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Villanueva-Blasco VJ, Villanueva-Silvestre V, Vázquez-Martínez A, de Vicente LP, Pérez-Gálvez B. Depression, Suicidal Ideation, and Consumption of Psychotropic Drugs During Lockdown by COVID-19 According to Gender and Age. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022:1-17. [PMID: 36465995 PMCID: PMC9684782 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to analyze the relationship between depression and suicidal ideation and psychotropic drugs use during COVID-19 lockdown in adult population considering gender and age. The method used is a descriptive and non-probabilistic study, with a convenience sampling of 3780 participants (70.1% female), aged 18-64 years (M = 37.8). 18.3% participants presented depression and 5.1% exhibited suicidal ideation. The depression rate for female was double (21.4%) than male and 5 times higher (30.2%) for the youngest participants (18-24 years old) compared to oldest (55-64 years old), being this rate triple in suicidal ideation (9%). Depression correlated positively with tranquilizers and sleeping pills' consumption; and suicidal ideation did so with tranquilizers and sedatives. The rate of tranquilizer users was 8 times higher for severe depression compared to those who did not present depression, 5 times higher for sleeping pills, and 6 times higher for sedatives. The rate of tranquilizer users exhibiting suicidal ideation was more than triple than those who did not present suicidal ideation, between 3 and 4 times higher for sleeping pills, and almost 7 times higher for sedatives. The higher the level of depression and suicidal ideation during lockdown, the greater the consumption of psychotropic drugs. The consumption of psychotropic drugs should be monitored in people with depression and suicidal ideation during periods of crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor J. Villanueva-Blasco
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Valencian International University, C/ Pintor Sorolla, 21, 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Andrea Vázquez-Martínez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Valencian International University, C/ Pintor Sorolla, 21, 46002 Valencia, Spain
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Validation of the Arabic and French Versions of a Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) Questionnaire on Tranquilizer Misuse. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111144. [PMID: 34769663 PMCID: PMC8582760 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tranquilizer misuse is an emerging international public health concern. The psychosocial determinants of this misuse remain understudied. Instruments to measure the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) of tranquilizer misuse are unavailable, except for a recently published questionnaire validated in the Spanish language. We translated the KAP questionnaire into Arabic and French, adapted it and undertook a complete validation procedure in the general adult population in Lebanon. The content validity indicators were good: item content validity index ranged between 0.89 and 1.00, the content validity index scale average was ≥0.95 and the modified Kappa statistic for each of the KAP items was equal to I-CVI. The intra-class correlation coefficient values (n = 100) were ≥0.62 for all Knowledge and Attitudes items, demonstrating the item reliability. Confirmatory factorial analysis (n = 1450) showed that the selected model of Knowledge and Attitude constructs has adequate fit indicators and encompassed three factors that showed acceptable internal reliability: Knowledge (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.72), personal Attitudes towards tranquilizers (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.79) and Attitudes towards healthcare providers (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.65). The Arabic/French questionnaire was highly accepted, with a response rate of 95.72% and item non-response rate ≤3.6%. The availability of a cross-cultural adapted and multilingual validated questionnaire would stimulate research on tranquilizer misuse.
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Mallah N, Badro DA, Figueiras A, Takkouche B. Association of knowledge and attitudes with the misuse of tranquilizers in parents: a study in Beirut (Lebanon). Psychol Health 2021; 37:903-916. [PMID: 33979239 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2021.1912341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure the association between knowledge, attitudes and practices of personal misuse of tranquilizers among parents of schoolchildren in Beirut (Lebanon). DESIGN We carried out a cross-sectional study in 1396 adults recruited from parents of students of eleven public and private schools, from primary schools to high schools, using a Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) questionnaire of personal use of tranquilizers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We assessed five patterns of tranquilizers' misuse: unprescribed use, shortened treatment, stored leftovers, doubled forgotten doses or taken when remembered, changed dose without medical recommendation, and a sixth composite outcome: 'any misuse'. RESULTS Sixty-three (62.2%) of 91 parents who used tranquilizers reported at least one misuse pattern. Higher odds of 'any misuse' were observed among parents who reported taking tranquilizers to sleep better, to enjoy themselves with their families or to work better [2.35 ≤ adjusted interquartile odds ratio (aIqOR) ≤ 1.99]. Storing tranquilizers for future need was strongly associated with misuse [aIqOR: 5.00 (95% CI: 3.30, 7.59)]. Greater awareness about hazards of tranquilizers and the importance of therapeutic compliance was associated with lower odds of specific misuse patterns (0.50 ≤ aIqOR ≤ 0.72). CONCLUSIONS Poor knowledge and medically disapproved attitudes increase the likelihood of practices of tranquilizer misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmeen Mallah
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Danielle A Badro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Science and Technology, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Adolfo Figueiras
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Bahi Takkouche
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Probst C, Elton-Marshall T, Imtiaz S, Patte KA, Rehm J, Sornpaisarn B, Leatherdale ST. A supportive school environment may reduce the risk of non-medical prescription opioid use due to impaired mental health among students. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:293-301. [PMID: 32215733 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Canada is in the midst of an ongoing, escalating opioid crisis, with significant impacts on adolescents and young adults. Accordingly, mental health impairment was examined as a risk factor for non-medical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) among high school students. In addition, the moderating effects of the school environment, in terms of the availability of mental health services and substance use policies, were characterized. Self-reported, cross-sectional data were obtained from the COMPASS study, including 61,239 students (grades 9-12) in 121 secondary schools across Canada. Current and lifetime NMPOU were ascertained. Categorical indicators of mental health impairment and school environment were derived. The main analytical strategy encompassed hierarchal multilevel logistic regression, including the addition of interaction terms to characterize the moderation effects. Current and lifetime NMPOU were reported by 5.8% and 7.2% of the students, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, students in the highest quintile of mental health impairment had odds ratios (OR) of 2.60 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.29-2.95) and 2.96 (95% CI 2.64-3.33) for current and lifetime NMPOU, respectively when compared to students in the lowest quintile of mental health impairment. A significant interaction between mental health impairment and school environment indicated relatively lower risks of NMPOU in students from schools that provide more mental health services and have stricter substance use policies. Mental health impairment increased the risk of NMPOU, but the associations were moderated by the school environment. These findings underscore the importance of mental health services and substance use regulations in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Probst
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada. .,Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Tara Elton-Marshall
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Sameer Imtiaz
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Karen A Patte
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187, Dresden, Germany.,Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
| | - Bundit Sornpaisarn
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Scott T Leatherdale
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Martin CE, Ksinan AJ, Moeller FG, Dick D. Sex-specific risk profiles for substance use among college students. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01959. [PMID: 33222410 PMCID: PMC7882166 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growing evidence indicates sex and gender differences exist in substance use. Framed by a lifecourse perspective, we explored prospectively by sex the effects of distal and proximal factors on the initiation of drug use in college. METHODS College students without prior drug use (n = 5,120 females; n = 2,951 males) were followed longitudinally across 4 years. Analyses were estimated as a multigroup survival analysis separately by sex within a latent variable SEM framework with illicit drug use (6 or more times in past year) as the latent factor. RESULTS More males initiated drug use (8.5%) than females (6.4%, χ2 (1) = 10.351, p = .001), but less so for Black males (AOR 0.33, 95% CI [0.18, 0.60]) and females (0.35 [0.23, 0.54]). Students initiating drug use more likely included students smoking cigarettes at baseline (males 1.40 [1.23, 1.59]; females 1.43 [1.24, 1.64]), using alcohol (males 1.04 [1.02, 1.06]; females 1.04 [1.02, 1.06]), or having cannabis using peers (males 1.79 [1.52, 2.11]; females 1.70 [1.49, 1.93]). Impulsivity domain associations differed by sex [negative urgency: females (1.23 [1.02, 1.49) and sensation seeking: males (1.33 [1.01, 1.75])]. History of unwanted/uncomfortable sexual experience predicted drug use for males (1.60 [1.09, 2.35]) and females (1.95 [1.45, 2.62]) but physical assault only for females (1.45 [1.08, 1.94]). Mood symptoms predicted drug use only for males [depression (0.73 [0.56, 0.95]); anxiety (1.40 [1.04, 1.89])]. CONCLUSIONS Risk factors for initiating drug use during college differ by sex. As substance use during early age predisposes one for addiction, sex- and gender-informed interventions for young adults are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Martin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and VCU Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Albert J Ksinan
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Frederick Gerard Moeller
- Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research and VCU Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Danielle Dick
- Developmental Psychology Program, Department of Psychology and Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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- Developmental Psychology Program, Department of Psychology and Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Busto Miramontes A, Moure-Rodríguez L, Díaz-Geada A, Rodríguez-Holguín S, Corral M, Cadaveira F, Caamaño-Isorna F. Heavy Drinking and Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs among University Students: A 9-Year Follow-Up. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162939. [PMID: 31426271 PMCID: PMC6720280 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Investigations suggest non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) is associated with heavy drinking and polydrug use among university students. Our aim is to determine the prevalence of NMUPD among university students and to analyze its association with alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use, and to study the role of the age of drinking onset. Methods: Cohort study among university Spanish students (n = 1382). Heavy drinking (HED) and risky consumption (RC) were measured with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Questions related to tobacco and cannabis consumption were also formulated. NMUPD refers to sedative, anxiety, or pain medication intake within the last 15 days without medical prescription. All variables were measured at 18, 20, and 27 years. Multilevel logistic regression for repeated measures was used to obtain adjusted OR (odds ratios). We analyzed the results from a gender perspective. Results: Prevalence of NMUPD were higher in students who already partook in NMUPD at the beginning of the study. NMUPD in women at 27 is 3 times higher than at 18, while in men it is twice. Among females, RC (OR = 1.43) and cannabis consumption (OR = 1.33) are risk factors for NMUPD, while later onset of alcohol use (OR = 0.66) constitutes a protective factor. No significant differences were found for males. Conclusions: NMUPD is prevalent among university students. RC and early onset of alcohol use were associated with higher prevalence of NMUPD in females. The prevalence of NMUPD increased with age in both sexes. Strategies for reducing risky drinking and delaying onset of drinking should be provided for university students. Pharmacists and parents should be alerted to the risk of NMUPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Busto Miramontes
- Department of Public Health, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Lucía Moure-Rodríguez
- Department of Public Health, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Ainara Díaz-Geada
- Department of Public Health, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Socorro Rodríguez-Holguín
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Montserrat Corral
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Fernando Cadaveira
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Francisco Caamaño-Isorna
- Department of Public Health, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain
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Barman-Adhikari A, Hsu HT, Brydon D, Petering R, Santa Maria D, Narendorf S, Shelton J, Bender K, Ferguson K. Prevalence and correlates of nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) among Young adults experiencing homelessness in seven cities across the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 200:153-160. [PMID: 31132682 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) is an urgent public health concern facing the United States. Young adults experiencing homelessness (YEH) are at increased risk of NMUPD; however, community estimates of NMUPD among YEH are sparse. This current study sought to understand patterns and correlates of NMUPD in a geographically heterogeneous sample of YEH recruited from seven cities across the United States. METHODS From June 2016 to July 2017, 1,426 YEH (aged 18-26) were recruited from seven cities (Houston, Los Angeles, Denver, Phoenix, New York City, St. Louis, San Jose). Participants provided information on substance use, mental health, trauma, and sexual-risk behaviors. Multivariable logistic regression was utilized to assess demographic, psychological, and behavioral correlates of self-reported past-month NMUPD and NMUPD types (i.e., prescription stimulant, sedative, and opioids). RESULTS Approximately 20% of participants reported past-month NMUPD. Almost 9% reported misusing prescription opioids, 8.7% misused prescription sedatives, and 6% misused prescription stimulants. Multivariable logistic regressions revealed unmet mental health needs were associated with sedative and stimulant misuse but not opioid misuse. Having suicidal thoughts was associated with opioid misuse but not sedative or stimulant misuse. Although no geographical differences emerged for stimulant and sedative misuse, youth from Denver, Phoenix, and San Jose were more likely to engage in opioid misuse relative to youth in Los Angeles. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that interventions designed to address NMUPD need to be multifaceted, designed to address other risk behaviors correlated with NMUPD, and target unmet mental health needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Barman-Adhikari
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, 2148 S. High St. Denver, CO, 80208, USA.
| | - Hsun-Ta Hsu
- School of Social Work, University of Missouri, 729 Clark Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Daphne Brydon
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, 2148 S. High St. Denver, CO, 80208, USA.
| | - Robin Petering
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, 1150 South Olive St. 1503-1, Los Angeles, CA, 90015, USA.
| | - Diane Santa Maria
- Department of Nursing Systems, Cizik School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6901 Bertner Ave. Ste. 591, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Sarah Narendorf
- Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, 3511 Cullen Blvd. #110HA, Houston, TX, 77204-4013, USA.
| | - Jama Shelton
- Silberman School of Social Work at Hunter College, 2180 Third Ave. New York, NY, 10035, USA.
| | - Kimberly Bender
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, 2148 S. High St. Denver, CO, 80208, USA.
| | - Kristin Ferguson
- School of Social Work, Arizona State University, 411 N. Central Ave. #865, Phoenix, AZ 85004-0689, USA.
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