bisphenol A (BPA) in lacquer coating of food cans has been restricted by different authorities in many countries, such as in Europe. However, such regulation does not exist in many other countries including Lebanon. Due to the lack of data on the quality of Lebanese can production; this study investigates the migration of BPA from two types of tinplate cans manufactured in Lebanon, before and after sterilisation. Cans were analysed under different storage conditions (time and temperature) and filled with an aqueous simulant. The determination of BPA was carried out using UPLC with fluorescence detection, and further confirmed by MS detection. After sterilisation BPA levels drastically increased from an average of 0.15 to 109 µg/kg, giving a BPA migration around 10.5 µg/dm2 for both types of cans. Storage temperature and time had no significant influence on BPA levels in sterilised cans (p-value > 0.05); however, these factors significantly affected BPA levels in non-sterilised cans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Noureddine El Moussawi
- a UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , AgroParisTech, Inra, Université Paris-Saclay , Massy , France.,b ER004 Lebanese Food Packaging, Faculty of Sciences II , Lebanese University , Fanar , Lebanon
| | - Reine Karam
- a UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , AgroParisTech, Inra, Université Paris-Saclay , Massy , France.,b ER004 Lebanese Food Packaging, Faculty of Sciences II , Lebanese University , Fanar , Lebanon
| | - Mathieu Cladière
- a UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , AgroParisTech, Inra, Université Paris-Saclay , Massy , France
| | - Hanna Chébib
- b ER004 Lebanese Food Packaging, Faculty of Sciences II , Lebanese University , Fanar , Lebanon
| | - Rosette Ouaini
- b ER004 Lebanese Food Packaging, Faculty of Sciences II , Lebanese University , Fanar , Lebanon
| | - Valérie Camel
- a UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , AgroParisTech, Inra, Université Paris-Saclay , Massy , France
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16
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Ernstoff AS, Fantke P, Huang L, Jolliet O. High-throughput migration modelling for estimating exposure to chemicals in food packaging in screening and prioritization tools. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:428-438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Biryol D, Nicolas CI, Wambaugh J, Phillips K, Isaacs K. High-throughput dietary exposure predictions for chemical migrants from food contact substances for use in chemical prioritization. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 108:185-194. [PMID: 28865378 PMCID: PMC5894819 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Under the ExpoCast program, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) researchers have developed a high-throughput (HT) framework for estimating aggregate exposures to chemicals from multiple pathways to support rapid prioritization of chemicals. Here, we present methods to estimate HT exposures to chemicals migrating into food from food contact substances (FCS). These methods consisted of combining an empirical model of chemical migration with estimates of daily population food intakes derived from food diaries from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). A linear regression model for migration at equilibrium was developed by fitting available migration measurements as a function of temperature, food type (i.e., fatty, aqueous, acidic, alcoholic), initial chemical concentration in the FCS (C0) and chemical properties. The most predictive variables in the resulting model were C0, molecular weight, log Kow, and food type (R2=0.71, p<0.0001). Migration-based concentrations for 1009 chemicals identified via publicly-available data sources as being present in polymer FCSs were predicted for 12 food groups (combinations of 3 storage temperatures and food type). The model was parameterized with screening-level estimates of C0 based on the functional role of chemicals in FCS. By combining these concentrations with daily intakes for food groups derived from NHANES, population ingestion exposures of chemical in mg/kg-bodyweight/day (mg/kg-BW/day) were estimated. Calibrated aggregate exposures were estimated for 1931 chemicals by fitting HT FCS and consumer product exposures to exposures inferred from NHANES biomonitoring (R2=0.61, p<0.001); both FCS and consumer product pathway exposures were significantly predictive of inferred exposures. Including the FCS pathway significantly impacted the ratio of predicted exposures to those estimated to produce steady-state blood concentrations equal to in-vitro bioactive concentrations. While these HT methods have large uncertainties (and thus may not be appropriate for assessments of single chemicals), they can provide critical refinement to aggregate exposure predictions used in risk-based chemical priority-setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Biryol
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Chantel I Nicolas
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Computational Toxicology, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - John Wambaugh
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Computational Toxicology, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Katherine Phillips
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Kristin Isaacs
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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18
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Huang L, Ernstoff A, Fantke P, Csiszar SA, Jolliet O. A review of models for near-field exposure pathways of chemicals in consumer products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:1182-1208. [PMID: 27644856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chemicals in consumer products has been gaining increasing attention, with multiple studies showing that near-field exposures from products is high compared to far-field exposures. Regarding the numerous chemical-product combinations, there is a need for an overarching review of models able to quantify the multiple transfers of chemicals from products used near-field to humans. The present review therefore aims at an in-depth overview of modeling approaches for near-field chemical release and human exposure pathways associated with consumer products. It focuses on lower-tier, mechanistic models suitable for life cycle assessments (LCA), chemical alternative assessment (CAA) and high-throughput screening risk assessment (HTS). Chemicals in a product enter the near-field via a defined "compartment of entry", are transformed or transferred to adjacent compartments, and eventually end in a "human receptor compartment". We first focus on models of physical mass transfers from the product to 'near-field' compartments. For transfers of chemicals from article interior, adequate modeling of in-article diffusion and of partitioning between article surface and air/skin/food is key. Modeling volatilization and subsequent transfer to the outdoor is crucial for transfers of chemicals used in the inner space of appliances, on object surfaces or directly emitted to indoor air. For transfers from skin surface, models need to reflect the competition between dermal permeation, volatilization and fraction washed-off. We then focus on transfers from the 'near-field' to 'human' compartments, defined as respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and epidermis, for which good estimates of air concentrations, non-dietary ingestion parameters and skin permeation are essential, respectively. We critically characterize for each exposure pathway the ability of models to estimate near-field transfers and to best inform LCA, CAA and HTS, summarizing the main characteristics of the potentially best-suited models. This review identifies large knowledge gaps for several near-field pathways and suggests research needs and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Environmental Health Sciences & Risk Science Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, United States.
| | - Alexi Ernstoff
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2808 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2808 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Susan A Csiszar
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participant, US Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Environmental Health Sciences & Risk Science Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, United States
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19
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Park JH, Hwang MS, Ko A, Jeong DH, Lee JM, Moon G, Lee KS, Kho YH, Shin MK, Lee HS, Kang HS, Suh JH, Hwang IG. Risk assessment based on urinary bisphenol A levels in the general Korean population. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:606-615. [PMID: 27016465 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high-volume industrial chemical used in the global production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, which are used in food and drink containers, such as tableware (plates and mugs). Due to its broad applications, BPA has been detected in human blood, urine and breast milk as well as environmental substances, including water, indoor and outdoor air, and dust. Indeed, exposure to high concentrations of BPA can result in a variety of harmful effects, including reproductive toxicity, through a mechanism of endocrine disruption. Our comparison of reported BPA urinary concentrations among different countries revealed that exposures in Korea may be higher than those in other Asian countries and North America, but lower than or similar to those in European countries. The current study included a total of 2044 eligible subjects of all ages. The subjects were evenly divided between males and females (48.58% and 51.42%, respectively). The geometric mean (GM) of pre-adjusted (adjusted) urinary BPA concentrations was 1.83μg/L (2.01μg/g creatinine) for subjects of all ages, and there was no statistically difference in BPA concentrations between males (1.90μg/L, 1.87μg/g creatinine) and females (1.76μg/L, 2.16μg/g creatinine). Multiple regression analysis revealed only one positive association between creatinine pre-adjusted urinary BPA concentration and age (β=-0.0868, p<0.001). The 95th percentile levels of 24-hour recall (HR), food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) and estimated daily intake (EDI) through urinary BPA concentrations were 0.14, 0.13, and 0.22μg/kg bw/day, respectively. According to the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), a tolerable daily intake (tDI) of 20μg/kg bw/day was established for BPA from the available toxicological data. Recently, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) established a temporary TDI of 4μg/kg bw/day based on current toxicological data. By comparing these TDIs with subjects' exposure, we conclude that there are no health concerns for any age group as a result of current levels of dietary exposure to BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hong Park
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sil Hwang
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ahra Ko
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hyun Jeong
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Lee
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Guiim Moon
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Lee
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Kho
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ki Shin
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Lee
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Seung Kang
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyang Suh
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyun Hwang
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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Cirillo T, Latini G, Castaldi MA, Dipaola L, Fasano E, Esposito F, Scognamiglio G, Francesco FD, Cobellis L. Exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate and bisphenol A through infant formulas. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:3303-3310. [PMID: 25730646 DOI: 10.1021/jf505563k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are ubiquitous contaminants identified as endocrine disruptors. Phthalates are worldwide used as plasticizers, in particular to improve the mechanical properties of polymers such as polyvinyl chloride. Because they are not chemically bound to the polymer, they tend to leach out with time and use. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) are the two most common phthalates. BPA is an estrogenic compound used to manufacture polycarbonate containers for food and drink, including baby bottles. It can migrate from container into foods, especially at elevated temperatures. Diet is a predominant source of exposure for phthalates and BPA, especially for infants. The aim of this study was to test the presence of DEHP, DnBP, and BPA in infant formulas. DEHP, DnBP, and BPA concentrations were measured in 22 liquid and 28 powder milks by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection, respectively. DEHP concentrations in our samples were between 0.005 and 5.088 μg/g (median 0.906 μg/g), DnBP concentrations were between 0.008 and 1.297 μg/g (median 0.053 μg/g), and BPA concentrations were between 0.003 and 0.375 μg/g (median 0.015 μg/g). Concentrations of the investigated contaminants in liquid and powder milks were not significantly different, even though samples were packed in different types of containers. These data point out potential hazards for infants fed with baby formulas. Contamination seems more related to the production of formulas than to a release from containers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cirillo
- †Department of Agriculture, "Federico II" University, Via Università, 100 80055 Portici, Naples Italy
| | - Giuseppe Latini
- ‡Clinical Physiology Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), Via Andrea Bafile, 6, 72100 Brindisi, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Castaldi
- §Department of the Woman, the Child, and General and Specialized Surgery, Second University of NaplesVia Costantinopoli, 104 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Dipaola
- ‡Clinical Physiology Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), Via Andrea Bafile, 6, 72100 Brindisi, Italy
| | - Evelina Fasano
- †Department of Agriculture, "Federico II" University, Via Università, 100 80055 Portici, Naples Italy
| | - Francesco Esposito
- †Department of Agriculture, "Federico II" University, Via Università, 100 80055 Portici, Naples Italy
| | - Gelsomina Scognamiglio
- †Department of Agriculture, "Federico II" University, Via Università, 100 80055 Portici, Naples Italy
| | - Fabio Di Francesco
- ‡Clinical Physiology Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), Via Andrea Bafile, 6, 72100 Brindisi, Italy
- ∥Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of PisaVia Giuseppe Moruzzi, 3 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Cobellis
- §Department of the Woman, the Child, and General and Specialized Surgery, Second University of NaplesVia Costantinopoli, 104 80138 Naples, Italy
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Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Price N, Chaudhry Q. Application of in silico modelling to estimate toxicity of migrating substances from food packaging. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71:136-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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