1
|
Wang J, Chen Y, Yuan H, Zhang X, Febbraio M, Pan Y, Huang S, Liu Z. Mitochondrial biogenesis disorder and oxidative damage promote refractory apical periodontitis in rat and human. Int Endod J 2024. [PMID: 38881187 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
AIM To elucidate whether mitochondrial biogenesis disorder and damage from oxidative stress promote refractory apical periodontitis (RAP) in rat and human. METHODOLOGY Twenty Enterococcus faecalis-induced RAPs were established in the maxillary first molars of male Wistar rats. Concurrently, 12 periapical lesion specimens from patients presenting with RAP were obtained by apicoectomy. Radiographic examination and histologic analysis were conducted to evaluate periapical bone tissue destruction and morphological changes. The expression of key regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, PGC-1α and Nrf2, were detected by immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence staining, Western blot and real-time PCR were also assayed. Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) was identified by MitoSOX staining. Mitochondrial function was detected by the quantification of ATP production, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. Furthermore, mitochondrial oxidative stress was evaluated by the determination of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) expression levels, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) expression and antioxidant capacity. Student's t-test was performed to determine significance between the groups; p < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS In the maxilla, significantly more bone resorption, greater number of periapical apoptotic cells and Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated cells were observed in the RAP group compared with the control group (p < .01). PGC-1α and Nrf2 were significantly reduced in rat and human RAP lesions compared to the control group (p < .01) at both the mRNA and protein levels. Double immunofluorescence analysis of PGC-1α or Nrf2 with TOMM20 also indicated that mitochondrial biogenesis was impaired in RAP group (p < .01). Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction was observed in RAP group, as reflected by increased mtROS, decreased ATP production, reduced mtDNA copy number and complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Finally, the expression levels of mitochondrial oxidative stress markers, 3-NT, 4-HNE and 8-OHdG, were significantly increased in the RAP group (p < .01). Consistent with this, systemic oxidative damage was also present in the progression of RAP, including increased MDA expression and decreased antioxidant activity (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial biogenesis disorder and damage from oxidative stress contribute to the development of RAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuge Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Huina Yuan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuejia Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria Febbraio
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yihuai Pan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shengbin Huang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhongfang Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang S, Deng S, Wang Y. Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate effectively attenuates biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis via the targeting of specific quorum sensing pathways. Microb Pathog 2024; 193:106739. [PMID: 38857709 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, an opportunistic pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections, exhibits increased pathogenicity via biofilm formation. Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3), a theaflavin extracted from black tea, exhibits potent antibacterial effects. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of TF3 on E. faecalis. Our results indicated that TF3 significantly inhibited E. faecalis ATCC 29212 biofilm formation. This observation was further confirmed via crystal violet staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and field emission-scanning electron microscopy. To disclose the underlying mechanisms, RNA-seq was applied. TF3 treatment significantly altered the transcriptomic profile of E. faecalis, as evidenced by identification of 248 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Through functional annotation of these DEGs, several quorum-sensing pathways were found to be suppressed in TF3-treated cultures. Further, gene expression verification via real-time PCR confirmed the downregulation of gelE, sprE, and secY by TF3. These findings highlighted the ability of TF3 to impede E. faecalis biofilm formation, suggesting a novel preventive strategy against E. faecalis infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sa Wang
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuli Deng
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Wang
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mohammed AE, Aldahasi RM, Rahman I, Shami A, Alotaibi M, BinShabaib MS, ALHarthi SS, Aabed K. The antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil ( Melaleuca alternifolia) and its metal nanoparticles in oral bacteria. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17241. [PMID: 38854801 PMCID: PMC11162611 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil (TTO) is an antimicrobial agent, and hence, its use in fabricating nanoparticles (NP) may be useful in providing more efficacious antimicrobial agents. The current research aimed to test the antimicrobial efficacy of TTO and its TTO-Metal-NPs against oral microbes: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus mutans. The antimicrobial activity of TTO and zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) and the combined effects of antimicrobial agents were investigated using agar well diffusion assays. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to identify the phyto-constituents of TTO. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), dynamic light scatter (DLS), and zeta potential were utilized to analyze the biogenic nanoparticles' morphology, size, and potential. The antimicrobial mode of action was determined by assessing the morphological changes under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The TTO extracts converted Zn and Fe ions to NPs, having an average size of 97.50 (ZnNPs) and 102.4 nm (FeNPs). All tested agents had significant antibacterial efficacy against the tested oral microbes. However, the TTO extract was more efficacious than the NPs. Combination treatment of TTO with antibiotics resulted in partial additive effects against P. gingivalis and partial antagonistic effects against E. faecalis, S. mutans, and common mouthwashes (Oral B and chlorhexidine). TTO and NP-treated bacteria underwent morphological changes on treatment. M. alternifolia phytochemicals could be useful for further research and development of antimicrobial NPs. The current study highlights the variance in activity observed for different types of bacteria and antagonistic effects seen with common mouthwashes, which represent a threat to therapeutic efficacy and heighten the risk of clinical microbial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afrah E. Mohammed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham M. Aldahasi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishrat Rahman
- Department of Basic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Modhi Alotaibi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munerah S. BinShabaib
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shatha S. ALHarthi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kawther Aabed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lv S, Duan M, Fan B, Fan W. Mechanisms of Triton X-100 reducing the Ag +-resistance of Enterococcus faecalis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:231. [PMID: 38833075 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of Triton X-100 (TX-100) reducing the Ag+-resistance of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), and evaluate the antibacterial effect of TX-100 + Ag+ against the induced Ag+-resistant E. faecalis (AREf). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of AgNO3 against E. faecalis with/without TX-100 were determined to verify the enhanced antibacterial activity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe the morphological changes of E. faecalis after treatment. The intra- and extracellular concentration of Ag+ in treated E. faecalis was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The changes in cell membrane potential and integrity of treated E. faecalis were also observed using the flow cytometer. Moreover, AREf was induced through continuous exposure to sub-MIC of Ag+ and the antibacterial effect of TX-100 + Ag+ on AREf was further evaluated. The addition of 0.04% TX-100 showed maximal enhanced antibacterial effect of Ag+ against E. faecalis. The TEM and ICP-MS results demonstrated that TX-100 could facilitate Ag+ to enter E. faecalis through changing the membrane structure and integrity. Flow cytometry further showed the effect of TX-100 on membrane potential and permeability of E. faecalis. In addition, the enhanced antibacterial effect of TX-100 + Ag+ was also confirmed on induced AREf. TX-100 can facilitate Ag+ to enter E. faecalis through disrupting the membrane structure and changing the membrane potential and permeability, thus reducing the Ag+-resistance of E. faecalis and enhancing the antibacterial effect against either normal E. faecalis or induced AREf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu C, Li Y, Li Y, Li Z, Han G. Synergistic antibacterial effect of ginsenoside Rh2 and calcium hydroxide on Enterococcus faecalis. Odontology 2024:10.1007/s10266-024-00951-z. [PMID: 38762821 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-024-00951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Treatment of root canal infections becomes more challenging due to the extremely high tolerance of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) to calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Ginsenoside is a Chinese herbal extract that has been proven to have antimicrobial properties and synergistic activities. And this study evaluated the antibacterial activity of ginsenoside Rh2 in combination with Ca(OH)2 against E. faecalis and its preliminary mechanism of action. Broth microdilution method, checkerboard dilution method, time-inhibition curve, drug resistance assays, scanning electron microscopy, and biofilm inhibition and removal assays indicated that Rh2 in combination with Ca(OH)2 exhibited potent antibacterial activity against E. faecalis. Rh2 exerted significant in vitro antibacterial activity against E. faecalis, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.125 μg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 6.25 μg/mL, and significantly enhanced the susceptibility of E. faecalis to Ca(OH)2 (FICI = 0.5). Furthermore, cell membrane permeability assays, surface hydrophobicity assays, ATPase activity assays, and intra-biofilm extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) assays revealed that Rh2 and Ca(OH)2 synergistically inhibit bacteria mainly by increasing membrane permeability. Ultimately, cytotoxicity assays showed that Rh2 exhibited only low toxicity, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Rh2 was 19.75 μg/mL. This study confirmed the synergistic antibacterial activities of Rh2 and Ca(OH)2 against E. faecalis. Our findings indicate that the Rh2 and Ca(OH)2 combination may be a promising alternative approach to treating root canal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Liu
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500# Qinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzyme Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500# Qinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500# Qinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghong Han
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500# Qinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Park DH, Park OJ, Yoo YJ, Perinpanayagam H, Cho EB, Kim K, Park J, Noblett WC, Kum KY, Han SH. Microbiota Association and Profiling of Gingival Sulci and Root Canals of Teeth with Primary or Secondary/Persistent Endodontic Infections. J Endod 2024:S0099-2399(24)00279-6. [PMID: 38768706 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2024.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microbiota associated with primary endodontic infection (PEI) and secondary/persistent endodontic infection (SPEI) must be characterized to elucidate pathogenesis in apical periodontitis and bacterial biomarkers identified for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. METHODS This study analyzed the microbial community profiles of root canals and gingival sulci (sulcus-E) for teeth with PEI (n = 10) or SPEI (n = 10), using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Bacterial samples from gingival sulci (sulcus-C) of healthy contralateral teeth served as controls. RESULTS There were 15 phyla, 177 genera, and 340 species identified. The number and diversity of bacteria in root canals did not differ significantly between PEI and SPEI. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla in both groups. At the genus level, Lancefieldella, Bifidobacterium, Stomatobaculum, and Schaalia were enriched in root canals with SPEI. Of significance, Lancefieldella was observed in both root canals and sulcus-E of teeth with SPEI. At the species level, Neisseria macacae, Streptococcus gordonii, Bifidobacterium dentium, Stomatobaculum longum, and Schaalia odontolytica were increased significantly in root canals with SPEI compared to PEI. Oribacterium species, Streptococcus salivarius, Lancefieldella parvula, Prevotella denticola, and Oribacterium asaccharolyticum were more abundant in sulcus-E of teeth with SPEI compared to PEI. CONCLUSIONS There were distinctive and differing predominant bacterial species associated with the root canals and gingival sulci between teeth with PEI and SPEI. Specific bacteria identified in sulcus-E and root canals of teeth with SPEI could serve as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers for detecting SPEI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Jee Yoo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiran Perinpanayagam
- Division of Endodontics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Eun-Bee Cho
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - W Craig Noblett
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kee-Yeon Kum
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo X, Wang X, Shi J, Ren J, Zeng J, Li J, Li Y. A review and new perspective on oral bacteriophages: manifestations in the ecology of oral diseases. J Oral Microbiol 2024; 16:2344272. [PMID: 38698893 PMCID: PMC11064738 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2024.2344272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the manifestations of bacteriophages in different oral disease ecologies, including periodontal diseases, dental caries, endodontic infections, and oral cancer, as well as to propel phage therapy for safer and more effective clinical application in the field of dentistry. Methods In this literature review, we outlined interactions between bacteriophages, bacteria and even oral cells in the oral ecosystem, especially in disease states. We also analyzed the current status and future prospects of phage therapy in the perspective of different oral diseases. Results Various oral bacteriophages targeting at periodontal pathogens as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans, endodontic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis were predicted or isolated, providing promising options for phage therapy. In the realm of oral cancer, aside from displaying tumor antigens or participating in tumor-targeted therapies, phage-like particle vaccines demonstrated the potential to prevent oral infections caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) associated with head-and-neck cancers. Conclusion Due to their intricate interactions with bacteria and oral cells, bacteriophages are closely linked to the progression and regression of diverse oral diseases. And there is an urgent need for research to explore additional possibilities of bacteriophages in the management of oral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaowan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayi Ren
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jumei Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Baroi AM, Fierascu I, Ghizdareanu AI, Trica B, Fistos T, Matei (Brazdis) RI, Fierascu RC, Firinca C, Sardarescu ID, Avramescu SM. Green Approach for Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties from Grapevine Waste Extracts. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4212. [PMID: 38673798 PMCID: PMC11050308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present work aims to study the possibilities of developing silver nanoparticles using natural extracts of grape pomace wastes originating from the native variety of Fetească Neagră 6 Șt. This study focused on investigating the influence of grape pomace extract obtained by two different extraction methods (classical temperature extraction and microwave-assisted extraction) in the phytosynthesis process of metal nanoparticles. The total phenolic content of the extracts was assessed using the spectrophotometric method with the Folin-Ciocâlteu reagent, while the identification and quantification of specific components were conducted through high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), along with assessing their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive bacteria. The data collected from the experiments indicated that the nanoparticles were formed in a relatively short period of time (96 h) and, for the experimental variant involving the use of a 1:1 ratio (v/v, grape pomace extract: silver nitrate) for the nanoparticle phytosynthesis, the smallest crystallite sizes (from X-ray diffraction-4.58 nm and 5.14 nm) as well as spherical or semispherical nanoparticles with the lowest average diameters were obtained (19.99-23 nm, from TEM analysis). The phytosynthesis process was shown to enhance the antioxidant properties (determined using the DPPH assay) and the antimicrobial potential (tested against Gram-positive strains) of the nanoparticles, as evidenced by comparing their properties with those of the parent extracts; at the same time, the nanoparticles exhibited a selectivity in action, being active against the Staphylococcus aureus strain while presenting no antimicrobial potential against the Enterococcus faecalis strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anda Maria Baroi
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (A.-I.G.); (B.T.); (T.F.); (R.I.M.); (R.C.F.); (C.F.)
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd., 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (A.-I.G.); (B.T.); (T.F.); (R.I.M.); (R.C.F.); (C.F.)
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd., 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andra-Ionela Ghizdareanu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (A.-I.G.); (B.T.); (T.F.); (R.I.M.); (R.C.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Bogdan Trica
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (A.-I.G.); (B.T.); (T.F.); (R.I.M.); (R.C.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Toma Fistos
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (A.-I.G.); (B.T.); (T.F.); (R.I.M.); (R.C.F.); (C.F.)
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Roxana Ioana Matei (Brazdis)
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (A.-I.G.); (B.T.); (T.F.); (R.I.M.); (R.C.F.); (C.F.)
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Radu Claudiu Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (A.-I.G.); (B.T.); (T.F.); (R.I.M.); (R.C.F.); (C.F.)
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cristina Firinca
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (A.-I.G.); (B.T.); (T.F.); (R.I.M.); (R.C.F.); (C.F.)
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91–95 Spl. Independenței, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionela Daniela Sardarescu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Research and Development Institute for Biotechnology in Horticulture, Bucharet-Pitesti Str., 117715 Stefanesti, Romania
| | - Sorin Marius Avramescu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania;
- Research Centre for Environmental Protection and Waste Management (PROTMED), University of Bucharest, 91–95 Spl. Independenței, Sect. 5, 050107 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Timponi Goes Cruz A, Antoniw Klemz A, Ribeiro Rosa EA, Soares Grecca F, Mattos B, Piasecki L, Machado R, Ignácio SA, da Silva Neto UX. Cleaning and disinfection of the root canal system provided by four active supplementary irrigation methods. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3795. [PMID: 38361036 PMCID: PMC10869831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study evaluated the bacterial reduction provided by the EndoActivator (EA), Easy Clean (EC), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and XP-Endo Finisher. Eight-four mesial roots of mandibular first molars were instrumented, inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis, and divided into four groups (n. 20). Bacterial reduction in the main canals and dentinal tubules were respectively determined by MTT assays and Live/Dead BackLight technique through confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) at 50, 100, and 150 µm in-depth (n. 10 per group). Statistical analyses were conducted following a significance level of 95% (P < 0.05). A significant statistical difference was just identified between XPF and EC in the main canals. In the dentinal tubules from the main root canals, at 100 and 150 µm in-depths, significant statistical differences were only observed between XPF and EC (P = 0.027) for the former and between XPF and EC (P = 0.011) and XPF and PUI (P = 0.021) for the latter. In the dentinal tubules from the isthmus, at 100 µm in-depth, statistically relevant differences did occur between XPF and EC (P = 0.038) and EC and EA (P = 0.029). At 150 µm in-depth, these differences were only significant by comparing XPF and PUI (P = 0.025) and XPF and EC (P = 0.036). Although no irrigation method could thoroughly disinfect the RCS, bacterial reduction indexes were generally better after using XPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Timponi Goes Cruz
- Department of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná-PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Adriane Antoniw Klemz
- Department of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná-PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo Antônio Ribeiro Rosa
- Department of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná-PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Soares Grecca
- Department of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bianca Mattos
- Department of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná-PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucila Piasecki
- Department of Periodontics & Endodontics, College of Dentistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ricardo Machado
- Clinical practice limited to Endodontics, Navegantes, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio Aparecido Ignácio
- Department of Statistics, College of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná-PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Xavier da Silva Neto
- Department of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná-PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gargiulo E, Roscetto E, Galdiero U, Surico G, Catania MR, Evidente A, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Antibacterial Metabolites Produced by Limonium lopadusanum, an Endemic Plant of Lampedusa Island. Biomolecules 2024; 14:134. [PMID: 38275763 PMCID: PMC10813400 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Lampedusa, the largest island of the Pelagie archipelago, Sicily, Italy, has proven to be a rich source of plants and shrubs used in folk medicine. These plants, often native to the island, have been very poorly investigated for their phytochemical composition and biological potential to be translated into pharmacological applications. To start achieving this purpose, a specimen of Limonium lopadusanum, a plant native to Lampedusa, was investigated for the first time. This manuscript reports the results of a preliminary biological assay, focused on antimicrobial activity, carried out using the plant organic extracts, and the isolation and chemical and biological characterization of the secondary metabolites obtained. Thus 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid methyl ester (syn: methyl isovanillate, (1), methyl syringate (2), pinoresinol (3), erythrinassinate C (4) and tyrosol palmitate (5) were isolated. Their antimicrobial activity was tested on several strains and compound 4 showed promising antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis. Thus, this metabolite has antibiotic potential against the drug-resistant opportunistic pathogen E. faecalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Gargiulo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Roscetto
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (E.R.); (U.G.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Umberto Galdiero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (E.R.); (U.G.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Surico
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment, and Forestry (DAGRI), Section of Agricultural Microbiology, Plant Pathology and Entomology, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Maria Rosaria Catania
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (E.R.); (U.G.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Y, Lei L, Huang J, Cai Z, Huang X. Sonic-assisted antibacterial photodynamic therapy: a strategy for enhancing lateral canal disinfection. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:5. [PMID: 38166876 PMCID: PMC10762957 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial infections in lateral canals pose challenges for root canal treatment. This in vitro study aims to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of sonic-assisted methylene blue mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (MB-aPDT) against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in infected lateral canals. METHODS Sixty-five premolars infected with E. faecalis in lateral canals were randomly divided into five groups (n = 13) and treated with : (1) 5.25% NaOCl (positive control); (2) Saline (negative control); (3) Sonic-assisted MB-aPDT; (4) 3% NaOCl + MB-aPDT; (5) 3% NaOCl + sonic-assisted MB-aPDT, respectively. The antibacterial efficacy was evaluated by the colony- counting method (CCM) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM). RESULTS Both 5.25% NaOCl and the 3% NaOCl + sonic-assisted MB-aPDT exhibited the most effective while comparable antibacterial effects without significant statistical difference (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the antibacterial effect of the 3% NaOCl + MB-aPDT group was significantly higher compared to that of the sonic-assisted MB-aPDT group (P < 0.05). The SEM results demonstrated notable morphological alterations in E. faecalis across all experimental groups, except for the negative control group. CONCLUSION The concentration of NaOCl can be reduced to a safe level while preserving its antibacterial efficacy through the synergism with the sonic-assisted MB-aPDT in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhuang Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Lishan Lei
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Jing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Cai
- Department of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China.
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hage W, Sarkis DK, Kallasy M, Mallah M, Zogheib C. In vitro evaluation of three engineered multispecies endodontic biofilms on a dentinal disk substrate. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2281091. [PMID: 38204478 PMCID: PMC10763825 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2281091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the development of a complex multispecies endodontic biofilm using Candida albicans, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on a biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis in a dentinal substrate design. The endodontic pathology is a biofilm-mediated infection, and the aim of root canal therapy is to reduce, as much as possible, the bacterial population. Thus, it is important to develop a laboratory endodontic biofilm to test the effect of new irrigation and obturation techniques on reduction of bacterial count. The culture of Enterococcus faecalis from ATCC 29212 began with aerobic cultivation on blood agar, followed by transfer to Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth with 5% sucrose. Incubation occurred in a shaker at 37 °C for 24 h, followed by an additional 24-h static phase. After 10 d, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans were introduced sequentially in three distinct groups. Group 1: the order of addition was Candida albicans, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Group 2: the order was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Proteus mirabilis; and Group 3: Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. After 16 days, the biofilm was carefully extracted, transferred to sterile BHI, and dissected using a sterile needle technique. Subsequently, an optical density test, bacterial counts, and colony enumeration were performed on various agar plates. Group 2 in which Pseudomonas aeruginosa was added directly after Enterococcus faecalis followed by Candida albicans and Proteus mirabilis showed significantly greater total bacterial count than the other two groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wajih Hage
- Department of Endodontics, Universite Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Mireille Kallasy
- Department of Chemistry, Universite Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - May Mallah
- Department of Bacteriology, Universite Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carla Zogheib
- Department of Endodontics, Universite Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abe Y, Honda M. A Novel Control Method of Enterococcus faecalis by Co-Treatment with Protamine and Calcium Hydroxide. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1629. [PMID: 37376077 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), a gram-positive facultative anaerobic bacterium, is likely to survive root canal treatment because of its extremely high alkaline tolerance, which may contribute to the refractory nature of apical periodontitis (AP). In this study, protamine was combined with calcium hydroxide to evaluate its efficacy in killing E. faecalis. First, the antibacterial activity of protamine against E. faecalis was investigated. Protamine reduced the E. faecalis growth rate at concentrations above the MIC (250 μg/mL), but was not bactericidal at any of the concentrations tested. Next, we investigated the calcium hydroxide tolerance of E. faecalis, using a 10% 310 medium, adjusted for pH by adding a calcium hydroxide solution. The results showed that E. faecalis could survive and proliferate in alkaline environments up to pH 10. However, the complete killing of E. faecalis was observed when protamine (250 μg/mL) was added. In addition, compared with treatment with protamine and calcium hydroxide alone, membrane damage and internalization of protamine into the cytoplasm of E. faecalis were enhanced. Therefore, the synergistic increase in antibacterial activity may be related to the action of both antimicrobial agents on the cell membrane. In conclusion, co-treatment with protamine and calcium hydroxide seems to be very effective in sterilizing E. faecalis, and has the potential to provide a novel control method against E. faecalis for root canal treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Abe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Michiyo Honda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arias Z, Nizami MZI, Chen X, Chai X, Xu B, Kuang C, Omori K, Takashiba S. Recent Advances in Apical Periodontitis Treatment: A Narrative Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10040488. [PMID: 37106675 PMCID: PMC10136087 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis is an inflammatory response caused by pulp infection. It induces bone resorption in the apical and periapical regions of the tooth. The most conservative approach to treat this condition is nonsurgical endodontic treatment. However, clinical failure has been reported with this approach; thus, alternative procedures are required. This review highlights recent literature regarding advanced approaches for the treatment of apical periodontitis. Various therapies, including biological medications, antioxidants, specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, and stem cell therapy, have been tested to increase the success rate of treatment for apical periodontitis. Some of these approaches remain in the in vivo phase of research, while others have just entered the translational research phase to validate clinical application. However, a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms that occur during development of the immunoinflammatory reaction in apical periodontitis remains unclear. The aim of this review was to summarize advanced approaches for the treatment of apical periodontitis. Further research can confirm the potential of these alternative nonsurgical endodontic treatment approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zulema Arias
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mohammed Zahedul Islam Nizami
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Xinyi Chai
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Canyan Kuang
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Omori
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shogo Takashiba
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| |
Collapse
|