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Gujar S, Pol JG, Kumar V, Lizarralde-Guerrero M, Konda P, Kroemer G, Bell JC. Tutorial: design, production and testing of oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Protoc 2024:10.1038/s41596-024-00985-1. [PMID: 38769145 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-00985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a novel class of cancer immunotherapy agents that preferentially infect and kill cancer cells and promote protective antitumor immunity. Furthermore, OVs can be used in combination with established or upcoming immunotherapeutic agents, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, to efficiently target a wide range of malignancies. The development of OV-based therapy involves three major steps before clinical evaluation: design, production and preclinical testing. OVs can be designed as natural or engineered strains and subsequently selected for their ability to kill a broad spectrum of cancer cells rather than normal, healthy cells. OV selection is further influenced by multiple factors, such as the availability of a specific viral platform, cancer cell permissivity, the need for genetic engineering to render the virus non-pathogenic and/or more effective and logistical considerations around the use of OVs within the laboratory or clinical setting. Selected OVs are then produced and tested for their anticancer potential by using syngeneic, xenograft or humanized preclinical models wherein immunocompromised and immunocompetent setups are used to elucidate their direct oncolytic ability as well as indirect immunotherapeutic potential in vivo. Finally, OVs demonstrating the desired anticancer potential progress toward translation in patients with cancer. This tutorial provides guidelines for the design, production and preclinical testing of OVs, emphasizing considerations specific to OV technology that determine their clinical utility as cancer immunotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jonathan G Pol
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Vishnupriyan Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Manuela Lizarralde-Guerrero
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - John C Bell
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Bots STF, Harryvan TJ, Groeneveldt C, Kinderman P, Kemp V, van Montfoort N, Hoeben RC. Preclinical evaluation of the gorilla-derived HAdV-B AdV-lumc007 oncolytic adenovirus 'GoraVir' for the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:1245-1258. [PMID: 38037840 PMCID: PMC11076997 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy which shows unparalleled therapeutic resistance due to its genetic and cellular heterogeneity, dense stromal tissue, and immune-suppressive tumour microenvironment. Oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a new treatment modality which uses tumour-specific viruses to eliminate cancerous cells. Non-human primate adenoviruses of the human adenovirus B (HAdV-B) species have demonstrated considerable lytic potential in human cancer cells as well as limited preexisting neutralizing immunity in humans. Previously, we have generated a new oncolytic derivative of the gorilla-derived HAdV-B AdV-lumc007 named 'GoraVir'. Here, we show that GoraVir displays oncolytic efficacy in pancreatic cancer cells and pancreatic-cancer-associated fibroblasts. Moreover, it retains its lytic potential in monoculture and co-culture spheroids. In addition, we established the ubiquitously expressed complement receptor CD46 as the main entry receptor for GoraVir. Finally, a single intratumoural dose of GoraVir was shown to delay tumour growth in a BxPC-3 xenograft model at 10 days post-treatment. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the new gorilla-derived oncolytic adenovirus is a potent oncolytic vector candidate that targets both pancreatic cancer cells and tumour-adjacent stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selas T. F. Bots
- Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical CenterThe Netherlands
| | - Tom J. Harryvan
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyLeiden University Medical CenterThe Netherlands
| | | | - Priscilla Kinderman
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyLeiden University Medical CenterThe Netherlands
| | - Vera Kemp
- Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical CenterThe Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyLeiden University Medical CenterThe Netherlands
| | - Rob C. Hoeben
- Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical CenterThe Netherlands
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3
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Conley AP, Roland CL, Bessudo A, Gastman BR, Villaflor VM, Larson C, Reid TR, Caroen S, Oronsky B, Stirn M, Williams J, Burbano E, Coyle A, Barve MA, Wagle N, Abrouk N, Kesari S. BETA prime: a first-in-man phase 1 study of AdAPT-001, an armed oncolytic adenovirus for solid tumors. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:517-526. [PMID: 38146006 PMCID: PMC11016464 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
AdAPT-001 is an oncolytic adenovirus (OAV) with a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) trap, which neutralizes the immunosuppressive and profibrotic cytokine, TGF-ß. The aim or purpose of this phase 1 study was to assess the safety and tolerability and, secondarily, the efficacy of AdAPT-001 after single intratumoral injection (IT) (Part 1) and multidose IT injection (Part 2) in patients with superficially accessible, advanced refractory solid tumors. Part 1 enrolled 9 patients with a 3 + 3 single dose-escalation safety run-in involving 2.5 × 1011, 5.0 × 1011, 1.0 × 1012 viral particles (vps). No dose-limiting toxicities or treatment-related serious adverse events (SAEs) were seen. In Part 2, a dose-expansion phase, 19 patients received AdAPT-001 at 1.0 × 1012 vps until disease progression according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors or RECIST 1.1. The overall responses to treatment included confirmed partial responses (3), durable stable disease ≥ 6 months (5), and progressive disease (13). AdAPT-001 is well tolerated. Evidence of an anti-tumor effect was seen in both injected and uninjected lesions. The recommended Phase 2 dose was 1.0 × 1012 vp administered by intratumoral injection once every 2 weeks. Combination of AdAPT-001 with a checkpoint inhibition is enrolling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Conley
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christina L Roland
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alberto Bessudo
- California Cancer Associates for Research & Excellence, San Diego, CA, 92127, USA
| | - Brian R Gastman
- Department of Dermatology & Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Victoria M Villaflor
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Minal A Barve
- Mary Crowley Cancer Research, Dallas, TX, 75230, USA
| | - Naveed Wagle
- Pacific Neuroscience Institute and Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Nacer Abrouk
- Clinical Trials Innovations, Mountain View, CA, 94040, USA
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Pacific Neuroscience Institute and Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
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Ageenko A, Vasileva N, Richter V, Kuligina E. Combination of Oncolytic Virotherapy with Different Antitumor Approaches against Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2042. [PMID: 38396720 PMCID: PMC10889383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most malignant and aggressive tumors of the central nervous system. Despite the standard therapy consisting of maximal surgical resection and chemo- and radiotherapy, the median survival of patients with this diagnosis is about 15 months. Oncolytic virus therapy is one of the promising areas for the treatment of malignant neoplasms. In this review, we have focused on emphasizing recent achievements in virotherapy, both as a monotherapy and in combination with other therapeutic schemes to improve survival rate and quality of life among patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Ageenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akad. Lavrentiev Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Vasileva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akad. Lavrentiev Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- LLC "Oncostar", R&D Department, Ingenernaya Street 23, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir Richter
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akad. Lavrentiev Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Kuligina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akad. Lavrentiev Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- LLC "Oncostar", R&D Department, Ingenernaya Street 23, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Alvero AB, Fox A, Madina BR, Krady MM, Gogoi R, Chehade H, Nakaar V, Almassian B, Yarovinsky TO, Rutherford T, Mor G. Immune Modulation of Innate and Adaptive Responses Restores Immune Surveillance and Establishes Antitumor Immunologic Memory. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:261-274. [PMID: 38078853 PMCID: PMC11027955 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Current immunotherapies have proven effective in strengthening antitumor immune responses, but constant opposing signals from tumor cells and the surrounding microenvironment eventually lead to immune escape. We hypothesized that in situ release of antigens and regulation of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system would provide a robust and long-term antitumor effect by creating immunologic memory against tumors. To achieve this, we developed CARG-2020, a genetically modified virus-like vesicle (VLV) that is a self-amplifying RNA with oncolytic capacity and encodes immune regulatory genes. CARG-2020 carries three immune modulators: (i) the pleiotropic antitumor cytokine IL12, in which the subunits (p35 and p40) are tethered together; (ii) the extracellular domain (ECD) of the protumor IL17RA, which serves as a dominant-negative antagonist; and (iii) a shRNA targeting PD-L1. Using a mouse model of ovarian cancer, we demonstrated the oncolytic effect and immune-modulatory capacities of CARG-2020. By enhancing IL12 and blocking IL17 and PD-L1, CARG-2020 successfully reactivated immune surveillance by promoting M1, instead of M2, macrophage differentiation, inhibiting MDSC expansion and establishing a potent CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumoral response. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this therapeutic approach provided tumor-specific and long-term protection against the establishment of new tumors. Our results provide a rationale for the further development of this platform as a therapeutic modality for ovarian cancer patients to enhance antitumor responses and prevent a recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha B. Alvero
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Alexandra Fox
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | | | | | - Radhika Gogoi
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Hussein Chehade
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Rutherford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Gil Mor
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
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Gillard AG, Shin DH, Hampton LA, Lopez-Rivas A, Parthasarathy A, Fueyo J, Gomez-Manzano C. Targeting Innate Immunity in Glioma Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:947. [PMID: 38256021 PMCID: PMC10815900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a lack of effective therapies for the majority of glioblastomas (GBMs), the most common and malignant primary brain tumor. While immunotherapies have shown promise in treating various types of cancers, they have had limited success in improving the overall survival of GBM patients. Therefore, advancing GBM treatment requires a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that cause resistance to immunotherapy. Further insights into the innate immune response are crucial for developing more potent treatments for brain tumors. Our review provides a brief overview of innate immunity. In addition, we provide a discussion of current therapies aimed at boosting the innate immunity in gliomas. These approaches encompass strategies to activate Toll-like receptors, induce stress responses, enhance the innate immune response, leverage interferon type-I therapy, therapeutic antibodies, immune checkpoint antibodies, natural killer (NK) cells, and oncolytic virotherapy, and manipulate the microbiome. Both preclinical and clinical studies indicate that a better understanding of the mechanisms governing the innate immune response in GBM could enhance immunotherapy and reinforce the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Consequently, a more comprehensive understanding of the innate immune response against cancer should lead to better prognoses and increased overall survival for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Gillard
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lethan A. Hampton
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
| | - Andres Lopez-Rivas
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Akhila Parthasarathy
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Li H, Zhu Y, Wang X, Feng Y, Qian Y, Ma Q, Li X, Chen Y, Chen K. Joining Forces: The Combined Application of Therapeutic Viruses and Nanomaterials in Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:7679. [PMID: 38005401 PMCID: PMC10674375 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer, on a global scale, presents a monumental challenge to our healthcare systems, posing a significant threat to human health. Despite the considerable progress we have made in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, realizing precision cancer therapy, reducing side effects, and enhancing efficacy remain daunting tasks. Fortunately, the emergence of therapeutic viruses and nanomaterials provides new possibilities for tackling these issues. Therapeutic viruses possess the ability to accurately locate and attack tumor cells, while nanomaterials serve as efficient drug carriers, delivering medication precisely to tumor tissues. The synergy of these two elements has led to a novel approach to cancer treatment-the combination of therapeutic viruses and nanomaterials. This advantageous combination has overcome the limitations associated with the side effects of oncolytic viruses and the insufficient tumoricidal capacity of nanomedicines, enabling the oncolytic viruses to more effectively breach the tumor's immune barrier. It focuses on the lesion site and even allows for real-time monitoring of the distribution of therapeutic viruses and drug release, achieving a synergistic effect. This article comprehensively explores the application of therapeutic viruses and nanomaterials in tumor treatment, dissecting their working mechanisms, and integrating the latest scientific advancements to predict future development trends. This approach, which combines viral therapy with the application of nanomaterials, represents an innovative and more effective treatment strategy, offering new perspectives in the field of tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Li
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (Q.M.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
- Ocean College, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Yunhuan Zhu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (Q.M.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xin Wang
- Center of Infectious Disease Research, School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China;
| | - Yilu Feng
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (Q.M.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuncheng Qian
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (Q.M.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Qiman Ma
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (Q.M.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (Q.M.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yihan Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (Q.M.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Keda Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (Q.M.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
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8
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Jiang S, Chai H, Tang Q, Shi Z, Zhou L. Clinical advances in oncolytic virus therapy for malignant glioma: a systematic review. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:183. [PMID: 37845388 PMCID: PMC10579210 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In the past decade, there has been little progress in the treatment of malignant glioma. Recently, oncolytic virus has made great progress in glioma treatment, and a number of clinical trials have shown their potential of prolonging the survival time of glioma patients. Our objective is to evaluate effectiveness and safety of oncolytic virus (OV) in malignant glioma treatment. METHODOLOGY Based upon PRISMA, we collected relevant published clinical trials by searching medical databases up to January 16, 2023, applying the language restrictions in English and Chinese. We cross-searched the terms: 'glioma', 'glioblastoma', 'oncolytic viruses', 'oncolytic virotherapy' with filter 'clinical trial'. Two researchers independently extracted the data regarding case definitions, published years, trial phase, characteristics of patients, administration of drug, overall survival (OS), and adverse events. RESULTS 19 published clinical trials in OV treatment of malignant glioma were included in the further systematic review analysis. None of them induced irresistible adverse effects attributing to OV treatment, median overall survival varied from 3.25 to 20.2 months after treatments. According to trials providing patient's detailed molecular diagnosis, we find that the effectiveness of OV treatment has no significant difference in patients with different IDH or MGMT status. CONCLUSIONS Current clinical trials have initially shown the potential of oncolytic virotherapy as a new treatment for malignant glioma. Besides development of virus types, the strategy of OV use is an urgent problem to be solved in future clinical application, such as repeated administrations, innovative drug delivery systems, and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihui Chai
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Qisheng Tang
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhifeng Shi
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liangfu Zhou
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
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9
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Hu Q, Wang S, Ma L, Sun Z, Liu Z, Deng S, Zhou J. Radiological assessment of immunotherapy effects and immune checkpoint-related pneumonitis for lung cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 28:e17895. [PMID: 37525480 PMCID: PMC10902575 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy have revolutionized advanced lung cancer care. Interestingly, the host responses for patients received ICIs therapy are distinguishing from those with cytotoxic drugs, showing potential initial transient worsening of disease burden, pseudoprogression and delayed time to treatment response. Thus, a new imaging criterion to evaluate the response for immunotherapy should be developed. ICIs treatment is associated with unique adverse events, including potential life-threatening immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis (ICI-pneumonitis) if treated patients are not managed promptly. Currently, the diagnosis and clinical management of ICI-pneumonitis remain challenging. As the clinical manifestation is often nonspecific, computed tomography (CT) scan and X-ray films play important roles in diagnosis and triage. This article reviews the complications of immunotherapy in lung cancer and illustrates various radiologic patterns of ICI-pneumonitis. Additionally, it is tried to differentiate ICI-pneumonitis from other pulmonary pathologies common to lung cancer such as radiation pneumonitis, bacterial pneumonia and coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) infection in recent months. Maybe it is challenging to distinguish radiologically but clinical presentation may help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongjie Hu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Shaofang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Songzi HospitalRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ziyan Sun
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zilin Liu
- Department of OrthopedicsRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shuang Deng
- Department of OrthopedicsRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jianlin Zhou
- Department of OrthopedicsRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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10
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Hecht JR, Mitchell J, Morelli MP, Anandappa G, Yang JC. Next-Generation Approaches to Immuno-Oncology in GI Cancers. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2023; 43:e389072. [PMID: 37290032 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_389072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has only had a modest impact on the treatment of advanced GI malignancies. Microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the most common GI tumors, have not benefited from treatment with standard immune checkpoint inhibitors. With this huge unmet need, multiple approaches are being tried to overcome barriers to better anticancer outcomes. This article reviews a number of novel approaches to immunotherapy for these tumors. These include the use of novel checkpoint inhibitors such as a modified anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 antibody and antibodies to lymphocyte-activation gene 3, T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains, T-cell immunoglobulin-3, CD47, and combinations with signal transduction inhibitors. We will discuss other trials that aim to elicit an antitumor T-cell response using cancer vaccines and oncolytic viruses. Finally, we review attempts to replicate in GI cancers the frequent and durable responses seen in hematologic malignancies with immune cell therapies.
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Davola ME, Cormier O, Vito A, El-Sayes N, Collins S, Salem O, Revill S, Ask K, Wan Y, Mossman K. Oncolytic BHV-1 Is Sufficient to Induce Immunogenic Cell Death and Synergizes with Low-Dose Chemotherapy to Dampen Immunosuppressive T Regulatory Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041295. [PMID: 36831636 PMCID: PMC9953776 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) can switch immunologically "cold" tumors "hot", making them sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Many therapeutic platforms combine multiple modalities such as oncolytic viruses (OVs) and low-dose chemotherapy to induce ICD and improve prognostic outcomes. We previously detailed many unique properties of oncolytic bovine herpesvirus type 1 (oBHV) that suggest widespread clinical utility. Here, we show for the first time, the ability of oBHV monotherapy to induce bona fide ICD and tumor-specific activation of circulating CD8+ T cells in a syngeneic murine model of melanoma. The addition of low-dose mitomycin C (MMC) was necessary to fully synergize with ICI through early recruitment of CD8+ T cells and reduced infiltration of highly suppressive PD-1+ Tregs. Cytokine and gene expression analyses within treated tumors suggest that the addition of MMC to oBHV therapy shifts the immune response from predominantly anti-viral, as evidenced by a high level of interferon-stimulated genes, to one that stimulates myeloid cells, antigen presentation and adaptive processes. Collectively, these data provide mechanistic insights into how oBHV-mediated therapy modalities overcome immune suppressive tumor microenvironments to enable the efficacy of ICI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Davola
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Olga Cormier
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alyssa Vito
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Nader El-Sayes
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Susan Collins
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Omar Salem
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Spencer Revill
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-525-9140 (ext. 23542)
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van den Wollenberg DJM, Kemp V, Rabelink MJWE, Hoeben RC. Reovirus Type 3 Dearing Variants Do Not Induce Necroptosis in RIPK3-Expressing Human Tumor Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032320. [PMID: 36768641 PMCID: PMC9916669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reoviruses are used as oncolytic viruses to destroy tumor cells. The concomitant induction of anti-tumor immune responses enhances the efficacy of therapy in tumors with low amounts of immune infiltrates before treatment. The reoviruses should provoke immunogenic cell death (ICD) to stimulate a tumor cell-directed immune response. Necroptosis is considered a major form of ICD, and involves receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3 and phosphorylation of mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). This leads to cell membrane disintegration and the release of damage-associated molecular patterns that can activate immune responses. Reovirus Type 3 Dearing (T3D) can induce necroptosis in mouse L929 fibroblast cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Most human tumor cell lines have a defect in RIPK3 expression and consequently fail to induce necroptosis as measured by MLKL phosphorylation. We used the human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29 cell line as a model to study necroptosis in human cells since this cell line has frequently been described in necroptosis-related studies. To stimulate MLKL phosphorylation and induce necroptosis, HT29 cells were treated with a cocktail consisting of TNFα, the SMAC mimetic BV6, and the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. While this treatment induced necroptosis, three different reovirus T3D variants, i.e., the plasmid-based reverse genetics generated virus (T3DK), the wild-type reovirus T3D isolate R124, and the junction adhesion molecule-A-independent reovirus mutant (jin-1) failed to induce necroptosis in HT29 cells. In contrast, these viruses induced MLKL phosphorylation in murine L929 cells, albeit with varying efficiencies. Our study shows that while reoviruses efficiently induce necroptosis in L929 cells, this is not a common phenotype in human cell lines. This study emphasizes the difficulties of translating the results of ICD studies from murine cells to human cells.
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13
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Vijver SV, Danklmaier S, Pipperger L, Gronauer R, Floriani G, Hackl H, Das K, Wollmann G. Prediction and validation of murine MHC class I epitopes of the recombinant virus VSV-GP. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1100730. [PMID: 36741416 PMCID: PMC9893851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1100730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are currently tested as a novel platform for cancer therapy. These viruses preferentially replicate in and kill malignant cells. Due to their microbial origin, treatment with oncolytic viruses naturally results in anti-viral responses and general immune activation. Consequently, the oncolytic virus treatment also induces anti-viral T cells. Since these can constitute the dominant activated T cell pool, monitoring of the anti-viral T cell response may aid in better understanding of the immune responses post oncolytic virotherapy. This study aimed to identify the anti-viral T cells raised by VSV-GP virotherapy in C57BL/6J mice, one of the most widely used models for preclinical studies. VSV-GP is a novel oncolytic agent that recently entered a clinical phase I study. To identify the VSV-GP epitopes to which mouse anti-viral T cells react, we used a multilevel adapted bioinformatics viral epitope prediction approach based on the tools netMHCpan, MHCflurry and netMHCstabPan, which are commonly used in neoepitope identification. Predicted viral epitopes were ranked based on consensus binding strength categories, predicted stability, and dissimilarity to the mouse proteome. The top ranked epitopes were selected and included in the peptide candidate matrix in order to use a matrix deconvolution approach. Using ELISpot, we showed which viral epitopes presented on C57BL/6J mouse MHC-I alleles H2-Db and H2-Kb trigger IFN-γ secretion due to T cell activation. Furthermore, we validated these findings using an intracellular cytokine staining. Collectively, identification of the VSV-GP T cell epitopes enables monitoring of the full range of anti-viral T cell responses upon VSV-GP virotherapy in future studies with preclinical mouse models to more comprehensively delineate anti-viral from anti-tumor T cell responses. These findings also support the development of novel VSV-GP variants expressing immunomodulatory transgenes and can improve the assessment of anti-viral immunity in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia V. Vijver
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sarah Danklmaier
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Pipperger
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raphael Gronauer
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriel Floriani
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Guido Wollmann
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Bots STF, Landman SL, Rabelink MJWE, van den Wollenberg DJM, Hoeben RC. Immunostimulatory Profile of Cancer Cell Death by the AdV-Lumc007-Derived Oncolytic Virus 'GoraVir' in Cultured Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020283. [PMID: 36851497 PMCID: PMC9959036 DOI: 10.3390/v15020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy which shows unparalleled therapeutic resistance. Oncolytic viruses have emerged as a new treatment approach and convey their antitumor activity through lysis of cancer cells. The therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic viruses is largely dependent on the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD) and the subsequent antitumor immune responses. However, the concurrent generation of antiviral immune responses may also limit the a virus' therapeutic window. GoraVir is a new oncolytic adenovirus derived from the Human Adenovirus B (HAdV-B) isolate AdV-lumc007 which was isolated from a gorilla and has demonstrated excellent lytic activity in both in vitro and in vivo models of PDAC. In this study, we characterized the immunostimulatory profile of cancer cell death induced by GoraVir and the concerted cellular antiviral responses in three conventional pancreatic cancer cell lines. While GoraVir was shown to induce late apoptotic/necrotic cell death at earlier time points post infection than the human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-C5), similar levels of ICD markers were expressed. Moreover, GoraVir was shown to induce ICD not dependent on STING expression and regardless of subsequent antiviral responses. Together, these data demonstrate that GoraVir is an excellent candidate for use in oncolytic virotherapy.
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Yu I, Dakwar A, Takabe K. Immunotherapy: Recent Advances and Its Future as a Neoadjuvant, Adjuvant, and Primary Treatment in Colorectal Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020258. [PMID: 36672193 PMCID: PMC9856401 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy in colorectal cancer (CRC) has made great strides within the past decade. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are a class of immunotherapy and have been shown to greatly improve patient outcomes in mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) CRC. Now, they are part of the standard of care for this subset of CRC. Because of this, there has been a growing interest in the efficacy and timing of immunotherapy for other subsets of CRC, including locally advanced, metastatic, and microsatellite stable (MSS). In this review, we aim to examine the three main classes of immunotherapy for CRC-immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), adoptive cell transfer therapy (ACT), and tumor vaccines-and discuss the most recent advances and future directions for each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Yu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Anthony Dakwar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-716-845-5128
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16
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Jiang S, Chai HH, Fang XL, Xu HS, Li TW, Tang QS, Gu JF, Zhang KJ, Liu XY, Shi ZF, Cao XP, Wu ZY, Zhou LF. Double-modified oncolytic adenovirus armed with a recombinant interferon-like gene enhanced abscopal effects against malignant glioma. Neurooncol Adv 2023; 5:vdad117. [PMID: 37841695 PMCID: PMC10572777 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdad117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development of new therapies for malignant gliomas has been stagnant for decades. Through the promising outcomes in clinical trials of oncolytic virotherapy, there is now a glimmer of hope in addressing this situation. To further enhance the antitumor immune response of oncolytic viruses, we have equipped a modified oncolytic adenovirus (oAds) with a recombinant interferon-like gene (YSCH-01) and conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the safety and efficacy of this modification compared to existing treatments. Methods To assess the safety of YSCH-01, we administered the oAds intracranially to Syrian hamsters, which are susceptible to adenovirus. The efficacy of YSCH-01 in targeting glioma was evaluated through in vitro and in vivo experiments utilizing various human glioma cell lines. Furthermore, we employed a patient-derived xenograft model of recurrent glioblastoma to test the effectiveness of YSCH-01 against temozolomide. Results By modifying the E1A and adding survivin promoter, the oAds have demonstrated remarkable safety and an impressive ability to selectively target tumor cells. In animal models, YSCH-01 exhibited potent therapeutic efficacy, particularly in terms of its distant effects. Additionally, YSCH-01 remains effective in inhibiting the recurrent GBM patient-derived xenograft model. Conclusions Our initial findings confirm that a double-modified oncolytic adenovirus armed with a recombinant interferon-like gene is both safe and effective in the treatment of malignant glioma. Furthermore, when utilized in combination with a targeted therapy gene strategy, these oAds exhibit a more profound effect in tumor therapy and an enhanced ability to inhibit tumor growth at remote sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Hui Chai
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Long Fang
- Academician Expert Workstation of Fengxian District, Shanghai Yuansong Biotechnology Limited Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Hou-Shi Xu
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Wen Li
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Tang
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Fa Gu
- Academician Expert Workstation of Fengxian District, Shanghai Yuansong Biotechnology Limited Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang-Jian Zhang
- Academician Expert Workstation of Fengxian District, Shanghai Yuansong Biotechnology Limited Company, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Shi
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Ping Cao
- Academician Expert Workstation of Fengxian District, Shanghai Yuansong Biotechnology Limited Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Zan-Yi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Liang-Fu Zhou
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
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17
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Bernstock JD, Blitz SE, Hoffman SE, Gerstl JVE, Chiocca EA, Friedman GK. Recent oncolytic virotherapy clinical trials outline a roadmap for the treatment of high-grade glioma. Neurooncol Adv 2023; 5:vdad081. [PMID: 37497017 PMCID: PMC10368374 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult and pediatric high-grade gliomas (HGGs) are aggressive cancers of the central nervous system that confer dismal clinical prognoses. Standard radiation and chemotherapy have demonstrated only limited efficacy in HGGs, motivating the accelerated investigation of novel modalities such as oncolytic virus (OV) therapies. OV centered therapies work through a mixed mechanism centered on oncolysis and the stimulation of an antitumor immune response. Three recent clinical trials utilizing herpes simplex virus-1 and adenovirus-based oncolytic virotherapy demonstrated not only the safety and efficacy of OVs but also novel dosing strategies that augment OV response potential. Considering these recent trials, herein we present a roadmap for future clinical trials of oncolytic immunovirotherapy in both adult and pediatric HGG, as well as persistent roadblocks related to the assessment of OV efficacy within and between trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Bernstock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Samantha E Hoffman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard-MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jakob V E Gerstl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists proficiently (re)instore cancer immunosurveillance as immunological adjuvants. So far, three TLR agonists have been approved by regulatory agencies for use in oncological applications. Additionally, these immunotherapeutics have been extensively investigated over the past few years. Multiple clinical trials are currently evaluating the combination of TLR agonists with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or different immunotherapies. Moreover, antibodies targeting tumor-enriched surface proteins that have been conjugated to TLR agonists are being developed to stimulate anticancer immune responses specifically within the tumor microenvironment. Solid preclinical and translational results support the favorable immune-activating effects of TLR agonists. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical advances in the development of TLR agonists for anticancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Le Naour
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée Par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée Par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.,Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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19
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Li S, Li Q, Ren Y, Yi J, Guo J, Kong X. HSV: The scout and assault for digestive system tumors. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1142498. [PMID: 36926680 PMCID: PMC10011716 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1142498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 25% of all malignant tumors are digestive system tumors (DSTs), which mostly include esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma, and colorectal cancer. DSTs have emerged as one of the prominent reasons of morbidity and death in many nations and areas around the world, posing a serious threat to human life and health. General treatments such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgical resection can poorly cure the patients and have a bad prognosis. A type of immunotherapy known as oncolytic virus therapy, have recently shown extraordinary anti-tumor effectiveness. One of the viruses that has been the subject of the greatest research in this field, the herpes simplex virus (HSV), has shown excellent potential in DSTs. With a discussion of HSV-1 based on recent studies, we outline the therapeutic effects of HSV on a number of DSTs in this review. Additionally, the critical function of HSV in the detection of cancers is discussed, and some HSV future possibilities are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingbo Li
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Ren
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Yi
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhe Guo
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianbin Kong
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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20
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Omole RK, Oluwatola O, Akere MT, Eniafe J, Agboluaje EO, Daramola OB, Ayantunji YJ, Omotade TI, Torimiro N, Ayilara MS, Adeyemi OI, Salinsile OS. Comprehensive assessment on the applications of oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1082797. [PMID: 36569326 PMCID: PMC9772532 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1082797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide burden of cancers is increasing at a very high rate, including the aggressive and resistant forms of cancers. Certain levels of breakthrough have been achieved with the conventional treatment methods being used to treat different forms of cancers, but with some limitations. These limitations include hazardous side effects, destruction of non-tumor healthy cells that are rapidly dividing and developing, tumor resistance to anti-cancer drugs, damage to tissues and organs, and so on. However, oncolytic viruses have emerged as a worthwhile immunotherapeutic option for the treatment of different types of cancers. In this treatment approach, oncolytic viruses are being modeled to target cancer cells with optimum cytotoxicity and spare normal cells with optimal safety, without the oncolytic viruses themselves being killed by the host immune defense system. Oncolytic viral infection of the cancer cells are also being genetically manipulated (either by removal or addition of certain genes into the oncolytic virus genome) to make the tumor more visible and available for attack by the host immune cells. Hence, different variants of these viruses are being developed to optimize their antitumor effects. In this review, we examined how grave the burden of cancer is on a global level, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, major conventional therapeutic approaches to the treatment of cancer and their individual drawbacks. We discussed the mechanisms of action employed by these oncolytic viruses and different viruses that have found their relevance in the fight against various forms of cancers. Some pre-clinical and clinical trials that involve oncolytic viruses in cancer management were reported. This review also examined the toxicity and safety concerns surrounding the adoption of oncolytic viro-immunotherapy for the treatment of cancers and the likely future directions for researchers and general audience who wants updated information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kolade Omole
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria,Microbiology Unit, Department of Applied Sciences, Osun State College of Technology, Esa-Oke, Nigeria,*Correspondence: Richard Kolade Omole,
| | - Oluwaseyi Oluwatola
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States,Department of Immunology, Moffit Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Millicent Tambari Akere
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Joseph Eniafe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | | | | | - Yemisi Juliet Ayantunji
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria,Advanced Space Technology Applications Laboratory, Cooperative Information Network, National Space Research and Development Agency, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | | - Nkem Torimiro
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Modupe Stella Ayilara
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Oluwole Isaac Adeyemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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21
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Kong D, Yang Z, Li G, Wu Q, Gu Z, Wan D, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Cheng S, Liu B, Zhang K, Zhang W. SIRPα antibody combined with oncolytic virus OH2 protects against tumours by activating innate immunity and reprogramming the tumour immune microenvironment. BMC Med 2022; 20:376. [PMID: 36310169 PMCID: PMC9620659 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of oncolytic viruses (OVs) with immune checkpoint blockades is a research hotspot and has shown good efficacy. Here, we present the first attempt to combine oncolytic herpes simplex virus 2 (OH2) with an anti-SIRPα antibody as an antitumour treatment. Our results provide unique insight into the combination of innate immunity with OV. METHODS We verified the polarization and activation of OH2 in RAW264.7 cells in vitro. Subsequently, we evaluated the antitumour ability of OH2 and anti-SIRPα combined therapy in a tumour-bearing mouse model. RNA-seq and Single-cell RNA-seq were used to characterize the changes in the tumour microenvironment. RESULTS The OH2 lysates effectively stimulated RAW264.7 cells to polarize towards the M1 but not the M2 phenotype and activated the function of the M1 phenotype in vitro. In the macrophage clearance experiment, OH2 therapy induced polarization of M1 macrophages and participated in the antitumour immune response in a tumour-bearing mouse model. Treatment with a combination of OH2 and anti-SIRPα effectively inhibited tumour growth and significantly prolonged the survival time of the mice, and this result was more obvious in the mouse model with a larger tumour volume at the beginning of the treatment. These results suggest that combination therapy can more profoundly reshape the TME and activate stronger innate and adaptive immune responses. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the feasibility of oncolytic virus therapy in combination with anti-SIRPα antibodies and suggest a new strategy for oncolytic virus therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defeng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zhenrong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Quanyou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zhaoru Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Duo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shujun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Binlei Liu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.
| | - Kaitai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Immunology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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22
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Zhu Z, McGray AJR, Jiang W, Lu B, Kalinski P, Guo ZS. Improving cancer immunotherapy by rationally combining oncolytic virus with modulators targeting key signaling pathways. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:196. [PMID: 36221123 PMCID: PMC9554963 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a new class of multi-modal immunotherapies for cancer, with OV-elicited antitumor immunity being key to their overall therapeutic efficacy. Currently, the clinical effectiveness of OV as monotherapy remains limited, and thus investigators have been exploring various combinations with other anti-cancer agents and demonstrated improved therapeutic efficacy. As cancer cells have evolved to alter key signaling pathways for enhanced cell proliferation, cancer progression and metastasis, these cellular and molecular changes offer promising targets for rational cancer therapy design. In this regard, key molecules in relevant signaling pathways for cancer cells or/and immune cells, such as EGFR-KRAS (e.g., KRASG12C), PI3K-AKT-mTOR, ERK-MEK, JAK-STAT, p53, PD-1-PD-L1, and epigenetic, or immune pathways (e.g., histone deacetylases, cGAS-STING) are currently under investigation and have the potential to synergize with OV to modulate the immune milieu of the tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby improving and sustaining antitumor immunity. As many small molecule modulators of these signaling pathways have been developed and have shown strong therapeutic potential, here we review key findings related to both OV-mediated immunotherapy and the utility of small molecule modulators of signaling pathways in immuno-oncology. Then, we focus on discussion of the rationales and potential strategies for combining OV with selected modulators targeting key cellular signaling pathways in cancer or/and immune cells to modulate the TME and enhance antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy. Finally, we provide perspectives and viewpoints on the application of novel experimental systems and technologies that can propel this exciting branch of medicine into a bright future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - A J Robert McGray
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Weijian Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Binfeng Lu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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23
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Engineered Oncolytic Adenoviruses: An Emerging Approach for Cancer Therapy. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101146. [PMID: 36297203 PMCID: PMC9608483 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is among the major leading causes of mortality globally, and chemotherapy is currently one of the most effective cancer therapies. Unfortunately, chemotherapy is invariably accompanied by dose-dependent cytotoxic side effects. Recently, genetically engineered adenoviruses emerged as an alternative gene therapy approach targeting cancers. This review focuses on the characteristics of genetically modified adenovirus and oncology clinical studies using adenovirus-mediated gene therapy strategies. In addition, modulation of the tumor biology and the tumor microenvironment as well as the immunological responses associated with adenovirus-mediate cancer therapy are discussed.
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24
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Kim SI, Chaurasiya S, Sivanandam V, Kang S, Park AK, Lu J, Yang A, Zhang Z, Bagdasarian IA, Woo Y, Morgan JT, Yin Z, Fong Y, Warner SG. Priming stroma with a vitamin D analog to optimize viroimmunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:864-872. [PMID: 35317522 PMCID: PMC8914466 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer resistance to immunotherapies is partly due to deficits in tumor-infiltrating immune cells and stromal density. Combination therapies that modify stroma and recruit immune cells are needed. Vitamin D analogs such as calcipotriol (Cal) decrease fibrosis in pancreas stroma, thus allowing increased chemotherapy delivery. OVs infect, replicate in, and kill cancer cells and recruit immune cells to immunodeficient microenvironments. We investigated whether stromal modification with Cal would enhance oncolytic viroimmunotherapy using recombinant orthopoxvirus, CF33. We assessed effect of Cal on CF33 replication using pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines and in vivo flank orthotopic models. Proliferation assays showed that Cal did not alter viral replication. Less replication was seen in cell lines whose division was slowed by Cal, but this appeared proportional to cell proliferation. Three-dimensional in vitro models demonstrated decreased myofibroblast integrity after Cal treatment. Cal increased vascular lumen size and immune cell infiltration in subcutaneous models of PDAC and increased viral delivery and replication. Cal plus serial OV dosing in the syngeneic Pan02 model caused more significant tumor abrogation than other treatments. Cal-treated tumors had less dense fibrosis, enhanced immune cell infiltration, and decreased T cell exhaustion. Calcipotriol is a possible adjunct for CF33-based oncolytic viroimmunotherapy against PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-In Kim
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Shyambabu Chaurasiya
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Venkatesh Sivanandam
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Seonah Kang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Anthony K Park
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Annie Yang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Isabella A Bagdasarian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yanghee Woo
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Joshua T Morgan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Zhirong Yin
- Pathology Core, Department of Pathology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Susanne G Warner
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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25
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Robinson C, Xu MM, Nair SK, Beasley GM, Rhodin KE. Oncolytic viruses in melanoma. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2022; 27:63. [PMID: 35227006 PMCID: PMC9888358 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2702063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma recurrence remains heterogeneous in presentation, ranging from locoregional disease (i.e., local recurrence, satellites, in transit disease) to distant dermal and visceral metastases. This diverse spectrum of disease requires a personalized approach to management and has resulted in the development of both local (e.g., surgery, radiation, intralesional injection) and systemic (intravenous or oral) treatment strategies. Intralesional agents such as oncolytic viruses may also evoke local immune stimulation to induce and enhance the antitumor immune response. Further, it is hypothesized that these oncolytic viruses may convert immunologically "cold" tumors to more reactive "hot" tumor microenvironments and thereby overcome anti-PD-1 therapy resistance. Currently, talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), a modified herpes virus, is FDA-approved in this population, with many other oncolytic viruses under investigation in both preclinical and trial settings. Herein, we detail the scientific rationale, current landscape, and future directions of oncolytic viruses in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria M Xu
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Smita K Nair
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Georgia M Beasley
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kristen E Rhodin
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Correspondence: (Kristen Rhodin)
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26
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Kim Y, Konda P, Murphy JP, Paulo JA, Gygi SP, Gujar S. Immune Checkpoint Blockade Augments Changes Within Oncolytic Virus-induced Cancer MHC-I Peptidome, Creating Novel Antitumor CD8 T Cell Reactivities. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100182. [PMID: 34922008 PMCID: PMC8864471 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination cancer immunotherapies with oncolytic virus (OV) and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) reinstate otherwise dysfunctional antitumor CD8 T cell responses. One major mechanism that aids such reinstatement of antitumor CD8 T cells involves the availability of new class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I)-bound tumor epitopes following therapeutic intervention. Thus, therapy-induced changes within the MHC-I peptidome hold the key to understanding the clinical implications for therapy-reinstated CD8 T cell responses. Here, using mass spectrometry-based immuno-affinity methods and tumor-bearing animals treated with OV and ICB (alone or in combination), we captured the therapy-induced alterations within the tumor MHC-I peptidome, which were then tested for their CD8 T cell response-stimulating activity. We found that the oncolytic reovirus monotherapy drives up- as well as downexpression of tumor MHC-I peptides in a cancer type and oncolysis susceptibility dependent manner. Interestingly, the combination of reovirus + ICB results in higher numbers of differentially expressed MHC-I-associated peptides (DEMHCPs) relative to either monotherapies. Most importantly, OV+ICB-driven DEMHCPs contain biologically active epitopes that stimulate interferon-gamma responses in cognate CD8 T cells, which may mediate clinically desired antitumor attack and cancer immunoediting. These findings highlight that the therapy-induced changes to the MHC-I peptidome contribute toward the reinstated antitumor CD8 T cell attack established following OV + ICB combination cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youra Kim
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - J Patrick Murphy
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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27
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Mussafi O, Mei J, Mao W, Wan Y. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for PD-1/PD-L1 axis in combination with other immunotherapies and targeted therapies for non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:948405. [PMID: 36059606 PMCID: PMC9430651 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.948405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely acknowledged that the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is an effective therapeutic treatment in many late-stage cancers. However, not all patients could benefit from ICI therapy. Several biomarkers, such as high expression of PD-L1, high mutational burden, and higher number of tumor infiltration lymphocytes have shown to predict clinical benefit from immune checkpoint therapies. One approach using ICI in combination with other immunotherapies and targeted therapies is now being investigated to enhance the efficacy of ICI alone. In this review, we summarized the use of other promising immunotherapies and targeted therapies in combination with ICI in treatment of lung cancers. The results from multiple animals and clinical trials were reviewed. We also briefly discussed the possible outlooks for future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofek Mussafi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenjun Mao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Wan, ; Wenjun Mao,
| | - Yuan Wan
- The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Yuan Wan, ; Wenjun Mao,
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28
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Chaurasiya S, Kim SI, O'Leary M, Park AK, Lu J, Kang S, Zhang Z, Yang A, Woo Y, Fong Y, Warner SG. Toward comprehensive imaging of oncolytic viroimmunotherapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 23:303-310. [PMID: 34786474 PMCID: PMC8569424 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses infect, replicate in, and kill cancer cells, leaving normal cells unharmed; they also recruit and activate immune cells against tumor cells. While clinical indications for viroimmunotherapy are growing, barriers to widespread treatment remain. Ensuring real-time tracking of viral replication and resulting anti-tumor immune responses will overcome some of these barriers and is thus a top priority. Clinically optimizing trackability of viral replication will promote safe dose increases, guide serial dosing, and enhance treatment effects. However, viral delivery is only half the story. Oncolytic viruses are known to upregulate immune checkpoint expression, thereby priming otherwise immunodeficient tumor immune microenvironments for treatment with checkpoint inhibitors. Novel modalities to track virus-induced changes in tumor microenvironments include non-invasive measurements of immune cell populations and responses to viroimmunotherapy such as (1) in situ use of radiotracers to track checkpoint protein expression or immune cell traffic, and (2) ex vivo labeling of immune cells followed by nuclear medicine imaging. Herein, we review clinical progress toward accurate imaging of oncolytic virus replication, and we further review the current status of functional imaging of immune responses to viroimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyambabu Chaurasiya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Pavilion 2226, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sang-In Kim
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Pavilion 2226, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Michael O'Leary
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Pavilion 2226, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Anthony K Park
- Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematologic and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Pavilion 2226, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Seonah Kang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Pavilion 2226, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Pavilion 2226, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Annie Yang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Pavilion 2226, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yanghee Woo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Pavilion 2226, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Pavilion 2226, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Susanne G Warner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Pavilion 2226, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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29
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Zeng J, Li X, Sander M, Zhang H, Yan G, Lin Y. Oncolytic Viro-Immunotherapy: An Emerging Option in the Treatment of Gliomas. Front Immunol 2021; 12:721830. [PMID: 34675919 PMCID: PMC8524046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.721830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of malignant gliomas remains poor, with median survival fewer than 20 months and a 5-year survival rate merely 5%. Their primary location in the central nervous system (CNS) and its immunosuppressive environment with little T cell infiltration has rendered cancer therapies mostly ineffective, and breakthrough therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown limited benefit. However, tumor immunotherapy is developing rapidly and can help overcome these obstacles. But for now, malignant gliomas remain fatal with short survival and limited therapeutic options. Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a unique antitumor immunotherapy wherein viruses selectively or preferentially kill tumor cells, replicate and spread through tumors while inducing antitumor immune responses. OVTs can also recondition the tumor microenvironment and improve the efficacy of other immunotherapies by escalating the infiltration of immune cells into tumors. Some OVTs can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and possess tropism for the CNS, enabling intravenous delivery. Despite the therapeutic potential displayed by oncolytic viruses (OVs), optimizing OVT has proved challenging in clinical development, and marketing approvals for OVTs have been rare. In June 2021 however, as a genetically engineered OV based on herpes simplex virus-1 (G47Δ), teserpaturev got conditional and time-limited approval for the treatment of malignant gliomas in Japan. In this review, we summarize the current state of OVT, the synergistic effect of OVT in combination with other immunotherapies as well as the hurdles to successful clinical use. We also provide some suggestions to overcome the challenges in treating of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zeng
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangxue Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Max Sander
- Department of International Cooperation, Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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30
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Khasraw M, Fujita Y, Lee-Chang C, Balyasnikova IV, Najem H, Heimberger AB. New Approaches to Glioblastoma. Annu Rev Med 2021; 73:279-292. [PMID: 34665646 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042420-102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Faced with unique immunobiology and marked heterogeneity, treatment strategies for glioblastoma require therapeutic approaches that diverge from conventional oncological strategies. The selection and prioritization of targeted and immunotherapeutic strategies will need to carefully consider these features and companion biomarkers developed alongside treatment strategies to identify the appropriate patient populations. Novel clinical trial strategies that interrogate the tumor microenvironment for drug penetration and target engagement will inform go/no-go later-stage clinical studies. Innovative trial designs and analyses are needed to move effective agents toward regulatory approvals more rapidly. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Khasraw
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Yoko Fujita
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Cataline Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA;
| | - Irina V Balyasnikova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA;
| | - Hinda Najem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA;
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA;
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31
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Humeau J, Le Naour J, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G, Pol JG. Trial watch: intratumoral immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1984677. [PMID: 34676147 PMCID: PMC8526014 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1984677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While chemotherapy and radiotherapy remain the first-line approaches for the management of most unresectable tumors, immunotherapy has emerged in the past two decades as a game-changing treatment, notably with the clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Immunotherapies aim at (re)activating anticancer immune responses which occur in two main steps: (1) the activation and expansion of tumor-specific T cells following cross-presentation of tumor antigens by specialized myeloid cells (priming phase); and (2) the immunological clearance of malignant cells by these antitumor T lymphocytes (effector phase). Therapeutic vaccines, adjuvants, monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, immunogenic cell death-inducing agents including oncolytic viruses, anthracycline-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as adoptive cell transfer, all act at different levels of this cascade to (re)instate cancer immunosurveillance. Intratumoral delivery of these immunotherapeutics is being tested in clinical trials to promote superior antitumor immune activity in the context of limited systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Humeau
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Julie Le Naour
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Jonathan G. Pol
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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32
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Jin S, Wang Q, Wu H, Pang D, Xu S. Oncolytic viruses for triple negative breast cancer and beyond. Biomark Res 2021; 9:71. [PMID: 34563270 PMCID: PMC8466906 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological therapy is considered an alternative treatment capable of eliciting the same effects on tumors as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. As a major player in biological therapy, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have attracted great attention and achieved good results. Specifically, the successful application of OVs in head and neck cancer, as well as melanoma, promoted its research in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC is a high-risk molecular type of breast cancer, characterized by strong invasion, easy recurrence, and metastasis. Due to the absence of estrogen and progesterone receptors, as well as the absence of overexpression or gene amplification of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), endocrine therapy and anti HER-2 targeted therapy have proven ineffective. Although chemotherapy has shown substantial efficacy in some TNBC patients, the occurrence of drug resistance and poor prognosis have prompted the exploration of new and effective treatment methods. The emerging concept of OVs provides a new platform to treat TNBC. Indeed, several studies have confirmed the therapeutic effects of OVs in TNBC. Numerous studies have also investigated the efficacy of OVs in other malignances, including solid tumor clinical trials, thus further demonstrating the promising application of oncolytic virotherapy for TNBC. The primary focus of the current review is the examination of OV mechanisms underlying their antitumor properties, while also summarizing the ongoing progress in OV research regarding TNBC treatment, as well as the various combinatorial strategies comprising OVs and other therapies. We also briefly introduce specific relevant clinical trials and discuss some of the progress in the research of novel OVs for the treatment of other malignancies, thereby affirming the significant therapeutic potential of OVs for the treatment of TNBC, as well as other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengye Jin
- Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Sino-Russian Medical Research Cen8ter, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150081, China.,Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China.,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 1550081, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150081, China.,Sino-Russian Medical Research Cen8ter, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150081, China.,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 1550081, China
| | - Da Pang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150081, China. .,Sino-Russian Medical Research Cen8ter, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150081, China. .,Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China.
| | - Shouping Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150081, China. .,Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 1550081, China.
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33
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Zhao Y, Liu Z, Li L, Wu J, Zhang H, Zhang H, Lei T, Xu B. Oncolytic Adenovirus: Prospects for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:707290. [PMID: 34367111 PMCID: PMC8334181 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.707290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has moved to the forefront of modern oncologic treatment in the past few decades. Various forms of immunotherapy currently are emerging, including oncolytic viruses. In this therapy, viruses are engineered to selectively propagate in tumor cells and reduce toxicity for non-neoplastic tissues. Adenovirus is one of the most frequently employed oncolytic viruses because of its capacity in tumor cell lysis and immune response stimulation. Upregulation of immunostimulatory signals induced by oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) might significantly remove local immune suppression and amplify antitumor immune responses. Existing genetic engineering technology allows us to design OAds with increasingly better tumor tropism, selectivity, and antitumor efficacy. Several promising strategies to modify the genome of OAds have been applied: capsid modifications, small deletions in the pivotal viral genes, insertion of tumor-specific promoters, and addition of immunostimulatory transgenes. OAds armed with tumor-associated antigen (TAA) transgenes as cancer vaccines provide additional therapeutic strategies to trigger tumor-specific immunity. Furthermore, the combination of OAds and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) increases clinical benefit as evidence shown in completed and ongoing clinical trials, especially in the combination of OAds with antiprogrammed death 1/programed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) therapy. Despite remarkable antitumor potency, oncolytic adenovirus immunotherapy is confronted with tough challenges such as antiviral immune response and obstruction of tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we focus on genomic modification strategies of oncolytic adenoviruses and applications of OAds in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhao
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheming Liu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Li
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huibo Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haohan Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianyu Lei
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Engineered macrophages as near-infrared light activated drug vectors for chemo-photodynamic therapy of primary and bone metastatic breast cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4310. [PMID: 34262026 PMCID: PMC8280231 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24564-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with primary and bone metastatic breast cancer have significantly reduced survival and life quality. Due to the poor drug delivery efficiency of anti-metastasis therapy and the limited response rate of immunotherapy for breast cancer, effective treatment remains a formidable challenge. In this work, engineered macrophages (Oxa(IV)@ZnPc@M) carrying nanomedicine containing oxaliplatin prodrug and photosensitizer are designed as near-infrared (NIR) light-activated drug vectors, aiming to achieve enhanced chemo/photo/immunotherapy of primary and bone metastatic tumors. Oxa(IV)@ZnPc@M exhibits an anti-tumor M1 phenotype polarization and can efficiently home to primary and bone metastatic tumors. Additionally, therapeutics inside Oxa(IV)@ZnPc@M undergo NIR triggered release, which can kill primary tumors via combined chemo-photodynamic therapy and induce immunogenic cell death simultaneously. Oxa(IV)@ZnPc@M combined with anti-PD-L1 can eliminate primary and bone metastatic tumors, activate tumor-specific antitumor immune response, and improve overall survival with limited systemic toxicity. Therefore, this all-in-one macrophage provides a treatment platform for effective therapy of primary and bone metastatic tumors.
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35
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Spiesschaert B, Angerer K, Park J, Wollmann G. Combining Oncolytic Viruses and Small Molecule Therapeutics: Mutual Benefits. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3386. [PMID: 34298601 PMCID: PMC8306439 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of treating cancer with oncolytic viruses (OVs) has increasingly shifted towards achieving efficacy through the induction and augmentation of an antitumor immune response. However, innate antiviral responses can limit the activity of many OVs within the tumor and several immunosuppressive factors can hamper any subsequent antitumor immune responses. In recent decades, numerous small molecule compounds that either inhibit the immunosuppressive features of tumor cells or antagonize antiviral immunity have been developed and tested for. Here we comprehensively review small molecule compounds that can achieve therapeutic synergy with OVs. We also elaborate on the mechanisms by which these treatments elicit anti-tumor effects as monotherapies and how these complement OV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Spiesschaert
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- ViraTherapeutics GmbH, 6063 Rum, Austria
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany;
| | - Katharina Angerer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - John Park
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany;
| | - Guido Wollmann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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36
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He M, Yang T, Wang Y, Wang M, Chen X, Ding D, Zheng Y, Chen H. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Based Strategies for Synergistic Cancer Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002104. [PMID: 33709564 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade therapy (ICBT) targeting checkpoints, such as, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein-4 (CTLA-4), programmed death-1 (PD-1), or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), can yield durable immune response in various types of cancers and has gained constantly increasing research interests in recent years. However, the efficacy of ICBT alone is limited by low response rate and immune-related side effects. Emerging preclinical and clinical studies reveal that chemotherapy, radiotherapy, phototherapy, or other immunotherapies can reprogramm immunologically "cold" tumor microenvironment into a "hot" one, thus synergizing with ICBT. In this review, the working principle and current development of various immune checkpoint inhibitors are summarized, while the interactive mechanism and recent progress of ICBT-based synergistic therapies with other immunotherapy, chemotherapy, phototherapy, and radiotherapy in fundamental and clinical studies in the past 5 years are depicted and highlighted. Moreover, the potential issues in current studies of ICBT-based synergistic therapies and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Tao Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xingye Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Dawei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yiran Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Huabing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
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37
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Seki-Soda M, Sano T, Ogawa M, Yokoo S, Oyama T. CD15 + tumor infiltrating granulocytic cells can predict recurrence and their depletion is accompanied by good responses to S-1 with oral cancer. Head Neck 2021; 43:2457-2467. [PMID: 33893751 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) that myeloid-derived suppressor cells infiltrate tumor tissues. This study examined whether S-1 chemotherapy changes immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment. METHODS We examined 71 patients with of OSCC, including 51 patients who received preoperative S-1 chemotherapy. Immunohistochemistry for PD-L1, CD8, forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3), and CD15 was performed using biopsy and resected specimens. RESULTS The numbers of CD8+ , FOXP3+ , and CD15+ cells in resected specimens were significantly decreased by S-1 chemotherapy. The reduction of the proportion of CD15+ cells significantly differed between responders and nonresponders. Most responders were distributed into the group with low PD-L1 expression and a low density of CD8+ cells before chemotherapy. Furthermore, many patients with recurrence exhibited a high density of CD15+ cells in biopsy specimens. CONCLUSION Preoperative S-1 chemotherapy can potentially improve prognosis by reducing CD15+ cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Seki-Soda
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sano
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masaru Ogawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tetsunari Oyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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38
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Lin W, Zhao Y, Zhong L. Current strategies of virotherapy in clinical trials for cancer treatment. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4668-4692. [PMID: 33738818 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As a novel immune-active agent for cancer treatment, viruses have the ability of infecting and replicating in tumor cells. The safety and efficacy of viruses has been tested and confirmed in preclinical and clinical trials. In the last decade, virotherapy has been adopted as a monotherapy or combined therapy with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, showing promising outcomes against cancer. In this review, the current strategies of viruses used in clinical trials are classified and described. Besides this, the challenge and future prospects of virotherapy in the management for cancer patients are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Lin
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Zhong
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Tessarollo NG, Domingues ACM, Antunes F, da Luz JCDS, Rodrigues OA, Cerqueira OLD, Strauss BE. Nonreplicating Adenoviral Vectors: Improving Tropism and Delivery of Cancer Gene Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081863. [PMID: 33919679 PMCID: PMC8069790 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent preclinical and clinical studies have used viral vectors in gene therapy research, especially nonreplicating adenovirus encoding strategic therapeutic genes for cancer treatment. Adenoviruses were the first DNA viruses to go into therapeutic development, mainly due to well-known biological features: stability in vivo, ease of manufacture, and efficient gene delivery to dividing and nondividing cells. However, there are some limitations for gene therapy using adenoviral vectors, such as nonspecific transduction of normal cells and liver sequestration and neutralization by antibodies, especially when administered systemically. On the other hand, adenoviral vectors are amenable to strategies for the modification of their biological structures, including genetic manipulation of viral proteins, pseudotyping, and conjugation with polymers or biological membranes. Such modifications provide greater specificity to the target cell and better safety in systemic administration; thus, a reduction of antiviral host responses would favor the use of adenoviral vectors in cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we describe the structural and molecular features of nonreplicating adenoviral vectors, the current limitations to their use, and strategies to modify adenoviral tropism, highlighting the approaches that may allow for the systemic administration of gene therapy.
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40
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Role of Myeloid Cells in Oncolytic Reovirus-Based Cancer Therapy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040654. [PMID: 33920168 PMCID: PMC8070345 DOI: 10.3390/v13040654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic reovirus preferentially targets and kills cancer cells via the process of oncolysis, and additionally drives clinically favorable antitumor T cell responses that form protective immunological memory against cancer relapse. This two-prong attack by reovirus on cancers constitutes the foundation of its use as an anticancer oncolytic agent. Unfortunately, the efficacy of these reovirus-driven antitumor effects is influenced by the highly suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In particular, the myeloid cell populations (e.g., myeloid-derived suppressive cells and tumor-associated macrophages) of highly immunosuppressive capacities within the TME not only affect oncolysis but also actively impair the functioning of reovirus-driven antitumor T cell immunity. Thus, myeloid cells within the TME play a critical role during the virotherapy, which, if properly understood, can identify novel therapeutic combination strategies potentiating the therapeutic efficacy of reovirus-based cancer therapy.
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41
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Zhong X, D’Antona AM. Recent Advances in the Molecular Design and Applications of Multispecific Biotherapeutics. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:13. [PMID: 33808165 PMCID: PMC8103270 DOI: 10.3390/antib10020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant protein-based biotherapeutics drugs have transformed clinical pipelines of the biopharmaceutical industry since the launch of recombinant insulin nearly four decades ago. These biologic drugs are structurally more complex than small molecules, and yet share a similar principle for rational drug discovery and development: That is to start with a pre-defined target and follow with the functional modulation with a therapeutic agent. Despite these tremendous successes, this "one target one drug" paradigm has been challenged by complex disease mechanisms that involve multiple pathways and demand new therapeutic routes. A rapidly evolving wave of multispecific biotherapeutics is coming into focus. These new therapeutic drugs are able to engage two or more protein targets via distinct binding interfaces with or without the chemical conjugation to large or small molecules. They possess the potential to not only address disease intricacy but also exploit new therapeutic mechanisms and assess undruggable targets for conventional monospecific biologics. This review focuses on the recent advances in molecular design and applications of major classes of multispecific biotherapeutics drugs, which include immune cells engagers, antibody-drug conjugates, multispecific tetherbodies, biologic matchmakers, and small-scaffold multispecific modalities. Challenges posed by the multispecific biotherapeutics drugs and their future outlooks are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Zhong
- Department of BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
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42
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Chen Q, Sun T, Jiang C. Recent Advancements in Nanomedicine for 'Cold' Tumor Immunotherapy. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:92. [PMID: 34138315 PMCID: PMC8006526 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Although current anticancer immunotherapies using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been reported with a high clinical success rate, numerous patients still bear 'cold' tumors with insufficient T cell infiltration and low immunogenicity, responding poorly to ICI therapy. Considering the advancements in precision medicine, in-depth mechanism studies on the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) among cold tumors are required to improve the treatment for these patients. Nanomedicine has emerged as a promising drug delivery system in anticancer immunotherapy, activates immune function, modulates the TIME, and has been applied in combination with other anticancer therapeutic strategies. This review initially summarizes the mechanisms underlying immunosuppressive TIME in cold tumors and addresses the recent advancements in nanotechnology for cold TIME reversal-based therapies, as well as a brief talk about the feasibility of clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, and School of Pharmacy, Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, and School of Pharmacy, Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, and School of Pharmacy, Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
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Feist M, Zhu Z, Dai E, Ma C, Liu Z, Giehl E, Ravindranathan R, Kowalsky SJ, Obermajer N, Kammula US, Lee AJH, Lotze MT, Guo ZS, Bartlett DL. Oncolytic virus promotes tumor-reactive infiltrating lymphocytes for adoptive cell therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:98-111. [PMID: 32632271 PMCID: PMC9718357 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) using tumor-specific tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has demonstrated success in patients where tumor-antigen specific TILs can be harvested from the tumor, expanded, and re-infused in combination with a preparatory regimen and IL2. One major issue for non-immunogenic tumors has been that the isolated TILs lack tumor specificity and thus possess limited in vivo therapeutic function. An oncolytic virus (OV) mediates an immunogenic cell death for cancer cells, leading to elicitation and dramatic enhancement of tumor-specific TILs. We hypothesized that the tumor-specific TILs elicited and promoted by an OV would be a great source for ACT for solid cancer. In this study, we show that a local injection of oncolytic poxvirus in MC38 tumor with low immunogenicity in C57BL/6 mice, led to elicitation and accumulation of tumor-specific TILs in the tumor tissue. Our analyses indicated that IL2-armed OV-elicited TILs contain lower quantities of exhausted PD-1hiTim-3+ CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells. The isolated TILs from IL2-expressing OV-treated tumor tissue retained high tumor specificity after expansion ex vivo. These TILs resulted in significant tumor regression and improved survival after adoptive transfer in mice with established MC38 tumor. Our study showcases the feasibility of using an OV to induce tumor-reactive TILs that can be expanded for ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Feist
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, CCM/CVK, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhi Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Enyong Dai
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, The Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Congrong Ma
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, CCM/CVK, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Esther Giehl
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, CCM/CVK, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roshni Ravindranathan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacy J Kowalsky
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Natasa Obermajer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Udai S Kammula
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew J H Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - David L Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Allegheny Health Network-Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
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Chen T, Ding X, Liao Q, Gao N, Chen Y, Zhao C, Zhang X, Xu J. IL-21 arming potentiates the anti-tumor activity of an oncolytic vaccinia virus in monotherapy and combination therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001647. [PMID: 33504576 PMCID: PMC7843316 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have shown promise in containing cancer progression in both animal models and clinical trials. How to further improve the efficacy of OVs are intensively explored. Arming OVs with immunoregulatory molecules has emerged as an important means to enhance their oncolytic activities majorly based on the mechanism of reverting the immunosuppressive nature of tumor environment. In this study, we aimed to identify the optimal combination of different OVs and immunomodulatory molecules for solid tumor treatment as well as the underlying mechanism, and subsequently evaluated its potential synergy with other immunotherapies. Methods Panels of oncolytic viruses and cells stably expressing immunoregulatory molecules were separately evaluated for treating solid tumors in mouse model. A tumor-targeted replicating vaccinia virus Tian Tan strain with deletion of TK gene (TTVΔTK) was armed rationally with IL-21 to create rTTVΔTK-IL21 through recombination. CAR-T cells and iNKT cells were generated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The impact of rTTVΔTK-IL21 on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes was assessed by flow cytometry, and its therapeutic efficacy as monotherapy or in combination with CAR-T and iNKT therapy was assessed in mouse tumor models. Results IL-21 and TTV was respectively identified as most potent immunomodulatory molecule and oncolytic virus for solid tumor suppression in mouse models. A novel recombinant oncolytic virus that resulted from their combination, namely rTTVΔTK-mIL21, led to significant tumor regression in mice, even for noninjected distant tumor. Mechanistically, rTTV∆TK-mIL21 induced a selective enrichment of immune effector cells over Treg cells and engage a systemic response of therapeutic effect. Moreover, its human form showed a notable synergy with CAR-T or iNKT therapy for tumor treatment when coupled in humanized mice. Conclusion With a strong potency of shaping tumor microenvironment toward favoring TIL activities, rTTVΔTK-IL21 represents a new opportunity worthy of further exploration in clinical settings for solid tumor control, particularly in combinatorial strategies with other immunotherapies. One sentence summary IL21-armed recombinant oncolytic vaccinia virus has potent anti-tumor activities as monotherapy and in combination with other immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyue Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangqing Ding
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qibin Liao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Gao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Middelburg J, Kemper K, Engelberts P, Labrijn AF, Schuurman J, van Hall T. Overcoming Challenges for CD3-Bispecific Antibody Therapy in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:287. [PMID: 33466732 PMCID: PMC7829968 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy of cancer with CD3-bispecific antibodies is an approved therapeutic option for some hematological malignancies and is under clinical investigation for solid cancers. However, the treatment of solid tumors faces more pronounced hurdles, such as increased on-target off-tumor toxicities, sparse T-cell infiltration and impaired T-cell quality due to the presence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which affect the safety and limit efficacy of CD3-bispecific antibody therapy. In this review, we provide a brief status update of the CD3-bispecific antibody therapy field and identify intrinsic hurdles in solid cancers. Furthermore, we describe potential combinatorial approaches to overcome these challenges in order to generate selective and more effective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Middelburg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Kristel Kemper
- Genmab, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (P.E.); (A.F.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Patrick Engelberts
- Genmab, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (P.E.); (A.F.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Aran F. Labrijn
- Genmab, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (P.E.); (A.F.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Janine Schuurman
- Genmab, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (P.E.); (A.F.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
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Viroimmunotherapy for breast cancer: promises, problems and future directions. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:757-768. [PMID: 33268826 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Virotherapy, a strategy to use live viruses as therapeutics, is a relatively novel field in the treatment of cancer. With the advancements in molecular biology and virology, there has been a huge increase in research on cancer virotherapy. For the treatment of cancer, viruses could be used either as vectors in gene therapy or as oncolytic agents. A variety of viruses have been studied for their potential usage in gene therapy or oncolytic therapy. In this review, we discuss virotherapy with a special focus on breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Current treatments are insufficient to cure metastatic breast cancer and are often associated with severe side effects that further deteriorates patients' quality of life. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches such as virotherapy need to be developed for the treatment of breast cancer. Here we summarize the current treatments for breast cancer and the potential use of virotherapy in the treatment of the disease. Furthermore, we discuss the use of oncolytic viruses as immunotherapeutics and the rational combination of oncolytic viruses with other therapeutics for optimal treatment of breast cancer. Finally, we outline the progress made in virotherapy for breast cancer and the shortcomings that need to be addressed for this novel therapy to move to the clinic for better treatment of breast cancer.
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47
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Kim SI, Park AK, Chaurasiya S, Kang S, Lu J, Yang A, Sivanandam V, Zhang Z, Woo Y, Priceman SJ, Fong Y, Warner SG. Recombinant Orthopoxvirus Primes Colon Cancer for Checkpoint Inhibitor and Cross-Primes T Cells for Antitumor and Antiviral Immunity. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 20:173-182. [PMID: 33262221 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although it is known that oncolytic viruses can inflame and recruit immune cells to otherwise immunosuppressed tumor microenvironments, the influence of the antiviral immune response on antitumor immunity is less clear across viral platforms and tumor types. CF33 is a recombinant orthopoxvirus backbone effective against colon cancer. We tested derivatives of CF33 with and without immune-checkpoint inhibition (anti-PD-L1) in mouse models of colon cancer. Results showed that the efficacy of CF33 backbone with J2R deletion (single-deleted) against colon cancer is not altered by additional deletion of F14.5L in vitro or in vivo CF33 infection upregulated PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and led to an increased influx of lymphocytes and macrophages in tumors. Also, the levels of active CD8+ (IFNγ+) T cells in the virus-treated tumors were higher than those in control-treated tumors. Furthermore, a combination of CF33 derivatives with anti-PD-L1 resulted in durable tumor regression and long-term survival, resistant to tumor rechallenge. Analysis of immune cells from the treated mice showed that tumor-specific T cell activation occurred more robustly in tumors treated with the virus and that T cells were more strongly activated against the virus than against tumor, in an MHC-I-dependent manner. Our findings warrant further studies on the role of cross-priming of T cells against viral and tumor antigens, in the overall success of viroimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-In Kim
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Anthony K Park
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Shyambabu Chaurasiya
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Seonah Kang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Annie Yang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Venkatesh Sivanandam
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Yanghee Woo
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Saul J Priceman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Susanne G Warner
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California. .,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
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De Lucia M, Cotugno G, Bignone V, Garzia I, Nocchi L, Langone F, Petrovic B, Sasso E, Pepe S, Froechlich G, Gentile C, Zambrano N, Campadelli-Fiume G, Nicosia A, Scarselli E, D'Alise AM. Retargeted and Multi-cytokine-Armed Herpes Virus Is a Potent Cancer Endovaccine for Local and Systemic Anti-tumor Treatment. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 19:253-264. [PMID: 33209980 PMCID: PMC7658578 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are novel anti-tumor agents with the ability to selectively infect and kill tumor cells while sparing normal tissue. Beyond tumor cytolysis, OVs are capable of priming an anti-tumor immune response via lysis and cross-presentation of locally expressed endogenous tumor antigens, acting as an “endovaccine.” The effectiveness of OVs, similar to other immunotherapies, can be hampered by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this study, we modified a previously generated oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) retargeted to the human HER2 (hHER2) tumor molecule and encoding murine interleukin-12 (mIL-12), by insertion of a second immunomodulatory molecule, murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mGM-CSF), to maximize therapeutic efficacy. We assessed the efficacy of this double-armed virus (R-123) compared to singly expressing GM-CSF and IL-12 oHSVs in tumor-bearing mice. While monotherapies were poorly effective, combination with α-PD1 enhanced the anti-tumor response, with the highest efficacy of 100% response rate achieved by the combination of R-123 and α-PD1. Efficacy was T cell-dependent, and the induced immunity was long lasting and able to reject a second contralateral tumor. Importantly, systemic delivery of R-123 combined with α-PD1 was effective in inhibiting the development of tumor metastasis. As such, this approach could have a significant therapeutic impact paving the way for further development of this platform in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Lucia
- Nouscom S.r.l., Via Castel Romano 100, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Irene Garzia
- Nouscom S.r.l., Via Castel Romano 100, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Nocchi
- Nouscom S.r.l., Via Castel Romano 100, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Emanuele Sasso
- Nouscom S.r.l., Via Castel Romano 100, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Pepe
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Guendalina Froechlich
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. aR.L., via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Gentile
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. aR.L., via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Zambrano
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. aR.L., via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alfredo Nicosia
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. aR.L., via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Vitamin D as a Primer for Oncolytic Viral Therapy in Colon Cancer Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197326. [PMID: 33023064 PMCID: PMC7582493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viroimmunotherapy is an exciting modality that can offer lasting anti-tumor immunity for aggressive malignancies like colon cancer. The impact of oncolytic viruses may be extended by combining them with agents to prime a tumor for viral susceptibility. This study investigates vitamin D analogue as an adjunct to oncolytic viral therapy for colon cancer. While vitamin D (VD) has historically been viewed as anti-viral, our in vitro investigations using human colon cancer cell lines showed that VD does not directly inhibit replication of recombinant chimeric poxvirus CF33. VD did restrict growth in HT29 but not HCT116 human colon cancer cells. In vivo investigations using HCT116 and HT29 xenograft models of colon cancer demonstrated that a VD analogue, calcipotriol, was additive with CF33-based viral therapy in VD-responsive HT29 but not in HCT116 tumors. Analyses of RNA-sequencing and gene expression data demonstrated a downregulation in the Jak-STAT signaling pathway with the addition of VD to viral therapy in HT29 models suggesting that the anti-inflammatory properties of VD may enhance the effects of viral therapy in some models. In conclusion, VD may prime oncolytic viral therapy in certain colon cancers.
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50
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