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Gerardi D, Bernardi S, Bruni A, Falisi G, Botticelli G. Characterization and morphological methods for oral biofilm visualization: where are we nowadays? AIMS Microbiol 2024; 10:391-414. [PMID: 38919718 PMCID: PMC11194622 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2024020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome represents an essential component of the oral ecosystem whose symbiotic relationship contributes to health maintenance. The biofilm represents a state of living of microorganisms surrounding themselves with a complex and tridimensional organized polymeric support and defense matrix. The substrates where the oral biofilm adhere can suffer from damages due to the microbial community metabolisms. Therefore, microbial biofilm represents the main etiological factor of the two pathologies of dental interest with the highest incidence, such as carious pathology and periodontal pathology. The study, analysis, and understanding of the characteristics of the biofilm, starting from the macroscopic structure up to the microscopic architecture, appear essential. This review examined the morphological methods used through the years to identify species, adhesion mechanisms that contribute to biofilm formation and stability, and how the action of microbicidal molecules is effective against pathological biofilm. Microscopy is the primary technique for the morphological characterization of biofilm. Light microscopy, which includes the stereomicroscope and confocal laser microscopy (CLSM), allows the visualization of microbial communities in their natural state, providing valuable information on the spatial arrangement of different microorganisms within the biofilm and revealing microbial diversity in the biofilm matrix. The stereomicroscope provides a three-dimensional view of the sample, allowing detailed observation of the structure, thickness, morphology, and distribution of the various species in the biofilm while CLSM provides information on its three-dimensional architecture, microbial composition, and dynamic development. Electron microscopy, scanning (SEM) or transmission (TEM), allows the high-resolution investigation of the architecture of the biofilm, analyzing the bacterial population, the extracellular polymeric matrix (EPS), and the mechanisms of the physical and chemical forces that contribute to the adhesion of the biofilm to the substrates, on a nanometric scale. More advanced microscopic methodologies, such as scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and correlative microscopy, have enabled the evaluation of antibacterial treatments, due to the potential to reveal the efficacy of different molecules in breaking down the biofilm. In conclusion, evidence based on scientific literature shows that established microscopic methods represent the most common tools used to characterize biofilm and its morphology in oral microbiology. Further protocols and studies on the application of advanced microscopic techniques are needed to obtain precise details on the microbiological and pathological aspects of oral biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gerardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sara Bernardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Angelo Bruni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Falisi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gianluca Botticelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Wang XL, Xu HW, Liu NN. Oral Microbiota: A New Insight into Cancer Progression, Diagnosis and Treatment. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:535-547. [PMID: 37881320 PMCID: PMC10593652 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The polymorphic microbiome has been defined as one of the "Hallmarks of Cancer". Extensive studies have now uncovered the role of oral microbiota in cancer development and progression. Bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses in the oral cavity interact dynamically with the oral microenvironment to maintain the oral micro-ecological homeostasis. This complex interaction is influenced by many factors, such as maternal transmission, personal factors and environmental factors. Dysbiosis of oral microbiota can disturbed this host-microbiota interaction, leading to systemic diseases. Numerous studies have shown the potential associations between oral microbiota and a variety of cancers. However, the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic insights are still poorly understood. In this review, we mainly focus on the following aspects: (1) the factors affect oral microbiota composition and function; (2) the interaction between microenvironment and oral microbiota; (3) the role of multi-kingdom oral microbiota in human health; (4) the potential underlying mechanisms and therapeutic benefits of oral microbiota against cancer. Finally, we aim to describe the impact of oral microbiota on cancer progression and provide novel therapeutic insights into cancer prevention and treatment by targeting oral microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Hua-Wen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Ning-Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025 China
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García-Quintana A, Frattaroli-Pericchi A, Feldman S, Luengo J, Acevedo AM. Initial oral microbiota and the impact of delivery mode and feeding practices in 0 to 2 month-old infants. Braz Oral Res 2023; 37:e078. [PMID: 37531514 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the initial oral microbiota and how delivery mode and feeding practices impact its diversity in 0-2-month-old infants. This was a cross-sectional study that consisted of one collection of saliva samples from 0-2-month infants at baseline. Ten pairs of mothers and infants were selected. Medical health history, pregnancy, birth, feeding practices (breastfeeding or milk formula), and infant health status was obtained. Pooled microbial samples were obtained from the oral surfaces using a sterile cotton swab. Infants did not receive any breast milk before sampling. After collection, each swab was analyzed through microbiological culture-based procedures, using selective mediums. Cultures were analyzed for the presence of Streptococci, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Enterobacterium , and Candida albicans . Twenty percent of the samples were serially diluted (10-2) to assess the number of bacteria expressed as CFU. Bacillota was the leading phylogenetic group in the infant's pooled microbial sample. The most prevalent genera were Streptococcus, Lactobacillus , and Staphylococcus . Two participants had a positive growth of Candida albicans . The association between genus group, type of delivery, and feeding practices was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Lactobacillus genus was frequently present in the cesarean delivery group but with slightly higher counts in a vaginal delivery study subject. Exclusively breastfed infants showed presence of Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus . The oral microbiome in infants (0-2 month-old) is highly heterogeneous and dynamic. Microbiota composition seems to be impacted by mode of delivery, with slight differences among groups. Breastmilk appears as an essential factor in maintaining the oral microbiome's stability and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sonia Feldman
- Private Practice at Complejo Social Don Bosco, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Ana María Acevedo
- Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Odontología, Instituto de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Caracas, Venezuela
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4
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Xiao L, Zhao F. Microbial transmission, colonisation and succession: from pregnancy to infancy. Gut 2023; 72:772-786. [PMID: 36720630 PMCID: PMC10086306 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-328970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome has been proven to be associated with many diseases and has been used as a biomarker and target in disease prevention and intervention. Currently, the vital role of the microbiome in pregnant women and newborns is increasingly emphasised. In this review, we discuss the interplay of the microbiome and the corresponding immune mechanism between mothers and their offspring during the perinatal period. We aim to present a comprehensive picture of microbial transmission and potential immune imprinting before and after delivery. In addition, we discuss the possibility of in utero microbial colonisation during pregnancy, which has been highly debated in recent studies, and highlight the importance of the microbiome in infant development during the first 3 years of life. This holistic view of the role of the microbial interplay between mothers and infants will refine our current understanding of pregnancy complications as well as diseases in early life and will greatly facilitate the microbiome-based prenatal diagnosis and treatment of mother-infant-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Xiao
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangqing Zhao
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of System Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Panzer JJ, Romero R, Greenberg JM, Winters AD, Galaz J, Gomez-Lopez N, Theis KR. Is there a placental microbiota? A critical review and re-analysis of published placental microbiota datasets. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:76. [PMID: 36934229 PMCID: PMC10024458 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of a placental microbiota is debated. The human placenta has historically been considered sterile and microbial colonization was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Yet, recent DNA sequencing investigations reported a microbiota in typical human term placentas. However, this detected microbiota could represent background DNA or delivery-associated contamination. Using fifteen publicly available 16S rRNA gene datasets, existing data were uniformly re-analyzed with DADA2 to maximize comparability. While Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) identified as Lactobacillus, a typical vaginal bacterium, were highly abundant and prevalent across studies, this prevalence disappeared after applying likely DNA contaminant removal to placentas from term cesarean deliveries. A six-study sub-analysis targeting the 16S rRNA gene V4 hypervariable region demonstrated that bacterial profiles of placental samples and technical controls share principal bacterial ASVs and that placental samples clustered primarily by study origin and mode of delivery. Contemporary DNA-based evidence does not support the existence of a placental microbiota.ImportanceEarly-gestational microbial influences on human development are unclear. By applying DNA sequencing technologies to placental tissue, bacterial DNA signals were observed, leading some to conclude that a live bacterial placental microbiome exists in typical term pregnancy. However, the low-biomass nature of the proposed microbiome and high sensitivity of current DNA sequencing technologies indicate that the signal may alternatively derive from environmental or delivery-associated bacterial DNA contamination. Here we address these alternatives with a re-analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing data from 15 publicly available placental datasets. After identical DADA2 pipeline processing of the raw data, subanalyses were performed to control for mode of delivery and environmental DNA contamination. Both environment and mode of delivery profoundly influenced the bacterial DNA signal from term-delivered placentas. Aside from these contamination-associated signals, consistency was lacking across studies. Thus, placentas delivered at term are unlikely to be the original source of observed bacterial DNA signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Panzer
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Greenberg
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew D Winters
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jose Galaz
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin R Theis
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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6
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Morrison AG, Sarkar S, Umar S, Lee STM, Thomas SM. The Contribution of the Human Oral Microbiome to Oral Disease: A Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:318. [PMID: 36838283 PMCID: PMC9962706 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome is an emerging field that has been a topic of discussion since the development of next generation sequencing and the implementation of the human microbiome project. This article reviews the current literature surrounding the oral microbiome, briefly highlighting most recent methods of microbiome characterization including cutting edge omics, databases for the microbiome, and areas with current gaps in knowledge. This article also describes reports on microorganisms contained in the oral microbiome which include viruses, archaea, fungi, and bacteria, and provides an in-depth analysis of their significant roles in tissue homeostasis. Finally, we detail key bacteria involved in oral disease, including oral cancer, and the current research surrounding their role in stimulation of inflammatory cytokines, the role of gingival crevicular fluid in periodontal disease, the creation of a network of interactions between microorganisms, the influence of the planktonic microbiome and cospecies biofilms, and the implications of antibiotic resistance. This paper provides a comprehensive literature analysis while also identifying gaps in knowledge to enable future studies to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Gregory Morrison
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Soumyadev Sarkar
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of General Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sonny T. M. Lee
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- 1717 Claflin Road, 136 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sufi Mary Thomas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Departments of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- 3901 Rainbow Blvd., 4031 Wahl Hall East, MS 3040, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Li M, Huang Z, Tao Z, Meng Y, Wen J, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Shang M, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen R, Wang X, Cao Y, Zhang L, Liao Q. The role of upper and lower genital tract microbiota alterations in term chorionamnionitis: A prospective study. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1069254. [PMID: 36605507 PMCID: PMC9808057 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1069254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to compare the dynamics of lower and upper genital tract microbiota in normal term pregnancy, histological chorioamnionitis (HCA), and clinical chorioamnionitis (CCA) patients to provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of chorioamnionitis (CAM) patients. Methods We prospectively collected vaginal and cervical secretions, as well as placenta tissues, fetal membranes, and amniotic fluid from normal-term pregnant women, HCA and CCA patients. Then, we performed genomic DNA extraction and PCR amplification for all samples. The eligible samples were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequencing. Additionally, all placenta tissues were histopathologically examined, and neonatal pharyngeal swabs and placenta tissues from the HCA and CCA groups were subjected to microbial culture. Results A total of 85 term pregnant women were enrolled in this study, including 34 in the normal group (N), 37 in the HCA group, and 14 in the CCA group. A total of 171 qualified samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. The results suggested that the cervical microbiota was highly similar to the vaginal microbiota in normal term parturients, with Lactobacillus as the dominant bacterium. Moreover, there was no difference in the alpha and beta diversity of vaginal microbiota between the N, HCA, and CCA groups at the genus level. Besides, no significant differences were detected in cervical microbiome among the three groups. Regarding intrauterine microorganisms, the N and HCA groups had similar microbial composition but were different from the CCA group. No microbe was detected in the placental tissue of normal term parturients, while some microorganisms were found in the intrauterine amniotic fluid and fetal membrane samples. Regardless of cultivation or 16S rRNA sequencing, an extremely low microbial positive rate was detected in HCA and CCA intrauterine samples. Compared to the normal group, Lactobacillus was significantly reduced in the CCA group intrauterine, and Ureaplasma and Enterococcus increased with no statistically significant. Conclusion The N, HCA and CCA groups had similar composition of vaginal and cervical microflora. Some normal-term pregnant women can harbor non-pathogenic microbiota in the uterine cavity. Sterile inflammation is more frequent than microbial-associated inflammation in term HCA and CCA parturients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Tao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiting Meng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiongqiong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyuan Shang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Lei Zhang, ; Qinping Liao,
| | - Qinping Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Lei Zhang, ; Qinping Liao,
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Xu T, Yan L, Sun B, Xu Q, Zhang J, Zhu W, Zhang Q, Chen N, Liu G, Chen F. Impacts of Delivery Mode and Maternal Factors on Neonatal Oral Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:915423. [PMID: 35832807 PMCID: PMC9271910 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.915423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Initial oral microbial colonization has complicatedly interacted with growth and development. The aim of our study was to discover links between oral microbiota community structure and mode of delivery, maternal factors, such as systemic diseases, abortion history, and pregnancy complications. Methods A total of 177 pregnant women and their neonates were enrolled at Peking university people’s hospital. We collected oral samples, medical history, and development phenotype and used a 16S rRNA gene sequence to analyze microbial diversity at all taxonomic levels, network structure, and metabolic characteristics. Results Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteriota were the most predominant bacteria of neonatal oral samples among these phyla. Alpha-diversity of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), abortion history, and without immune diseases was higher than in control groups, and no significant dissimilarity in beta-diversity was observed between different maternal factors. Obvious separation or trend failed to be seen in different development phenotype groups. Besides, Oscillospirales were significantly more abundant in a natural delivery group than in the cesarean section group. Conclusion Our study indicated that maternal factors and mode of delivery influenced the oral microbial structure, but longitudinal studies were indispensable for capturing the long-term effects on neonatal development phenotype and oral microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansong Xu
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Lihuang Yan
- Department of Obstetrics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bohui Sun
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jieni Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Zhu
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guoli Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guoli Liu,
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Feng Chen,
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Guo XJ, Jiang T, Ma XX, Hu XJ, Huang JB, Cui LT, Cui J, Yao XH, Shi YL, Li J, Guo ZL, Lou JD, Liang MC, Fu HY, Yuan P, Liu JY, Tu LP, Xu JT. Relationships Between Diurnal Changes of Tongue Coating Microbiota and Intestinal Microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:813790. [PMID: 35433494 PMCID: PMC9008461 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.813790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity and the intestine are the main distribution locations of human digestive bacteria. Exploring the relationships between the tongue coating and gut microbiota, the influence of the diurnal variations of the tongue coating microbiota on the intestinal microbiota can provide a reference for the development of the disease diagnosis and monitoring, as well as the medication time. In this work, a total of 39 healthy college students were recruited. We collected their tongue coating microbiota which was collected before and after sleep and fecal microbiota. The diurnal variations of tongue coating microbiota are mainly manifested on the changes in diversity and relative abundance. There are commensal bacteria in the tongue coating and intestines, especially Prevotella which has the higher proportion in both sites. The relative abundance of Prevotella in the tongue coating before sleep has a positive correlation with intestinal Prevotella; the r is 0.322 (p < 0.05). Bacteroides in the intestine had the most bacteria associated with the tongue coating and had the highest correlation coefficient with Veillonella in the oral cavity, which was 0.468 (p < 0.01). These results suggest that the abundance of the same flora in the two sites may have a common change trend. The SourceTracker results show that the proportion of intestinal bacteria sourced from tongue coating is less than 1%. It indicates that oral flora is difficult to colonize in the intestine in healthy people. This will provide a reference for the study on the oral and intestinal microbiota in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-jing Guo
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-xiang Ma
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-juan Hu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Health Service in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-bin Huang
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
| | - Long-tao Cui
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Cui
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-hua Yao
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-lin Shi
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-ling Guo
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-di Lou
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-chen Liang
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-yuan Fu
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Yuan
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-yi Liu
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
| | - Li-ping Tu
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Li-ping Tu, ; Jia-tuo Xu,
| | - Jia-tuo Xu
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Li-ping Tu, ; Jia-tuo Xu,
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Bolte EE, Moorshead D, Aagaard KM. Maternal and early life exposures and their potential to influence development of the microbiome. Genome Med 2022; 14:4. [PMID: 35016706 PMCID: PMC8751292 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-01005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At the dawn of the twentieth century, the medical care of mothers and children was largely relegated to family members and informally trained birth attendants. As the industrial era progressed, early and key public health observations among women and children linked the persistence of adverse health outcomes to poverty and poor nutrition. In the time hence, numerous studies connecting genetics ("nature") to public health and epidemiologic data on the role of the environment ("nurture") have yielded insights into the importance of early life exposures in relation to the occurrence of common diseases, such as diabetes, allergic and atopic disease, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. As a result of these parallel efforts in science, medicine, and public health, the developing brain, immune system, and metabolic physiology are now recognized as being particularly vulnerable to poor nutrition and stressful environments from the start of pregnancy to 3 years of age. In particular, compelling evidence arising from a diverse array of studies across mammalian lineages suggest that modifications to our metagenome and/or microbiome occur following certain environmental exposures during pregnancy and lactation, which in turn render risk of childhood and adult diseases. In this review, we will consider the evidence suggesting that development of the offspring microbiome may be vulnerable to maternal exposures, including an analysis of the data regarding the presence or absence of a low-biomass intrauterine microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Bolte
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - David Moorshead
- Immunology & Microbiology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Kjersti M Aagaard
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Immunology & Microbiology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
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11
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Blum J, Silva M, Byrne SJ, Butler CA, Adams GG, Reynolds EC, Dashper SG. Temporal development of the infant oral microbiome. Crit Rev Microbiol 2022; 48:730-742. [PMID: 35015598 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.2025042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human oral microbiome is becoming recognized as playing roles in health and disease well beyond the oral cavity over the lifetime of the individual. The oral microbiome is hypothesized to result from specific colonization events followed by a reproducible and ordered development of complex bacterial communities. Colonization events, proliferation, succession and subsequent community development are dependent on a range of host and environmental factors, most notably the neonate diet. It is now becoming apparent that early childhood and prenatal influences can have long term effects on the development of human oral microbiomes. In this review, the temporal development of the infant human oral microbiome is examined, with the effects of prenatal and postnatal influences and the roles of specific bacteria. Dietary and environmental factors, especially breastfeeding, have a significant influence on the development of the infant oral microbiome. The evidence available regarding the roles and functions of early colonizing bacteria is still limited, and gaps in knowledge where further research is needed to elucidate these specific roles in relation to health and disease still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Blum
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Mihiri Silva
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Samantha J Byrne
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Catherine A Butler
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Geoffrey G Adams
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Stuart G Dashper
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
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12
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Sedghi L, DiMassa V, Harrington A, Lynch SV, Kapila YL. The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease. Periodontol 2000 2021; 87:107-131. [PMID: 34463991 PMCID: PMC8457218 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
States of oral health and disease reflect the compositional and functional capacities of, as well as the interspecies interactions within, the oral microbiota. The oral cavity exists as a highly dynamic microbial environment that harbors many distinct substrata and microenvironments that house diverse microbial communities. Specific to the oral cavity, the nonshedding dental surfaces facilitate the development of highly complex polymicrobial biofilm communities, characterized not only by the distinct microbes comprising them, but cumulatively by their activities. Adding to this complexity, the oral cavity faces near-constant environmental challenges, including those from host diet, salivary flow, masticatory forces, and introduction of exogenous microbes. The composition of the oral microbiome is shaped throughout life by factors including host genetics, maternal transmission, as well as environmental factors, such as dietary habits, oral hygiene practice, medications, and systemic factors. This dynamic ecosystem presents opportunities for oral microbial dysbiosis and the development of dental and periodontal diseases. The application of both in vitro and culture-independent approaches has broadened the mechanistic understandings of complex polymicrobial communities within the oral cavity, as well as the environmental, local, and systemic underpinnings that influence the dynamics of the oral microbiome. Here, we review the present knowledge and current understanding of microbial communities within the oral cavity and the influences and challenges upon this system that encourage homeostasis or provoke microbiome perturbation, and thus contribute to states of oral health or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Sedghi
- Department of Orofacial SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Vincent DiMassa
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Anthony Harrington
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Susan V. Lynch
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Department of Orofacial SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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13
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Thomas C, Minty M, Vinel A, Canceill T, Loubières P, Burcelin R, Kaddech M, Blasco-Baque V, Laurencin-Dalicieux S. Oral Microbiota: A Major Player in the Diagnosis of Systemic Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1376. [PMID: 34441309 PMCID: PMC8391932 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is host to a complex and diverse microbiota community which plays an important role in health and disease. Major oral infections, i.e., caries and periodontal diseases, are both responsible for and induced by oral microbiota dysbiosis. This dysbiosis is known to have an impact on other chronic systemic diseases, whether triggering or aggravating them, making the oral microbiota a novel target in diagnosing, following, and treating systemic diseases. In this review, we summarize the major roles that oral microbiota can play in systemic disease development and aggravation and also how novel tools can help investigate this complex ecosystem. Finally, we describe new therapeutic approaches based on oral bacterial recolonization or host modulation therapies. Collaboration in diagnosis and treatment between oral specialists and general health specialists is of key importance in bridging oral and systemic health and disease and improving patients' wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Thomas
- INSERM UMR 1297 Inserm, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Avenue Jean Poulhès 1, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France; (A.V.); (P.L.); (R.B.); (V.B.-B.)
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
- Service d’Odontologie Rangueil, CHU de Toulouse, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Matthieu Minty
- INSERM UMR 1297 Inserm, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Avenue Jean Poulhès 1, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France; (A.V.); (P.L.); (R.B.); (V.B.-B.)
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
- Service d’Odontologie Rangueil, CHU de Toulouse, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Alexia Vinel
- INSERM UMR 1297 Inserm, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Avenue Jean Poulhès 1, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France; (A.V.); (P.L.); (R.B.); (V.B.-B.)
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
- Service d’Odontologie Rangueil, CHU de Toulouse, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Thibault Canceill
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
- Service d’Odontologie Rangueil, CHU de Toulouse, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
- UMR CNRS 5085, Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche et d’Ingénierie des Matériaux (CIRIMAT), Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraichers, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Pascale Loubières
- INSERM UMR 1297 Inserm, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Avenue Jean Poulhès 1, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France; (A.V.); (P.L.); (R.B.); (V.B.-B.)
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
| | - Remy Burcelin
- INSERM UMR 1297 Inserm, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Avenue Jean Poulhès 1, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France; (A.V.); (P.L.); (R.B.); (V.B.-B.)
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
| | - Myriam Kaddech
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
- Service d’Odontologie Rangueil, CHU de Toulouse, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Blasco-Baque
- INSERM UMR 1297 Inserm, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Avenue Jean Poulhès 1, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France; (A.V.); (P.L.); (R.B.); (V.B.-B.)
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
- Service d’Odontologie Rangueil, CHU de Toulouse, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Sara Laurencin-Dalicieux
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
- Service d’Odontologie Rangueil, CHU de Toulouse, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR 1295, Centre d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche en Santé des Populations de Toulouse (CERPOP), Epidémiologie et Analyse en Santé Publique, Risques, Maladies Chroniques et Handicaps, 37 Allées Jules Guesdes, 31000 Toulouse, France
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14
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Tuominen H, Rautava J, Kero K, Syrjänen S, Collado MC, Rautava S. HPV infection and bacterial microbiota in the semen from healthy men. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:373. [PMID: 33882835 PMCID: PMC8059035 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant microbiota composition has been linked to disease development at numerous anatomical sites. Microbiota changes in reaction to viral infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), have been investigated almost exclusively in the female reproductive tract. However, HPV infection may also affect male health by reducing semen quality and fertility. The aim of this study was to investigate whether present HPV DNA is associated with detectable changes in semen bacterial microbiota composition and diversity. METHODS This study relied on stored semen samples from 31 fertile healthy men who participated in the Finnish family HPV Study during the years 1998-2001. DNA was extracted from semen with PCR template preparation kit. HPV was genotyped using Luminex-based Multimetrix® assay. Microbiota was analyzed from the V3-V4 region of 16S rDNA gene following sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq platform. All statistical analyses were performed with Calypso software version 8.84. RESULTS HPV DNA was detected in 19.4% (6/31) of the semen samples. HPV status in the semen did not impact the α-diversity estimations, as measured by Chao1 and Shannon indices, nor ß-diversity. Nevertheless, HPV-positive semen samples exhibited differences in the taxonomic composition of the bacterial microbiota including higher abundances of Moraxellaceae (p = 0.028), Streptococcus (p = 0.0058) and Peptostreptococcus (p = 0.012) compared to HPV-negative semen samples. CONCLUSION HPV infection is associated with altered bacterial microbiota composition in semen, and this might have in impact to male health in general. As of present, it is unclear whether these changes result from HPV infection or whether altered bacterial microbiota increases susceptibility to HPV infection. More research is needed on viral-bacterial interactions in the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Tuominen
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, FIN-20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Jaana Rautava
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, FIN-20520, Turku, Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Kero
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Turku & Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Stina Syrjänen
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, FIN-20520, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Science, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Samuli Rautava
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku & Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Helsinki & Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Byrd KM, Gulati AS. The "Gum-Gut" Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Hypothesis-Driven Review of Associations and Advances. Front Immunol 2021; 12:620124. [PMID: 33679761 PMCID: PMC7933581 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.620124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern medicine, the oral cavity has often been viewed as a passive conduit to the upper airways and gastrointestinal tract; however, its connection to the rest of the body has been increasingly explored over the last 40 years. For several diseases, the periodontium and gingiva are at the center of this oral-systemic link. Over 50 systemic conditions have been specifically associated with gingival and periodontal inflammation, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which have recently been elevated from simple "associations" to elegant, mechanistic investigations. IBD and periodontitis have been reported to impact each other's progression via a bidirectional relationship whereby chronic oral or intestinal inflammation can impact the other; however, the precise mechanisms for how this occurs remain unclear. Classically, the etiology of gingival inflammation (gingivitis) is oral microbial dysbiosis in the subgingival crevice that can lead to destructive periodontal disease (periodontitis); however, the current understanding of gingival involvement in IBD is that it may represent a separate disease entity from classical gingivitis, arising from mechanisms related to systemic inflammatory activation of niche-resident immune cells. Synthesizing available evidence, we hypothesize that once established, IBD can be driven by microbiomial and inflammatory changes originating specifically from the gingival niche through saliva, thereby worsening IBD outcomes and thus perpetuating a vicious cycle. In this review, we introduce the concept of the "gum-gut axis" as a framework for examining this reciprocal relationship between the periodontium and the gastrointestinal tract. To support and explore this gum-gut axis, we 1) provide a narrative review of historical studies reporting gingival and periodontal manifestations in IBD, 2) describe the current understanding and advances for the gum-gut axis, and 3) underscore the importance of collaborative treatment and research plans between oral and GI practitioners to benefit this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Byrd
- Division of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Innovation & Technology Research, ADA Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Ajay S. Gulati
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There has been an exponential increase in research into infant microbiome evolution, and it appears that pharyngeal microbiota are associated with clinical phenotypes (e.g. infection and asthma). Although broad consensus views are emerging, significant challenges and uncertainties remain. RECENT FINDINGS Infant pharyngeal microbiome research is limited by low biomass, high temporal diversity and lack of agreed standards for sampling, DNA sequencing and taxonomic reporting. Analysis of amplicon sequence variants and improved cost and availability of whole-genome sequencing are promising options for improving taxonomic resolution of such studies. Infant respiratory microbiomes arise, at least in part, from maternal flora (e.g. the respiratory tract and breastmilk), and are associated with environmental and clinical factors (e.g. mode of feeding and delivery, siblings, daycare attendance, birth season and antibiotic usage). Interventional research to modify the infant pharyngeal microbiota has recently been reported, using dietary supplements. SUMMARY Further work is needed to improve characterization of the infant pharyngeal microbiomes, including routes of bacterial acquisition, role of environmental factors and associations with disease phenotypes. Methodological standards are desirable to facilitate more reproducible, comparable research. Improved understanding may enable manipulation of infant pharyngeal microbiota to improve clinical outcomes.
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17
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Tuominen H, Rautava J. Oral Microbiota and Cancer Development. Pathobiology 2020; 88:116-126. [PMID: 33176328 DOI: 10.1159/000510979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral microbiota are among the most diverse in the human body. More than 700 species have been identified in the mouth, and new sequencing methods are allowing us to discover even more species. The anatomy of the oral cavity is different from that of other body sites. The oral cavity has mucosal surfaces (the tongue, the buccal mucosa, the gingiva, and the palate), hard tissues (the teeth), and exocrine gland tissue (major and minor salivary glands), all of which present unique features for microbiota composition. The connection between oral microbiota and diseases of the human body has been under intensive research in the past years. Furthermore, oral microbiota have been associated with cancer development. Patients suffering from periodontitis, a common advanced gingival disease caused by bacterial dysbiosis, have a 2-5 times higher risk of acquiring any cancer compared to healthy individuals. Some oral taxa, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, have been shown to have carcinogenic potential by several different mechanisms. They can inhibit apoptosis, activate cell proliferation, promote cellular invasion, induce chronic inflammation, and directly produce carcinogens. These microbiota changes can already be seen with potentially malignant lesions of the oral cavity. The causal relationship between microbiota and cancer is complex. It is difficult to accurately study the impact of specific bacteria on carcinoma development in humans. This review focuses on the elucidating the interactions between oral cavity bacterial microbiota and cancer. We gather literature on the current knowledge of the bacterial contribution to cancer development and the mechanisms behind it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Tuominen
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Oral Health Care, Welfare Division, City of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaana Rautava
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,
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18
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Gschwind R, Fournier T, Kennedy S, Tsatsaris V, Cordier AG, Barbut F, Butel MJ, Wydau-Dematteis S. Evidence for contamination as the origin for bacteria found in human placenta rather than a microbiota. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237232. [PMID: 32776951 PMCID: PMC7416914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently the in utero environment of pregnant women was considered sterile. Recent high-sensitivity molecular techniques and high-throughput sequencing lead to some evidence for a low-biomass microbiome associated with the healthy placenta. Other studies failed to reveal evidence for a consistent presence of bacteria using either culture or molecular based techniques. Comparing conflicting “placental microbiome” studies is complicated by the use of varied and inconsistent protocols. Given this situation, we undertook an evaluation of the in utero environment sterility using several controlled methods, in the same study, to evaluate the presence or absence of bacteria and to explain contradictions present in the literature. Healthy pregnant women (n = 38) were recruited in three maternity wards. Placenta were collected after cesarean section with or without Alexis® and vaginal delivery births. For this study we sampled fetal membranes, umbilical cord and chorionic villi. Bacterial presence was analyzed using bacterial culture and qPCR on 34 fetal membranes, umbilical cord and chorionic villi samples. Shotgun metagenomics was performed on seven chorionic villi samples. We showed that the isolation of meaningful quantities of viable bacteria or bacterial DNA was possible only outside the placenta (fetal membranes and umbilical cords) highlighting the importance of sampling methods in studying the in utero environment. Bacterial communities described by metagenomics analysis were similar in chorionic villi samples and in negative controls and were dependent on the database chosen for the analysis. We conclude that the placenta does not harbor a specific, consistent and functional microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Gschwind
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1139 (3PHM), Paris, France
- Hospital-University Department Risks in Pregnancy, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1139 (3PHM), Paris, France
- Hospital-University Department Risks in Pregnancy, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Sean Kennedy
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Vassilis Tsatsaris
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1139 (3PHM), Paris, France
- Hospital-University Department Risks in Pregnancy, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Gaël Cordier
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1139 (3PHM), Paris, France
- Hospital-University Department Risks in Pregnancy, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Barbut
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1139 (3PHM), Paris, France
- Hospital-University Department Risks in Pregnancy, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Marie-José Butel
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1139 (3PHM), Paris, France
- Hospital-University Department Risks in Pregnancy, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Wydau-Dematteis
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1139 (3PHM), Paris, France
- Hospital-University Department Risks in Pregnancy, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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19
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Navarro-Tapia E, Sebastiani G, Sailer S, Toledano LA, Serra-Delgado M, García-Algar Ó, Andreu-Fernández V. Probiotic Supplementation During the Perinatal and Infant Period: Effects on Gut Dysbiosis and Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2243. [PMID: 32727119 PMCID: PMC7468726 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The perinatal period is crucial to the establishment of lifelong gut microbiota. The abundance and composition of microbiota can be altered by several factors such as preterm delivery, formula feeding, infections, antibiotic treatment, and lifestyle during pregnancy. Gut dysbiosis affects the development of innate and adaptive immune responses and resistance to pathogens, promoting atopic diseases, food sensitization, and infections such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Recent studies have indicated that the gut microbiota imbalance can be restored after a single or multi-strain probiotic supplementation, especially mixtures of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains. Following the systematic search methodology, the current review addresses the importance of probiotics as a preventive or therapeutic tool for dysbiosis produced during the perinatal and infant period. We also discuss the safety of the use of probiotics in pregnant women, preterm neonates, or infants for the treatment of atopic diseases and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Navarro-Tapia
- Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Valencian International University (VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | - Giorgia Sebastiani
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Clínic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Sailer
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Clínic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Almeida Toledano
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- BCNatal, Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Serra-Delgado
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- BCNatal, Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar García-Algar
- Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Clínic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Andreu-Fernández
- Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Valencian International University (VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Clínic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Lif Holgerson P, Esberg A, Sjödin A, West CE, Johansson I. A longitudinal study of the development of the saliva microbiome in infants 2 days to 5 years compared to the microbiome in adolescents. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9629. [PMID: 32541791 PMCID: PMC7295743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66658-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding oral microbiota programming attracts increasing interest due to its importance for oral health and potential associations with systemic diseases. Here the oral microbiota was longitudinally characterized in children from 2 days (n = 206) to 5 years of age and in young adults (n = 175) by sequencing of the v3-v4 region of the 16S rRNA gene from saliva extracted DNA. Alpha diversity increased by age, with 2-day- and 3-month-old infants in one sub-group, and 18-month- and 3-year-old children in another. Firmicutes decreased up to 3 years of age, whereas Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria abundances increased. Abiotrophia, Actinomyces, Capnocytophaga, Corynebacterium, Fusobacterium, Kingella, Leptotrichia, Neisseria and Porphyromonas appeared from 18-months of age. This was paralleled by expansions in the core microbiome that continued up to adulthood. The age-related microbiota transformation was paralleled by functional alterations, e.g., changed metabolic pathways that reflected e.g., breastfeeding and increasing proportions of anaerobic species. Oral microbiotas differed by feeding mode and weakly by mode of delivery, but not gender, pacifier use or cleaning method or probiotic intake. The study shows that the saliva microbiota is diverse 2 days after birth and under transformation up to 5 years of age and beyond, with fluctuations possibly reflecting age-related environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Lif Holgerson
- Department of Odontology, Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Anders Esberg
- Department of Odontology, Section of Cariology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-906 21, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christina E West
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingegerd Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Section of Cariology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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21
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Abstract
Setting the stage for good oral health early in life is critical to long-term oral and overall health. This exploratory study aimed to characterize and compare maternal and newborn oral microbiota among mother-infant pairs. Oral samples were collected from 34 pregnant African American women and their infants at 1 to 3 months of age. Extracted 16SrRNA genes were matched to the Human Oral Microbiome Database. Alpha and beta diversity differed significantly between overall maternal and infant microbiomes. Maternal or infant alpha diversity, however, was not differentiated by maternal gingival status. Several demographic and behavioral variables were associated with, but not predictive of, maternal oral microbiome alpha diversity. There was no association, however, among birth mode, feeding mode, and the infant oral microbiome. Megasphaera micronuciformis was the only periodontal pathogen detected among the infants. Notably, maternal gingival status was not associated with the presence/absence of most periodontal pathogens. This study provides an initial description of the maternal and infant oral microbiomes, laying the groundwork for future studies. The perinatal period presents an important opportunity where perinatal nurses and providers can provide oral assessment, education, and referral to quality dental care.
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