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Lin Q, Zhang H, Lv X, Xie R, Chen BH, Lai YW, Chen L, Teng H, Cao H. A systematic study on the chemical model of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formation from nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) in food. Food Chem 2024; 446:138849. [PMID: 38460280 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), prominent carcinogens formed during food processing, pose health risks through long-term consumption. This study focuses on 16 priority PAHs in the European Union, investigating their formation during pyrolysis. Glucose, amino acids and fatty acids are important food nutrients. To further explore whether these nutrients in food form PAHs during heating, a single chemical model method was used to heat these nutrients respectively, and GC-MS/MS was used to identify and quantify the obtained components. Glucose is the most basic nutrient in food, so the influence of water, pH, temperature and other factors on the formation of PAHs was studied in the glucose model. At the same time, the models of amino acids and fatty acids were used to assist in improving the entire nutrient research system. According to our results, some previously reported mechanisms of PAHs formation by fatty acids heating were confirmed. In addition, glucose and amino acids could also produce many PAHs after heating, and some conclusions were improved by comparing the intermediates of PAHs from three types of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyi Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Haolin Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| | - Xiaomei Lv
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Ruiwei Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Bing-Huei Chen
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan, China.
| | - Yu-Wen Lai
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Hui Teng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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2
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Nguyen LKP, Nguyen NP, Le MT, Bui QM, Cam TS. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Vietnamese takeaway coffee: effects of coffee variety, roasting temperature and time. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:346-355. [PMID: 36689564 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2168067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The research goal was to estimate the level of risk to human health posed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Vietnamese takeaway coffee. A variety of roasted coffee beans were collected and tested for the presence of PAHs in various takeaway locations throughout Vietnam. Furthermore, the effect of roasting conditions on PAH concentrations in Vietnamese Robusta coffee was also studied and demonstrated. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, a modern, accurate, and fast method, was used to determine the research results. Six PAHs, namely naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and benz[a]anthracene, were found in the 100 collected samples, with average concentrations (μg/kg dry weight) of 943.7 ± 40.3, 195.1 ± 4.9, 36.1 ± 1.1, 33.3 ± 2.2, 28.2 ± 1.7, and 2.0 ± 0.1, respectively. It was found that the tested samples were almost free of PAH4 contamination. The research showed that the total value of PAH quantifications in Robusta coffee increased with increasing roasting temperature and decreased with increasing roasting time. In addition, the calculated value of the total hazard quotient (THQ) was less than 1, and the obtained value of the incremental lifetime carcinogenic risk (ILCR) did not exceed 1·10-5, meaning that coffee consumers in Vietnam are safe from exposure to PAHs present in the investigated coffee beans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minh Tuan Le
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Quang Minh Bui
- Centre For Research and Technology Transfer, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Son Cam
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
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3
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Ma J, Zhu Z, Du S, Zhang D, Li X, Zheng Q, Shen J, Xiao L, Wu X, Chen Y, Ji J, Lu S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in commercial tea from China and implications for human exposure. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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4
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Xiao J, Chen C, Li Y, Fan J, Yan Z, Cai Y. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Indigowoad Leaves with Preconcentration by Cholesterol-Decorated Nickel Foam (NF) Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction (DSPE) and Determination by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2134886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Chan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiahua Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhihong Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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5
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Du M, Li X, Cai D, Zhao Y, Li Q, Wang J, Gu W, Li Y. In-silico study of reducing human health risk of POP residues' direct (from tea) or indirect exposure (from tea garden soil): Improved rhizosphere microbial degradation, toxicity control, and mechanism analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113910. [PMID: 35917712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of potentially harmful substances in tea garden soils and tea leaves, especially persistent organic pollutants (POPs), is a special concern for tea consumers worldwide. However, their potential health and ecological risks in tea gardens have rarely been investigated. This study proposed measures to improve the degradation ability of POPs by the tea rhizosphere and to reduce the human health risks caused by POPs after tea consumption. In this study, the binding energy values of six types of POPs and the degraded protein were used to reflect the degradation ability and calculated using molecular dynamic simulations. The main root secretions (i.e., catechin, glucose, arginine, and oxalic acid) were selected and applied with a combination of tea fertilizer and trace element combination (i.e., urea, straw, and copper element), leading to an improved degradation ability (49.59 %) of POPs. To investigate the mechanisms of the factors that affect the degradation ability, molecular docking, tensor singular value decomposition methods, multivariate correlation analysis and 2D-QSAR model were used. The results showed that the solvation energy and solvent accessible surface area are the main forces, and the molecular weight, boiling point, and topological radius of the POPs were the key molecular features affecting their degradation ability. Based on the three key characteristics, a diet avoidance scheme (i.e., avoiding lysine, maslinic acid, ethanol, perfluorocaproic acid, and cholesterol with tea), which can reduce the binding ability of POP residues to aromatic hydrocarbon receptors by 506.13 %. This work will provide theoretical strategies to improve the quality and safety of tea production and reduce the potential risks of harmful substance residues in tea garden soils and tea leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijin Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xixi Li
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Dongshu Cai
- Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenwen Gu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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6
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Bratu MM, Birghila S, Coatu V, Danilov DA, Radu MD, Birghila C. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Some Commercial Herbal Teas. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2042332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Mirela Bratu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences II, Ovidius University of Constanta, Aleea Universitatii, Campus 1, Constanta, Romania
| | - Semaghiul Birghila
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ovidius University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania
| | - Valentina Coatu
- NIMRD “Grigore Antipa” National Institute for Marine Research and Development, Constanta, Romania Bvd.Mamaia, Romania
| | - Diana Andreea Danilov
- NIMRD “Grigore Antipa” National Institute for Marine Research and Development, Constanta, Romania Bvd.Mamaia, Romania
| | - Marius Daniel Radu
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University of Constanta, Aleea Universitatii, Constanta, Romania Campus 1, Romania
| | - Corina Birghila
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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7
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Panzl MV, Almeida JMS, Pedrozo-Peñafiel M, Menchaca D, Aucélio RQ, Rodríguez-Haralambides A. Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Dried Leaves of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and Their Extraction into Infusions. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2030770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Panzl
- Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Pando, Uruguay
- Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Joseany M. S. Almeida
- Chemistry Department, Pontificia Universidade Católica Do Rio De Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio De Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Marlin Pedrozo-Peñafiel
- Chemistry Department, Pontificia Universidade Católica Do Rio De Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio De Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - David Menchaca
- Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ricardo Q. Aucélio
- Chemistry Department, Pontificia Universidade Católica Do Rio De Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio De Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
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8
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Sample Preparation and Analysis in Beverages: A Review. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe monitoring of food contaminants is of interests to both food regulatory bodies and the consumers. This literature review covers polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with regard to their background, sources of exposures, and occurrence in food and environment as well as health hazards. Furthermore, analytical methods focusing on the analysis of PAHs in tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples for the last 16 years are presented. Numerous experimental methods have been developed aiming to obtain better limits of detections (LODs) and percent recoveries as well as to reduce solvent consumption and laborious work. These include information such as the selected PAHs analyzed, food matrix of PAHs, methods of extraction, cleanup procedure, LOD, limits of quantitation (LOQ), and percent recovery. For the analysis of tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples, a majority of the research papers focused on the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency PAHs, while PAH4, PAH8, and methylated PAHs were also of interests. Extraction methods range from the classic Soxhlet extraction and liquid–liquid extraction to newer methods such as QuEChERS, dispersive solid-phase microextraction, and magnetic solid-phase extraction. The cleanup methods involved mainly the use of column chromatography and SPE filled with either silica or Florisil adsorbents. Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry or fluorescence detectors are the main analytical instruments used. A majority of the selected combined methods used are able to achieve LODs and percent recoveries in the ranges of 0.01–5 ug/kg and 70–110%, respectively, for the analysis of tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples.
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Patel DI, Roychowdhury T, Shah D, Jacobsen C, Herrington JS, Hoisington J, Myers C, Salazar BG, Walker AV, Bell DS, Linford MR. 6-Phenylhexyl silane derivatized, sputtered silicon solid phase microextraction fiber for the parts-per-trillion detection of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water and baby formula. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2824-2836. [PMID: 33989452 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the fabrication of 6-phenylhexylsilane derivatized, sputtered silicon, solid phase microextraction fibers that show parts per trillion detection limits for polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and negligible carry over and phase bleed. Their fabrication involves sputtering silicon on silica fibers under various conditions. Six different fibers were evaluated by generating three different thicknesses of sputtered silicon at two different throw distances, which altered the morphologies of the silicon surfaces. All of the fibers were coated with similar thicknesses of 6-phenylhexylsilane (ca. 2 nm). These fibers were characterized with multiple analytical techniques. The optimum fiber configuration was then used to analyze polyaromatic hydrocarbons via direct immersion, gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Our best fiber for the extraction of low molecular weight polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water had similar performance to that of a commercial fiber. However, our fiber demonstrated ca. 3 times the extraction efficiency for higher molecular weight polyaromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, it outperformed the commercial fiber by showing better linearity, repeatability, and detection limits. A method for analyzing polyaromatic hydrocarbons in baby formula was developed, which showed very good linearity (0.5-125 ppb), repeatability (2-26%), detection limits (0.12-0.81 ppb), and recoveries (103-135%). In addition, our fiber showed much less (negligible) carry over and phase bleed than the commercially available fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay I Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
| | - Tuhin Roychowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
| | - Dhruv Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
| | - Collin Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
| | - Jason S Herrington
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, 16823, USA
| | - Jason Hoisington
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, 16823, USA
| | - Colton Myers
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, 16823, USA
| | - Bryan G Salazar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, 75080, USA
| | - Amy V Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, 75080, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, 75080, USA
| | - David S Bell
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, 16823, USA
| | - Matthew R Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
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10
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Timofeeva I, Stepanova K, Bulatov A. In-a-syringe surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in supramolecular solvent from tea infusion. Talanta 2021; 224:121888. [PMID: 33379097 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an automated surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction approach based on in-a-syringe concept was developed for the first time. The procedure assumed mixing aqueous sample phase and hydrophilic emulsion containing hexanoic acid and sodium hexanoate in a syringe of flow system. Sodium hexanoate acted as an emulsifier in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction process and it was required for the formation of supramolecular solvent phase. After spontaneous separation of phases in the syringe, the upper supramolecular solvent phase containing target analytes was withdrawn and analyzed. The procedure was applied to the determination of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea infusion by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. It was shown that the supramolecular solvent provided effective extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fast phase separation in the syringe without centrifugation. The enrichment factors were in the range of 38-46. The automated microextraction procedure lasted 4 min including syringe cleaning. Under optimal experimental conditions the linear detection ranges were found to be 0.05-50.00 μg L-1 with limits of detection calculated from a blank test, based on 3σ, 0.02-0.04 μg L-1. Recovery values in the range of 85-105% were achieved for tea infusion with a reproducibility expressed as RSD less than 4.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Timofeeva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, St. Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Kira Stepanova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, St. Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Andrey Bulatov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, St. Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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11
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Rivera-Pérez A, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Persistent organic pollutants (PCBs and PCDD/Fs), PAHs, and plasticizers in spices, herbs, and tea - A review of chromatographic methods from the last decade (2010-2020). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5224-5244. [PMID: 33563047 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1883546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Edible and highly demanded plant-derived products such as herbs, spices, and tea may be subjected to exogenous contamination of well-known chemical hazards such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and emerging ones such as plasticizers, affecting negatively the safety of these food commodities. This fact has led to the increasing analysis of exogenous compounds including priority POPs such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), as well as highly persistent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Currently, plasticizer residues are also considered an emerging issue because of the extensive use in food packaging and potential migration into foodstuffs. In this review, the studies published from 2010 to 2020 were discussed, including the main extraction methods applied for these contaminants from herbs, spices, and tea, and it was revealed the trend toward the use of less solvent-consuming and time-effective methods. Chromatographic methods were also described, which were mainly combined with detection techniques such as classical or mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Finally, a comprehensive overview of the occurrence of these selected exogenous compounds was presented in the studied matrices, showing that their monitoring should be further investigated to ensure food safety of highly consumed condiments and tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Rivera-Pérez
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
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12
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Roudbari A, Rafiei Nazari R, Shariatifar N, Moazzen M, Abdolshahi A, Mirzamohammadi S, Madani-Tonekaboni M, Delvarianzadeh M, Arabameri M. Concentration and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in commercial tea and coffee samples marketed in Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:4827-4839. [PMID: 32949359 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the probabilistic health risk and the concentration of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in commercial tea and coffee samples. For determining the mentioned contaminants in sixty-four samples, a reliable and sensitive technique was validated and developed. The technique is established on magnetic solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (MSPE/GC-MS). The maximum mean of ƩPAHs in coffee samples was 13.75 ± 2.90 μg kg-1, while the minimum mean ƩPAHs in tea samples was 4.77 ± 1.01 μg kg-1. The mean concentration of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in samples ranged from 0.64 to 2.07 μg kg-1 which was lower than that of standard levels (10 μg kg-1) established by the European Union (EU). The Monte Carlo simulation results showed that the actual target hazard quotient (THQ) for the adult and children was equal to 1.63E-04 and 1.67E-04, respectively; hence, non-carcinogenic health risk for consumers is negligible. The result of actual incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was lower than the limits of safe risk (1E-4), indicating no notable possibility of cancer risk due to the digestion of tea and coffee for children and adults. Therefore, it can be concluded that the amount of contamination of popular commercial coffee and tea available in the Iranian market with PAHs is often similar to that found in other countries and was lower than the standard of EU. Thus, the processing conditions of these products must be controlled to prevent the formation of PAHs due to the suspicion of carcinogenicity and mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Roudbari
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Moazzen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anna Abdolshahi
- Food Safety Research Center (salt), School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Solmaz Mirzamohammadi
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- Vice-chancellery of food and drug, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | - Mehri Delvarianzadeh
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Majid Arabameri
- Vice-chancellery of food and drug, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
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13
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Caldeirão L, Fernandes JO, Gonzalez MH, Godoy HT, Cunha SC. A novel dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using a low density deep eutectic solvent-gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soft drinks. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461736. [PMID: 33254001 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ready-to-drink teas can provide, if properly packaged, the taste and wellness character of traditional teas. Nevertheless, in tea processing, there may be several contaminations, among which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), anthropogenic contaminants that can present carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. In this work, a novel low-density deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (LDDES-DLLME) procedure followed by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was optimized for analysis of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ready-to-drink herbal-based beverages. The new deep eutectic solvent (DES) was synthesized with natural compounds (camphor and hexanoic acid). Several parameters of the extraction procedure such as type and volume of extraction solvent, type, volume of dispersive solvent, and time of extraction were evaluated to achieve the highest yield and to attain the lowest detection limits. The validated method showed very low limits of detection (0.01 μg L-1) and quantification (0.2 μg L-1), good inter- and intra-day precisions (RSD<16.87%), and recoveries higher than 69%. The method was applied to 16 type of samples and it was found total PAHs levels ranging from 0.20 to 1.82 μg L-1. The developed LDDES-DLLME showed a reliable and innovative alternative for the extraction of PAHs from beverages, cost-effective and environmentally friendly, and providing a satisfactory throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Caldeirão
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Mario Henrique Gonzalez
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Teixeira Godoy
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal.
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Wu P, Zhang L, Hu Z, Zhang N, Wang L, Zhao Y. Contamination of 15+1 European Union polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in various types of tea and their infusions purchased on Hangzhou city market in China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1621-1632. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1784469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pinggu Wu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyan Hu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Nianhua Zhang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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16
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Tsutsumi T, Adachi R, Matsuda R, Watanabe T, Teshima R, Akiyama H. Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Smoked Foods in Japan. J Food Prot 2020; 83:692-701. [PMID: 31855450 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-19-486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We evaluated the performance of a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantifying 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which the Scientific Committee on Food and the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives have considered to be of concern to human health and used the method to determine the PAH concentrations in smoked foods. Eighty-seven samples of smoked fish, smoked meat, smoked eggs, dried bonito flakes, and dried bonito-related soup-stock products (disposable powder packets for infusion, instant bouillons, and liquids) were purchased in Japan to analyze their content of the 16 PAHs. Because of the low certainty of some results, the analytical values for some PAHs (e.g., benzo[c]fluorene, chrysene, and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene) are given for informational purposes only. The highest median concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene and the sum of all the 16 PAHs (29 and 760 μg/kg, respectively) were found in the disposable powder packets, followed by dried bonito flakes (24 and 512 μg/kg, respectively), and instant bouillons (11 and 227 μg/kg, respectively). These concentrations were much higher than those in the other products tested. We also investigated the percentages of the PAHs transferred from dried bonito flakes and a disposable powder packet to soup stocks commonly prepared at home. These were extremely low (<4%), even though they contained relatively high concentrations of the PAHs. Finally, the intake of benzo[a]pyrene and the sum of the intakes of four PAHs, as a marker proposed by the European Food Safety Authority, were estimated based on the data from a Japanese food consumption survey and the mean concentrations found in smoked fish and smoked fish products. These estimates suggest intakes of PAHs pose a low concern for consumer health. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Tsutsumi
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6710-1303 [T.T.])
| | - Rika Adachi
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Rieko Matsuda
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Watanabe
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Reiko Teshima
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akiyama
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka Suita Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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17
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Assessing the contamination levels of dried teas and their infusions by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). J Verbrauch Lebensm 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-019-01229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Oranuba E, Deng H, Peng J, Dawsey SM, Kamangar F. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as a potential source of carcinogenicity of mate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2018; 37:26-41. [PMID: 30596334 PMCID: PMC6443446 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2019.1555323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Drinking mate, an infusion of the herb ilex paraguariensis, is very common in several South American countries, and has been associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer. This increased risk may be attributed to drinking mate very hot, or to mate's potentially carcinogenic contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Mate leaves are often dried via smoking, and therefore commercial samples may have high amounts of PAHs. We found 10 original articles that had measured PAHs in commercial dry samples, and nearly all found very high mass fractions. Most studies found benzo[a]pyrene mass fractions to be over 25 ng/g, and some found levels up to 600 ng/g. However, carcinogenic PAHs are often hydrophobic, and may not readily transfer into infusions. Seven articles studied transfer rates, and these rates varied from 1 to 50%, depending on the methods employed. Further careful studies of transfer rates in situations that mimic real life drinking of mate are recommended. Also, further studies of biological indicators of PAH exposure, particularly in randomized experiments, and analyzing DNA from tumor samples of mate drinkers are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebele Oranuba
- ASCEND Center for Biomedical Research, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hua Deng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiangnan Peng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanford M Dawsey
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Farin Kamangar
- ASCEND Center for Biomedical Research, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, School of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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19
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Lee JG, Lim T, Kim SH, Kang DH, Yoon HJ. Determination and risk characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of tea by using the Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:1843-1856. [PMID: 30483449 PMCID: PMC6233403 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea is one of the most frequently consumed drinks due to its favourite taste and the health benefit. Tea is produced by several processes and drying is very important step to develop the flavour and destroys the enzymes in tea. However, during drying tea, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons some of which are carcinogen and genotoxin are naturally produced. The risk of PAHs by drinking tea was characterized by determining contents of 4 PAHs in tea. 4 PAHs including Benz(a)anthracene (BaA), Chrysene (CHR), Benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) and Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) were investigated by GC-MS in total 468 tea products, which were contaminated up to 4.63 ng g-1. Mate tea was the most highly contaminated by BaA, CHR, BbF and BaP and followed by Solomon's seal and Chrysanthemum. The Margin of Exposures calculated by the concentration of BaA, CHR, BbF and BaP and consumption amount of tea were higher than 10,000, and the risk of PAHs in tea were low concern to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Goo Lee
- Food Contaminants Division, Department of Food Safety Evaluation, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-700 South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742 South Korea
| | - Taesuk Lim
- Food Contaminants Division, Department of Food Safety Evaluation, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-700 South Korea
| | - Sheen-Hee Kim
- Food Contaminants Division, Department of Food Safety Evaluation, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-700 South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742 South Korea
| | - Hae-Jung Yoon
- Food Contaminants Division, Department of Food Safety Evaluation, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-700 South Korea
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20
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Cargouët M, Jeannee N, Vidart B, Gregori P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in environmental media potentially impacted by reused or stored creosote-treated railway ties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:17409-17424. [PMID: 29654466 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Disused creosote-treated railway ties are reused in France and many other countries and, in particular, for landscaping and other residential uses. Given the lack of data on the environmental fate of creosote-derived compounds released from used railway ties, a survey of different environmental media (i.e. soil, sediment, surface water, plants and outdoor air) was carried out at six sites located in France where old creosote-treated railway ties are stored or reused for different purposes. Maximum total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations measured in soils ranged from 2 to 140 mg/kg dry weight. PAH impacts were limited both vertically and horizontally to several centimetres from the railway ties. At two sites, PAH levels in plants (up to 140 μg/kg fresh weight) appeared correlated to the levels measured in soils, suggesting a transfer from soils to the plants. PAHs in sediment were measured at concentrations of up to 280 mg/kg dry weight. As observed in soil, PAH concentrations decreased rapidly further away from the railway ties. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering on principal components indicate that PAHs detected in soils and sediments originated from unweathered to severely weathered creosote and could be strongly influenced by urban background. Results on outdoor air measurements show a degradation of air quality above old and fresh railway tie storage areas at a railway station and to a lesser extent in their vicinity. However, this degradation was low to moderate when compared to French regulatory values, ambient background levels reported in France, as well as health-based air comparison values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Cargouët
- AECOM France, 10 Place de Belgique, 92250, La Garenne-Colombes, France.
| | - Nicolas Jeannee
- Geovariances, 49bis Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 77215, Avon cedex, France
- Dassault Systèmes, 10 rue Marcel Dassault, CS 40501, 78946, Vélizy-Villacoublay cedex, France
| | - Bertrand Vidart
- AECOM France, 10 Place de Belgique, 92250, La Garenne-Colombes, France
| | - Patrizia Gregori
- SNCF RESEAU, Département Lignes Voie Environnement, 6 avenue François Mitterrand, 93574, La Plaine Saint Denis, France
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21
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Younes M, Aggett P, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Dusemund B, Filipič M, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Lambré C, Leblanc JC, Lillegaard IT, Moldeus P, Mortensen A, Oskarsson A, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Andrade RJ, Fortes C, Mosesso P, Restani P, Arcella D, Pizzo F, Smeraldi C, Wright M. Scientific opinion on the safety of green tea catechins. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05239. [PMID: 32625874 PMCID: PMC7009618 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The EFSA ANS Panel was asked to provide a scientific opinion on the safety of green tea catechins from dietary sources including preparations such as food supplements and infusions. Green tea is produced from the leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, without fermentation, which prevents the oxidation of polyphenolic components. Most of the polyphenols in green tea are catechins. The Panel considered the possible association between the consumption of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most relevant catechin in green tea, and hepatotoxicity. This scientific opinion is based on published scientific literature, including interventional studies, monographs and reports by national and international authorities and data received following a public 'Call for data'. The mean daily intake of EGCG resulting from the consumption of green tea infusions ranges from 90 to 300 mg/day while exposure by high-level consumers is estimated to be up to 866 mg EGCG/day, in the adult population in the EU. Food supplements containing green tea catechins provide a daily dose of EGCG in the range of 5-1,000 mg/day, for adult population. The Panel concluded that catechins from green tea infusion, prepared in a traditional way, and reconstituted drinks with an equivalent composition to traditional green tea infusions, are in general considered to be safe according to the presumption of safety approach provided the intake corresponds to reported intakes in European Member States. However, rare cases of liver injury have been reported after consumption of green tea infusions, most probably due to an idiosyncratic reaction. Based on the available data on the potential adverse effects of green tea catechins on the liver, the Panel concluded that there is evidence from interventional clinical trials that intake of doses equal or above 800 mg EGCG/day taken as a food supplement has been shown to induce a statistically significant increase of serum transaminases in treated subjects compared to control.
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22
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Benson NU, Fred-Ahmadu OH, Olugbuyiro JA, Anake WU, Adedapo AE, Olajire AA. Concentrations, sources and risk characterisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in green, herbal and black tea products in Nigeria. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Okaru AO, Rullmann A, Farah A, Gonzalez de Mejia E, Stern MC, Lachenmeier DW. Comparative oesophageal cancer risk assessment of hot beverage consumption (coffee, mate and tea): the margin of exposure of PAH vs very hot temperatures. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:236. [PMID: 29490609 PMCID: PMC5831222 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Consumption of very hot (> 65 °C) beverages is probably associated with increased risk of oesophageal cancer. First associations were reported for yerba mate and it was initially believed that high content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) might explain the risk. Later research on other beverage groups such as tea and coffee, which are also consumed very hot, found associations with increased risk of oesophageal cancer as well. The risk may therefore not be inherent in any compound contained in mate, but due to temperature. The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess the risk of PAH in comparison with the risk of the temperature effect using the margin of exposure (MOE) methodology. Methods The human dietary benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and PAH4 (sum of benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene) exposure through consumption of coffee, mate, and tea was estimated. The oesophageal cancer risk assessment for both PAH and temperature was conducted using the MOE approach. Results Considering differences in the transfer of the PAH from the leaves of mate and tea or from the ground coffee to the infusion, and considering the different preparation methods, exposures may vary considerably. The average individual exposure in μg/kg bw/day arising from consumption of 1 cup (0.2 L) of infusion was highest for mate (2.85E-04 BaP and 7.22E-04 PAH4). The average per capita exposure in μg/kg bw/day was as follows: coffee (4.21E-04 BaP, 4.15E-03 PAH4), mate (4.26E-03 BaP, 2.45E-02 PAH4), and tea (8.03E-04 BaP, 4.98E-03 PAH4). For all individual and population-based exposure scenarios, the average MOE for BaP and PAH4 was > 100,000 independent of beverage type. MOE values in this magnitude are considered as a very low risk. On the contrary, the MOE for the temperature effect was estimated as < 1 for very hot drinking temperatures, corroborating epidemiological observations about a probable oesophageal cancer risk caused by this behaviour. Conclusions The temperature effect but not PAH exposure may pose an oesophageal cancer risk. Consumer education on risks associated with consumption of ‘very hot’ beverages and policy measures to threshold serving temperatures should be discussed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4060-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex O Okaru
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, D-76187, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Off Ngong Road, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anke Rullmann
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, D-76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Adriana Farah
- Nutrition Institute, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Bloco J - Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, 228 ERML, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Mariana C Stern
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, D-76187, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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24
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Zachara A, Gałkowska D, Juszczak L. Contamination of Tea and Tea Infusion with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 15:E45. [PMID: 29283369 PMCID: PMC5800144 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to validate the method of determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), i.e., benzo(a)pyrene and sum of benzo(a)pyrene, benz(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and chrysene in different types of tea, as well as to assess the transfer of these contaminants from tea to tea infusion. The research materials were popular types of black, green, red and white tea. Quantitative and qualitative determination of PAHs was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with fluorimetric detection (HPLC-FLD). The samples were prepared by QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) technique followed by cleaning-up by dispersion solid-phase extraction (d-SPE). Values of limit of detection and limit of quantification obtained in the validation of the method were lower than the respective maximum values given in Commission Regulation (EU) No. 836/2011. The level of contamination of popular teas commercially available on the Polish market with PAHs is similar to that of teas available in other countries, with a very large variation in the concentration of each of the compounds. The highest benzo(a)pyrene and Σ4PAHs contents (209 ± 42 μg/kg and 756 ± 151 μg/kg, respectively) were found for black tea leaves. The transfer of Σ4PAHs from black tea to tea infusions was 0.48%, while it was 1.55-1.72% for red, white and green teas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Zachara
- Department of Food Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland.
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Nutrition, Voivodeship Sanitary-Epidemiological Station in Rzeszow, Wierzbowa 16, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Dorota Gałkowska
- Department of Food Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Lesław Juszczak
- Department of Food Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland.
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25
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Fred-Ahmadu OH, Benson NU. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Occurrence and Toxicity in Camellia sinensis and Herbal Tea. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1335216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omowunmi H. Fred-Ahmadu
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Nsikak U. Benson
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
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26
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Bansal V, Kumar P, Kwon EE, Kim KH. Review of the quantification techniques for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:3297-3312. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1116970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Bansal
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Knowledge City, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eilhann E. Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Comparing d-SPE Sorbents of the QuEChERS Extraction Method and EMR-Lipid for the Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH4) in Food of Animal and Plant Origin. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Determination of 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tea by Simultaneous Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid–Liquid Extraction Coupled with gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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29
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in yerba maté ( Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil) traditional infusions ( mate and tereré ). Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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