1
|
Galavotti A, Noè C, Polizzi G, Antonaci P, Maggi F, Masseni F, Pastrone D. Solid Rocket Propellant Photo-Polymerization with an In-House LED-UV Prototype. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071633. [PMID: 37050247 PMCID: PMC10097351 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Composite solid propellants have used cast molding production technology for many decades, with intrinsic limitations on production flexibility, promptness, and grain geometry, as well as environmental implications on toxicity and global carbon footprint. This traditional method involves the use of toxic chemicals, has a long processing time, requires high temperature, and the products have limited geometries. To overcome those issues, different photo-curable resins have been evaluated as possible matrices. In fact, the UV-curing process is fast and has low energy consumption. The photocuring reaction parameters of six different pristine formulations were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. After finding the optimal curing parameters, different composites were prepared by adding 75 or 80 wt% ammonium sulfate particles used as an inert replacement for the oxidant. The thermomechanical properties and thermal resistance of the UV-cured composites were characterized via dynamic thermal-mechanical and thermogravimetric analysis. Subsequently, the mechanical properties of the inert propellants were investigated by tensile tests. The most promising resin systems for the production of solid rocket propellants were then 3D printed by an in-house developed illumination system and the obtained object micro-structure was evaluated by X-ray computed tomography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galavotti
- Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa 34, 20156 Milano, Italy;
| | - Camilla Noè
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Polizzi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Paola Antonaci
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa 34, 20156 Milano, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Filippo Masseni
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Dario Pastrone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (G.P.); (D.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tarko A, Štochmaľová A, Harrath AH, Kotwica J, Baláži A, Sirotkin AV. Quercetin can affect porcine ovarian cell functions and to mitigate some of the effects of the environmental contaminant toluene. Res Vet Sci 2023; 154:89-96. [PMID: 36516587 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present in vitro experiments aimed to examine the effects of the plant polyphenol quercetin and the environmental contaminant toluene on basic ovarian cell functions, including the ability of quercetin to be a natural protector against the adverse effects of toluene. The influence of toluene, quercetin, and their combination on proliferation (accumulation of PCNA), apoptosis (accumulation of bax) and release of progesterone, testosterone and insulin-like growth factor I (IGFI) by cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells was investigated. Toluene stimulated cell proliferation and inhibited progesterone, IGF-I and testosterone release but did not affect apoptosis. Quercetin, when administered alone, inhibited cell proliferation, apoptosis, IGF-I and testosterone release and stimulated progesterone output. When administered in combination with toluene, quercetin mitigated toluene's effects on proliferation and on progesterone release and induced toluene to exhibit a pro-apoptotic effect. These observations demonstrate the direct effects of both quercetin and toluene on basic ovarian functions and a protective effect of quercetin against the effects of toluene. Therefore, quercetin-containing plants could be regulators of porcine reproduction and natural protectors against the adverse effects of the environmental contaminant toluene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Tarko
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - A Štochmaľová
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - A H Harrath
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Kotwica
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A Baláži
- Institute for Genetics and Reproduction of Farm Animals, Animal Production Research Centre Nitra, Lužianky, Slovak Republic
| | - A V Sirotkin
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia; Institute for Genetics and Reproduction of Farm Animals, Animal Production Research Centre Nitra, Lužianky, Slovak Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sabbioni G, Pugh SA. New Method to Biomonitor Workers Exposed to 1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:2285-2295. [PMID: 36413493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Isocyanates such as 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate, and toluene diisocyanate are highly reactive compounds that have a variety of commercial applications, including manufacturing polyurethane foam, elastomers, paints, adhesives, coatings, insecticides, and many other products. Their primary route of occupational exposure is through inhalation. Due to their high chemical reactivity, they are toxic and have adverse effects at the cellular and subcellular levels, leading to irritative and immunological reactions associated with lung disease. High concentrations of isocyanates are strong respiratory irritants. Bronchial sensitization and asthma are among the major adverse clinical reactions associated with low-level chronic exposure to isocyanates. Albumin adducts have been linked to the mechanism of occupational asthma caused by isocyanates. Isocyanates react in vivo with albumin, which is recognized by the immune system. Albumin adducts of isocyanates trigger immune responses and are probably the antigenic basis for isocyanate asthma. Sensitization to isocyanates is the main pathway for adverse health effects. Therefore, markers for the biologically effective dose such as albumin adducts of HDI are needed. A new isocyanate adduct of HDI with lysine─Nε-[(6-amino-hexyl-amino)carbonyl]-lysine (HDI-Lys)─was synthesized and characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and mass spectrometry (MS). Appropriate internal standards─HDI-Lys-4,4'-5,5'-d4 (HDI-d4-Lys) and Nε-[(7-amino-heptyl-amino)carbonyl]-lysine (Hep-Lys)─were synthesized to establish a LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of HDI adducts in in vitro modified albumin and in workers. The presence of HDI-Lys was found after pronase digestion of albumin and confirmed by two independent chromatographic approaches: with a C8 reversed-phase column and with a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. Quantification was performed with positive electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS. The adduct peak found in vivo was confirmed with the less sensitive negative ESI-MS. In summary, these are new compounds and methods to determine isocyanate-specific adducts with albumin in workers exposed to HDI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, CH-6780 Airolo, Switzerland.,Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Nussbaumstrasse 26, D-80336 München, Germany
| | - Shirley A Pugh
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, CH-6780 Airolo, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Reuter C, Ehlers F, Vana P, Küster H. Efficacy of occlusive wraps used for delivery room care. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2022; 107:645-647. [PMID: 34667067 PMCID: PMC9606500 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-322611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines advise for more than 20 years to use occlusive plastic wraps for temperature management during delivery room care but data on efficacy of different types of wrap are still scarce. METHODS A random sample of seven different types of plastic wrap was tested using prewarmed aluminium blocks. RESULTS The most effective wrap increased the time to cool by 2°C by one-third for the core and by 100% for the surface whereas the least effective wrap led to even faster heat loss compared with no wrap at all. The least effective wrap concerning all capacities tested was made from polyurethane that contains potentially toxic and narcotic monomers. Heat and water retention did not correlate to wrap thickness. DISCUSSION Large differences in heat and water retention capacity warrant a careful choice of the type of wrap as some might be counterproductive. Wraps containing polyurethane should not be used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Ehlers
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Vana
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Helmut Küster
- Paediatric Cardiology, Intensive Care and Neonatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sabbioni G, Castaño A, Esteban López M, Göen T, Mol H, Riou M, Tagne-Fotso R. Literature review and evaluation of biomarkers, matrices and analytical methods for chemicals selected in the research program Human Biomonitoring for the European Union (HBM4EU). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107458. [PMID: 36179646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Humans are potentially exposed to a large amount of chemicals present in the environment and in the workplace. In the European Human Biomonitoring initiative (Human Biomonitoring for the European Union = HBM4EU), acrylamide, mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1), diisocyanates (4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate, 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate), and pyrethroids were included among the prioritized chemicals of concern for human health. For the present literature review, the analytical methods used in worldwide biomonitoring studies for these compounds were collected and presented in comprehensive tables, including the following parameter: determined biomarker, matrix, sample amount, work-up procedure, available laboratory quality assurance and quality assessment information, analytical techniques, and limit of detection. Based on the data presented in these tables, the most suitable methods were recommended. According to the paradigm of biomonitoring, the information about two different biomarkers of exposure was evaluated: a) internal dose = parent compounds and metabolites in urine and blood; and b) the biologically effective = dose measured as blood protein adducts. Urine was the preferred matrix used for deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, and pyrethroids (biomarkers of internal dose). Markers of the biological effective dose were determined as hemoglobin adducts for diisocyanates and acrylamide, and as serum-albumin-adducts of aflatoxin B1 and diisocyanates. The analyses and quantitation of the protein adducts in blood or the metabolites in urine were mostly performed with LC-MS/MS or GC-MS in the presence of isotope-labeled internal standards. This review also addresses the critical aspects of the application, use and selection of biomarkers. For future biomonitoring studies, a more comprehensive approach is discussed to broaden the selection of compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Research and Transfer Service, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, Airolo, Switzerland; Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Argelia Castaño
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Spain.
| | - Marta Esteban López
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Spain.
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (IPASUM), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hans Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Margaux Riou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé publique France, The National Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice, France.
| | - Romuald Tagne-Fotso
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé publique France, The National Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vieira FR, Magina S, Evtuguin DV, Barros-Timmons A. Lignin as a Renewable Building Block for Sustainable Polyurethanes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6182. [PMID: 36079563 PMCID: PMC9457695 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the pulp and paper industry generates around 50-70 million tons of lignin annually, which is mainly burned for energy recovery. Lignin, being a natural aromatic polymer rich in functional hydroxyl groups, has been drawing the interest of academia and industry for its valorization, especially for the development of polymeric materials. Among the different types of polymers that can be derived from lignin, polyurethanes (PUs) are amid the most important ones, especially due to their wide range of applications. This review encompasses available technologies to isolate lignin from pulping processes, the main approaches to convert solid lignin into a liquid polyol to produce bio-based polyurethanes, the challenges involving its characterization, and the current technology assessment. Despite the fact that PUs derived from bio-based polyols, such as lignin, are important in contributing to the circular economy, the use of isocyanate is a major environmental hot spot. Therefore, the main strategies that have been used to replace isocyanates to produce non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) derived from lignin are also discussed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hong S, Yoon J, Cha J, Ahn J, Mandakhbayar N, Park JH, Im J, Jin G, Kim M, Knowles JC, Lee H, Lee J, Kim H. Hyperelastic, shape-memorable, and ultra-cell-adhesive degradable polycaprolactone-polyurethane copolymer for tissue regeneration. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10332. [PMID: 36176615 PMCID: PMC9472029 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel polycaprolactone-based polyurethane (PCL-PU) copolymers with hyperelasticity, shape-memory, and ultra-cell-adhesion properties are reported as clinically applicable tissue-regenerative biomaterials. New isosorbide derivatives (propoxylated or ethoxylated ones) were developed to improve mechanical properties by enhanced reactivity in copolymer synthesis compared to the original isosorbide. Optimized PCL-PU with propoxylated isosorbide exhibited notable mechanical performance (50 MPa tensile strength and 1150% elongation with hyperelasticity under cyclic load). The shape-memory effect was also revealed in different forms (film, thread, and 3D scaffold) with 40%-80% recovery in tension or compression mode after plastic deformation. The ultra-cell-adhesive property was proven in various cell types which were reasoned to involve the heat shock protein-mediated integrin (α5 and αV) activation, as analyzed by RNA sequencing and inhibition tests. After the tissue regenerative potential (muscle and bone) was confirmed by the myogenic and osteogenic responses in vitro, biodegradability, compatible in vivo tissue response, and healing capacity were investigated with in vivo shape-memorable behavior. The currently exploited PCL-PU, with its multifunctional (hyperelastic, shape-memorable, ultra-cell-adhesive, and degradable) nature and biocompatibility, is considered a potential tissue-regenerative biomaterial, especially for minimally invasive surgery that requires small incisions to approach large defects with excellent regeneration capacity.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ahmad ZR, Mahanwar PA. Synthesis and properties of foams from a blend of vegetable oil based polyhydroxyurethane and epoxy resin. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/02624893221101170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to highlight the synthesis of foams from a blend of hydroxyurethane of castor oil and epoxy resin. An epoxidized castor oil of 4% oxirane oxygen was first converted to cyclic carbonate of castor oil at 120°C, 1 atm CO2 pressure and then it was reacted with three different aliphatic diamines to yield amine terminated Polyhydroxyurethane (PHU). Foams were prepared in a metal mould from the blend of PHU, epoxy resin, epoxy hardener and polymethylhydrogensiloxane blowing agent which releases hydrogen gas upon reaction with amine. FTIR and 1H NMR of cyclic carbonate of castor oil and PHU of castor oil were done to confirm their chemical structures. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of foams was done to assess their cellular morphology along with DSC and TGA to evaluate their thermal properties. Both flexible and rigid type of foams were synthesised in this study. Resilience of flexible foams was inspected using a ball rebound test and compression-recovery test while thermal insulation property was checked by measuring thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and R-values of rigid foams from heat transfer study using a heat transfer apparatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan R Ahmad
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Prakash A Mahanwar
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schupp T, Plehiers PM. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate and toluene diisocyanate: Many similarities and few differences. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:500-528. [PMID: 35301910 DOI: 10.1177/07482337211060133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) are high production volume chemicals used for the manufacture of polyurethanes. For both substances, the most relevant adverse health effects after overexposure in the workplace are isocyanate-induced asthma, lung function decrement and, to a much lesser extent, skin effects. Over the last two decades many articles have addressed the reactivity of MDI and TDI in biological media and the associated biochemistry, which increased the understanding of their biochemical and physiological behavior. In this review, these new insights with respect to similarities and differences concerning the adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of these two diisocyanates and the implications on their toxicities are summarized. Both TDI and MDI show very similar behavior in reactivity to biological macromolecules, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Evidence suggests that the isocyanate (NCO) group is scavenged at the portal-of-entry and is not systemically available in unbound reactive form. This explains the lack of other than portal-of-entry toxicity observed in repeated-dose inhalation tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schupp
- 39002Münster University of Applied Sciences, Steinfurt, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bizet B, Grau E, Asua JM, Cramail H. Hybrid – Non‐Isocyanate Polyurethanes (H‐NIPUs): A pathway Towards a Broad Range of Novel Materials. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Bizet
- LCPO – UMR 5629, Université de Bordeaux – CNRS – Bordeaux INP 16 Avenue Pey Berland Bât. A Pessac 33607 France
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avenida Tolosa 72 Donostia – San Sebastián 20018 Spain
| | - Etienne Grau
- LCPO – UMR 5629, Université de Bordeaux – CNRS – Bordeaux INP 16 Avenue Pey Berland Bât. A Pessac 33607 France
| | - José M. Asua
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avenida Tolosa 72 Donostia – San Sebastián 20018 Spain
| | - Henri Cramail
- LCPO – UMR 5629, Université de Bordeaux – CNRS – Bordeaux INP 16 Avenue Pey Berland Bât. A Pessac 33607 France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim S, Kim M, Sung JS. Exposure of Toluene Diisocyanate Induces DUSP6 and p53 through Activation of TRPA1 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010517. [PMID: 35008945 PMCID: PMC8745568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), a major intermediate agent used in the manufacturing industry, causes respiratory symptoms when exposed to the human body. In this study, we aimed to determine the molecular mechanism of TDI toxicity. To investigate the impact of TDI exposure on global gene expression, we performed transcriptomic analysis of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) after TDI treatment. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were sorted and used for clustering and network analysis. Among DEGs, dual-specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) was one of the genes significantly changed by TDI exposure. To verify the expression level of DUSP6 and its effect on lung cells, the mRNA and protein levels of DUSP6 were analyzed. Our results showed that DUSP6 was dose-dependently upregulated by TDI treatment. Thereby, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, one of the direct inhibitory targets of DUSP6, was decreased. TDI exposure also increased the mRNA level of p53 along with its protein and activity which trans-activates DUSP6. Since TRPA1 is known as a signal integrator activated by TDI, we analyzed the relevance of TRPA1 receptor in DUSP6 regulation. Our data revealed that up-regulation of DUSP6 mediated by TDI was blocked by a specific antagonist against TRPA1. TDI exposure attenuated the apoptotic response, which suggests that it promotes the survival of cancerous cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that TDI induces DUSP6 and p53, but attenuates ERK1/2 activity through TRPA1 receptor activation, leading to cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Kim
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.-S.S.); Tel.: +82-31-961-5132 (J.-S.S.); Fax: +82-31-961-5108 (J.-S.S.)
| | - Jung-Suk Sung
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.-S.S.); Tel.: +82-31-961-5132 (J.-S.S.); Fax: +82-31-961-5108 (J.-S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Markou M, Anatolitou A. Acute intestinal obstruction after methylene‐diphenyl‐diisocyanate‐based glue ingestion in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- Dean C Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials North Dakota State University PO Box 6050, Dept 2760 Fargo ND 58108 USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mudri NH, Abdullah LC, Aung MM, Salleh MZ, Awang Biak DR, Rayung M. Comparative Study of Aromatic and Cycloaliphatic Isocyanate Effects on Physico-Chemical Properties of Bio-Based Polyurethane Acrylate Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071494. [PMID: 32635384 PMCID: PMC7407579 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crude jatropha oil (JO) was modified to form jatropha oil-based polyol (JOL) via two steps in a chemical reaction known as epoxidation and hydroxylation. JOL was then reacted with isocyanates to produce JO-based polyurethane resin. In this study, two types of isocyanates, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) were introduced to produce JPUA-TDI and JPUA-IPDI respectively. 2,4-TDI is categorised as an aromatic isocyanate whilst IPDI is known as a cycloaliphatic isocyanate. Both JPUA-TDI and JPUA-IPDI were then end-capped by the acrylate functional group of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The effects of that isocyanate structure were investigated for their physico, chemical and thermal properties. The changes of the functional groups during each synthesis step were monitored by FTIR analysis. The appearance of urethane peaks was observed at 1532 cm−1, 1718 cm−1 and 3369 cm−1 while acrylate peaks were detected at 815 cm−1 and 1663 cm−1 indicating that JPUA was successfully synthesised. It was found that the molar mass of JPUA-TDI was doubled compared to JPUA-IPDI. Each resin showed a similar degradation pattern analysed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). For the mechanical properties, the JPUA-IPDI-based coating formulation exhibited a higher hardness value but poor adhesion compared to the JPUA-TDI-based coating formulation. Both types of jatropha-based polyurethane acrylate may potentially be used in an ultraviolet (UV) curing system specifically for clear coat surface applications to replace dependency on petroleum-based chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Huda Mudri
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (N.H.M); (L.C.A.); Tel.: +60-3-8946-6288 (L.C.A.)
| | - Luqman Chuah Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.A.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: (N.H.M); (L.C.A.); Tel.: +60-3-8946-6288 (L.C.A.)
| | - Min Min Aung
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.A.); (M.R.)
- Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mek Zah Salleh
- Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Dayang Radiah Awang Biak
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Marwah Rayung
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.A.); (M.R.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bizet B, Grau É, Cramail H, Asua JM. Water-based non-isocyanate polyurethane-ureas (NIPUUs). Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00427h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review aims at discussing the achievements and the remaining challenges in the development of water-soluble NIPUUs, NIPUUs-based hydrogels and water-borne NIPUU dispersions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Bizet
- LCPO – UMR 5629
- Université de Bordeaux – CNRS – Bordeaux INP
- 33607 Pessac
- France
- POLYMAT
| | - Étienne Grau
- LCPO – UMR 5629
- Université de Bordeaux – CNRS – Bordeaux INP
- 33607 Pessac
- France
| | - Henri Cramail
- LCPO – UMR 5629
- Université de Bordeaux – CNRS – Bordeaux INP
- 33607 Pessac
- France
| | - José M. Asua
- POLYMAT
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta Center
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A validated UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of aliphatic and aromatic isocyanate exposure in human urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:753-762. [PMID: 31872276 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
4,4'-Methylenediphenyldiisocyanate (MDI), toluenediisocyanate (2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI), and 1,6'-hexamethylenediisocyanate (HDI) are all commonly used in the production of polyurethane-containing materials in different application areas. Workers exposed occupationally to these compounds may develop sensitization with the potential to lead to asthma. Isocyanates are metabolized in vivo by conjugation to macromolecules and/or by acetylation prior to being eliminated in urine. The hydrolysis of urine samples releases free amine compounds from these metabolites as biomarkers of exposure, specific to each parent isocyanate: 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA), toluenediamine (2,4-TDA and 2,6-TDA), and hexamethylenediamine (HDA). To address the need for a validated method that could be used for the simultaneous determination of biomarkers of aliphatic and aromatic isocyanates to monitor occupational exposure based on recommended thresholds, we have developed an UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of MDA, TDA isomers, and HDA following acid hydrolysis, solid-phase extraction, and derivatization of urine samples. Free amine compounds were derivatized with acetic anhydride to augment chromatographic retention and signal intensity. The method was developed considering the biological guidance value (BGV) of MDA at 10 μg L-1, and biological exposure indices (BEI) of TDA isomers and HDA at 5 μg g-1 and 15 μg g-1 creatinine, respectively. Limits of detection allowed monitoring down to 6% of BGV/BEI, with precision within 8%. The accuracy and reliability of the method were assessed using inter-laboratory reference samples and deemed acceptable based on three rounds of measurements. This novel method has therefore been proven as useful for occupational safety and health assessments. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lépine M, Sleno L, Lesage J, Gagné S. A validated liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for 4,4'-methylenedianiline quantitation in human urine as a measure of 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate exposure. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:600-606. [PMID: 30604511 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE 4,4'-Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is a highly reactive isocyanate used in the production of polyurethanes. Workers exposed to these products may develop sensitization to the diisocyanate compounds, leading to occupational asthma. Quantifying MDI levels is necessary to ensure workplace safety. MDI is metabolized by acetylation and/or conjugation to macromolecules for excretion into urine. All metabolites can be chemically hydrolyzed to form the free diamine 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA) as a urinary biomarker of MDI exposure. Current methods involve long sample preparation, or have been designed using costly automation. There is therefore a need to develop a new practical method for assessing exposure to MDI. METHODS Urine samples were acidified and heated to form MDA, followed by neutralization and liquid-liquid extraction. Extracts were separated by reversed-phase chromatography on a HSS T3 column followed by analysis on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. RESULTS 13 C15 N-MDA was selected as the internal standard (IS) of choice following an investigation of internal standard stability. The hydrolysis efficiency, forming free MDA from conjugated metabolites in vivo, was evaluated using 4,4'-methylenebis(acetanilide) spiked into urine and complete hydrolysis occurred after 1 h. A dynamic range of 5 to 500 nM was achieved, and was useful for monitoring MDI exposure considering the biological guidance value (BGV) of 10 μg/L (~50 nM) proposed by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method were 0.8 and 2.7 nM, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were 4.33% and 4.27%, respectively. Finally, the method was tested with inter-laboratory samples from the German External Quality Assessment Scheme (G-EQUAS) program and the results submitted were all within the allowable tolerance range. CONCLUSIONS A practical and validated method for the analysis of small- to medium-sized batches of samples has been developed for the biological monitoring of MDI exposure in human urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maggy Lépine
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, PO Box 8888 Downtown Station, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, 505 boul. De Maisonneuve Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H3A 3C2, Canada
| | - Lekha Sleno
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, PO Box 8888 Downtown Station, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Jacques Lesage
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, PO Box 8888 Downtown Station, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Sébastien Gagné
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, 505 boul. De Maisonneuve Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H3A 3C2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang Y, Yan L, He S, Zhou D, Cheng Y, Chen X, Jing X, Huang Y. A Versatile Method to Prepare Protein Nanoclusters for Drug Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2017; 18. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Lesan Yan
- Department of Bioengineering; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Shasha He
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Dongfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Yanxiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xiabin Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Yubin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Work-related asthma is a common disorder among adult asthma patients, and in the case of occupational asthma, it is induced by workplace exposures. RECENT FINDINGS Occupational asthma provides an excellent model and benchmark for identifying and testing different allergy or inflammatory biomarkers associated with its inception or progression. Moreover, specific inhalation challenge with the incriminated agent represents an experimental setting to identify and validate potential systemic or local biomarkers. Some biomarkers are mainly blood-borne, while local airway biomarkers are derived from inflammatory or resident cells. Genetic and gene-environment interaction studies also provide an excellent framework to identify relevant profiles associated with the risk of developing these work-related conditions. Despite significant efforts to identify clinically relevant inflammatory and genomic markers for occupational asthma, apart from the documented utility of airway inflammatory biomarkers, it remains elusive to define specific markers or signatures clearly associated with different endpoints or outcomes in occupational asthma.
Collapse
|
20
|
Pedata P, Corvino AR, Lamberti M, Petrarca C, Di Giampaolo L, Sannolo N, Di Gioacchino M. Non Pulmonary Effects of Isocyanates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-0351-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
|
21
|
Comparison of biological effects with albumin adducts of 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate in workers. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1809-1814. [PMID: 27638504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1846-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lung sensitization and asthma are the main health effects of 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). Albumin adducts (isocyanate-specific adducts) of MDI might be involved in the etiology of sensitization reactions. Albumin adducts of MDI were analyzed in sera of diisocyanate-exposed worker with and without diisocyanate occupational asthma (DA), as well as in exposed workers with and without diisocyanate-specific IgG antibodies. In DA-positive workers and IgG-positive workers, albumin adducts were significantly higher versus workers without DA and those who were specific IgG negative. The odds ratio to be DA-positive was 57 times larger for workers with adduct levels above 230 fmol/mg. The odds ratio to be IgG-positive was 10 times larger for workers with adduct levels above 113 fmol/mg. Therefore, albumin adducts appear to be a good predictor of the biological effects. The albumin-adduct levels in workers without biological effects were in the range of the adduct levels found in previous studies of healthy MDI-factory and construction site workers.
Collapse
|
22
|
Fach M, Radi L, Wich PR. Nanoparticle Assembly of Surface-Modified Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14820-14823. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Fach
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lydia Radi
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R. Wich
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sabbioni G, Dongari N, Kumar A, Baur X. Determination of albumin adducts of 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate after specific inhalative challenge tests in workers. Toxicol Lett 2016; 260:46-51. [PMID: 27521498 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
4,4'-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is the most important isocyanate used in the industry. Lung sensitization with bronchial asthma is the main disorder in exposed workers. Albumin adducts of MDI might be involved in specific immunological reactions. MDI adducts with lysine (MDI-Lys) of albumin have been found in MDI-workers and construction workers. MDI-Lys is an isocyanate-specific adduct of MDI with albumin. In the present study, we report MDI-adducts in workers undergoing diagnostic MDI challenge tests. The workers were exposed for 2h to 5ppb of MDI. The adduct levels increase significantly after the exposure to MDI in the challenge chamber. About 0.6% of the dose was bound to albumin. So far, only urinary metabolites of MDI were measured to monitor isocyanate workers. However, such urinary metabolites are not isocyanate specific. Therefore, we propose to measure albumin adducts for monitoring MDI exposed subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, Casella Postale 108, CH-6780 Airolo, Switzerland; Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-80336 München, Germany; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St., Suite 2100, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Nagaraju Dongari
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St., Suite 2100, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; National Laboratories Inc., 3011 W. Grand Blvd, Suite 310, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St., Suite 2100, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Xaver Baur
- Institut für Arbeitsmedizin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Thielallee 69, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sabbioni G, Dongari N, Sepai O, Kumar A. Determination of albumin adducts of 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate in workers of a 4,4'-methylenedianiline factory. Biomarkers 2016; 21:731-738. [PMID: 27145381 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2016.1172117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lung sensitization and asthma are the main health effects of 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). Albumin adducts (isocyanate specific adducts) of MDI might be involved in the etiology of sensitization reactions. Albumin adducts of MDI have been found in subjects classified as 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA) workers. The mean adduct levels in these MDA-workers were 1.5 times higher than in MDI-workers of the same company. MDA-specific hemoglobin adducts, were present ten times more in the MDA-workers than in the MDI-workers. MDA-workers with specific work task had significantly higher albumin adduct levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- a Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology , Airolo , Switzerland.,b Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , München , Germany.,c Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine , Tulane University , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Nagaraju Dongari
- c Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine , Tulane University , New Orleans , LA , USA.,d National Laboratories Inc , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Ovnair Sepai
- e Insitutut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Anoop Kumar
- c Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine , Tulane University , New Orleans , LA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yucesoy B, Kissling GE, Johnson VJ, Lummus ZL, Gautrin D, Cartier A, Boulet LP, Sastre J, Quirce S, Tarlo SM, Cruz MJ, Munoz X, Luster MI, Bernstein DI. N-Acetyltransferase 2 Genotypes Are Associated With Diisocyanate-Induced Asthma. J Occup Environ Med 2015; 57:1331-6. [PMID: 26641831 PMCID: PMC5215051 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether genetic variants of N-acetyltransferase (NAT) genes are associated with diisocyanate asthma (DA). METHODS The study population consisted of 354 diisocyanate-exposed workers. Genotyping was performed using a 5'-nuclease polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS The NAT2 rs2410556 and NAT2 rs4271002 variants were significantly associated with DA in the univariate analysis. In the first logistic regression model comparing DA+ and asymptomatic worker groups, the rs2410556 (P = 0.004) and rs4271002 (P < 0.001) single nucleotide polymorphisms and the genotype combination, NAT2 rs4271002*NAT1 rs11777998, showed associations with DA risk (P = 0.014). In the second model comparing DA+ and DA- groups, NAT2 rs4271002 variant and the combined genotype, NAT1 rs8190845*NAT2 rs13277605, were significantly associated with DA risk (P = 0.022, P = 0.036, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that variations in the NAT2 gene and their interactions contribute to DA susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berran Yucesoy
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology (Drs Yucesoy, Lummus, and Bernstein), University of Cincinnati, Ohio; NIEHS/NIH (Dr Kissling), Research Triangle Park; BRT-Burleson Research Technologies (Dr Johnson), Morrisville, North Carolina; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Drs Gautrin and Cartier), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec; Hôpital Laval (Dr Boulet), Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada; Department of Allergy (Dr Sastre), Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES; Department of Allergy (Dr Quirce), Hospital La Paz-IdiPAZ and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Dr Tarlo), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Hospitals Vall D'Hebron (Drs Cruz and Munoz), Barcelona and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain; and School of Public Health (Dr Luster), West Virginia University, Morgantown
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sardon H, Tan JPK, Chan JMW, Mantione D, Mecerreyes D, Hedrick JL, Yang YY. Thermoresponsive Random Poly(ether urethanes) with Tailorable LCSTs for Anticancer Drug Delivery. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:1761-7. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Joxe Mari Korta Center; Avda. Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Jeremy P. K. Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | | | - Daniele Mantione
- POLYMAT; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Joxe Mari Korta Center; Avda. Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Joxe Mari Korta Center; Avda. Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
- Ikerbasque; Basque Foundation for Science; E-48011 Bilbao Spain
| | - James L. Hedrick
- IBM Almaden Research Center; 650 Harry Road San Jose CA 95120 USA
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mazzon E, Habas-Ulloa A, Habas JP. Lightweight rigid foams from highly reactive epoxy resins derived from vegetable oil for automotive applications. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
28
|
Tsai MC, Hung KC, Hung SC, Hsu SH. Evaluation of biodegradable elastic scaffolds made of anionic polyurethane for cartilage tissue engineering. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 125:34-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
29
|
Panwar H, Raghuram GV, Jain D, Ahirwar AK, Khan S, Jain SK, Pathak N, Banerjee S, Maudar KK, Mishra PK. Cell cycle deregulation by methyl isocyanate: Implications in liver carcinogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:284-297. [PMID: 22223508 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Liver is often exposed to plethora of chemical toxins. Owing to its profound physiological role and central function in metabolism and homeostasis, pertinent succession of cell cycle in liver epithelial cells is of prime importance to maintain cellular proliferation. Although recent evidence has displayed a strong association between exposures to methyl isocyanate (MIC), one of the most toxic isocyanates, and neoplastic transformation, molecular characterization of the longitudinal effects of MIC on cell cycle regulation has never been performed. Here, we sequentially delineated the status of different proteins arbitrating the deregulation of cell cycle in liver epithelial cells treated with MIC. Our data reaffirms the oncogenic capability of MIC with elevated DNA damage response proteins pATM and γ-H2AX, deregulation of DNA damage check point genes CHK1 and CHK2, altered expression of p53 and p21 proteins involved in cell cycle arrest with perturbation in GADD-45 expression in the treated cells. Further, alterations in cyclin A, cyclin E, CDK2 levels along with overexpression of mitotic spindle checkpoints proteins Aurora A/B, centrosomal pericentrin protein, chromosomal aberrations, and loss of Pot1a was observed. Thus, MIC impacts key proteins involved in cell cycle regulation to trigger genomic instability as a possible mechanism of developmental basis of liver carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hariom Panwar
- Research Wing, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Bhopal, India; Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gries W, Leng G. Analytical determination of specific 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate hemoglobin adducts in human blood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7205-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
31
|
Prueitt RL, Rhomberg LR, Goodman JE. Hypothesis-based weight-of-evidence evaluation of the human carcinogenicity of toluene diisocyanate. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:391-435. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.790877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
32
|
Page JM, Harmata AJ, Guelcher SA. Design and development of reactive injectable and settable polymeric biomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:3630-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Page
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville Tennessee
- Center for Bone Biology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee
| | - Andrew J. Harmata
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville Tennessee
- Center for Bone Biology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee
| | - Scott A. Guelcher
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville Tennessee
- Center for Bone Biology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ouyang B, Bernstein DI, Lummus ZL, Ying J, Boulet LP, Cartier A, Gautrin D, Ho SM. Interferon-γ promoter is hypermethylated in blood DNA from workers with confirmed diisocyanate asthma. Toxicol Sci 2013; 133:218-24. [PMID: 23535363 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk factors have not been identified that determine susceptibility for development of diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma (DA). We hypothesized that diisocyanate (DI) exposure could modify gene promoter regions regulating transcription of cytokine mediators and thereby influence expression of DA. A cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the promoter methylation status of candidate genes in DI-exposed workers. Subjects consisted of 131 workers in three groups: 40 cases with DA confirmed by a positive specific inhalation challenge (SIC) (DA+), 41 exposed workers with lower respiratory symptoms and negative SIC (DA-), and 50 asymptomatic exposed workers (AWs). We studied four candidate genes (GSTM1, DUSP22, IFN-γ, and IL-4) for which altered promoter methylation has been previously investigated for relationships with a variety of other environmental exposures. Methylation status was determined using methylation-specific quantitative PCR performed on genomic DNA extracted from whole blood. Results showed that relative methylation of IFN-γ promoter was significantly increased in DA+ in comparison with both comparator groups (DA- and AW), and it exhibited good sensitivity (77.5%) and specificity (80%) for identifying DA workers in a multivariate predictive model after adjusting for type of DI exposure, smoking status, methacholine PC₂₀, and gender. IL-4 promoter was slightly less methylated only in DA+ compared with AW among nonsmoking workers. Both GSTM1 and DUSP22 promoter methylations were found not associated with DA. Our finding suggests that exposure to occupational chemicals could play a heretofore undefined mechanistic role via epigenetic modification of specific genes in the promoter region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ouyang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0056, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Arnold SM, Collins MA, Graham C, Jolly AT, Parod RJ, Poole A, Schupp T, Shiotsuka RN, Woolhiser MR. Risk assessment for consumer exposure to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) derived from polyurethane flexible foam. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:504-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
35
|
Sabbioni G, Dongari N, Schneider S, Kumar A. Synthetic approaches to obtain amino acid adducts of 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. Chem Res Toxicol 2012. [PMID: 23181454 DOI: 10.1021/tx300347e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
4,4'-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is the most important isocyanate used in the chemical industry. Lung sensitization and asthma are the main types of damage after exposure to MDI. Albumin adducts of MDI might be involved in the etiology of sensitization reactions. It is therefore necessary to have sensitive and specific biomarkers such as blood protein adducts to monitor people exposed to isocyanates. For the discovery of new isocyanate adducts with blood proteins present in vivo, new synthetic standards are needed. To achieve this, we developed five methods to obtain amino acid adducts of MDI. We synthesized and isolated MDI adducts of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, cysteine, and valine. The new adducts were characterized by LC-MS/MS and NMR. We synthesized the corresponding isotope-labeled MDI adducts to develop analytical methods using LC-MS/MS. Glutathione adducts of isocyanates are an important way of transportation of the reactive isocyanates to distant sites from the original site of exposure. Therefore, we used N-acetyl-cysteine adducts of MDI as reactants: N-acetyl-S-[[4-(4-aminobenzyl)phenyl]carbamoyl]-cysteine (MDI-AcCys) and N-acetyl-S-[[4-(4-acetylaminobenzyl)phenyl]carbamoyl]-cysteine (AcMDI-AcCys). MDI-AcCys or AcMDI-AcCys formed adducts with albumin, N(α)-acetyl lysine, and valine. Isotope-labeled albumin adducts (= d(4)-MDI-albumin) were synthesized from d(4)-MDI-AcCys and albumin. d(4)-MDI-albumin can be used as an internal standard to analyze biological samples. Such an internal standard will not correct only for the extraction recovery of the adducts but also for the potential variation of the enzymatic digestions used in the procedure to analyze albumin adducts of MDI. The synthetic procedures described in this manuscript will be applicable to the synthesis of amino acid adducts from other isocyanates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Global Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sabbioni G, Gu Q, Vanimireddy LR. Determination of isocyanate specific albumin-adducts in workers exposed to toluene diisocyanates. Biomarkers 2012; 17:150-9. [PMID: 22229538 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.645166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Toluene diisocyanates (2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI) are important intermediates in the chemical industry. Among the main damages after low levels of TDI exposure are lung sensitization and asthma. It is therefore necessary to have sensitive and specific methods to monitor isocyanate exposure of workers. Urinary metabolites or protein adducts have been used as biomarkers in workers exposed to TDI. However, with these methods it was not possible to determine if the biomarkers result from exposure to TDI or to the corresponding toluene diamines (TDA). This work presents a new procedure for the determination of isocyanate-specific albumin adducts. Isotope dilution mass spectrometry was used to measure the adducts in albumin present in workers exposed to TDI. 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI formed adducts with lysine: N(ϵ)-[({3-amino-4-methylphenyl}amino)carbonyl]-lysine, N(ϵ)-[({5-amino-2-methylphenyl}amino)carbonyl]-lysine, and N(ϵ)- [({3-amino-2-methylphenyl}amino)carbonyl]-lysine. In future studies, this new method can be applied to measure TDI-exposures in workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lindberg HK, Korpi A, Santonen T, Säkkinen K, Järvelä M, Tornaeus J, Ahonen N, Järventaus H, Pasanen AL, Rosenberg C, Norppa H. Micronuclei, hemoglobin adducts and respiratory tract irritation in mice after inhalation of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 723:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
38
|
Budnik LT, Nowak D, Merget R, Lemiere C, Baur X. Elimination kinetics of diisocyanates after specific inhalative challenges in humans: mass spectrometry analysis, as a basis for biomonitoring strategies. J Occup Med Toxicol 2011; 6:9. [PMID: 21447151 PMCID: PMC3080353 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-6-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isocyanates are some of the leading occupational causes of respiratory disorders, predominantly asthma. Adequate exposure monitoring may recognize risk factors and help to prevent the onset or aggravation of these aliments. Though, the biomonitoring appears to be most suitable for exposure assessment, the sampling time is critical, however. In order to settle the optimal time point for the sample collection in a practical biomonitoring approach, we aimed to measure the elimination of isocyanate urine metabolites. Methods A simple biomonitoring method enabling detection of all major diamine metabolites, from mono-, poly- and diisocyanates in one analytical step, has been established. Urine samples from 121 patients undergoing inhalative challenge tests with diisocyanates for diagnostic reasons were separated by gas chromatography and analyzed with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at various time points (0-24 h) after the onset of exposure. Results After controlled exposures to different concentrations of diisocyanates (496 ± 102 ppb-min or 1560 ± 420 ppb-min) the elimination kinetics (of respective isocyanate diamine metabolites) revealed differences between aliphatic and aromatic isocyanates (the latter exhibiting a slower elimination) and a dose-response relationship. No significant differences were observed, however, when the elimination time patterns for individual isocyanates were compared, in respect of either low or high exposure or in relation to the presence or absence of prior immunological sensitization. Conclusions The detection of isocyanate metabolites in hydrolyzed urine with the help of gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometric detection system appears to be the most suitable, reliable and sensitive method to monitor possible isocyanate uptake by an individual. Additionally, the information on elimination kinetic patterns must be factored into estimates of isocyanate uptake before it is possible for biomonitoring to provide realistic assessments of isocyanate exposure. The pathophysiological elimination of 1,6-hexamethylene diamine, 2,4-diamine toluene, 2,6-diamine toluene, 1,5-naphthalene diamine, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diamine and isophorone diamines (as respective metabolites of: 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate and 2,6 toluene diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanates) differs between individual isocyanates' diamines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lygia T Budnik
- Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Säkkinen K, Tornaeus J, Hesso A, Hirvonen A, Vainio H, Norppa H, Rosenberg C. Protein adducts as biomarkers of exposure to aromatic diisocyanates in workers manufacturing polyurethane (PUR) foam. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:957-65. [PMID: 21344094 DOI: 10.1039/c0em00595a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work was undertaken to investigate the usefulness of diisocyanate-related protein adducts in blood samples as biomarkers of occupational exposure to toluene diisocyanate (TDI; 2,4- and 2,6-isomers) and 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). Quantification of adducts as toluene diamines (TDAs) and methylenedianiline (MDA) was performed on perfluoroacylated derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in negative chemical ionisation mode. TDI-derived adducts were found in 77% of plasma and in 59% of globin samples from exposed workers manufacturing flexible polyurethane foam. The plasma levels ranged from 0.003 to 0.58 nmol mL(-1) and those in globin from 0.012 to 0.33 nmol g(-1). The 2,6-isomer amounted to about two-thirds of the sum concentration of TDA isomers. MDI-derived adducts were detected in 3.5% of plasma and in 7% of globin samples from exposed workers manufacturing rigid polyurethane foam. A good correlation was found between the sum of TDA isomers in urine and that in plasma. The relationship between globin adducts and urinary metabolites was ambiguous. Monitoring TDI-derived TDA in plasma thus appears to be an appropriate method for assessing occupational exposure. Contrary to TDI exposure, adducts in plasma or globin were not useful in assessing workers' exposure to MDI. An important outcome of the study was that no amine-related adducts were detected in globin samples from TDI- or MDI-exposed workers, alleviating concerns that TDI or MDI might pose a carcinogenic hazard. Further studies are nevertheless required to judge whether diisocyanates per se could be such a hazard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Säkkinen
- Work Environment Development, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rohm HW, Lurtz C, Wegmann J, Odermatt EK, Behrend D, Schmitz KP, Sternberg K. Development of a biodegradable tissue adhesive based on functionalized 1,2-ethylene glycol bis(dilactic acid). II. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2011; 97:66-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
41
|
Sabbioni G, Dongari N, Kumar A. Determination of a new biomarker in subjects exposed to 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. Biomarkers 2010; 15:508-15. [PMID: 20553091 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.490880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
4,4'-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is the most important of the isocyanates used as intermediates in the chemical industry. Among the main types of damage after exposure to low levels of MDI are lung sensitization and asthma. Albumin adducts of MDI might be involved in the etiology of sensitization reactions. This work presents a liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS/MS) procedure for determination of isocyanate-specific albumin adducts in humans. MDI formed adducts with lysine of albumin: MDI-Lys and AcMDI-Lys. The MDI-Lys levels, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th percentile, were 0, 65.2, 134, 244 fmol mg(-1) and 0, 30.5, 57.4, 95.8 fmol mg(-1) in the exposed construction and factory workers, respectively. This new biomonitoring procedure will allow assessment of suspected exposure sources and may contribute to the identification of individuals who are particularly vulnerable for developing bronchial asthma and other respiratory diseases after exposure to isocyanates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Giouleme O, Karabatsou S, Hytiroglou P, Xanthis A, Tsiaousi E, Katsaros M, Koliouskas D. 4,4'-Methylenedianiline-induced hepatitis in an industrial worker: case report and review of the literature. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 30:762-7. [PMID: 20621954 DOI: 10.1177/0960327110376549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
4,4'-Methylenedianiline (MDA) is a chemical used in manufacturing and insulation processes and is a well-known hepatotoxin. We report the case of a 42-year-old construction-site worker who was accidentally exposed to large amounts of MDA and developed acute liver damage. The clinical course is described, with particular emphasis on the timely identification of the underlying cause and prompt management that led to an uneventful recovery. We review the relevant literature and discuss the safety measures necessary to minimize similar occupational hazards in industrial workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Giouleme
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mishra PK, Raghuram GV, Panwar H, Jain D, Pandey H, Maudar KK. Mitochondrial oxidative stress elicits chromosomal instability after exposure to isocyanates in human kidney epithelial cells. Free Radic Res 2010; 43:718-28. [PMID: 19513903 DOI: 10.1080/10715760903037699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of oxidative stress is often attributed in environmental renal diseases. Isocyanates, a ubiquitous chemical group with diverse industrial applications, are known to undergo bio-transformation reactions upon accidental and occupational exposure. This study delineates the role of isocyanate-mediated mitochondrial oxidative stress in eliciting chromosomal instability in cultured human kidney epithelial cells. Cells treated with 0.005 microM concentration of methyl isocyanate displayed morphological transformation and stress-induced senescence. Along the time course, an increase in DCF fluorescence indicative of oxidative stress, depletion of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) and consistent accumulation of 8-oxo-dG were noticed. Thus, endogenous oxidative stress resulted in aberrant expression of p53, p21, cyclin E and CDK2 proteins, suggestive of deregulated cell cycle, chromosomal aberrations, centromeric amplification, aneuploidy and genomic instability.
Collapse
|
44
|
Kumar A, Dongari N, Sabbioni G. New isocyanate-specific albumin adducts of 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 22:1975-83. [PMID: 19928878 DOI: 10.1021/tx900270z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
4,4'-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is the most important of the isocyanates used as intermediates in the chemical industry. Among the main types of damage after exposure to low levels of MDI are lung sensitization and asthma. Albumin adducts of MDI might be involved in the etiology of sensitization reactions. It is, therefore, necessary to have sensitive and specific methods for monitoring the isocyanate exposure of workers. To date, urinary metabolites or protein adducts have been used as biomarkers in workers exposed to MDI. However, with these methods it is not possible to determine whether the biomarkers result from exposure to MDI or to the parent aromatic amine 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA). This work presents a procedure for the determination of isocyanate-specific albumin adducts. In a long-term experiment, designed to determine the carcinogenic and toxic effects of MDI, rats were exposed chronically for 3 months, to 0.0 (control), 0.26, 0.70, and 2.06 mg MDI/m(3) as aerosols. Albumin was isolated from plasma, digested with Pronase E, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. MDI formed adducts with lysine: N(6)-[({4-[4-aminobenzyl]phenyl}amino)carbonyl]lysine (MDI-Lys) and N(6)-[({4-[4-(acetylamino)benzyl]phenyl}amino)carbonyl] lysine (AcMDI-Lys). For the quantitation of the adducts in vivo, isotope dilution mass spectrometry was used to measure the adducts in 2 mg of albumin. The adducts found in vivo (MDI-Lys and AcMDI-Lys) and the corresponding isotope labeled compounds (MDI-[(13)C(6)(15)N(2)]Lys and Ac[(2)H(4)]MDI-Lys) were synthesized and used for quantitation. The MDI-Lys levels increased from 0-24.8 pmol/mg albumin, and the AcMDI-Lys levels increased from 0-1.85 pmol/mg albumin. The mean ratio of MDI-Lys/AcMDI-Lys for each dose level was greater than >20. The albumin adducts correlate with other biomarkers measured in the same rats in the past: urinary metabolites and hemoglobin adducts released after mild base hydrolysis. This method will enable one to measure isocyanate-specific albumin adducts in workers. This new biomonitoring procedure will allow for the assessment of suspected exposure sources and may contribute to the identification of individuals who are particularly vulnerable for developing bronchial asthma and other respiratory diseases after exposure to isocyanates. In addition, it will help to improve the production of antigens for the analysis of antibodies in exposed workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mahajan SG, Mali RG, Mehta AA. Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. seed extract on toluene diisocyanate-induced immune-mediated inflammatory responses in rats. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 4:85-96. [PMID: 18958717 DOI: 10.1080/15476910701337472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Moringa oleifera Lam. is a small tree cultivated throughout India. We have investigated the effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Moringa oleifera (MOEE, an herbal remedy) on the potential prevention of immune-mediated inflammatory responses in toluene diisocyanate (TDI as antigen)-induced asthma in Wistar rats. Rats were divided into five different groups (n = 8/group): Group-I = unsensitized control; Group-II = TDI control/vehicle; Group-III = dexamethasone (DXM) 2.5 mg/kg; and, Groups IV and V = 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight [BW] of MOEE, respectively. All rats (except unsensitized controls) were sensitized by intranasal application of 10% TDI to induce airway hypersensitivity. Animals in Groups II-V were given their respective drug treatment per os from 1 wk prior to initiation of sensitization until the day of final provocation with 5% TDI. After this last challenge, all rats were examined for hyperreactivity symptoms and then sacrificed to determine their total and differential leucocytes in blood and bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid and levels of TNF proportional, variant, IL-4, and IL-6 in their BAL and serum. Homogenates of one lung lobe from each animal were utilized to assess oxidative stress; a separate lobe underwent histologic examination to assess airway inflammatory status. The results suggest that asthmatic symptoms were found in TDI control rats only, while both MOEE- and DXM-treated rats did not manifest any airway abnormality. In MOEE- and DXM-treated rats, neutrophil and eosinophil levels in the blood were decreased significantly; levels of total cells and each different cell in their BAL fluid were markedly decreased as compared to those in TDI controls. TNF alpha, IL-4, and IL-6 were predominant in serum as well as in BAL fluids in TDI controls, but these levels were reduced significantly by MOEE treatment. The antioxidant activity in relation to antiinflammatory activity of the extract and histopathological observations also reflected a protective effect. Based on the above findings and observations, it can be concluded that Moringa oleifera may possess some beneficial properties that act against chemically stimulated immune-mediated inflammatory responses that are characteristic of asthma in the rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shailaja G Mahajan
- Department of Pharmacology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mishra PK, Gorantla VR, Akhtar N, Tamrakar P, Jain SK, Maudar KK. Analysis of cellular response to isocyanate using N-succinimidyl N-methylcarbamate exposure in cultured mammalian cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:328-336. [PMID: 19197993 DOI: 10.1002/em.20469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanates (R--N==C==O), one of the highly reactive industrial intermediates, possess the capability to modulate the bio-molecules by forming toxic metabolites and adducts which may cause adverse health effects. Some of their toxic degradations have previously been unknown and overlooked; of which, molecular repercussions underlying their genetic hazards upon occupational/accidental exposures still remain as an intricate issue and are hitherto unknown. To assess the genotoxic potential of methyl isocyanate in cultured mammalian cells after in vitro exposure, we performed a study in three different normal cell lines MM55.K (mouse kidney epithelial), B/CMBA.Ov (mouse ovarian epithelial), and NIH/3T3 (primary mouse embryonic fibroblast). Cellular DNA damage response was studied for qualitative phosphorylation states of ATM, gammaH2AX proteins and quantitative state of p53 phosphorylation; DNA cell cycle analysis and measure of cellular apoptotic index before and after treatment were also investigated. Our results demonstrate that methyl isocyanate by negatively regulating the DNA damage response pathway, might promote cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in cultured mammalian cells suggestive of causing genetic alterations. We anticipate that these data along with other studies reported in the literature would help to design better approaches in risk assessment of occupational and accidental exposure to isocyanates. We also predict that increasing knowledge on DNA damage-triggered signaling leading to cell death could provide new strategies for investigating the effects of DNA repair disorders and decreased repair capacity on the toxicity and carcinogenic properties of environmental toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Raisen Bypass Road, Bhopal-462 038, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sabbioni G, Wesp H, Lewalter J, Rumler R. Determination of isocyanate biomarkers in construction site workers. Biomarkers 2008; 12:468-83. [PMID: 17701746 DOI: 10.1080/13547500701395636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
4,4'-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is the most important isocyanate in the manufacture of polyurethanes, dyes, pigments and adhesives. High concentrations of isocyanates are a potent respiratory irritant. Therefore, it is important to develop methods to monitor exposure to such compounds. We monitored biological samples from 40 non-exposed and 45 exposed construction site workers. 4,4'-Methylenedianiline (MDA) and N-acetyl-4,4'-MDA (AcMDA) were determined from untreated urine (U-MDA, U-AcMDA) and MDA was analysed from acid-treated urine (U-MDA-tot). Haemoglobin (Hb) adducts of MDA (Hb-MDA) were determined in all workers. The levels of biomarkers decreased in the following order: U-MDA-tot>U-AcMDA>U-MDA>Hb-MDA. The same order was found for the percentage of samples, which were found positive in exposed workers: 100%, 91%, 91%, 27%. The urine levels U-MDA-tot correlate with U-MDA, U-AcMDA and Hb-MDA with r=0.79, 0.86 and 0.39, respectively (Spearman rank order, p<0.01). U-AcMDA correlates with U-MDA and Hb-MDA with r=0.77 and 0.47, respectively (p<0.01). U-MDA correlates with Hb-MDA (r=0.38, p<0.05). The levels in the controls were significantly lower than in the exposed workers for all compounds (Mann-Whitney test, p<0.01). The median isocyanate-specific IgE-level was higher in the exposed workers, but the difference was statistically not significant. The change of the biomarker levels was compared in a group of workers (n=20), which were analysed prior to isocyanate exposure and after the exposure for approximately 4-7 months. All urine MDA metabolites and the Hb-adduct levels increased significantly (Wilcoxon sign test, p<0.01). Total IgE increased significantly after the exposure with isocyanate activity (p<0.01). With the present work it could be shown that outdoor workers are exposed to a similar extent as workers from a MDI factory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Van de Putte D, Ceelen W, Gillardin JM, Pattyn P, de Hemptinne B. Attempted Suicide by Auto-Injection of Polyurethane (PU) Foam: Report of a Case. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:E32-3. [PMID: 17554223 DOI: 10.1097/01.ta.0000246891.53108.f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
49
|
Littorin M, Hou S, Broberg K, Björk J, Fält S, Abdoulaye G, Kalemba M, Ryk C, Skerfving S. Influence of polymorphic metabolic enzymes on biotransformation and effects of diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2007; 81:429-41. [PMID: 17676332 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-007-0232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify effect modification produced by genetic traits found in metabolic enzymes, to investigate how these affect the levels of different biomarkers of sprayed and thermo-degraded polyurethane (PUR) based on 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and to determine how associated respiratory disorders are affected. METHODS Two partly overlapping groups of 141 and 158 factory employees exposed to sprayed or heated MDI-PUR glue were examined in years 0 and 2, respectively, for occurrence of polymorphisms in five genes (N-acetyltransferase NAT2 and the glutathione S-transferases GSTM1, GSTM3, GSTP1 [codon 105 and 114] and GSTT1) on the basis of the polymerase chain reaction, exposure biomarkers in plasma and urine (P- and U-MDX), by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, specific serum IgG antibodies against MDI (S-IgG-MDI) by means of ELISA, total S-IgE, symptoms in the eyes, nose and lower airways as assessed by questionnaire and interview, and lung function as measured by spirometry. RESULTS Both the GSTP1 (105) isoleucine/isoleucine and GSTP1 (114) alanine/alanine genotypes showed higher levels of U-MDX than the other genotypes and the GSTP1 (114) genotype modified the P-MDX/U-MDX relationship. GSTP1 (105) isoleucine/isoleucine was found to be associated with lower levels of S-IgG-MDI and fewer eye symptoms, but with an increased risk of symptoms in the airways, as well as with atopy. Presence of the GSTT1 gene resulted in somewhat lower lung function levels than did the null genotype. A slow NAT2 acetylating capacity was associated with lower P- and U-MDX and S-IgG-MDI levels, and better lung function, but a higher risk of eye and airway symptoms. Analysing the effects of combinations of the different genes provided no further information. CONCLUSIONS Although our study has clear limitations, it reveals various effect modifications produced by the GST and NAT2 genotypes. Gene-environment interactions are highly complex. Further research is needed to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Littorin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Beyerbach A, Farmer PB, Sabbioni G. Biomarkers for Isocyanate Exposure: Synthesis of Isocyanate DNA Adducts. Chem Res Toxicol 2006; 19:1611-8. [PMID: 17173374 DOI: 10.1021/tx0600853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Isocyanates are important intermediates in industrial manufacturing. DNA adducts and protein adducts are important tools to biomonitor people exposed to xenobiotics. In the present work, the formation of DNA adducts deriving from 4-chlorophenyl isocyanate (4CPI) and 4-methylphenyl isocyanate (4MPI) were explored. The adducts of 4CPI and/or 4MPI with 2'-deoxyadenosine, 2'-deoxyguanosine, and 2'-deoxycytidine were synthesized and characterized by NMR and MS. For low level detection, an LC-MS/MS method was developed. The formation of DNA adducts was confirmed in in vitro reactions with DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Beyerbach
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, Casella Postale 108, CH-6780 Airolo, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|