Assessment of caffeine intake in the Korean population

Effect of Fluid and Caffeine Management on Quality of Life in Older Women with Overactive Bladder in Rural Korea: A Pilot Study

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the simplified intervention, consisting of fluid and caffeine management alone in older women with overactive bladder symptoms.

Patients and Methods

A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was used. Rural, community-dwelling older women were recruited at four senior centers in South Korea. Of the 63 participants initially enrolled, 34 met the inclusion criteria. One group (n = 15) used fluid and caffeine management alone (FM), and the other group (n = 12) used a combination of fluid and caffeine management and pelvic floor muscle training (FM+PFMT). Urinary symptom-specific health-related quality of life was measured using the Korean version of KHQ. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. After the intervention, participants were assessed 4 and 8 weeks. A linear mixed model was used for the analysis.

Results

The mean age of the participants was 74.44 ± 5.67 years. Among the nine domains of KHQ, impact on life and physical limitations decreased significantly in both groups, without significant between-group differences. Sleep/energy increased in both groups, and the scores in the FM+PFMT group were significantly improved. The number of micturition episodes per day and the quality of sleep did not differ significantly between the two groups.

Conclusion

A simplified intervention, consisting of fluid and caffeine management alone can be considered as the first-line intervention to improve health-related quality of life in rural, community-dwelling, older women with overactive bladder symptoms. Healthcare providers should consider providing a relatively simple, but equally effective intervention to maximize the adherence and effectiveness.

Coffee consumption and migraine: a population-based study

Although coffee is one of the most consumed caffeinated beverages worldwide, the role of coffee consumption in migraine is controversial. This study examined the relationship between coffee consumption and clinical characteristics in participants with migraine compared to those with non-migraine headache. This cross-sectional study used data from a nationwide survey on headache and sleep. Coffee consumption was classified as no-to-low (< 1 cup/day), moderate (1-2 cups/day), or high (≥ 3 cups/day). Of the 3030 survey participants, 170 (5.6%) and 1,768 (58.3%) were identified as having migraine and non-migraine headache, respectively. Coffee consumption tended to increase in the order of non-headache, non-migraine headache, and migraine (linear-by-linear association, p = 0.011). Although psychiatric comorbidities (depression for migraine and anxiety for non-migraine headache) and stress significantly differed according to coffee consumption, most headache characteristics and accompanying symptoms did not differ among the three groups for participants with migraine and non-migraine headache. Response to acute headache treatment-adjusted for age, sex, depression, anxiety, stress, preventive medication use, and current smoking-was not significantly different by coffee consumption in participants with migraine and non-migraine headache. In conclusion, most headache-related characteristics and acute treatment response did not significantly differ by coffee consumption in migraine and non-migraine headache.

Respiratory Safety Pharmacological Testing with Single Intravenous Administration of Caffeine in Sprague-Dawley Rats

As caffeine consumption continues to increase, both positive and negative effects are becoming evident. Caffeine directly affects the cardiovascular system, including heart function and rate. Thus, understanding the current respiratory safety pharmacological responses is of utmost importance. To elucidate the respiratory safety pharmacological characteristics of caffeine, male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 6 weeks, were intravenously administered doses of 0, 2, 6, and 20 mg/kg of caffeine. Respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute volume were subsequently measured. In this study, we observed a significant increase in respiratory rate and minute volume, but a remarkable reduction in tidal volume following the intravenous administration of caffeine at doses exceeding 6 mg/kg. These changes were evident within the timeframe of 0.25 to 1.5 h. The data we have collected can serve as valuable foundational scientific information for future research on caffeine, encompassing absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and pharmacological core-battery experiments.

Diagnostic Ultrasound-Based Investigation of Central vs. Peripheral Arterial Changes Consequent to Low-Dose Caffeine Ingestion

Caffeine is present in various foods and medicines and is highly accessible through various routes, regardless of age. However, most studies on caffeine have focused on the effects of high-dose caffeine ingestion based on the recommended daily amount for adults. In this study, we examined the physiological changes in the central and peripheral vessels that may occur when ingesting low-dose caffeine due to its high accessibility, with the aim of creating an environment of safe caffeine ingestion. This study included 26 healthy participants in their 20s. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), heart rate (HR), and pulse wave velocity (PWV) for vascular stiffness assessment were measured at 0, 30, and 60 min after caffeine ingestion using diagnostic ultrasound to determine the physiological changes in the blood vessels, common carotid artery (CCA) and radial artery (RA). In addition, percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2), blood pressure (BP), and accelerated photoplethysmography (APG) were measured. In comparison with before ingestion, the HR tended to decrease and showed a significant difference at 30 and 60 min (p = 0.014 and p = 0.031, respectively). PSV significantly decreased in both vessels at 30 and 60 min (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). APG showed a decreasing trend until 60 min after ingestion, with a significant difference at 30 and 60 min (p = 0.003 and p = 0.012, respectively). No significant difference was observed in SpO2, BP, or PWV; however, they showed a tendency to increase after ingestion. Decreased HR may occur because of the baroreflex caused by an increase in BP. The RA has many branches and a smaller diameter; therefore, the PSV was lower in the RA than that in the CCA. This effect can occur because of the difficulty in the smooth expansion of blood vessels, which leads to a decrease in blood flow. In addition, an increase in intracellular calcium concentration can prevent vasodilation and increase the propagation velocity of pulse waves. The reflected waves can increase systolic blood pressure but reduce PWV and vascular elasticity. These results suggest that even low-dose caffeine can improve blood vessel health by providing temporary stimulation to the blood vessels; however, it can also cause changes in blood flow and blood vessel elasticity, which can lead to serious diseases such as stroke and high blood pressure. Therefore, caution should be exercised when caffeine consumption is indiscriminate.

Secondary School Students and Caffeine: Consumption Habits, Motivations, and Experiences

Adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of caffeine due to a lack of tolerance, their small size, changing brain physiology, and increasing independence. Concerns about adolescent caffeine consumption relate to potentially serious physiological and psychological effects following consumption. Motivations driving caffeine intake are not well understood among adolescents but are important to understand to reduce harmful behavioural patterns. This study explored caffeine consumption habits (sources, amount, frequency) of New Zealand adolescents; and factors motivating caffeine consumption and avoidance. The previously validated caffeine consumption habits questionnaire (CaffCo) was completed by 216 participants (15-18 years), with most (94.9%) consuming at least one caffeinated product daily. Chocolate, coffee, tea, and kola drinks were the most consumed sources. The median caffeine intake was 68 mg·day-1. Gender (boy) and being employed influenced the source, but not the quantity of caffeine consumed. One-fifth (21.2%) of adolescents consumed more than the recommended European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) safe level (3 mg·kg-1·day-1). Taste, energy, and temperature were the main motivators for consumption, and increased energy, excitement, restlessness, and sleep disturbances were reported effects following caffeine consumption. This study provides information on caffeinated product consumption among New Zealand adolescents, some of whom consumed caffeine above the EFSA safe level. Public health initiatives directed at adolescents may be important to reduce potential caffeine-related harm.

Quantitative probabilistic assessment of caffeine intake from tea in Chinese adult consumers based on nationwide caffeine content determination and tea consumption survey

Caffeine has known effects on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. An intake up to 400 mg/day does not give rise to health concerns. Tea, a major source of caffeine, is highly consumed in China. However, the potential health risk of caffeine from tea has not been well evaluated. The present study assessed caffeine intake levels from tea for Chinese adult consumers. We collected 1,398 samples of green, black, dark, jasmine, oolong, white, and yellow tea from 17 provinces. The caffeine content was determined by HPLC. The average contents were 27 (oolong tea) - 43 (yellow tea) mg/g. The leaching rate of caffeine into the water was about 100%. Tea consumption data were from the National Beverage Consumption Survey 2013-2014. Monte Carlo simulations were applied to estimate the distribution of caffeine intake. The average caffeine intake from tea was 180 mg/day of all consumers. Green, dark, and black tea were the primary sources. Males (197 mg/day) consumed more caffeine than females (136 mg/day) on average, but females older than 71 years had the highest intake level (259 mg/day) among all subgroups. Over 90% of Chinese adult tea drinkers have caffeine intake under 400 mg/day.

The chemistry, processing, and preclinical anti-hyperuricemia potential of tea: a comprehensive review

Hyperuricemia is an abnormal purine metabolic disease that occurs when there is an excess of uric acid in the blood, associated with cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, gout, and renal disease. Dietary intervention is one of the most promising strategies for preventing hyperuricemia and controlling uric acid concentrations. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is known as one of the most common beverages and the source of dietary polyphenols. However, the effect of tea on hyperuricemia is unclear. Recent evidence shows that a lower risk of hyperuricemia is associated with tea intake. To better understand the anti-hyperuricemia effect of tea, this review first briefly describes the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia and the processing techniques of different types of tea. Next, the epidemiological and experimental studies of tea and its bioactive compounds on hyperuricemia in recent years were reviewed. Particular attention was paid to the anti-hyperuricemia mechanisms targeting the hepatic uric acid synthase, renal uric acid transporters, and intestinal microbiota. Additionally, the desirable intake of tea for preventing hyperuricemia is provided. Understanding the anti-hyperuricemia effect and mechanisms of tea can better utilize it as a preventive dietary strategy.HighlightsHigh purine diet, excessive alcohol/fructose consumption, and less exercise/sleep are the induction factors of hyperuricemia.Tea and tea compounds showed alleviated effects for hyperuricemia, especially polyphenols.Tea (containing caffeine or not) is not associated with a higher risk of hyperuricemia.Xanthine oxidase inhibition (reduce uric acid production), Nrf2 activation, and urate transporters regulation (increase uric acid excretion) are the potential molecular targets of anti-hyperuricemic effect of tea.About 5 g tea intake per day may be beneficial for hyperuricemia prevention.

Prevalence and correlates of highly caffeinated beverage consumption among Korean adolescents

OBJECTIVE

The purposes of this study were to (1) examine the multi-year prevalence of highly caffeinated beverage (HCB) consumption, (2) identify sex differences in the prevalence, and (3) investigate relationships between HCB consumption and behavioral characteristics in a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents.

METHODS

Data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (2014-2017) were analyzed.

RESULTS

HCB consumption was higher in 2017 than 2014 (23.9% vs. 12.0%), and higher among boys than girls (17.2% vs. 13.1%). HCB drinkers were more likely to (1) be boys, (2) be overweight or obese, (3) use alcohol and tobacco, (4) consume soda at least once per week, (5) consume sweetened beverages at least once per week, (6) have seriously considered suicide during the past 12 months, and (7) have attempted suicide during the past 12 months (p<0.05 for all).

CONCLUSION

Effective programs to curb HCB consumption among Korean adolescents need to be established.

Occurrence, fate, persistence and remediation of caffeine: a review

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have gained attention in recent years due to their continuous discharge in natural waters. Their persistence in the environment has impacted flora, fauna and human being worldwide. One of the most common PPCPs is caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) which acts as a stimulant to the central nervous system in humans and is found in nature in about 60 plant species, especially in coffee, tea and cacao plants. Here we discuss the evidence with respect to caffeine occurrence, its persistence and remediation in light of increasing knowledge and the impact of caffeine on the environment. Daily intake of caffeine around the world is found to increase due to the frequent introduction of new caffeinated beverages as well as increased consumption of coffee, tea and carbonated soft drinks, which has led to increase in its concentration in water bodies including agricultural soil. The caffeine concentration in different water system, studied by various authors is also described. Diverse effects of the use of caffeine on several organisms including humans are also briefly presented. Therefore, urgent attention for the removal of caffeine and its derivatives is the need of the hour. Various methods described in literature for caffeine degradation/removal is also presented. Another widely used technique in environmental remediation is molecular imprinting (MIP); however, only few MIPs have been demonstrated for caffeine which is also discussed. Regular monitoring can be useful to control toxic effects of caffeine. Graphical abstract.

Analysis of illegal colourants (citrus red II, diethyl yellow, dimethyl yellow, metanil yellow and rhodamine B) in foods by LC-UV and LC-MS/MS

Synthetic colourants are highly regulated due to their correlation with a variety of health hazards. Regulatory services must be able to detect the substances in a cost-effective, efficient, and sensitive manner. LC-UV and LC-MS/MS methods have been developed to simultaneously detect five illegal colourants in foods, such as: citrus red II, diethyl yellow, dimethyl yellow, metanil yellow, and rhodamine B. This method showed good linearity (R ² > 0.99) and low limits of detection (0.09-0.19 mg kg^-1) and quantitation (0.26-0.58 mg kg^-1). The recoveries at three standard concentration levels ranged between 80.9% and 120%, with relative standard deviations below 12%. The expanded uncertainties determined for the five colourants in three food matrices were 8.2-19.4%. This method was applied to monitor five illegal colourants in imported and domestic beverages, candies, and sauces. None of the five colourants were found in any of the 510 samples. The method is suitable for quantitative analysis of five illegal colourants simultaneously in various foods and can be applied to improve current surveillance and inspection services.

Motivations Influencing Caffeine Consumption Behaviors among College Students in Korea: Associations with Sleep Quality

Caffeinated beverages are a part of daily life. Caffeinated beverages such as coffee, tea, energy drinks, and soft drinks are easy to purchase and are frequently consumed by young college students. Moreover, smoking influences the consumption of caffeinated beverages. The concentration of caffeine in these products is an attractive factor for individuals that desire the effects of caffeine; however, abusing such products may lead to poor sleep quality. The motivations that drive caffeinated beverage consumption were investigated in this study through a survey. Self-reported questionnaires were distributed on campus to students enrolled at a university in Korea. The motivations of the students for consuming each caffeinated beverage and their sleep quality were investigated. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed the motivations for caffeinated beverage consumption were alertness, taste, mood, socialization, health benefits, and habit. The motivations for consuming each caffeinated beverage product were different. For instance, coffee consumption was motivated by a desire for alertness (B = .107, SE = .049, t = 2.181, p < 0.05) and by habit (B = .345, SE = .046, t = 7.428, p < 0.001), whereas tea consumption was influenced by socialization (B = .142, SE = .060, t = 2.357, p < 0.05). Energy drink consumption was motivated by a desire for alertness (B = .100, SE = .034, t = 2.966, p < 0.01) and health benefits (B = .120, SE = .051, t = 2.345, p < 0.05), while the consumption of soft drinks was not motivated by any specific factors. Caffeinated beverage consumption did not show a significant relationship with sleep quality, although the general sleep quality of the respondents was poor. Smoking status showed significant differences in coffee and tea consumption as well as sleep quality. Smokers had a higher intake of coffee and a lower intake of tea than non-smokers. No interaction effect between smoking and coffee on sleep quality was found. Labeling detailing the amount of caffeine in products is necessary and a cautionary statement informing consumers that smoking cigarettes enhances the effects of caffeine should be included.

Maternal coffee intake and the risk of bleeding in early pregnancy: a cross-sectional analysis

BACKGROUND

Caffeine can easily cross the placenta, and maternal caffeine intake, thus, has an effect on fetal growth. However, it is still unclear whether coffee consumption is an independent risk factor for bleeding in early pregnancy. The objective of this study was to examine the association between pre-pregnancy coffee consumption patterns and the risk of bleeding in early pregnancy.

METHODS

A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 3510 pregnant women from the Korean Pregnancy Outcome Study who underwent baseline examination and for whom the results of the pregnancy were available. Coffee consumption patterns before pregnancy were examined using a questionnaire. The participants were classified according to the frequency of coffee consumption into seldom (< 1 cup/week), light (< 1 cup/day), moderate (1 cup/day), and heavy coffee drinker (≥2 cups/day) groups. Bleeding in early pregnancy was defined as the occurrence of vaginal bleeding in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. Multiple logistic regression models were applied to examine the association between pre-pregnancy coffee consumption and the risk of bleeding in early pregnancy, after adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption behavior, previous and current physical activity levels, stress levels, history of depression, antenatal depressive symptoms during the first trimester, type of emesis, parity, and the number of livebirths, stillbirths, miscarriages, and abortions.

RESULTS

Women who were light, moderate, and heavy coffee drinkers before pregnancy had adjusted ORs of 1.086, 1.225, and 1.358, respectively, for bleeding in early pregnancy. In a fully adjusted model, heavy coffee drinkers showed a significantly higher risk of bleeding in early pregnancy, even in women aged 35 years and younger (OR 1.680) and in those with a normal body mass index (OR 1.389), who were at relatively low risk for pregnancy-related complications.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results showed that heavy coffee drinking was independently associated with a higher risk of bleeding in early pregnancy among pregnant Korean women, suggesting that caffeine intake before conception and during pregnancy should be reduced. Our study highlights the need for nutritional interventions for healthy coffee drinking among pregnant women in Korea.

Drinking for protection? Epidemiological and experimental evidence on the beneficial effects of coffee or major coffee compounds against gastrointestinal and liver carcinogenesis

Recent meta-analyses indicate that coffee consumption reduces the risk for digestive tract (oral, esophageal, gastric and colorectal) and, especially, liver cancer. Coffee bean-derived beverages, as the widely-consumed espresso and "common" filtered brews, present remarkable historical, cultural and economic importance globally. These drinks have rich and variable chemical composition, depending on factors that vary from "seeding to serving". The alkaloids caffeine and trigonelline, as well as the polyphenol chlorogenic acid, are some of the most important bioactive organic compounds of these beverages, displaying high levels in both espresso and common brews and/or increased bioavailability after consumption. Thus, we performed a comprehensive literature overview of current knowledge on the effects of coffee beverages and their highly bioavailable compounds, describing: 1) recent epidemiological and experimental findings highlighting the beneficial effects against gastrointestinal/liver carcinogenesis, and 2) the main molecular mechanisms in these in vitro and in vivo bioassays. Findings predominantly address the protective effects of coffee beverages and their most common/bioavailable compounds individually on gastrointestinal and liver cancer development. Caffeine, trigonelline and chlorogenic acid modulate common molecular targets directly implicated in key cancer hallmarks, what could stimulate novel translational or population-based mechanistic investigations.

Contents of chlorogenic acids and caffeine in various coffee-related products

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The total amount of CGAs and caffeine were quantified in different types of coffee-related drinks.

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The coffee with the highest content of CGAs was unblended roasted and ground coffee sold in supermarkets.

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The most caffeine-rich coffee was Americano coffee from coffee shops.

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The coffee with the highest value of caffeine/CGAs ratio was milk-added RTD coffee.

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According to caffeine/CGAs ratio, the good quality coffee was found to be the unblended ground coffee from market.

Coffee is the most popular beverage in the Republic of Korea, other than Korea's traditional green tea. Coffee contains many physiologically active substances, such as chlorogenic acids (CGAs) and caffeine. Previous studies have focused on the content of CGAs and caffeine in brewed coffee. This study quantified the total amounts of CGAs and caffeine using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector in 83 various coffee-related products, such as instant coffee, roasted and ground coffee sold in supermarkets, ready-to-drink coffee, and Americano coffee sold in franchise restaurants in the Republic of Korea. According to the results of this study, the coffee with the highest content of CGAs was unblended roasted and ground coffee sold in supermarkets, with a mean value of 194.1 ± 67.7 mg/serving, and the most caffeine-rich coffee was Americano coffee from coffee shops, with a mean value of 166.1 ± 37.5 mg/serving. The caffeine/CGA ratios were determined in various coffee beverages because they are useful parameters for estimating the human health. The lowest mean caffeine/CGAs ratio of 0.5 ± 0.1 was found in unblended ground coffee sold in supermarkets, and the highest mean ratio of 2.5 ± 1.4 was found in milk-added ready-to-drink coffee. Adult caffeine tolerance is defined as 400 mg a day in the Republic of Korea. However, this value highlights the importance of medicines, carbohydrate beverages, tea, chocolate, cocoa products, energy drinks and other sources of caffeine that can contribute to the total intake of caffeine.

Improved method for the determination of 12 non-nutritive sweeteners and monitoring in various foods using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

An improved and highly sensitive method was developed and validated for the determination of 12 (7 permitted and 5 non-permitted in Korea) non-nutritive sweeteners in various foods using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry. The chromatographic separation was performed on an Xbridge BEH C18 column (3 mm × 100 mm, 2.5 μm) with gradient elution using 10 mM ammonium acetate in water and 10 mM ammonium acetate in methanol. Sample preparation consisted of simple dilution, homogenisation, centrifugation and purification with a C18 cartridge prior to analysis. The relative matrix effect (%ME) was within ±20% for all sweeteners. The method also showed good linearity (R² > 0.99). The limit of detection and limit of quantification values in sample were in the range of 0.02-2.66 and 0.06-8.05 mg kg^-1, respectively. The recoveries at three concentration levels ranged between 80% and 119%, with relative standard deviation values below 10%. In addition, the expanded uncertainties determined for 12 sweeteners in 5 different food matrices were confirmed to be <14%. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the analysis of sweeteners in 681 food samples purchased in Korea, Australia and Turkey. These results demonstrate that the method is suitable for the simultaneous determination of multiple-sweeteners in a variety of foods.

Coffee intake, health-related quality of life, and associated factors of overactive bladder in older Korean women living in rural South Korea

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common health problem in older women. The aim of the study was to investigate coffee consumption, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and associated factors of OAB in older Korean women living in rural South Korea. A total of 248 women aged 65 years and older participated in this study. Chi-square tests, t-tests, and multivariable logistic regressions were performed. The means of coffee consumption between OAB and non-OAB groups were not significantly different. Women with OAB showed significantly lower HRQOL than women with stress urinary incontinence only. OAB was associated with high body mass index and poor health status.

Determination of chlorogenic acids and caffeine in homemade brewed coffee prepared under various conditions

Coffee, a complex mixture of more than 800 volatile compounds, is one of the most valuable commodity in the world, whereas caffeine and chlorogenic acids (CGAs) are the most common compounds. CGAs are mainly composed of caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs), dicaffeoylquinic acids (diCQAs), and feruloylquinic acids (FQAs). The major CGAs in coffee are neochlorogenic acid (3-CQA), cryptochlorogenic acid (4-CQA), and chlorogenic acid (5-CQA). Many studies have shown that it is possible to separate the isomers of FQAs by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, some authors have shown that it is not possible to separate 4-feruloylquinic acid (4-FQA) and 5-feruloylquinic acid (5-FQA) by HPLC. Therefore, the present study was designated to investigate the chromatographic problems in the determination of CGAs (seven isomers) and caffeine using HPLC-DAD. The values of determination coefficient (R²) calculated from external-standard calibration curves were >0.998. The recovery rates conducted at 3 spiking levels ranged from 99.4% to 106.5% for the CGAs and from 98.8% to 107.1% for the caffeine. The precision values (expressed as relative standard deviations (RSDs)) were <7% and <3% for intra and interday variability, respectively. The tested procedure proved to be robust. The seven CGAs isomers except 4-FQA and 5-FQA were well distinguished and all gave good peak shapes. We have found that 4-FQA and 5-FQA could not be separated using HPLC. The method was extended to investigate the effects of different brewing conditions such as the roasting degree of green coffee bean, coffee-ground size, and numbers of boiling-water pours, on the concentration of CGAs and caffeine in homemade brewed coffee, using nine green coffee bean samples of different origins. It was reported that medium-roasted, fine-ground coffees brewed using three pours of boiling water were the healthiest coffee with fluent CGAs.

Caffeine intake and its sources: A review of national representative studies

Aim of this review is to summarize current daily caffeine intake of children, adolescents, and adults, and trends in caffeine intake over the past decade. A literature search was conducted (1997-2015) which yielded 18 reports on nationally representative studies, describing caffeine consumption of over 275,000 children, adolescents and adults. The data revealed that mean total daily caffeine intake in children, adolescents, and adults is below caffeine intake recommendations such as those stated by Health Canada (2.5 mg/kg bw/day for children and adolescents, and 400 mg/day for adults) and the European Food Safety Authority, EFSA (3 mg/kg bw/day for children and adolescents, and 400 mg/day for adults). Total daily caffeine intake has remained stable in the last 10-15 years, and coffee, tea and soft drinks are the most important caffeine sources. Across all age groups, energy drinks contribute little to total caffeine intake. The highest potential for reducing daily caffeine intake is by limiting coffee consumption, and in some countries and age groups, by reducing tea and soft drink consumption.

Association between Consumption of Coffee and the Prevalence of Periodontitis: The 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Background

This study was performed to assess the relationship between the consumption of coffee and periodontitis using nationally representative data.

Methods

The data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used; the analysis in this study was confined to a total of 16,730 respondents over 19 years old who had no missing values for the consumption of coffee or outcome variables. A community periodontal index greater than or equal to code 3 was defined as periodontal disease.

Results

Consumption of coffee was significantly higher in the individuals with periodontitis in males. The odds ratios of the percentage of individuals with periodontitis tended to increase with the consumption of coffee. Adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals of the male participants were 1, 1.131(0.792–1.617), 1.161(0.857–1.573), 1.053(0.805–1.379), 1.299(1.007–1.676), and 1.458(1.141–1.862) for once per month or less, once per month<x≤3 times per week, three times per week<x≤6 times per week, once per day, twice per day, and three or more per day, respectively.

Conclusions

Consumption of coffee may be considered an independent risk indicator of periodontal disease in Korean male adults, and we suggest that the periodontal health of male may benefit from reduction of coffee consumption.

Caffeine Intake Is Associated with Urinary Incontinence in Korean Postmenopausal Women: Results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

INTRODUCTION

The objective of this study was to investigate whether caffeine intake is associated with urinary incontinence (UI) and quality of life (QOL) in Korean postmenopausal women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We included 4,028 postmenopausal women who had participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (KNHANES IV). From the KNHANES questionnaire data, we ascertained the UI status of participants, defined as self-reported or medically diagnosed UI, and calculated their total daily caffeine intake through questions regarding the frequency of food consumption. The EuroQoL-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) descriptive system was used to evaluate QOL among the study population.

RESULTS

The mean age of the study population was 63.19±0.25 years. Among the 4,028 women, the prevalence of medically diagnosed UI was 2.6% (n = 151), the prevalence of self-reported UI was 11.9% (n = 483), and the lifetime prevalence of UI was 15.8% (n = 639). In the study population, the presence of UI was not significantly different by age group, but daily caffeine consumption and the percentage of caffeine consumer decreased with age (P<0.001). Higher caffeine intake led to significantly higher prevalence of both medically diagnosed UI (p = 0.012) and self-reported UI (p = 0.040) in the study population. Even after adjusting for factors including age, parity, smoking status, hypertension and diabetes in logistic regression analysis, the positive association between caffeine intake and UI prevalence was observed in both medically diagnosed UI and self-reported UI (P = 0.017) among participants. In a subgroup analysis for EQ-5D (using continuous variables) in which we categorized participants into four groups according to UI presence and caffeine consumption, the EQ-5D scores were lower in the caffeine non-user group with UI than in the caffeine consumer group with or without UI.

CONCLUSION

In a sample of Korean postmenopausal women, the prevalence of UI increased with higher caffeine consumption. Additionally, QOL was lower in caffeine non-users with UI than in the caffeine consumer groups. However, additional prospective studies are required to identify clear causation between caffeine consumption, UI prevalence and QOL.