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Aljawish A, Souton E, Dahbi L, Severin I. Chemical and toxicological characterization of food contact recycled paperboard extracts. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39102379 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2387201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Food contact paperboard poses a potential risk of food contamination due to the possible release of chemicals (intentionally added or not), particularly in recycled paperboard. Water extractions were performed, according to wet food procedures, of paperboard samples collected from a manufacturer at the beginning and the end of a recycling production chain. Chemical analysis and hormonal activities in vitro of water extracts were studied. ICP-MS analysis confirmed the presence of 15 trace elements with lower concentrations after the recycling process, with the exception of chlorine. The chromatographic analyses demonstrated that the identified substances in the starting paperboard, before the recycling process, were approximately twice as high as in the end paperboard, after the recycling process. These substances included also natural wood products, chemical additives, and undesirable substances such as phthalates. Two major products (3,5-di-tert-butylphenol and methyl-2-pyrrolidone) were found in the starting and the end paperboard extracts, respectively. Two common substances were identified in both extracts: 2,4-di-tert-buthylphenol and dehydroabietic acid. Evaluation of potential endocrine disruption showed that the starting paperboard extract exhibited oestrogenic and antiandrogenic effects, while these effects nearly disappeared in the end paperboard extract. These results confirmed that the recycling process was effective in removing most of the contaminant substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhadi Aljawish
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), UMR SayFood, Paris, France
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2
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Edebali Ö, Krupčíková S, Goellner A, Vrana B, Muz M, Melymuk L. Tracking Aromatic Amines from Sources to Surface Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2024; 11:397-409. [PMID: 38765463 PMCID: PMC11097632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
This review examines the environmental occurrence and fate of aromatic amines (AAs), a group of environmental contaminants with possible carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. AAs are known to be partially responsible for the genotoxic traits of industrial wastewater (WW), and AA antioxidants are acutely toxic to some aquatic organisms. Still, there are gaps in the available data on sources, occurrence, transport, and fate in domestic WW and indoor environments, which complicate the prevention of adverse effects in aquatic ecosystems. We review key domestic sources of these compounds, including cigarette smoke and grilled protein-rich foods, and their presence indoors and in aquatic matrices. This provides a basis to evaluate the importance of nonindustrial sources to the overall environmental burden of AAs. Appropriate sampling techniques for AAs are described, including copper-phthalocyanine trisulfonate materials, XAD resins in solid-phase extraction, and solid-phase microextraction methods, which can offer insights into AA sources, transport, and fate. Further discussion is provided on potential progress in the research of AAs and their behavior in an aim to support the development of a more comprehensive understanding of their effects and potential environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Edebali
- RECETOX,
Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czechia
| | - Simona Krupčíková
- RECETOX,
Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czechia
| | - Anna Goellner
- UFZ
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Branislav Vrana
- RECETOX,
Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czechia
| | - Melis Muz
- UFZ
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX,
Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czechia
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3
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Di Mario M, Bauwens G, Peltier F, Goscinny S, Focant JF, Purcaro G, Van Hoeck E. Investigation of potential migratables from paper and board food contact materials. Front Chem 2023; 11:1322811. [PMID: 38099191 PMCID: PMC10720245 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1322811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the ban on single-use plastic articles in Europe, the food contact material (FCM) industry has been forced to move to more sustainable alternatives. Paper and board FCM are convenient alternatives but must be safe for consumers. This study aims to investigate potential migrations of various substances (e.g., plasticizers, photoinitiators, primary aromatic amines, mineral oil, and bisphenols) from straws and takeaway articles made of paper and board. Twenty straws and fifty-eight takeaway articles were carefully selected and investigated using liquid and gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry or flame ionization detector. Fourteen substances of all the targeted categories were found in takeaway articles, including seven plasticizers, two photoinitiators, one primary aromatic amine, two bisphenols, and the saturated and aromatic fraction of mineral oil (MOSH and MOAH, respectively). In straws, fewer substances were detected, i.e., six substances, including three plasticizers, one photoinitiator, MOSH, and MOAH. At least one of the target substances was detected in 88% of the samples, demonstrating the importance of further evaluation of these materials. Finally, the associated risks were assessed, highlighting the potential risks for several types of articles regarding bisphenol A, one primary aromatic amine (3.3-DMB), and MOSH and MOAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Di Mario
- Organic Contaminants and Additives Service, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gregory Bauwens
- Analytical Chemistry Lab at the AgroBioChem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Florian Peltier
- Organic Contaminants and Additives Service, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Organic Contaminants and Additives Service, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab at the AgroBioChem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Organic Contaminants and Additives Service, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Stability study of primary aromatic amines in aqueous food simulants under storage conditions of food contact material migration studies. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Galbiati E, Tietz T, Zellmer S, Merkel S. Risk Assessment of Food Contact Materials II. EFSA J 2022; 20:e200408. [PMID: 35634565 PMCID: PMC9131608 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Tietz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Germany
| | | | - Stefan Merkel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Germany
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6
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Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, de Juan-de Juan P, Bressan C, Vázquez-Espinosa M, González-de-Peredo AV, Santos FJ, Moyano E. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for the migration studies of primary aromatic amines from food contact materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3137-3151. [PMID: 35233696 PMCID: PMC8934768 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the development of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of 23 primary aromatic amines (PAAs) that can potentially migrate from food contact materials. The chromatographic separation was performed in a pentafluorophenylpropyl (PFPP) column achieving the separation of all PAAs in less than 6.5 min using water to acetonitrile (0.1% acetic acid in both solvents) as mobile phase and a gradient elution. The feasibility of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) was evaluated as alternative to electrospray ionization (ESI) for the analysis of PAAs. Results showed that for most of the compounds, better responses were obtained with APCI, which shows the advantage of being less susceptible to matrix effects. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragmentation studies of [M + H]+ allowed for the selection of the two most characteristic and abundant product ions of the 23 PAAs which led to the development of a selective and sensitive UHPLC-APCI-MS/MS method with limits of detection ranging from 0.2 to 2 μg kg-1. Moreover, intra-day and inter-day precisions of the method in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD%) were lower than 10% and 15%, while trueness as relative error was <15% for most of the compounds. The UHPLC-APCI-MS/MS method was applied to the analysis of twenty black Nylon kitchenware samples that were submitted to migration tests using food simulant B (3% acetic acid, w/v), and the presence of PAAs were detected in eighteen samples at concentrations above the legislated limit (2 μg kg-1 of food or food simulants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pedro de Juan-de Juan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Bressan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Vázquez-Espinosa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of CádizIVAGROPuerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ana V González-de-Peredo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of CádizIVAGROPuerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain
| | - F Javier Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Encarnación Moyano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Faraji M, Afsharsaveh Z, Shirani M. Application of vortex assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on a new deep eutectic solvent for microextraction of aromatic amines from simulant of kitchenware samples by HPLC-UV. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Faraji M, Ghanati K, Kamankesh M, Aryanasab F, Mohammadi A. New and efficient magnetic nanocomposite extraction using multifunctional deep eutectic solvent based on ferrofluid and vortex assisted-liquid-liquid microextraction: Determining primary aromatic amines (PAAs) in tetra-packed fruit juices. Food Chem 2022; 386:132822. [PMID: 35366633 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel magnetic nanocomposite solvent (MNCS) based on ferrofluid and multifunctional deep eutectic solvent (MDES) was synthesized and applied in vortex assisted-liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-LLME). The ferrofluid has been composed from zirconium phosphate (modified magnetic graphene oxide) and tetrabutylammonium bromide-octanoic acid deep eutectic solvent (MGO/α-ZrP@TBAB-OA). This efficient method was employed to determine primary aromatic amines including aniline, 4-methoxyanniline, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, orthotoluidine, 2,6-dimethylaniline, 2-naphtylamine in tetra-packed juice samples. The proposed method showed the excellent extraction efficiency of PAAs according to strong interactions of new extraction solvent including electrostatic, π-π, and hydrogen bonding attractions. The found levels of PAAs are lower than the limit of quantifications (2.0 µg L-1). Therefore, the migration of PAAs from packaging to the juice samples is lower than permitted level (<10 µg kg-1). The results indicated high potential use of the offered method to analyze aromatic amine compounds in foodstuff and biologic samples in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faraji
- Food, Halal and Agricultural Products Research Group, Food Technology and Agricultural Products Research Center, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj P.O. Box 31745-139, Iran.
| | - Kiandokht Ghanati
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Kamankesh
- School of Pharmacy, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Fezzeh Aryanasab
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petrochemical Engineering, Standard Research Institute (SRI), P.O. Box 31745‑139, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Chinthakindi S, Kannan K. Primary aromatic amines in indoor dust from 10 countries and associated human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106840. [PMID: 34450547 PMCID: PMC8490295 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although primary aromatic amines (AAs) are widely used in consumer products, little is known about their occurrence in indoor dust. A liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was applied for the determination of 29 AAs and two tobacco smoke markers (nicotine and cotinine) in 256 house dust samples collected from 10 countries. Of the 29 AAs analyzed, p-anisidine, o-anisidine, 2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-DMA), p-cresidine (p-CD), p-toluidine (p-TD), 4,4'-methylenedianiline (4,4'-MDA), ortho/meta-toluidine (o/m-TD), 4-chloroaniline (4-CA), 2,4-diaminotoluene (2,4-DAT), aniline, and 2-naphthylamine (2-NA) as well as nicotine and cotinine, were found prevalent in house dust samples. Sum median concentrations of AAs and tobacco smoke markers varied from 29.6 to 576 ng/g (overall median: 200 ng/g) and 10.8 to 2920 ng/g (415 ng/g), respectively. Among AAs, aniline was the abundant contaminant, found at median concentrations ranging from 19.6 ng/g (Colombia) to 334 ng/g (South Korea). Nicotine was detected in all indoor samples at median concentrations ranging from 9.92 ng/g (Colombia) to 2790 ng/g (India) ng/g. Concentrations of AAs in indoor dust were significantly correlated with those of nicotine. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of select AAs through the ingestion of house dust was in the range of 0.019-3.03 ng/kg-bw/day, which was five orders of magnitude below the tolerance limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Chinthakindi
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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10
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Galbiati E, Jacxsens L, De Meulenaer B. Hazard prioritisation of substances in printing inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1608-1626. [PMID: 34372753 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1954701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of intentionally added substances can be used in printing inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging. Some of them can be transferred to foodstuffs through a phenomenon called migration, arising concerns on the potential adverse health effects derived from the exposure to chemicals that have not yet been assessed for their risks to humans. The large number of the substances concerned and the lack of prioritisation strategies hamper the work of control authorities, since it is not clear which substances should be monitored as first priority. In this study, a hazard prioritisation strategy is proposed. An inventory listing more than 6,000 substances used in inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging was compiled and filtered using several exclusion criteria aimed to set apart those substances for which there is no apparent need for further evaluation or because fall into one of the exclusion categories of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach. Additionally, substances with a molecular weight >1,000 Da were removed. Approximately 2,300 substances were retained, for which a comprehensive hazard profiling was conducted based on the general scheme for the application of the TTC approach. First, structural alerts for genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity were investigated. If a substance was neither genotoxic nor belonging to the chemical classes of organophosphates and carbamates, the Cramer classification was used. Furthermore, the substances were searched for their presence in three so-called 'Substances of Concern' lists and RASFF notifications. Groups of high, medium and low priority substances were established, resulting in 1,660 substances classified as high and medium priority. A panel of five experts evaluated these substances with respect to their relevance for further risk evaluations. By applying this hazard prioritisation strategy, 696 substances were identified as 'Very High Priority Substances' (VHPS) for which further assessments should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Galbiati
- NutriFOODchem Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Jacxsens
- NutriFOODchem Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- NutriFOODchem Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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11
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SZABÓ BS, JAKAB PP, HEGEDŰS J, KIRCHKESZNER C, PETROVICS N, NYIRI Z, BODAI Z, RIKKER T, EKE Z. Determination of 24 primary aromatic amines in aqueous food simulants by combining solid phase extraction and salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.105927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Perez MÂF, Daniel D, Padula M, do Lago CL, Bottoli CBG. Determination of primary aromatic amines from cooking utensils by capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2021; 362:129902. [PMID: 34175690 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a fast, sensitive, environment-friendly method for the determination of 19 primary aromatic amines (PAAs) in cooking utensils by capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The best electrophoretic separation of PAAs was obtained in 0.1 mol l-1 formic acid (pH 2.4) as the background electrolyte, fused silica capillary (67 cm) with a run time below 6 min. The proposed method presented a linear calibration with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99 and reproducibility in a range of 1-25%. Limits of detection were in the range of 0.2-1.3 μg kg-1 and recoveries were in a range of 85-120% for all the PAAs. The validated method was employed to determine PAAs on 36 samples of cooking utensils using acetic simulant. The results showed that 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane and aniline being the most frequently found PAAs in these samples and 28% of cooking utensils were not compliant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ângela Favaro Perez
- Institute of Food Technology (Ital), Packaging Technology Center (Cetea), Av. Brasil, 2880 13070-178 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Daniel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Padula
- Institute of Food Technology (Ital), Packaging Technology Center (Cetea), Av. Brasil, 2880 13070-178 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudimir Lucio do Lago
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Devreux V, Combet S, Clabaux E, Gueneau ED. From pigments to coloured napkins: comparative analyses of primary aromatic amines in cold water extracts of printed tissues by LC-HRMS and LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1985-2010. [PMID: 32960150 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1802068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted to understand the correlation between pigments purity profile (primary aromatic amine content of the pigments) and the behaviour of these PAAs during cold water extraction (CWE) tests according to EN 645. From a selection of organic pigments based on seven colour indexes (PR122, PR184, PO13, PY74, PY111, PY138 and PY155), the pigment purity profile was established according to European Resolution AP (89) 1, then mono-pigmented inks were prepared and napkins printed with these inks. In a second step, cold water extraction and PAA determination were performed by two independent laboratories. In one laboratory, an analytical method based on LC-MS/MS was used, whereas in the other laboratory a method based on LC-HRMS using Orbitrap technology was developed for the simultaneous analysis of 35 PAAs. Good qualitative results were obtained if we consider that at significant levels the PAAs were positively detected in both laboratories, except for 3-amino-4-methoxybenzanilide and 8-amino-2-methyl-quinoline, for which inter-laboratory differences were observed. It was also shown that no contamination from unexpected PAAs was detected. The comparison between pigment analysis and CWE results shows that if the pigment purity profile is of major importance, other parameters such as pigment surface treatment, ink grinding process or ink formulation could have an important influence on the CWE results. For such sensitive applications, for example napkins or other Food Contact Materials (FCM), it is therefore recommended not only to select a pigment with a good purity profile but also to test the pigment in the final application. Finally, this work highlights the difficulty of validating a product on a single analysis and shows the importance of a multilevel global assessment on worst case application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Devreux
- R&D Department, Ferro Performance Pigments Belgium , Menen, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Combet
- Analytical Laboratory, Siegwerk France , Annemasse, France
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14
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Blanco-Zubiaguirre L, Zabaleta I, Usobiaga A, Prieto A, Olivares M, Zuloaga O, Elizalde M. Target and suspect screening of substances liable to migrate from food contact paper and cardboard materials using liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2020; 208:120394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Pellizzari ED, Woodruff TJ, Boyles RR, Kannan K, Beamer PI, Buckley JP, Wang A, Zhu Y, Bennett DH. Identifying and Prioritizing Chemicals with Uncertain Burden of Exposure: Opportunities for Biomonitoring and Health-Related Research. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:126001. [PMID: 31850800 PMCID: PMC6957289 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The National Institutes of Health's Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) initiative aims to understand the impact of environmental factors on childhood disease. Over 40,000 chemicals are approved for commercial use. The challenge is to prioritize chemicals for biomonitoring that may present health risk concerns. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to prioritize chemicals that may elicit child health effects of interest to ECHO but that have not been biomonitored nationwide and to identify gaps needing additional research. METHODS We searched databases and the literature for chemicals in environmental media and in consumer products that were potentially toxic. We selected chemicals that were not measured in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. From over 700 chemicals, we chose 155 chemicals and created eight chemical panels. For each chemical, we compiled biomonitoring and toxicity data, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency exposure predictions, and annual production usage. We also applied predictive modeling to estimate toxicity. Using these data, we recommended chemicals either for biomonitoring, to be deferred pending additional data, or as low priority for biomonitoring. RESULTS For the 155 chemicals, 97 were measured in food or water, 67 in air or house dust, and 52 in biospecimens. We found in vivo endocrine, developmental, reproductive, and neurotoxic effects for 61, 74, 47, and 32 chemicals, respectively. Eighty-six had data from high-throughput in vitro assays. Positive results for endocrine, developmental, neurotoxicity, and obesity were observed for 32, 11, 35, and 60 chemicals, respectively. Predictive modeling results suggested 90% are toxicants. Biomarkers were reported for 76 chemicals. Thirty-six were recommended for biomonitoring, 108 deferred pending additional research, and 11 as low priority for biomonitoring. DISCUSSION The 108 deferred chemicals included those lacking biomonitoring methods or toxicity data, representing an opportunity for future research. Our evaluation was, in general, limited by the large number of unmeasured or untested chemicals. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5133.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edo D. Pellizzari
- Fellow Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tracey J. Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rebecca R. Boyles
- Bioinformatics and Data Science, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Paloma I. Beamer
- Department of Community, Environment and Policy, Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jessie P. Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Heath, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aolin Wang
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yeyi Zhu
- Northern California Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Deborah H. Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - (Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes)
- Fellow Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Bioinformatics and Data Science, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- Department of Community, Environment and Policy, Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Heath, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Northern California Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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16
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Shahrestani M, Tehrani MS, Shoeibi S, Aberoomand Azar P, Waqif Husain S. Comparison between Different Extraction Methods for Determination of Primary Aromatic Amines in Food Simulant. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:1651629. [PMID: 29888024 PMCID: PMC5977034 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1651629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The primary aromatic amines (PAAs) are food contaminants which may exist in packaged food. Polyurethane (PU) adhesives which are used in flexible packaging are the main source of PAAs. It is the unreacted diisocyanates which in fact migrate to foodstuff and then hydrolyze to PAAs. These PAAs include toluenediamines (TDAs) and methylenedianilines (MDAs), and the selected PAAs were 2,4-TDA, 2,6-TDA, 4,4'-MDA, 2,4'-MDA, and 2,2'-MDA. PAAs have genotoxic, carcinogenic, and allergenic effects. In this study, extraction methods were applied on a 3% acetic acid as food simulant which was spiked with the PAAs under study. Extraction methods were liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), and solid-phase extraction (SPE) with C18 ec (octadecyl), HR-P (styrene/divinylbenzene), and SCX (strong cationic exchange) cartridges. Extracted samples were detected and analyzed by HPLC-UV. In comparison between methods, recovery rate of SCX cartridge showed the best adsorption, up to 91% for polar PAAs (TDAs and MDAs). The interested PAAs are polar and relatively soluble in water, so a cartridge with cationic exchange properties has the best absorption and consequently the best recoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Shahrestani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Food and Drug Laboratories Research Center (FDLRC), Iran Food and Drug Administration (IFDA), MOH, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saber Tehrani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azad University, Sciences and Researches Branch, P.O. Box 14515-775, Poonak-Hesarak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Shoeibi
- Food and Drug Laboratories Research Center (FDLRC), Iran Food and Drug Administration (IFDA), MOH, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Food Chemistry, Food and Drug Laboratories Research Center (FDLRC), Iran Food and Drug Administration (IFDA), MOH, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Aberoomand Azar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Syed Waqif Husain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Merkel S, Kappenstein O, Sander S, Weyer J, Richter S, Pfaff K, Luch A. Transfer of primary aromatic amines from coloured paper napkins into four different food matrices and into cold water extracts. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1223-1229. [PMID: 29648940 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1463567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the transfer of primary aromatic amines (PAAs) from napkins into cold water extract (CWE) with transfer into four different food matrices. An HPLC-MS/MS multi-analyte method for quantification of 26 PAAs in CWE was validated and applied. In addition, the method was validated for seven different PAAs in four different food matrices (cucumber, rice, pickled gherkin and butter cookie) representing wet, dry, acidic and fatty food. The CWEs of 12 coloured napkin samples were analysed, and 3 napkins released more than 0.01 mg kg-1 PAAs into the CWE. These three napkins were chosen for transfer testing with food samples. In total, seven different PAAs were quantified in the food samples. Results show that the transfer of the tested PAAs into the CWE is in most cases comparable to the transfer into the tested food samples. In some cases, the CWE overestimates transfer into food, except for the transfer of aniline into pickled gherkin, where the CWE underestimates transfer. Therefore, the CWE serves as an adequate and certainly not overestimating simulation of reality for the tested transfer of PAAs into the food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Merkel
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , Berlin , Germany
| | - Oliver Kappenstein
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , Berlin , Germany
| | - Stefan Sander
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , Berlin , Germany
| | - Jürgen Weyer
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , Berlin , Germany
| | - Stephan Richter
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , Berlin , Germany
| | - Karla Pfaff
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , Berlin , Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , Berlin , Germany
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18
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Souton E, Severin I, Le Hegarat L, Hogeveen K, Aljawish A, Fessard V, Marie-Christine C. Genotoxic effects of food contact recycled paperboard extracts on two human hepatic cell lines. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:159-170. [PMID: 29076405 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1397774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Food contact paperboards may be a potential source of food contamination as they can release chemicals (intentionally added or not), especially recycled paperboards. This study assessed the in vitro genotoxicity of food contact paperboard samples from a manufacturer, collected at the beginning and at the end of a recycling production chain. Samples were extracted in water to mimic a wet food contact. Different genotoxic endpoints were evaluated in two human hepatic cell lines (HepG2 and HepaRG) using bioassays: γH2AX and p53 activation, primary DNA damage with the comet assay and micronucleus formation. It was found that the samples from the beginning and the end of the production chain induced, with the same potency, γH2AX and p53-ser15 activation and DNA damage with the comet assay. The micronucleus assay was negative with the paperboard extract from the beginning of the chain, whereas positive data were observed for the end paperboard extract. These results indicate that samples from recycled food contact paperboard can induce in vitro genotoxic effects in this study's experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Souton
- a Agrosupdijon, Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231 , University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Isabelle Severin
- a Agrosupdijon, Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231 , University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Ludovic Le Hegarat
- b Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, ANSES-Fougères Laboratory , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety , Fougères , France
| | - Kevin Hogeveen
- b Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, ANSES-Fougères Laboratory , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety , Fougères , France
| | - Abdulhadi Aljawish
- a Agrosupdijon, Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231 , University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Valérie Fessard
- b Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, ANSES-Fougères Laboratory , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety , Fougères , France
| | - Chagnon Marie-Christine
- a Agrosupdijon, Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231 , University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
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19
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Huang J, Zhou L, Xun Z, Wang Q, Lin S, Guo X, Cai Y. Simultaneous determination of seven nitrogen-containing phenyl ethers in cosmetics by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and dispersive solid-phase extraction. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1718-1723. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Huang
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Langjun Zhou
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Xun
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Senyu Lin
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xindong Guo
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yongtong Cai
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
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