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Pirker AL, Vogl T. Development of systemic and mucosal immune responses against gut microbiota in early life and implications for the onset of allergies. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2024; 5:1439303. [PMID: 39086886 PMCID: PMC11288972 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2024.1439303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The early microbial colonization of human mucosal surfaces is essential for the development of the host immune system. Already during pregnancy, the unborn child is prepared for the postnatal influx of commensals and pathogens via maternal antibodies, and after birth this protection is continued with antibodies in breast milk. During this critical window of time, which extends from pregnancy to the first year of life, each encounter with a microorganism can influence children's immune response and can have a lifelong impact on their life. For example, there are numerous links between the development of allergies and an altered gut microbiome. However, the exact mechanisms behind microbial influences, also extending to how viruses influence host-microbe interactions, are incompletely understood. In this review, we address the impact of infants' first microbial encounters, how the immune system develops to interact with gut microbiota, and summarize how an altered immune response could be implied in allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Ning J, Yang M, Zhu Q, Liu X, Li M, Luo X, Yue X. Revealing the diversity of endogenous peptides and parent proteins in human colostrum and mature milk through peptidomics analysis. Food Chem 2024; 445:138651. [PMID: 38359565 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Endogenous peptides and their parent proteins are important nutritional components with diverse biological functions. The objective of this study was to analyze and compare endogenous peptides and parent proteins found in human colostrum (HC) and human mature milk (HM) using a 4D label-free technique. In total, 5162 and 940 endogenous peptides derived from 258 parent proteins were identified in human milk by database (DB) search and de novo, respectively. Among these peptides, 2446 differentially expressed endogenous peptides with various bioactivities were identified. The Gene Ontology analysis unveiled the cellular components, biological processes, and molecular functions associated with these parent proteins. Metabolic pathway analysis suggested that neutrophil extracellular trap formation had the greatest significance with 24 parent proteins. These findings will offer a fresh perspective on the development of infant formula powder, highlighting the potential for incorporating these changes to enhance its nutritional composition and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Ning
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mei Yang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mohan Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xue Luo
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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3
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Sugino KY, Janssen RC, McMahan RH, Zimmerman C, Friedman JE, Jonscher KR. Vertical Transfer of Maternal Gut Microbes to Offspring of Western Diet-Fed Dams Drives Reduced Levels of Tryptophan Metabolites and Postnatal Innate Immune Response. Nutrients 2024; 16:1808. [PMID: 38931163 PMCID: PMC11206590 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity and/or Western diet (WD) is associated with an increased risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in offspring, driven, in part, by the dysregulation of the early life microbiome. Here, using a mouse model of WD-induced maternal obesity, we demonstrate that exposure to a disordered microbiome from WD-fed dams suppressed circulating levels of endogenous ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR; indole, indole-3-acetate) and TMAO (a product of AHR-mediated transcription), as well as hepatic expression of Il10 (an AHR target), in offspring at 3 weeks of age. This signature was recapitulated by fecal microbial transfer from WD-fed pregnant dams to chow-fed germ-free (GF) lactating dams following parturition and was associated with a reduced abundance of Lactobacillus in GF offspring. Further, the expression of Il10 was downregulated in liver myeloid cells and in LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) in adult offspring, suggestive of a hypo-responsive, or tolerant, innate immune response. BMDMs from adult mice lacking AHR in macrophages exhibited a similar tolerogenic response, including diminished expression of Il10. Overall, our study shows that exposure to maternal WD alters microbial metabolites in the offspring that affect AHR signaling, potentially contributing to innate immune hypo-responsiveness and progression of MASLD, highlighting the impact of early life gut dysbiosis on offspring metabolism. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the complex interplay between maternal diet, gut microbial function, and the development of neonatal innate immune tolerance and potential therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameron Y. Sugino
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.Y.S.); (R.C.J.); (J.E.F.)
| | - Rachel C. Janssen
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.Y.S.); (R.C.J.); (J.E.F.)
| | - Rachel H. McMahan
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Chelsea Zimmerman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Jacob E. Friedman
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.Y.S.); (R.C.J.); (J.E.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Karen R. Jonscher
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.Y.S.); (R.C.J.); (J.E.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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4
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Bornbusch SL, Shinnerl HE, Gentry L, Keady MM, Glick V, Muletz-Wolz CR, Power ML. Local environment shapes milk microbiomes while evolutionary history constrains milk macronutrients in captive cercopithecine primates. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16664. [PMID: 38830671 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Milk is a complex biochemical fluid that includes macronutrients and microbiota, which, together, are known to facilitate infant growth, mediate the colonization of infant microbiomes, and promote immune development. Examining factors that shape milk microbiomes and milk-nutrient interplay across host taxa is critical to resolving the evolution of the milk environment. Using a comparative approach across four cercopithecine primate species housed at three facilities under similar management conditions, we test for the respective influences of the local environment (housing facility) and host species on milk (a) macronutrients (fat, sugar, and protein), (b) microbiomes (16S rRNA), and (c) predicted microbial functions. We found that milk macronutrients were structured according to host species, while milk microbiomes and predicted function were strongly shaped by the local environment and, to a lesser extent, host species. The milk microbiomes of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) at two different facilities more closely resembled those of heterospecific facility-mates compared to conspecifics at a different facility. We found similar, facility-driven patterns of microbial functions linked to physiology and immune modulation, suggesting that milk microbiomes may influence infant health and development. These results provide novel insight into the complexity of milk and its potential impact on infants across species and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L Bornbusch
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Nutrition Science, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hannah E Shinnerl
- Department of Nutrition Science, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lindsey Gentry
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mia M Keady
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Virginia Glick
- Department of Nutrition Science, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard University, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carly R Muletz-Wolz
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael L Power
- Department of Nutrition Science, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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5
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Power ML, Muletz-Wolz CR, Bornbusch SL. Microbiome: Mammalian milk microbiomes: sources of diversity, potential functions, and future research directions. REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY 2024; 5:e230056. [PMID: 38513351 PMCID: PMC11046322 DOI: 10.1530/raf-23-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphical abstract Abstract Milk is an ancient, fundamental mammalian adaptation that provides nutrition and biochemical communication to offspring. Microbiomes have been detected in milk of all species studied to date. In this review, we discuss: (a) routes by which microbes may enter milk; (b) evidence for proposed milk microbiome adaptive functions; (c) variation in milk microbiomes across mammals; and (d) future research directions, including suggestions for how to address outstanding questions on the viability and functionality of milk microbiomes. Milk microbes may be sourced from the maternal gastrointestinal tract, oral, skin, and mammary gland microbiomes and from neonatal oral and skin microbiomes. Given the variety of microbial sources, stochastic processes strongly influence milk microbiome assembly, but milk microbiomes appear to be influenced by maternal evolutionary history, diet, environment, and milk nutrients. Milk microbes have been proposed to colonize the neonatal intestinal tract and produce gene and metabolic products that influence physiology, metabolism, and immune system development. Limited epidemiological data indicate that early-life exposure to milk microbes can result in positive, long-term health outcomes. Milk microbiomes can be modified by dietary changes including providing the mother with probiotics and prebiotics. Milk replacers (i.e. infant formula) may benefit from supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics, but data are lacking on probiotics' usefulness, and supplementation should be evidence based. Overall, milk microbiome literature outside of human and model systems is scarce. We highlight the need for mechanistic studies in model species paired with comparative studies across mammals to further our understanding of mammalian milk microbiome evolution. A broader study of milk microbiomes has the potential to inform animal care with relevance to ex situ endangered species. Lay summary Milk is an ancient adaptation that supports the growth and development of mammalian neonates and infants. Beyond its fundamental nutritional function, milk influences all aspects of neonatal development, especially immune function. All kinds of milks so far studied have contained a milk microbiome. In this review, we focus on what is known about the collection of bacterial members found in milk microbiomes. Milk microbiomes include members sourced from maternal and infant microbiomes and they appear to be influenced by maternal evolutionary history, diet, milk nutrients, and environment, as well as by random chance. Once a neonate begins nursing, microbes from milk colonize their gut and produce byproducts that influence their physiology, metabolism, and immune development. Empirical data on milk microbiomes outside of humans and model systems are sparse. Greater study of milk microbiomes across mammals will expand our understanding of mammalian evolution and improve the health of animals under human care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Power
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Carly R Muletz-Wolz
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Sally L Bornbusch
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Nutrition Science, Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Treven P, Paveljšek D, Kostanjšek R, Golob M, Bogovič Matijašič B, Mohar Lorbeg P. In vitro model of human mammary gland microbial colonization (MAGIC) demonstrates distinctive cytokine response to imbalanced human milk microbiota. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0236923. [PMID: 38289112 PMCID: PMC10913382 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02369-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the established concept of the human mammary gland (MG) as a habitat with its own microbiota, the exact mechanism of MG colonization is still elusive and a well-characterized in vitro model would reinforce studies of the MG microbiota development. We aimed to establish and characterize an in vitro cell model for studying MAmmary Gland mIcrobial Colonization (MAGIC) model. We used the immortalized cell line MCF10A, which expresses the strong polarized phenotype similar to MG ductal epithelium when cultured on a permeable support (Transwell). We analyzed the surface properties of the MAGIC model by gene expression analysis of E-cadherin, tight junction proteins, and mucins and by scanning electron microscopy. To demonstrate the applicability of the model, we tested the adhesion capability of the whole human milk (HM) microbial community and the cellular response of the model when challenged directly with raw HM samples. MCF10A on permeable supports differentiated and formed a tight barrier, by upregulation of CLDN8, MUC1, MUC4, and MUC20 genes. The surface of the model was covered with mucins and morphologically diverse with at least two cell types and two types of microvilli. Cells in the MAGIC model withstood the challenge with heat-treated HM samples and responded differently to the imbalanced HM microbiota by distinctive cytokine response. The microbial profile of the bacteria adhered on the MAGIC model reflected the microbiological profile of the input HM samples. The well-studied MAGIC model could be useful for studies of bacterial attachment to the MG and for in vitro studies of biofilm formation and microbiota development.IMPORTANCEThe MAGIC model may be particularly useful for studies of bacterial attachment to the surface of the mammary ducts and for in vitro studies of biofilm formation and the development of the human mammary gland (MG) microbiota. The model is also useful for immunological studies of the interaction between bacteria and MG cells. We obtained pioneering information on which of the bacteria present in the raw human milk (HM) were able to attach to the epithelium treated directly with raw HM, as well as on the effects of bacteria on the MG epithelial cells. The MAGIC cell model also offers new opportunities for research in other areas of MG physiology, such as the effects of bioactive milk components on microbial colonization of the MG, mastitis prevention, and studies of probiotic development. Since resident MG bacteria may be an important factor in breast cancer development, the MAGIC in vitro tool also offers new opportunities for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primož Treven
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Diana Paveljšek
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Rok Kostanjšek
- Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Chair of Zoology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Majda Golob
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Bogovič Matijašič
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Petra Mohar Lorbeg
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Domžale, Slovenia
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Onur M, Önlü H. Isolation, characterization of Weissella confusa and Lactococcus lactis from different milk sources and determination of probiotic features. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:663-679. [PMID: 38158467 PMCID: PMC10920558 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the probiotic properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolates derived from various milk sources. These isolates identified based on their morphological characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Four strains of Lactococcus lactis and two strains of Weissella confusa were identified with over 96% 16S rRNA gene similarity according to the NCBI-BLAST results. The survival of the isolates was determined in low pH, pepsin, bile salts, and pancreatin, and their adhesion ability was assessed by in vitro cell adhesion assay, hydrophobicity, auto- and co-aggregation, and safety criteria were determined by hemolytic, gelatinase activities, and DNAse production ability tests. The results showed that the LAB isolates had different levels of resistance to various stress factors. L. lactis subsp. cremoris MH31 showed the highest resistance to bile salt, while the highest pH resistance was observed in L. lactis MH31 at pH 3.0. All the isolates survived in pepsin exposure at pH 3.0 for 3 h. The auto-aggregation test results showed that all strains exhibited auto-aggregation ranging from 84.9 to 91.4%. Co-aggregation percentage ranged from 19 - 54% and 17 - 57% against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, respectively. The hydrophobicity capacity of the LAB isolated ranged from 35-61%. These isolates showed different adhesion abilities to Caco-2 cells (81.5% to 92.6%). None of the isolates exhibited DNase, gelatinase and hemolytic activity (γ-hemolysis). All results indicate that these LAB strains have the potential to be used as probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melda Onur
- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Harun Önlü
- Department of Food Processing, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Türkiye.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Türkiye.
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8
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Kahhaleh FG, Barrientos G, Conrad ML. The gut-lung axis and asthma susceptibility in early life. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14092. [PMID: 38251788 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic disease among children, with more than 300 million cases worldwide. Over the past several decades, asthma incidence has grown, and epidemiological studies identify the modernized lifestyle as playing a strong contributing role in this phenomenon. In particular, lifestyle factors that modify the maternal gut microbiome during pregnancy, or the infant microbiome in early life, can act as developmental programming events which determine health or disease susceptibility later in life. Microbial colonization of the gut begins at birth, and factors such as delivery mode, breastfeeding, diet, antibiotic use, and exposure to environmental bacteria influence the development of the infant microbiome. Colonization of the gut microbiome is crucial for proper immune system development and disruptions to this process can predispose a child to asthma development. Here, we describe the importance of early-life events for shaping immune responses along the gut-lung axis and why they may provide a window of opportunity for asthma prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariz G Kahhaleh
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Barrientos
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melanie L Conrad
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Peters BA, Kelly L, Wang T, Loudig O, Rohan TE. The Breast Microbiome in Breast Cancer Risk and Progression: A Narrative Review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024; 33:9-19. [PMID: 37943168 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-23-0965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A decade ago, studies in human populations first revealed the existence of a unique microbial community in the breast, a tissue historically viewed as sterile, with microbial origins seeded through the nipple and/or translocation from other body sites. Since then, research efforts have been made to characterize the microbiome in healthy and cancerous breast tissues. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence for the association of the breast microbiome with breast cancer risk and progression. Briefly, while many studies have examined the breast microbiome in patients with breast cancer, and compared it with the microbiome of benign breast disease tissue or normal breast tissue, these studies have varied widely in their sample sizes, methods, and quality of evidence. Thus, while several large and rigorous cross-sectional studies have provided key evidence of an altered microbiome in breast tumors compared with normal adjacent and healthy control tissue, there are few consistent patterns of perturbed microbial taxa. In addition, only one large prospective study has provided evidence of a relationship between the breast tumor microbiota and cancer prognosis. Future research studies featuring large, well-characterized cohorts with prospective follow-up for breast cancer incidence, progression, and response to treatment are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandilyn A Peters
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Libusha Kelly
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Olivier Loudig
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Filatava EJ, Liu Z, Xie J, Tran DB, Chen K, El Habbal N, Weinstock G, Zhou Y, Gregory KE. The preterm human milk microbiota fluctuates by postpartum week and is characterized by gestational age and maternal BMI. mBio 2023; 14:e0210623. [PMID: 37975676 PMCID: PMC10746270 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02106-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Despite a growing recognition that the type of nutrition received by preterm infants influences their intestinal microbiome and health outcomes, the microbiota of mother's own milk (MOM), pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM), and infant formula remain poorly characterized. In our study, we found that the structure of microbial communities, bacterial diversity, and relative abundances of specific genera were significantly different between MOM, PDHM, and formula. Additionally, our results suggest that the microbiota of MOM changes as a function of time and maternal factors. Lastly, we identified three lactotypes within MOM that have distinct microbial compositions and described the maternal factors associated with them. These findings set the stage for future research aimed at advancing our knowledge of the microbiota of preterm infant nutrition and the specific influence it may have on health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhongmao Liu
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jiaojiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Kun Chen
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Yanjiao Zhou
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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11
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Tapia-González A, Vélez-Ixta JM, Bueno-Hernández N, Piña-Escobedo A, Briones-Garduño JC, de la Rosa-Ruiz L, Aguayo-Guerrero J, Mendoza-Martínez VM, Snowball-del-Pilar L, Escobedo G, Meléndez-Mier G, Méndez-García LA, García-Mena J, Esquivel-Velázquez M. Maternal Consumption of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners during Pregnancy Is Associated with Alterations in the Colostrum Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:4928. [PMID: 38068786 PMCID: PMC10708104 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) provide a sweet taste to foods and beverages without significantly adding calories. Still, their consumption has been linked to modifications in adult's and children's gut microbiota and the disruption of blood glucose control. Human milk microbiota are paramount in establishing infants' gut microbiota, but very little is known about whether the consumption of sweeteners can alter it. To address this question, we sequenced DNA extracted colostrum samples from a group of mothers, who had different levels of NNS consumption, using the Ion Torrent Platform. Our results show that the "core" of colostrum microbiota, composed of the genera Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Cutibacteium, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus, remains practically unchanged with the consumption of NNS during pregnancy, but specific genera display significant alterations, such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. A significant increase in the unclassified archaea Methanobrevibacter spp. was observed as the consumption frequency of NNS increased. The increase in the abundance of this archaea has been previously linked to obesity in Mexican children. NNS consumption during pregnancy could be related to changes in colostrum microbiota and may affect infants' gut microbiota seeding and their future health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Tapia-González
- Laboratorio de Proteómica e Inmunometabolismo, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (A.T.-G.); (N.B.-H.); (L.S.-d.-P.); (G.E.); (L.A.M.-G.)
| | - Juan Manuel Vélez-Ixta
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (J.M.V.-I.); (A.P.-E.)
| | - Nallely Bueno-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Proteómica e Inmunometabolismo, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (A.T.-G.); (N.B.-H.); (L.S.-d.-P.); (G.E.); (L.A.M.-G.)
| | - Alberto Piña-Escobedo
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (J.M.V.-I.); (A.P.-E.)
| | | | - Leticia de la Rosa-Ruiz
- Banco de Leche Humana y Lactancia, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - José Aguayo-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Proteómica e Inmunometabolismo, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (A.T.-G.); (N.B.-H.); (L.S.-d.-P.); (G.E.); (L.A.M.-G.)
| | - Viridiana M. Mendoza-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Proteómica e Inmunometabolismo, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (A.T.-G.); (N.B.-H.); (L.S.-d.-P.); (G.E.); (L.A.M.-G.)
| | - Lenin Snowball-del-Pilar
- Laboratorio de Proteómica e Inmunometabolismo, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (A.T.-G.); (N.B.-H.); (L.S.-d.-P.); (G.E.); (L.A.M.-G.)
| | - Galileo Escobedo
- Laboratorio de Proteómica e Inmunometabolismo, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (A.T.-G.); (N.B.-H.); (L.S.-d.-P.); (G.E.); (L.A.M.-G.)
| | - Guillermo Meléndez-Mier
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Monterrey, Monterrey 64460, Mexico;
| | - Lucía A. Méndez-García
- Laboratorio de Proteómica e Inmunometabolismo, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (A.T.-G.); (N.B.-H.); (L.S.-d.-P.); (G.E.); (L.A.M.-G.)
| | - Jaime García-Mena
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (J.M.V.-I.); (A.P.-E.)
| | - Marcela Esquivel-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Proteómica e Inmunometabolismo, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (A.T.-G.); (N.B.-H.); (L.S.-d.-P.); (G.E.); (L.A.M.-G.)
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12
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Jin X, Xiao J, Lu C, Ma W, Fan Y, Xue X, Xia Y, Chen N, Liu J, Pei X. Breastmilk microbiome changes associated with lactational mastitis and treatment with dandelion extract. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1247868. [PMID: 38029215 PMCID: PMC10679338 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1247868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dandelion (Pugongying) is one of the most frequently used Chinese herbs for treating lactational mastitis (LM). Pugongying granules, a patented medication primarily comprised of dandelion extract, have been approved by CFDA for LM treatment in China. The aims of this study were to investigate the etiology of LM and the mechanism by which Pugongying granules decrease LM symptoms, with a particular focus on the microbial communities found in breastmilk. Methods Participants were recruited from a previously performed randomized controlled trial (Identifier: NCT03756324, ClinicalTrials.gov). Between 2019 and 2020, women diagnosed with unilateral LM at the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital were enrolled. In total, 42 paired breastmilk samples from the healthy and affected breasts of the participants were collected. Additionally, 37 paired pre- and post-treatment breastmilk samples from the affected breast were collected from women who received a 3-day course of either Pugongying granules (20 women) or cefdinir (17 women). Clinical outcomes [e.g., body temperature, visual analogue scale (VAS) score for breast pain, the percentage of neutrophils (NE%)] were analyzed pre- and post-treatment, and the breastmilk samples were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyze the alpha and beta diversities and identify significant bacteria. Finally, the relationship between microorganisms and clinical outcomes was analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in fever and pain between the Pugongying group and cefdinir group. The most prevalent bacterial genera in breastmilk were Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Compared to healthy breastmilk, microbial diversity was reduced in affected breastmilk, and there was a higher relative abundance of Streptococcus. After Pugongying treatment, there was an increase in microbial diversity with significantly higher abundance of Corynebacterium. A negative correlation was found between Corynebacterium, VAS score, and NE%. Treatment with cefdinir did not affect microbial diversity. Taken together, our results show a correlation between LM and reduced microbial diversity, as well as an increased abundance of Streptococcus in affected breastmilk. Conclusion Pugongying granules enhanced microbial diversity in breastmilk samples. Given the substantial variation in individual microbiomes, identifying specific species of Streptococcus and Corynebacterium associated with LM may provide additional insight into LM pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Jin
- Centre for Evidence-based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Xiamen Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinhe Xiao
- Department of Prevention and Treatment of Breast Disease, Haidian District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine in Metabolic Diseases (Institute of Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Ma
- Centre for Evidence-based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyi Fan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Xue
- The First Clinical Medical School, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaru Xia
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nana Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Centre for Evidence-based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Pei
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Xiamen Hospital, Xiamen, China
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Alemu BK, Azeze GG, Wu L, Lau SL, Wang CC, Wang Y. Effects of maternal probiotic supplementation on breast milk microbiome and infant gut microbiome and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2023; 5:101148. [PMID: 37660760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2023.101148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The early-life microbiome is formed during the perinatal period and is critical for infants' lifelong health. This is established by maternal-infant microbiome crosstalk, which is mediated by the breast milk microbiome. The milk microbiome is dependent on the maternal gut microbiome, suggesting that it could potentially be restored through oral probiotic supplements. Therefore, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the effect of maternal probiotic supplements on breast milk and infant gut microbiome composition and on infant health. DATA SOURCES The PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, and Science Direct databases were searched until December 15, 2022. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials following the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (population: pregnant or lactating women; intervention: probiotics; control: placebo or follow-up; outcome: breast milk and infant gut microbiome composition and infant health) principles were included. METHODS Using a random effect model, the standard mean difference, risk difference, and risk ratio with 95% confidence interval were used to measure each outcome. All analyses were conducted using the intention-to-treat approach. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I2 statistics. RESULTS The final data set included 24 randomized controlled trials with a total of 2761 mothers and 1756 infants. The overall effect of probiotics on the beneficial bacteria detection rate in breast milk had a risk difference of 24% (95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.37; P<.001; I2=91.12%). The pooled mean beneficial and pathogenic bacteria abundance in breast milk had a standard mean difference of 1.22 log10 colony forming units/mL (95% confidence interval, 0.48-1.97; P<.001; I2=95.51%) and -1.05 log10 colony forming unites/mL (95% confidence interval, -1.99 to -0.12; P=.03; I2=96.79%), respectively. The overall abundance of beneficial bacteria in the infant gut had a standard mean difference of 0.89 log10 colony forming units/g (95% confidence interval, 0.22-1.56; P=.01; I2=95.01%). It also controlled infant weight gain (standard mean difference, -0.49 kg/equivalent age; 95% confidence interval, -0.82 to -0.17; P<.001; I2=0.00%) and decreased the occurrence of infantile colic (risk ratio, 0.30; 95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.57; P<.001; I2=0.00%). CONCLUSION Maternal probiotic supplements effectively orchestrate the breast milk and infant gut microbiome with a wide range of clinical benefits and safety. Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus thermophilus, and S. boulardii can be used as maternal supplements to promote infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekalu Kassie Alemu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR (Messers Alemu and Azeze and Drs Wu, Lau, C Wang, and Y Wang); Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Ethiopia (Mr Alemu)
| | - Getnet Gedefaw Azeze
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR (Messers Alemu and Azeze and Drs Wu, Lau, C Wang, and Y Wang); Department of Midwifery, College Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Ethiopia (Mr Azeze)
| | - Ling Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR (Messers Alemu and Azeze and Drs Wu, Lau, C Wang, and Y Wang)
| | - So Ling Lau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR (Messers Alemu and Azeze and Drs Wu, Lau, C Wang, and Y Wang)
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR (Messers Alemu and Azeze and Drs Wu, Lau, C Wang, and Y Wang); Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong-Sichuan University Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Hong Kong SAR (Dr C Wang)
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR (Messers Alemu and Azeze and Drs Wu, Lau, C Wang, and Y Wang).
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Ruan JW, Liao YC, Chen PC, Chen YJ, Tsai YH, Tsai PJ, Yang YJ, Shieh CC, Lin YC, Chi CY. The composition of the maternal breastmilk microbiota influences the microbiota network structure during early infancy. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2023; 56:1084-1097. [PMID: 37544808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE(S) Human breastmilk (BM) is important for microbiome maturation in infants across different body sites. Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are considered universally predominant genera in the BM microbiota. However, whether the differential abundance of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus in BM can differentially affect microbiome maturation in infants remains unclear. METHODS We recruited exclusively breastfeeding mothers from among the donors of the human milk bank established at National Cheng-Kung University Hospital. The donor mothers provided 35 BM samples at three months (3 M; before introducing children to complementary feeding) and 23 BM samples at six months (6 M; after introducing children to complementary feeding) postpartum. At both time points, samples from different body sites, including nasal swabs, oral swabs and stool, were collected from the mothers and their infants. RESULTS Maternal BMI was inversely associated with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) abundance in breastmilk. Staphylococcus caprae representation in BM CoNS showed a negative correlation with Streptococcus abundance. Network analysis revealed that infants fed Staphylococcus-dominated BM had better gut and nasal microbiota networks than infants fed Streptococcus-abundant BM during early infancy. CONCLUSION Our work suggests that maternal metabolic status plays a crucial role in Staphylococcus/Streptococcus competition in BM, which in turn can impact the development of the infant microbiota. Our microbiota co-occurrence network analysis might serve as a helpful bioinformatic tool to monitor microbiota maturation during early infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhen-Wei Ruan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chu Liao
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Chen Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Ju Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hsiu Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Jong Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chang Shieh
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Chieh Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Yu Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Douglas P. Does the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine's Clinical Protocol #36 'The Mastitis Spectrum' promote overtreatment and risk worsened outcomes for breastfeeding families? Commentary. Int Breastfeed J 2023; 18:51. [PMID: 37670315 PMCID: PMC10481477 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-023-00588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2022 the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (ABM) published Clinical Protocol #36: The Mastitis Spectrum, which aims to update clinical approaches to management of benign lactation-related breast inflammation. The protocol has been timely because of the exponential increase in knowledge about the human milk microbiome over the past decade. This Commentary aims to continue respectful debate amongst clinicians and researchers within the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine and more broadly, confident that we share a fundamental commitment to promote breastfeeding and support the well-being of lactating women, their infants and their families. ANALYSIS Although Clinical Protocol #36 offers advances, it does not fulfil the principles of best practice implementation science for translation of evidence into clinical guidelines. Clinical Protocol #36 inaccurately represents studies; misrepresents theoretical models as proven aetiologies; does not consistently attribute sources; does not reliably apply the SORT taxonomy; and relies upon single case reports. As a result, various recommendations in Clinical Protocol #36 lack an evidence-base or credible underlying theoretical model. This includes recommendations to use 'lymphatic drainage' massage, therapeutic ultrasound, and oral lecithin. Similarly, based on a contestable theoretical model which is presented as fact, Clinical Protocol #36 makes the recommendation to either reduce frequency of milk removal or to maintain current frequency of milk removal during an episode of breast inflammation. Although Clinical Protocol #36 limits this advice to cases of 'hyperlactation', the diagnosis 'hyperlactation' itself is undefinable. As a result, this recommendation may put breastfeeding women who present with breast inflammation at risk of worsened inflammation and decreased breast milk production. CONCLUSION Clinical Protocol #36 offers some advances in the management of breast inflammation. However, Clinical Protocol #36 also exposes clinicians to two international trends in healthcare which undermine health system sustainability: overdiagnosis, including by over-definition, which increases risk of overtreatment; and antibiotic over-use, which worsens the crisis of global antimicrobial resistance. Clinical Protocol #36 also recommends unnecessary or ineffective interventions which may be accessed by affluent patients within advanced economies but are difficult to access for the global majority. The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine may benefit from a review of processes for development of Clinical Protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Douglas
- The School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.
- General Practice Clinical Unit, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
- Medical Director, The NDC Institute, ndcinstitute.com.au, Brisbane, Australia.
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García-Quintana A, Frattaroli-Pericchi A, Feldman S, Luengo J, Acevedo AM. Initial oral microbiota and the impact of delivery mode and feeding practices in 0 to 2 month-old infants. Braz Oral Res 2023; 37:e078. [PMID: 37531514 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the initial oral microbiota and how delivery mode and feeding practices impact its diversity in 0-2-month-old infants. This was a cross-sectional study that consisted of one collection of saliva samples from 0-2-month infants at baseline. Ten pairs of mothers and infants were selected. Medical health history, pregnancy, birth, feeding practices (breastfeeding or milk formula), and infant health status was obtained. Pooled microbial samples were obtained from the oral surfaces using a sterile cotton swab. Infants did not receive any breast milk before sampling. After collection, each swab was analyzed through microbiological culture-based procedures, using selective mediums. Cultures were analyzed for the presence of Streptococci, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Enterobacterium , and Candida albicans . Twenty percent of the samples were serially diluted (10-2) to assess the number of bacteria expressed as CFU. Bacillota was the leading phylogenetic group in the infant's pooled microbial sample. The most prevalent genera were Streptococcus, Lactobacillus , and Staphylococcus . Two participants had a positive growth of Candida albicans . The association between genus group, type of delivery, and feeding practices was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Lactobacillus genus was frequently present in the cesarean delivery group but with slightly higher counts in a vaginal delivery study subject. Exclusively breastfed infants showed presence of Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus . The oral microbiome in infants (0-2 month-old) is highly heterogeneous and dynamic. Microbiota composition seems to be impacted by mode of delivery, with slight differences among groups. Breastmilk appears as an essential factor in maintaining the oral microbiome's stability and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sonia Feldman
- Private Practice at Complejo Social Don Bosco, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Ana María Acevedo
- Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Odontología, Instituto de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Caracas, Venezuela
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Londoño-Sierra DC, Mesa V, Guzmán NC, Bolívar Parra L, Montoya-Campuzano OI, Restrepo-Mesa SL. Maternal Diet May Modulate Breast Milk Microbiota-A Case Study in a Group of Colombian Women. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1812. [PMID: 37512984 PMCID: PMC10384792 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the diet and nutritional status of women during pregnancy and lactation can modulate the microbiota of their milk and, therefore, the microbiota of the infant. An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was carried out in a group of lactating women. Dietary intake during gestation and the first trimester of lactation was evaluated, and the microbiota was analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing using the Illumina platform. Globally, Streptococcus spp. (32%), Staphylococcus spp. (17.3%), Corynebacterium spp. (5.1%) and Veillonella spp. (3.1%) were the predominant bacterial genera. The consumption of simple carbohydrates in gestation (rho = 0.55, p ≤ 0.01) and lactation (rho = 0.50, p ≤ 0.01) were positively correlated with Enterobacter spp. In lactation, a negative correlation was observed between the intake of simple carbohydrates and the genus Bifidobacterium spp. (rho = -0.51 p ≤ 0.01); furthermore, a positive correlation was identified between the intake of folic acid and Akkermansia spp. (rho = 0.47, p ≤ 0.01). Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) associated with the delivery mode, employment relationship, the baby's gender, birth weight, the Body Mass Index (BMI) of the breastfeeding woman, and gestational weight gain were recovered as covariates in a linear mixed model. The results of this research showed that the maternal nutritional status and diet of women during gestation and lactation could modulate the microbiota of breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Londoño-Sierra
- Food and Human Nutrition Research Group, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Antioquia University, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Victoria Mesa
- Food and Human Nutrition Research Group, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Antioquia University, Medellín 050010, Colombia
- Physiopathologie et Pharmacotoxicologie Placentaire Humaine Microbiote Pré & Postnatal (3PHM), INSERM, UMR-S 1139, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Nathalia Correa Guzmán
- Food and Human Nutrition Research Group, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Antioquia University, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Laura Bolívar Parra
- Probiotics and Bioprospecting Research Group, Faculty of Sciences, National University of Colombia, Medellín 050034, Colombia
| | - Olga I Montoya-Campuzano
- Probiotics and Bioprospecting Research Group, Faculty of Sciences, National University of Colombia, Medellín 050034, Colombia
| | - Sandra L Restrepo-Mesa
- Food and Human Nutrition Research Group, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Antioquia University, Medellín 050010, Colombia
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Miura K, Tanaka M, Date M, Ito M, Mizuno N, Mizuno K. Comparison of bacterial profiles in human milk from mothers of term and preterm infants. Int Breastfeed J 2023; 18:29. [PMID: 37291566 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-023-00563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing the disposal of donated human milk (HM) is important for efficient management of human milk banks (HMBs). The presence of bacteria growth is the main factor that contributes to the disposal of donated HM. The bacterial profile in HM is suspected to differ between term and preterm mothers, with HM from preterm mothers containing more bacteria. Thus, elucidation of the causes of bacterial growth in preterm and term HM may help to reduce the disposal of donated preterm HM. This study compared the bacterial profiles of HM between mothers of term infants and mothers of preterm infants. METHODS This pilot study was conducted in the first Japanese HMB, which was initiated in 2017. This study analyzed 214 human milk samples (term: 75, preterm: 139) donated by 47 registered donors (term: 31, preterm: 16) from January to November 2021. Bacterial culture results in term and preterm HM were retrospectively reviewed in May 2022. Differences in total bacterial count and bacterial species count per batch were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Bacterial loads were analyzed using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS The disposal rate did not significantly differ between term and preterm groups (p = 0.77), but the total amount of disposal was greater in the preterm group (p < 0.01). Coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas fluorescens were frequently found in both types of HM. Serratia liquefaciens (p < 0.001) and two other bacteria were present in term HM; a total of five types of bacteria, including Enterococcus faecalis and Enterobacter aerogenes (p < 0.001) were present in preterm HM. The median (interquartile range) total bacterial counts were 3,930 (435-23,365) colony-forming units (CFU)/mL for term HM and 26,700 (4,050-334,650) CFU/mL for preterm HM (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that HM from preterm mothers had a higher total bacterial count and different types of bacteria than HM from term mothers. Additionally, preterm infants can receive nosocomial-infection-causing bacteria in the NICU through their mother's milk. Enhanced hygiene instructions for preterm mothers may reduce the disposal of valuable preterm human milk, along with the risk of HM pathogen transmission to infants in NICUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Miura
- The Nippon Foundation Human Milk Bank, Nihonbashi-koamicho Square Building 1F, 17-10 Nihonbashi-koamicho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0016, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Miori Tanaka
- The Nippon Foundation Human Milk Bank, Nihonbashi-koamicho Square Building 1F, 17-10 Nihonbashi-koamicho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0016, Japan
| | - Midori Date
- The Nippon Foundation Human Milk Bank, Nihonbashi-koamicho Square Building 1F, 17-10 Nihonbashi-koamicho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0016, Japan
| | - Mizuho Ito
- The Nippon Foundation Human Milk Bank, Nihonbashi-koamicho Square Building 1F, 17-10 Nihonbashi-koamicho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0016, Japan
| | - Noriko Mizuno
- Japan Human Milk Bank Association, 4-4 Nihonbashi-Hisamatsucho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8480, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mizuno
- The Nippon Foundation Human Milk Bank, Nihonbashi-koamicho Square Building 1F, 17-10 Nihonbashi-koamicho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0016, Japan.
- Japan Human Milk Bank Association, 4-4 Nihonbashi-Hisamatsucho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8480, Japan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan.
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Devi MB, Sarma HK, Mukherjee AK, Khan MR. Mechanistic Insights into Immune-Microbiota Interactions and Preventive Role of Probiotics Against Autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10087-1. [PMID: 37171690 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on genetically susceptible individuals and animal models revealed the potential role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) through complex interactions with the immune system. T1D incidence has been increasing exponentially with modern lifestyle altering normal microbiota composition, causing dysbiosis characterized by an imbalance in the gut microbial community. Dysbiosis has been suggested to be a potential contributing factor in T1D. Moreover, several studies have shown the potential role of probiotics in regulating T1D through various mechanisms. Current T1D therapies target curative measures; however, preventive therapeutics are yet to be proven. This review highlights immune microbiota interaction and the immense role of probiotics and postbiotics as important immunological interventions for reducing the risk of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bidyarani Devi
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, Assam, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mojibur R Khan
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, Assam, India.
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Mady EA, Doghish AS, El-Dakroury WA, Elkhawaga SY, Ismail A, El-Mahdy HA, Elsakka EGE, El-Husseiny HM. Impact of the mother's gut microbiota on infant microbiome and brain development. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 150:105195. [PMID: 37100161 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The link between the gut microbiome and health has recently garnered considerable interest in its employment for medicinal purposes. Since the early microbiota exhibits more flexibility compared to that of adults, there is a considerable possibility that altering it will have significant consequences on human development. Like genetics, the human microbiota can be passed from mother to child. This provides information on early microbiota acquisition, future development, and prospective chances for intervention. The succession and acquisition of early-life microbiota, modifications of the maternal microbiota during pregnancy, delivery, and infancy, and new efforts to understand maternal-infant microbiota transmission are discussed in this article. We also examine the shaping of mother-to-infant microbial transmission, and we then explore possible paths for future research to advance our knowledge in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A Mady
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Animal Hygiene, Behavior and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya,13736, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Walaa A El-Dakroury
- Department of Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Samy Y Elkhawaga
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hesham A El-Mahdy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elsayed G E Elsakka
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hussein M El-Husseiny
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Keddar K, Ziar H, Belmadani N, Monnoye M, Gérard P, Riazi A. Probiotic Bacteria from Human Milk Can Alleviate Oral Bovine Casein Sensitization in Juvenile Wistar Rats. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041030. [PMID: 37110453 PMCID: PMC10140966 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to see if probiotic bacteria from human milk could ameliorate oral cow's milk sensitization. The probiotic potential of the SL42 strain isolated from the milk of a healthy young mother was first determined. Rats were then randomly gavaged with cow's milk casein without an adjuvant or assigned to the control group. Each group was further subdivided into three groups, with each receiving only Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938, SL42, or a phosphate-buffered saline solution. Body weight, temperature, eosinophils, serum milk casein-specific IgE (CAS-IgE), histamine, and serum S100A8/A9 and inflammatory cytokine concentrations were measured. The animals were sacrificed after 59 days; histological sections were prepared, and the spleen or thymus weights, as well as the diversity of the gut microbiota, were measured. On days 1 and 59, SL42 abridged systemic allergic responses to casein by dropping histamine levels (25.7%), CAS-specific IgE levels (53.6%), eosinophil numbers (17%), S100A8/9 (18.7%), and cytokine concentrations (25.4-48.5%). Analyses of histological sections of the jejunum confirmed the protective effect of probiotic bacteria in the CAS-challenged groups. Lactic acid bacteria and Clostridia species were also increased in all probiotic-treated groups. These findings suggest that probiotics derived from human milk could be used to alleviate cow's milk casein allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawtar Keddar
- Laboratoire des Micro-Organismes Bénéfiques, des Aliments Fonctionnels et de la Santé (LMBAFS), Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University, Hocine Hamadou Street, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria
- Laboratoire de Bio-Economie, Sécurité Alimentaire et Santé, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University, Hocine Hamadou Street, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria
| | - Hasnia Ziar
- Laboratoire des Micro-Organismes Bénéfiques, des Aliments Fonctionnels et de la Santé (LMBAFS), Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University, Hocine Hamadou Street, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Paris-Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Noussaiba Belmadani
- Laboratoire des Micro-Organismes Bénéfiques, des Aliments Fonctionnels et de la Santé (LMBAFS), Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University, Hocine Hamadou Street, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria
- Laboratoire de Bio-Economie, Sécurité Alimentaire et Santé, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University, Hocine Hamadou Street, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria
| | - Magali Monnoye
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Paris-Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Gérard
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Paris-Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ali Riazi
- Laboratoire des Micro-Organismes Bénéfiques, des Aliments Fonctionnels et de la Santé (LMBAFS), Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University, Hocine Hamadou Street, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria
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22
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Kumari P, Raval A, Rana P, Mahto SK. Regenerative Potential of Human Breast Milk: A Natural Reservoir of Nutrients, Bioactive Components and Stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023:10.1007/s12015-023-10534-0. [PMID: 37012485 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Human milk is a complex fluid that contains carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and other bioactive molecules (immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, human milk oligosaccharides, lysozyme, leukocytes, cytokines, hormones, and microbiome) which provide nutritional, immunological, and developmental benefits to the infant. In addition to their involvement in the development, these bioactive compounds have a key role in anti-oncogenicity, neuro-cognitive development, cellular communication, and differentiation. As a result of technological advancements, it has been discovered that human breast milk contains cells that display many of the characteristics of stem cells with multilineage differentiation potentials. Do these cells have any specific properties or roles? Research efforts on breast milk cells have been mainly focused on leukocytes based on their immunological perspective in the early postpartum period. This review summarizes the nutritional components in human milk, i.e., the macro and micronutrients required for the growth and development of infants. Further, it discusses the research work reported concerning the purification, propagation, and differentiation of breast milk progenitor cells and highlights the advancements made in this newly emerging field of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Kumari
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Aayushi Raval
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Pranav Rana
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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23
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Smilowitz JT, Allen LH, Dallas DC, McManaman J, Raiten DJ, Rozga M, Sela DA, Seppo A, Williams JE, Young BE, McGuire MK. Ecologies, synergies, and biological systems shaping human milk composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 2. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117 Suppl 1:S28-S42. [PMID: 37173059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is universally recognized as the preferred food for infants during the first 6 mo of life because it provides not only essential and conditionally essential nutrients in necessary amounts but also other biologically active components that are instrumental in protecting, communicating important information to support, and promoting optimal development and growth in infants. Despite decades of research, however, the multifaceted impacts of human milk consumption on infant health are far from understood on a biological or physiological basis. Reasons for this lack of comprehensive knowledge of human milk functions are numerous, including the fact that milk components tend to be studied in isolation, although there is reason to believe that they interact. In addition, milk composition can vary greatly within an individual as well as within and among populations. The objective of this working group within the Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN) Project was to provide an overview of human milk composition, factors impacting its variation, and how its components may function to coordinately nourish, protect, and communicate complex information to the recipient infant. Moreover, we discuss the ways whereby milk components might interact such that the benefits of an intact milk matrix are greater than the sum of its parts. We then apply several examples to illustrate how milk is better thought of as a biological system rather than a more simplistic "mixture" of independent components to synergistically support optimal infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David C Dallas
- Nutrition Program, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - James McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel J Raiten
- Pediatric Growth and Nutrition Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary Rozga
- Evidence Analysis Center, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Sela
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Antti Seppo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Janet E Williams
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Bridget E Young
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michelle K McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
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24
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Krebs NF, Belfort MB, Meier PP, Mennella JA, O'Connor DL, Taylor SN, Raiten DJ. Infant factors that impact the ecology of human milk secretion and composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 3. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117 Suppl 1:S43-S60. [PMID: 37173060 PMCID: PMC10356564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants drive many lactation processes and contribute to the changing composition of human milk through multiple mechanisms. This review addresses the major topics of milk removal; chemosensory ecology for the parent-infant dyad; the infant's inputs into the composition of the human milk microbiome; and the impact of disruptions in gestation on the ecology of fetal and infant phenotypes, milk composition, and lactation. Milk removal, which is essential for adequate infant intake and continued milk synthesis through multiple hormonal and autocrine/paracrine mechanisms, should be effective, efficient, and comfortable for both the lactating parent and the infant. All 3 components should be included in the evaluation of milk removal. Breastmilk "bridges" flavor experiences in utero with postweaning foods, and the flavors become familiar and preferred. Infants can detect flavor changes in human milk resulting from parental lifestyle choices, including recreational drug use, and early experiences with the sensory properties of these recreational drugs impact subsequent behavioral responses. Interactions between the infant's own developing microbiome, that of the milk, and the multiple environmental factors that are drivers-both modifiable and nonmodifiable-in the microbial ecology of human milk are explored. Disruptions in gestation, especially preterm birth and fetal growth restriction or excess, impact the milk composition and lactation processes such as the timing of secretory activation, adequacy of milk volume and milk removal, and duration of lactation. Research gaps are identified in each of these areas. To assure a sustained and robust breastfeeding ecology, these myriad infant inputs must be systematically considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy F Krebs
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Mandy B Belfort
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paula P Meier
- Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Deborah L O'Connor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah N Taylor
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel J Raiten
- Pediatric Growth and Nutrition Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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25
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Alemán-Duarte MI, Aguilar-Uscanga BR, García-Robles G, Ramírez-Salazar FDJ, Benítez-García I, Balcázar-López E, Solís-Pacheco JR. Improvement and Validation of a Genomic DNA Extraction Method for Human Breastmilk. Methods Protoc 2023; 6:mps6020034. [PMID: 37104016 PMCID: PMC10144544 DOI: 10.3390/mps6020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human milk microbiota (HMM) of healthy women can vary substantially, as demonstrated by recent advances in DNA sequencing technology. However, the method used to extract genomic DNA (gDNA) from these samples may impact the observed variations and potentially bias the microbiological reconstruction. Therefore, it is important to use a DNA extraction method that is able to effectively isolate gDNA from a diverse range of microorganisms. In this study, we improved and compared a DNA extraction method for gDNA isolation from human milk (HM) samples to commercial and standard protocols. We evaluated the extracted gDNA using spectrophotometric measurements, gel electrophoresis, and PCR amplifications to assess its quantity, quality, and amplifiability. Additionally, we tested the improved method’s ability to isolate amplifiable gDNA from fungi, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to validate its potential for reconstructing microbiological profiles. The improved DNA extraction method resulted in a higher quality and quantity of the extracted gDNA compared to the commercial and standard protocols and allowed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the V3–V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal gene in all the samples and the ITS-1 region of the fungal 18S ribosomal gene in 95% of the samples. These results suggest that the improved DNA extraction method demonstrates better performance for gDNA extraction from complex samples such as HM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Iván Alemán-Duarte
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Industrial, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd, Gral, Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico
| | - Blanca Rosa Aguilar-Uscanga
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Industrial, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd, Gral, Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe García-Robles
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Industrial, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd, Gral, Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico
| | - Felipe de Jesús Ramírez-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Industrial, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd, Gral, Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico
| | - Israel Benítez-García
- Unidad Académica de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa (UPSIN), Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatlán Higueras Km 3 Col. Genaro Estrada, Mazatlán 82199, Mexico
| | - Edgar Balcázar-López
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Industrial, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd, Gral, Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico
- Correspondence: (E.B.-L.); (J.R.S.-P.); Tel.: +52-(33)-1378-59000 (ext. 27648) (J.R.S.-P.)
| | - Josué Raymundo Solís-Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Industrial, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd, Gral, Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico
- Correspondence: (E.B.-L.); (J.R.S.-P.); Tel.: +52-(33)-1378-59000 (ext. 27648) (J.R.S.-P.)
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26
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Apari P, Földvári G. Domestication and microbiome succession may drive pathogen spillover. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1102337. [PMID: 37007505 PMCID: PMC10065160 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1102337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases have posed growing medical, social and economic threats to humanity. The biological background of pathogen spillover or host switch, however, still has to be clarified. Disease ecology finds pathogen spillovers frequently but struggles to explain at the molecular level. Contrarily, molecular biological traits of host-pathogen relationships with specific molecular binding mechanisms predict few spillovers. Here we aim to provide a synthetic explanation by arguing that domestication, horizontal gene transfer even between superkingdoms as well as gradual exchange of microbiome (microbiome succession) are essential in the whole scenario. We present a new perspective at the molecular level which can explain the observations of frequent pathogen spillover events at the ecological level. This proposed rationale is described in detail, along with supporting evidence from the peer-reviewed literature and suggestions for testing hypothesis validity. We also highlight the importance of systematic monitoring of virulence genes across taxonomical categories and in the whole biosphere as it helps prevent future epidemics and pandemics. We conclude that that the processes of domestication, horizontal gene transfer and microbial succession might be important mechanisms behind the many spillover events driven and accelerated by climate change, biodiversity loss and globalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Apari
- Institute of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Földvári
- Institute of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Eco-Epidemiology, National Laboratory for Health Security, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Gábor Földvári,
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27
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Gao T, Chen X, Liu Z, Diao X. Effects of soybean hulls and corn stalk on the performance, colostrum composition and faecal microflora of pregnant sows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:485-494. [PMID: 35514035 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different supplementation levels of soybean hulls and corn stalk in high-fibre gestation diet on the performance, colostrum composition and faecal microbiota of sows. Forty first-farrowing Danish Landrace sows were randomly assigned to five dietary treatment groups. The control (CON, 3.15% crude fibre) group was fed a normal diet, and the treatment groups were soybean hulls low-fibre (SHL, 6.00% crude fibre) group, soybean hulls high-fibre (SHH, 8.00% crude fibre) group, corn stalk low-fibre (CSL, 6.00% crude fibre) group and corn stalk high-fibre (CSH, 8.00% crude fibre) group. The weaning weight of the litter and the average daily feed intake of the lactating sows in the SHL, SHH and CSH groups were higher than those in the CON group (p < 0.05). The immunoglobulin A and G levels of the colostrum in the SHL, SHH, CSL and CSH groups were higher than those in the CON group (p < 0.05), and the immunoglobulin M levels in the SHL, SHH and CSH groups were higher than those in the CON group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Proteobacteria at the phylum level in the CON group was higher than that in the CSL, CSH and SHH groups (p < 0.05). The abundance of Lactobacillaceae at the family level in the SHH and CSL groups were higher than that in the CON group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Lactobacillus at the genus level in the SHH and CSL groups were higher than that in the CON group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, SHH group had the best effect, and the optimal crude fibre level in the gestation diet of sows is 8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Gao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xueying Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinping Diao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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28
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Lif Holgerson P, Esberg A, West CE, Johansson I. The breast milk and childhood gastrointestinal microbiotas and disease outcomes: a longitudinal study. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:570-578. [PMID: 36216869 PMCID: PMC9988688 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02328-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to characterize breast milk microbiota and define associations with saliva and fecal microbiota and selected diseases in preschool children. METHODS In a longitudinal cohort study, the microbiotas from breast milk, mouth, and fecal samples were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Questionnaires and medical records provided information on demographics, medical, and dental data. RESULTS The phylogeny in breast milk, saliva swabs, and feces differed at all levels (p < 0.0003), though all harbored species in Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Haemophilus. Species richness was highest in breast milk with increasing resemblance with the oral swab microbiota by increasing age. Caries-affected children at age 5 had been fed breast milk with tenfold higher abundance of caries-associated bacteria, e.g., Streptococcus mutans, than caries-free children (p < 0.002). At that age, taxa, e.g., Neisseria sicca were overrepresented in saliva swabs of children with otitis media (LDA score >2, p < 0.05). Gut symbionts, e.g., Bacteroides, were underrepresented in 3-month fecal samples in children later diagnosed with allergic disease (LDA score >2, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Distinct microbiotas for the three sources were confirmed, though resemblance between milk and oral swab microbiota increased by age. Future studies should evaluate if the observed associations with disease outcomes are causal. IMPACT Few studies have studied the association between breast milk microbiota and gastrointestinal microbiota beyond early infancy. The present study confirms distinct microbiota profiles in breast milk, saliva swabs, and feces in infancy and indicates increasing resemblance between breast milk and the oral microbiota by increasing age. The fecal microbiota at 3 months was associated with later allergic disease; the saliva microbiota by age 5 differed between children with and without otitis media at the same age; and children with caries by age 5 had been fed breast milk with a higher abundance of caries-associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Lif Holgerson
- Department of Odontology, Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Anders Esberg
- Department of Odontology, Section of Cariology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christina E West
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingegerd Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Section of Cariology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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29
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Xu S, Jia X, Liu Y, Pan X, Chang J, Wei W, Lu P, Petry D, Che L, Jiang X, Wang J, Wu D. Effects of yeast-derived postbiotic supplementation in late gestation and lactation diets on performance, milk quality, and immune function in lactating sows. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad201. [PMID: 37330668 PMCID: PMC10294553 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of yeast-derived postbiotic (YDP) supplementation in sow diets during late gestation and lactation on the performance of sows and their offspring. At 90-d gestation, 150 sows (Landrace × Large White, parity: 3.93 ± 0.11) were allocated to three dietary treatments (n = 50 per treatment): 1) basal diet (control [CON]), 2) basal diet with 1.25 g/kg YDP (0.125 group), and 3) basal diet with 2.00 g/kg YDP (0.200 group). The experiment continued until the end of weaning (day 21 of lactation). Supplementation with YDP resulted in greater deposition of backfat in sows during late gestation and an increasing trend in average weaning weight of piglets than observed in the CON group (P < 0.01, P = 0.05). Supplementation with YDP decreased piglet mortality and diarrhea index in piglets (P < 0.05). In farrowing sows' serum, the glutathione peroxide content in the YDP group was lower than that in the CON group (P < 0.05); the content of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the 0.200 group or YDP group was higher than that in the CON group (P < 0.05). In lactating sows' serum, malondialdehyde content was higher in the YDP group (P < 0.05). In day 3 milk of sows, the 0.200 group tended to increase the lactose content (P = 0.07), and tended to decrease the secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) content (P = 0.06) with respect to that in the CON group. The sIgA content in the YDP group was lower than that in the CON group (P < 0.05). In the milk of sows, the 0.200 group tended to increase the lactose content with respect to that in the CON group (P = 0.08); the immunoglobulin G (IgG) content in the 0.125 group or YDP group was higher than that in the CON group (P < 0.05). YDP supplementation increased the IgA content in the milk (P < 0.01). In sow placenta, the content of total anti-oxidant capacity in the YDP group was higher than that in the CON group (P = 0.05); and the content of transforming growth factor-β in the YDP group was higher than that in the CON group (P < 0.05). In piglet serum, the content of IgG and immunoglobulin M in the 0.125 group was higher than that in the CON and 0.200 groups (P < 0.05). In summary, this study indicated that feeding sows diets supplemented with YDP from late gestation through lactation increased sows' backfat deposition in late gestation and piglets' weaning weight; decreased piglet mortality and diarrhea index in piglets; and improved maternal and offspring immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Xu
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xinlin Jia
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yalei Liu
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - XuJing Pan
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - JunLei Chang
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wenyan Wei
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ping Lu
- Diamond V Mills LLC, Hilda Rapids, IA, USA
| | | | - Lianqiang Che
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - De Wu
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
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Qi C, Tu H, Zhao Y, Zhou J, Chen J, Hu H, Yu R, Sun J. Breast Milk-Derived Limosilactobacillus reuteri Prevents Atopic Dermatitis in Mice via Activating Retinol Absorption and Metabolism in Peyer's Patches. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200444. [PMID: 36480309 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Supplementing Limosilactobacillus reuteri Fn041, a breast milk-derived probiotic from agricultural and pastoral areas, to maternal mice during late pregnancy and lactation prevents atopic dermatitis (AD) in offspring. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanism of Fn041-mediated immune regulation. METHODS AND RESULTS Fn041 is administered prenatal and postnatal to maternal mice, and to offspring after weaning. The ears are administered with calcipotriol to induce AD. Fn041 treatment significantly alleviates ear inflammation, and reduces mast cell infiltration. Fn041 treatment upregulates and downregulates intestinal ZO-1 and Claudin-2 mRNA expression, respectively. Transcriptome analysis of Peyer's patches reveals that pathways related to DNA damage repair are activated in AD mice, which is inhibited by Fn041 treatment. Fn041 activates pathways related to retinol absorption and metabolism. Untargeted metabolomic analysis reveals that Fn041 treatment increases plasma retinol and kynurenine. Fn041 treatment does not significantly alter the overall cecal microbiota profile, only increases the relative abundances of Ligilactobacillus apodemi, Ligilactobacillus murinus, Akkermansia muciniphila, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. CONCLUSIONS Fn041 induces anti-AD immune responses directly by promoting the absorption and metabolism of retinol in Peyer's patches, and plays an indirect role by strengthening the mucosal barrier and increasing the abundance of specific anti-AD bacteria in the cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Qi
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Huayu Tu
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yuning Zhao
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jingbo Zhou
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology Nephrology and Rheumatism, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Haiting Hu
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213004, China
| | - Renqiang Yu
- Department of Neonatology, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214022, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
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Chishiki M, Nishiyama K, Suzutani T, Hiruta S, Ichikawa H, Haneda K, Maeda H, Shimizu H, Kanai Y, Ogasawara K, Go H, Sato M, Momoi N, Nollet KE, Ohto H, Hosoya M. Sterilization efficacy of a new water-free breast milk pasteurizer. Pediatr Int 2023; 65:e15574. [PMID: 37428826 DOI: 10.1111/ped.15574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast milk, nature's optimum source of nutrition for infants, can contain undesirable microorganisms that cause severe morbidity. After an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli among neonates receiving breast milk donated by another mother in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), we were motivated to develop a high-grade breast milk pasteurizer (BMP) designed to thaw and pasteurize breast milk at 63°C for 30 min in a sealed bag without having to open the bag or immerse it in water. METHODS Pre-existing bacteria and spiked cytomegalovirus (CMV) were measured pre- and post-pasteurization in frozen breast milk donated by mothers of children admitted to the NICU. RESULTS Among 48 breast milk samples (mean ± standard deviation [SD]), pre-existing bacterial counts of 5.1±1.1 × 104 colony forming units (cfu)/mL decreased to less than 10 cfu/mL (below detection level) in 45 samples after pasteurization for 30 min. In three samples, 10-110 cfu/mL persisted. As no CMV was detected in any of the 48 samples, CMV at ≥5 × 104 pfu/mL was spiked into 11 breast milk samples. After just 10 min of pasteurization, infectious CMV was not detected (threshold <50 pfu/mL) in any sample. CONCLUSION A new BMP was shown to pasteurize milk effectively with more than a 3-log reduction of microorganisms. Compared to conventional pasteurizers, this device reduces the effort involved in pasteurizing breast milk, avoids various contamination risks, and may reduce the risk of infectious disease transmission via breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Chishiki
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nishiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Suzutani
- Department of Microbiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shun Hiruta
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ichikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kentaro Haneda
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hajime Maeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuji Kanai
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kei Ogasawara
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hayato Go
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Maki Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Nobuo Momoi
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kenneth E Nollet
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ohto
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hosoya
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
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Shenker NS, Perdones-Montero A, Burke A, Stickland S, McDonald JAK, Cameron SJS. Human Milk from Tandem Feeding Dyads Does Not Differ in Metabolite and Metataxonomic Features When Compared to Single Nursling Dyads under Six Months of Age. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111069. [PMID: 36355152 PMCID: PMC9696481 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the long-term advantages of exclusive breastfeeding to infants and their mothers, there is both an individual and public health benefit to its promotion and support. Data on the composition of human milk over the course of a full period of lactation for a single nursling is sparse, but data on human milk composition during tandem feeding (feeding children of different ages from different pregnancies) is almost entirely absent. This leaves an important knowledge gap that potentially endangers the ability of parents to make a fully informed choice on infant feeding. We compared the metataxonomic and metabolite fingerprints of human milk samples from 15 tandem feeding dyads to that collected from ten exclusively breastfeeding single nursling dyads where the nursling is under six months of age. Uniquely, our cohort also included three tandem feeding nursling dyads where each child showed a preferential side for feeding-allowing a direct comparison between human milk compositions for different aged nurslings. Across our analysis of volume, total fat, estimation of total microbial load, metabolite fingerprinting, and metataxonomics, we showed no statistically significant differences between tandem feeding and single nursling dyads. This included comparisons of preferential side nurslings of different ages. Together, our findings support the practice of tandem feeding of nurslings, even when feeding an infant under six months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S. Shenker
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alvaro Perdones-Montero
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Adam Burke
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sarah Stickland
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Julie A. K. McDonald
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simon J. S. Cameron
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)28-9097-6421
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Browne HP, Shao Y, Lawley TD. Mother-infant transmission of human microbiota. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 69:102173. [PMID: 35785616 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans are colonised by a highly adapted microbiota with coevolved functions that promote human health, development and disease resistance. Acquisition and assembly of the microbiota start at birth and recent evidence suggests that it coincides with, and informs, immune system development and regulation in the rapidly growing infant. Several large-scale studies have identified Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides species maternally transmitted to infants, many of which are capable of colonising over the longer term. Disruption of maternal transmission by caesarean section and antibiotic exposure around birth is associated with a higher incidence of pathogen colonisation and immune-related disorders in children. In this review, we discuss key maternally transmitted bacterial species, their sources and their potential role in shaping immune development. Maternal transmission of gut bacteria provides a microbial 'starter kit' for infants which promotes healthy growth and disease resistance. Optimising and nurturing this under-appreciated form of kinship should be considered as a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary P Browne
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Yan Shao
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Trevor D Lawley
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.
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Bornbusch SL, Keady MM, Power ML, Muletz-Wolz CR. Milk microbiomes of three great ape species vary among host species and over time. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11017. [PMID: 35773288 PMCID: PMC9247006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian neonates, milk consumption provides nutrients, growth factors, immune molecules, and microbes. Milk microbiomes are increasingly recognized for their roles in seeding infant gut microbiomes and priming immune development. However, milk microbiome variation within and among individuals remains under investigation. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate factors shaping milk microbiomes in three captive great ape species: Gorilla gorilla gorilla (individuals, N = 4; samples, n = 29), Pongo abelii (N = 2; n = 16), and Pongo pygmaeus (N = 1; n = 9). We demonstrate variation among host species, over lactation, and between housing facilities. In phylogenetic community composition, milk microbiomes were distinct among the three ape species. We found only a few shared, abundant bacterial taxa and suggest that they likely serve functional roles. The diversity and community composition of milk microbiomes showed gradual changes over time in gorillas and the Bornean orangutan, which was detectable with our comprehensive sampling over lactation stages (> 300-day span). In gorillas, milk microbiomes differed between housing facilities, but were similar between dams within a facility. These results support the strong influence of evolutionary history in shaping milk microbiomes, but also indicate that more proximate cues from mother, offspring, and the environment affect the distribution of rarer microbial taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L Bornbusch
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA. .,Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Mia M Keady
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA.,Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael L Power
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carly R Muletz-Wolz
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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A Pilot Study on Donor Human Milk Microbiota: A Comparison with Preterm Human Milk Microbiota and the Effect of Pasteurization. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122483. [PMID: 35745213 PMCID: PMC9227689 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is the best feeding option for preterm infants; however, when mother’s own milk (MOM) is not available, pasteurized donor human milk (DHM) is the best alternative. In this study, we profiled DHM microbiota (19 samples) using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and compared its compositional features with the MOM microbiota (14 samples) from mothers who delivered prematurely (PT-MOM). As a secondary study aim, we assessed the specific effect of pasteurization on the characteristics of the DHM microbiota. DHM showed significantly higher alpha diversity and significant segregation from PT-MOM. Compositionally, the PT-MOM microbiota had a significantly higher proportion of Staphylococcus than DHM, with Streptococcus tending to be and Pseudomonas being significantly overrepresented in DHM compared with the PT-MOM samples. Furthermore, pasteurization affected the HM microbiota structure, with a trend towards greater biodiversity and some compositional differences following pasteurization. This pilot study provided further evidence on the HM microbial ecosystem, demonstrating that the DHM microbiota differs from the PT-MOM microbiota, possibly due to inherent differences between HM donors and mothers delivering prematurely, and that pasteurization per se impacts the HM microbiota. Knowledge about HM microbiota needs to be acquired by investigating the effect of DHM processing to develop strategies aimed at improving DHM quality while guaranteeing its microbiological safety.
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36
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Selma-Royo M, Calvo-Lerma J, Bäuerl C, Esteban-Torres M, Cabrera-Rubio R, Collado MC. Human milk microbiota: what did we learn in the last 20 years? MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2022; 1:19. [PMID: 38046359 PMCID: PMC10688795 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2022.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is the gold standard for infant nutrition during the first months of life. Beyond its nutritional components, its complex bioactive composition includes microorganisms, their metabolites, and oligosaccharides, which also contribute to gut colonization and immune system maturation. There is growing evidence of the beneficial effects of bacteria present in HM. However, current research presents limited data on the presence and functions of other organisms. The potential biological impacts on maternal and infant health outcomes, the factors contributing to milk microbes' variations, and the potential functions in the infant's gut remain unclear. This review provides a global overview of milk microbiota, what the actual knowledge is, and what the gaps and challenges are for the next years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia 46980, Spain
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Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in human milk plays a central role in complex maternal-infant interactions that influence long-term health outcomes. Governed by genetics and maternal microbial exposure, human milk SIgA shapes both the microbiota and immune system of infants. Historically, SIgA-microbe interactions have been challenging to unravel due to their dynamic and personalized nature, particularly during early life. Recent advances have helped to clarify how SIgA acts beyond simple pathogen clearance to help guide and constrain a healthy microbiota, promote tolerance, and influence immune system development. In this review, we highlight these new findings in the context of the critical early-life window and propose outstanding areas of study that will be key to harnessing the benefits of SIgA to support healthy immune development during infancy.
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38
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Winther AR, Narvhus JA, Smistad M, da Silva Duarte V, Bombelli A, Porcellato D. Longitudinal dynamics of the bovine udder microbiota. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:26. [PMID: 35395785 PMCID: PMC8994269 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the number of studies concerning microbiota of the intramammary environment has increased rapidly due to the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies that allow mapping of microbiota without culturing. This has revealed that an environment previously thought to be sterile in fact harbours a microbial community. Since this discovery, many studies have investigated the microbiota of different parts of the udder in various conditions. However, few studies have followed the changes that occur in the udder microbiota over time. In this study, the temporal dynamics of the udder microbiota of 10 cows, five with a low somatic cell count (SCC, SCC < 100,000 cells/mL) and five with a high SCC (SCC > 100,000 cells/mL), were followed over 5 months to gather insights into this knowledge gap. RESULTS Analysis of the temporal changes in the microbial composition of milk from udders with a low SCC revealed a dynamic and diverse microbiota. When an imbalance due to one dominating genus was recorded, the dominant genus quickly vanished, and the high diversity was restored. The genera dominating in the samples with a high SCC remained the dominant genera throughout the whole sampling period. These cows generally displayed a heightened SCC or an intramammary infection in at least one quarter though-out the sampling period. CONCLUSION Our results show that the bovine udder has a diverse microbiota, and that the composition and diversity of this community affects udder health with regards to SCC. Understanding what influences the composition and stability of this community has important implications for the understanding, control, and treatment of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ruud Winther
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Judith A Narvhus
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Marit Smistad
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.,TINE SA, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vinicius da Silva Duarte
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Alberto Bombelli
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Science, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Davide Porcellato
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Lokossou GAG, Kouakanou L, Schumacher A, Zenclussen AC. Human Breast Milk: From Food to Active Immune Response With Disease Protection in Infants and Mothers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849012. [PMID: 35450064 PMCID: PMC9016618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is associated with long-term wellbeing including low risks of infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases such as asthma, cancer, autoimmune diseases and obesity during childhood. In recent years, important advances have been made in understanding the human breast milk (HBM) composition. Breast milk components such as, non-immune and immune cells and bioactive molecules, namely, cytokines/chemokines, lipids, hormones, and enzymes reportedly play many roles in breastfed newborns and in mothers, by diseases protection and shaping the immune system of the newborn. Bioactive components in HBM are also involved in tolerance and appropriate inflammatory response of breastfed infants if necessary. This review summarizes the current literature on the relationship between mother and her infant through breast milk with regard to disease protection. We will shed some light on the mechanisms underlying the roles of breast milk components in the maintenance of health of both child and mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gatien A. G. Lokossou
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, Department Human Biology Engineering, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Léonce Kouakanou
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Anne Schumacher
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research and Perinatal Immunology, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ana C. Zenclussen
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research and Perinatal Immunology, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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40
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You K, Yang L, Shen J, Liu B, Guo Y, Chen T, Li G, Lu H. Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Bone Health. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2406-2418. [PMID: 35249483 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220304230920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM) are microorganisms that live in the host gastrointestinal tract, and their abundance varies throughout the host's life. With the development of sequencing technology, the role of GM in various diseases has been increasingly elucidated. Unlike earlier studies on orthopedic diseases, this review elucidates the correlation between GM health and bone health, and discusses the potential mechanism of GM effects on host metabolism, inflammation, and ability to induce or aggravate some common orthopedic diseases such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. Finally, the prospective methods of GM manipulation and evaluation of potential GM-targeting strategies in the diagnosis and treatment of orthopedic diseases are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke You
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Lianjun Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanqing Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Guowei Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China
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Duale A, Singh P, Al Khodor S. Breast Milk: A Meal Worth Having. Front Nutr 2022; 8:800927. [PMID: 35155521 PMCID: PMC8826470 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.800927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A mother is gifted with breast milk, the natural source of nutrition for her infant. In addition to the wealth of macro and micro-nutrients, human milk also contains many microorganisms, few of which originate from the mother, while others are acquired from the mouth of the infant and the surroundings. Among these microbes, the most commonly residing bacteria are Staphylococci, Streptococci, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. These microorganisms initiate and help the development of the milk microbiota as well as the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract in infants, and contribute to developing immune regulatory factors such as cytokines, growth factors, lactoferrin among others. These factors play an important role in reducing the risk of developing chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes, asthma and others later in life. In this review, we will summarize the known benefits of breastfeeding and highlight the role of the breast milk microbiota and its cross-talk with the immune system in breastfed babies during the early years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoud Duale
- Division of Maternal and Child Health, Department of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Parul Singh
- Division of Maternal and Child Health, Department of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Souhaila Al Khodor
- Division of Maternal and Child Health, Department of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Souhaila Al Khodor
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Rosenberg E, Zilber-Rosenberg I. Reconstitution and Transmission of Gut Microbiomes and Their Genes between Generations. Microorganisms 2021; 10:microorganisms10010070. [PMID: 35056519 PMCID: PMC8780831 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiomes are transmitted between generations by a variety of different vertical and/or horizontal modes, including vegetative reproduction (vertical), via female germ cells (vertical), coprophagy and regurgitation (vertical and horizontal), physical contact starting at birth (vertical and horizontal), breast-feeding (vertical), and via the environment (horizontal). Analyses of vertical transmission can result in false negatives (failure to detect rare microbes) and false positives (strain variants). In humans, offspring receive most of their initial gut microbiota vertically from mothers during birth, via breast-feeding and close contact. Horizontal transmission is common in marine organisms and involves selectivity in determining which environmental microbes can colonize the organism's microbiome. The following arguments are put forth concerning accurate microbial transmission: First, the transmission may be of functions, not necessarily of species; second, horizontal transmission may be as accurate as vertical transmission; third, detection techniques may fail to detect rare microbes; lastly, microbiomes develop and reach maturity with their hosts. In spite of the great variation in means of transmission discussed in this paper, microbiomes and their functions are transferred from one generation of holobionts to the next with fidelity. This provides a strong basis for each holobiont to be considered a unique biological entity and a level of selection in evolution, largely maintaining the uniqueness of the entity and conserving the species from one generation to the next.
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Ebrahimi S, Khatami S, Mesdaghi M. The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Infants' Microbiota and the Probability of Development of Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2021; 183:435-442. [PMID: 34864741 PMCID: PMC8805058 DOI: 10.1159/000520510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota plays a significant role in various mechanisms of the body. The formation of a healthy microbiota, especially in early childhood, has a significant effect on maintaining human health. Since the onset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease has caused many changes in human life. According to the available information, many of these factors affect the composition and diversity of the body's microbiota, so this pandemic may alter and disrupt the microbiota and consequently increase the incidence of other diseases such as allergic and autoimmune disorders, especially in children and infants born in this era. In this review, the probable impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on body's microbiota and its relationship with the emergence of future diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Ebrahimi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saghi Khatami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Mesdaghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Research Developement Center, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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LeMay-Nedjelski L, Yonemitsu C, Asbury MR, Butcher J, Ley SH, Hanley AJ, Kiss A, Unger S, Copeland JK, Wang PW, Stintzi A, Bode L, O'Connor DL. Oligosaccharides and Microbiota in Human Milk Are Interrelated at 3 Months Postpartum in a Cohort of Women with a High Prevalence of Gestational Impaired Glucose Tolerance. J Nutr 2021; 151:3431-3441. [PMID: 34510198 PMCID: PMC8562078 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk is a rich source of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and bacteria. It is unclear how these components interact within the breast microenvironment. OBJECTIVES The objectives were first, to investigate the association between maternal characteristics and HMOs, and second, to assess the association between HMOs and microbial community composition and predicted function in milk from women with high rates of gestational glucose intolerance. METHODS This was an exploratory analysis of a previously completed prospective cohort study (NCT01405547) where milk samples (n = 107) were collected at 3 mo postpartum. Milk microbiota composition was analyzed by V4-16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and HMOs by rapid high-throughput HPLC. Data were stratified and analyzed by maternal secretor status phenotype and associations between HMOs and microbiota were determined using linear regression models (ɑ-diversity), Adonis (B-diversity), Poisson regression models (differential abundance), and general linear models (predicted microbial function). RESULTS Prepregnancy BMI, race, and frequency of direct breastfeeding, but not gestational glucose intolerance, were found to be significantly associated with a number of HMOs among secretors and non-secretors. Fucosyllacto-N-hexaose was negatively associated with microbial richness (Chao1) among secretors [B-estimate (SE): -9.3 × 102 (3.4 × 102); P = 0.0082] and difucosyllacto-N-hexaose was negatively associated with microbiota diversity (Shannon index) [-1.7 (0.78); P = 0.029] among secretors. Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) was associated with both microbial B-diversity (weighted UniFrac R2 = 0.040, P = 0.036) and KEGG ortholog B-diversity (Bray-Curtis R2 = 0.039, P = 0.043) in secretors. Additionally, difucosyllactose in secretors and disialyllacto-N-hexaose and LNnT in non-secretors were associated with enrichment of predicted microbial genes encoding for metabolism- and infection-related pathways (P-false discovery rate < 0.1). CONCLUSIONS HMOs are associated with the microbial composition and predicted microbial functions in human milk at 3 mo postpartum. Further research is needed to investigate the role these relations play in maternal and infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren LeMay-Nedjelski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chloe Yonemitsu
- Department of Pediatrics and Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michelle R Asbury
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Butcher
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvia H Ley
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Anthony J Hanley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Kiss
- Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon Unger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia K Copeland
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pauline W Wang
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Deborah L O'Connor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mallardi D, Tabasso C, Piemontese P, Morandi S, Silvetti T, Biscarini F, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Pica V, Stuknyte M, De Noni I, Amato O, Liotto N, Mosca F, Roggero P. Inoculation of mother's own milk could personalize pasteurized donor human milk used for feeding preterm infants. J Transl Med 2021; 19:420. [PMID: 34627277 PMCID: PMC8502300 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk is a vehicle for bioactive compounds and beneficial bacteria which promote the establishment of a healthy gut microbiome of newborns, especially of preterm infants. Pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM) is the second-best option when preterm mother's own milk is unavailable. Since pasteurization affect the microbiological quality of donor milk, PDHM was inoculated with different preterm milk samples and then incubated, in order to evaluate the effect in terms of bacterial growth, human milk microbiome and proteolytic phenomena. METHODS In an in-vitro study PDHM was inoculated at 10% v/v using ten preterm milk samples. Microbiological, metataxonomic and peptidomic analyses, on preterm milk samples at the baseline (T0), on PDHM and on inoculated milk (IM) samples at T0, after 2 h (T1) and 4 h (T2) of incubation at 37 °C, were conducted. RESULTS IM samples at T2 showed a Total Bacterial Count not significantly different (p > 0.01) compared to preterm milk samples. At T2 lactic acid bacteria level was restored in all IM. After inoculation, metataxonomic analysis in IM samples showed that Proteobacteria remained the predominant phylum while Firmicutes moved from 3% at T1 to 9.4% at T2. Peptidomic profile of IM resembled that of PDHM, incubated for the same time, in terms of number and type of peptides. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that inoculation of PDHM with mother's own milk could restore bacterial growth and personalize human milk microbiome in PDHM. This effect could be beneficial because of the presence of maternal probiotic bacteria which make PDHM more similar to mother's own milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mallardi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - C Tabasso
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - P Piemontese
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - S Morandi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - T Silvetti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - F Biscarini
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), U.O.S. Di Lodi, Via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - P Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), U.O.S. Di Lodi, Via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - B Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), U.O.S. Di Lodi, Via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - V Pica
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - M Stuknyte
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - I De Noni
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - O Amato
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - N Liotto
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - F Mosca
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P Roggero
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Selma-Royo M, Calvo Lerma J, Cortés-Macías E, Collado MC. Human milk microbiome: From actual knowledge to future perspective. Semin Perinatol 2021; 45:151450. [PMID: 34274151 DOI: 10.1016/j.semperi.2021.151450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is the gold standard for infant nutrition during the first months of life since it is perfectly adapted to the neonatal nutritional requirements and supports infant growth and development. Human milk contains a complex nutritional and bioactive composition including microorganisms and oligosaccharides which would also contribute to the gut and immune system maturation. Despite the growing evidence, the factors contributing to milk microbes' variations and the potential functions on the infant's gut are still uncovered. This short-review provides a general overview of milk microbiota, potential factors shaping its composition, contribution to the infant microbiota and immune system development, including the suggested biological relevance for infant health as well as the description of tools and strategies aimed to restore and module microbes in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Selma-Royo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia (Spain).
| | - Joaquim Calvo Lerma
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia (Spain)
| | - Erika Cortés-Macías
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia (Spain)
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia (Spain).
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Vizzari G, Morniroli D, Ceroni F, Verduci E, Consales A, Colombo L, Cerasani J, Mosca F, Giannì ML. Human Milk, More Than Simple Nourishment. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:863. [PMID: 34682128 PMCID: PMC8535116 DOI: 10.3390/children8100863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human breast milk not only has nutritional properties but also holds a functional role. It contains various bioactive factors (lactoferrin, lysozyme, leukocytes, immunoglobulins, cytokines, hormones, human milk oligosaccharides, microbiome, microRNAs and stem cells) shown to contribute to several short- and long-term health outcomes. Some of these factors appear to be involved in the infant's neuro-cognitive development, anti-oncogenic processes, cellular communication and differentiation. Furthermore, breast milk is increasingly recognized to have dynamic characteristics and to play a fundamental role in the cross-talking mother-neonate. This narrative review aims to provide a summary and an update on these bioactive substances, exploring their functions mainly on immunomodulation, microbiome and virome development. Although the knowledge about breast milk potentiality has significantly improved, leading to discovering unexpected functions, the exact mechanisms with which breast milk exercises its bioactivity have not been completely clarified. This can represent a fertile ground for exploring and understanding the complexity behind these functional elements to develop new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vizzari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Daniela Morniroli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Federica Ceroni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Consales
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Colombo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico NICU, Via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Jacopo Cerasani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (F.M.)
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico NICU, Via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Maria Lorella Giannì
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (F.M.)
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico NICU, Via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy;
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Reyes SM, Allen DL, Williams JE, McGuire MA, McGuire MK, Hay AG, Rasmussen KM. Pumping supplies alter the microbiome of pumped human milk: An in-home, randomized, crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1960-1970. [PMID: 34510180 PMCID: PMC8634608 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human milk microbiome may contribute to the benefits of breastfeeding by providing bacteria to the infant gastrointestinal tract. Many women pump their milk, but the effect of pumping on the milk microbiome is unknown. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to determine the effects of pumping supplies on the pumped human milk microbiome. METHODS This was an in-home, randomized, crossover trial of 2 collection methods. Women (n = 52) pumped twice within 3.5 h, once with their own breast pumps and milk collection supplies (OWN SUPP) and once with a hospital-grade pump and sterile collection supplies (STER SUPP). Pumping order was randomized. The milk microbiome was characterized by aerobic culturing and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. RESULTS Milk collected with OWN SUPP yielded more total aerobic and gram-negative bacteria than milk collected with STER SUPP, reflecting a 6.6 (adjusted OR; 95% CI: 1.7, 25; P = 0.006) higher odds of containing >104 total aerobic CFU/mL and 19 (adjusted OR; 95% CI: 4.1, 88; P < 0.0001) higher odds of yielding culturable gram-negative bacteria. Milk collected with OWN SUPP yielded more Proteobacterias , including higher relative abundances of Acinetobacter and Stenotrophomonas, compared to milk collected with STER SUPP. Results were consistent across pumping-order groups. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that pumping supplies altered the milk microbiome. On average, milk collected with OWN SUPP resulted in elevated levels of culturable total and gram-negative bacteria and proteobacterial DNA compared to milk collected with STER SUPP. More research is needed to assess implications for infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dainelle L Allen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Janet E Williams
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Mark A McGuire
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Michelle K McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Anthony G Hay
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Silva MDB, de Oliveira RDVC, Alves DDSB, Melo ECP. The effect of risk at birth on breastfeeding duration and exclusivity: A cohort study at a Brazilian referral center for high-risk neonates and infants. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255190. [PMID: 34358227 PMCID: PMC8346259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Both breastfeeding and the use of human milk are strategies that provide better conformation to health throughout an individual’s life and bring countless short- and long- term benefits, which are well established in the scientific literature. For at-risk newborns (NBs), these strategies are crucial interventions to enable neonatal survival with better quality of life due to the distinctive and complex composition of human milk, which serves as personalized food-medicine-protection. However, there is limited knowledge about breastfeeding practices in high-risk NBs. The aim was to estimate the duration of EBF and to investigate the effect of risk at birth on EBF discontinuity in the first six months of life’. Methods This cohort study included 1,003 NBs from a high-risk referral center, followed up from birth to the sixth month of life, between 2017 and 2018. Correspondence and cluster analysis was used to identify neonatal risk clusters as the main exposure. The object of interest was the time until EBF discontinuity. The Kaplan-Meier methods and the Cox proportional hazards model were used to estimate the hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals. Results The prevalence and median duration of EBF decreased proportionally in the three groups. The multiple model revealed a gradient in EBF discontinuity, which was 40% higher in risk group 1 and 111% higher in risk group 2 compared to healthy full-term NBs. Additionally, EBF during hospitalization predicted a longer median duration of this practice for high-risk NBs. Conclusion This study confirms a high proportion of high-risk NBs who have EBF discontinued before six months of life. The risk of EBF discontinuity is higher in risk groups, with a gradual effect even when adjusted by several factors. Effective interventions are needed to promote, protect, and support breastfeeding in different profiles of risk-at-birth groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Domingues Bernardes Silva
- Human Milk Bank at the National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents Health Fernandes Figueira (IFF) of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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50
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Laursen MF, Pekmez CT, Larsson MW, Lind MV, Yonemitsu C, Larnkjær A, Mølgaard C, Bode L, Dragsted LO, Michaelsen KF, Licht TR, Bahl MI. Maternal milk microbiota and oligosaccharides contribute to the infant gut microbiota assembly. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:21. [PMID: 36737495 PMCID: PMC9723702 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-021-00021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding protects against diseases, with potential mechanisms driving this being human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and the seeding of milk-associated bacteria in the infant gut. In a cohort of 34 mother-infant dyads we analyzed the microbiota and HMO profiles in breast milk samples and infant's feces. The microbiota in foremilk and hindmilk samples of breast milk was compositionally similar, however hindmilk had higher bacterial load and absolute abundance of oral-associated bacteria, but a lower absolute abundance of skin-associated Staphylococcus spp. The microbial communities within both milk and infant's feces changed significantly over the lactation period. On average 33% and 23% of the bacterial taxa detected in infant's feces were shared with the corresponding mother's milk at 5 and 9 months of age, respectively, with Streptococcus, Veillonella and Bifidobacterium spp. among the most frequently shared. The predominant HMOs in feces associated with the infant's fecal microbiota, and the dominating infant species B. longum ssp. infantis and B. bifidum correlated inversely with HMOs. Our results show that breast milk microbiota changes over time and within a feeding session, likely due to transfer of infant oral bacteria during breastfeeding and suggest that milk-associated bacteria and HMOs direct the assembly of the infant gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ceyda T Pekmez
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Melanie Wange Larsson
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Nursing and Nutrition, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Vendelbo Lind
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Chloe Yonemitsu
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anni Larnkjær
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tine Rask Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Iain Bahl
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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