1
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Keating SM, Higgins BW. New technologies in therapeutic antibody development: The next frontier for treating infectious diseases. Antiviral Res 2024; 227:105902. [PMID: 38734210 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity to viral infections requires time to neutralize and clear viruses to resolve infection. Fast growing and pathogenic viruses are quickly established, are highly transmissible and cause significant disease burden making it difficult to mount effective responses, thereby prolonging infection. Antibody-based passive immunotherapies can provide initial protection during acute infection, assist in mounting an adaptive immune response, or provide protection for those who are immune suppressed or immune deficient. Historically, plasma-derived antibodies have demonstrated some success in treating diseases caused by viral pathogens; nonetheless, limitations in access to product and antibody titer reduce success of this treatment modality. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proven an effective alternative, as it is possible to manufacture highly potent and specific mAbs against viral targets on an industrial scale. As a result, innovative technologies to discover, engineer and manufacture specific and potent antibodies have become an essential part of the first line of treatment in pathogenic viral infections. However, a mAb targeting a specific epitope will allow escape variants to outgrow, causing new variant strains to become dominant and resistant to treatment with that mAb. Methods to mitigate escape have included combining mAbs into cocktails, creating bi-specific or antibody drug conjugates but these strategies have also been challenged by the potential development of escape mutations. New technologies in developing antibodies made as recombinant polyclonal drugs can integrate the strength of poly-specific antibody responses to prevent mutational escape, while also incorporating antibody engineering to prevent antibody dependent enhancement and direct adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Keating
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), 75 Shoreway Road, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA.
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2
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Singh S, Kachhawaha K, Singh SK. Comprehensive approaches to preclinical evaluation of monoclonal antibodies and their next-generation derivatives. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116303. [PMID: 38797272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics hold great promise for the treatment of several diseases and offer innovative possibilities for new treatments that target previously unaddressed medical needs. Despite successful transitions from preclinical to clinical stages and regulatory approval, there are instances where adverse reactions arise, resulting in product withdrawals. As a result, it is essential to conduct thorough evaluations of safety and effectiveness on an individual basis. This article explores current practices, challenges, and future approaches in conducting comprehensive preclinical assessments to ensure the safety and efficacy of biotherapeutics including monoclonal antibodies, toxin-conjugates, bispecific antibodies, single-chain antibodies, Fc-engineered antibodies, antibody mimetics, and siRNA-antibody/peptide conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Singh
- Laboratory of Engineered Therapeutics, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Kajal Kachhawaha
- Laboratory of Engineered Therapeutics, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Sumit K Singh
- Laboratory of Engineered Therapeutics, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.
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3
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Ramos KE, Okba NMA, Tan J, Bandawane P, Meade PS, Loganathan M, Francis B, Shulenin S, Holtsberg FW, Aman MJ, McMahon M, Krammer F, Lai JR. Broadly protective bispecific antibodies that simultaneously target influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. mBio 2024:e0108524. [PMID: 38899870 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01085-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an attractive therapeutic platform for the prevention and treatment of influenza virus infection. There are two major glycoproteins on the influenza virion surface: hemagglutinin (HA), which is responsible for viral attachment and entry, and neuraminidase (NA), which mediates viral egress by enzymatically cleaving sialic acid to release budding particles from the host cell surface. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that target the conserved HA central stalk region, such as CR9114, can inhibit both viral entry and egress. More recently, broadly binding mAbs that engage and inhibit the NA active site, such as 1G01, have been described to prevent viral egress. Here, we engineered bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) that combine the variable domains of CR9114 and 1G01 into a single molecule and evaluated if simultaneous targeting of two different glycoproteins improved antiviral properties in vitro and in vivo. Several CR9114/1G01 bsAbs were generated with various configurations of the two sets of the variable domains ("bsAb formats"). We found that combinations employing the addition of a single-chain variable fragment in the hinge region of an IgG scaffold had the best properties in terms of expression, stability, and binding. Further characterization of selected bsAbs showed potent neutralizing and egress-inhibiting activity. One such bsAb ("hSC_CR9114_1G01") provided higher levels of prophylactic protection from mortality and morbidity upon challenge with H1N1 than either of the parental mAbs at low dosing (1 mg/kg). These results highlight the potential use of bsAbs that simultaneously target HA and NA as new influenza immunotherapeutics. IMPORTANCE Infection by the influenza virus remains a global health burden. The approaches utilized here to augment the activity of broadly protective influenza virus antibodies may lead to a new class of immunotherapies with enhanced activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pooja Bandawane
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Philip S Meade
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Madhumathi Loganathan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin Francis
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - M Javad Aman
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Ignaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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4
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Chen HC, Pan YL, Chen Y, Yang TH, Hsu ET, Huang YT, Chiang MH. Monoclonal Antibodies as a Therapeutic Strategy against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections in a Post-COVID-19 Era. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:246. [PMID: 38398755 PMCID: PMC10890110 DOI: 10.3390/life14020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of severe multidrug-resistant bacterial infections has recently intensified because of the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the guidelines issued by the World Health Organization (WHO), routine antibiotic administration is not recommended for patients with supposed or confirmed mild SARS-CoV-2 infection or pneumonia, unless bacterial infection is clinically suspected. However, recent studies have pointed out that the proportion of non-essential antibiotic use in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 remains high. Therefore, the silent pandemic of antibiotic resistance remains a pressing issue regardless of the present threats presented by the COVID-19 pandemic. To prevent or delay entry into the postulated post-antibiotic era, the long-term advocacy for the rational use of antibiotics, the optimization of infection control procedures, and the development of new antibacterial agents and vaccines should be underscored as vital practices of the antibacterial toolbox. Recently, the development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies has gradually received attention following the advancement of biotechnology as well as enhanced drug discovery and development in cancer research. Although decent progress has been made in laboratory-based research and promising results have been obtained following clinical trials of some of these products, challenges still exist in their widespread clinical applications. This article describes the current advantages of antibacterial monoclonal antibodies, the development of associated clinical trials, and some perceived future perspectives and challenges. Further, we anticipate the development of more therapeutic agents to combat drug-resistant bacterial infections as well as to increase the resilience of current or novel agents/strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chun Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Ling Pan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-L.P.); (Y.C.)
| | - Ying Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-L.P.); (Y.C.)
| | - Tsung-Hsuan Yang
- School of Nursing, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Erh-Tung Hsu
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (E.-T.H.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (E.-T.H.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Ming-Hsien Chiang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-L.P.); (Y.C.)
- mProbe Taiwan Inc., Taipei City 105037, Taiwan
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5
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Pourjafar M, Saidijam M, Miehe M, Najafi R, Soleimani M, Spillner E. Surfaceome Profiling Suggests Potential of Anti-MUC1×EGFR Bispecific Antibody for Breast Cancer Targeted Therapy. J Immunother 2023; 46:245-261. [PMID: 37493044 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) treatment has traditionally been challenging due to tumor heterogeneity. Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) offer a promising approach for overcoming these challenges by targeting multiple specific epitopes. In the current study, we designed a new bsAb against the most common BC cell surface proteins (SPs). To achieve this, we analyzed RNA-sequencing data to identify differentially expressed genes, which were further evaluated using Gene Ontology enrichment, Hidden Markov Models, clinical trial data, and survival analysis to identify druggable gene-encoding cell SPs. Based on these analyses, we constructed and expressed a bsAb targeting the mucin 1 (MUC1) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) proteins, which are the dominant druggable gene-encoding cell SPs in BC. The recombinant anti-MUC1×EGFR bsAb demonstrated efficient production and high specificity for MUC1 and EGFR + cell lines and BC tissue. Furthermore, the bsAb significantly reduced the proliferation and migration of BC cells. Our results suggested that simultaneous targeting with bsAbs could be a promising targeted therapy for improving the overall efficacy of BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Pourjafar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Immunological Biotechnology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences
| | - Michaela Miehe
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Immunological Biotechnology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rezvan Najafi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences
| | - Meysam Soleimani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Edzard Spillner
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Immunological Biotechnology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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6
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Struble EB, Rawson JMO, Stantchev T, Scott D, Shapiro MA. Uses and Challenges of Antiviral Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibody Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051538. [PMID: 37242780 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases represent a major public health concerns and ever-present risks for developing into future pandemics. Antiviral antibody therapeutics, either alone or in combination with other therapies, emerged as valuable preventative and treatment options, including during global emergencies. Here we will discuss polyclonal and monoclonal antiviral antibody therapies, focusing on the unique biochemical and physiological properties that make them well-suited as therapeutic agents. We will describe the methods of antibody characterization and potency assessment throughout development, highlighting similarities and differences between polyclonal and monoclonal products as appropriate. In addition, we will consider the benefits and challenges of antiviral antibodies when used in combination with other antibodies or other types of antiviral therapeutics. Lastly, we will discuss novel approaches to the characterization and development of antiviral antibodies and identify areas that would benefit from additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi B Struble
- Division of Plasma Derivatives, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics CMC, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jonathan M O Rawson
- Division of Antivirals, Office of Infectious Diseases, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Tzanko Stantchev
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Dorothy Scott
- Division of Plasma Derivatives, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics CMC, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Marjorie A Shapiro
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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7
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Li A, Wang Q, Huang Y, Hu L, Li S, Wang Q, Yu Y, Zhang H, Tang DYY, Show PL, Feng S. Can egg yolk antibodies terminate the CSBV infection in apiculture? Virus Res 2023; 328:199080. [PMID: 36882131 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV) is the most severe pathogen of Apis cerana, which leads to serious fatal diseases in bee colonies and eventual catastrophe for the Chinese beekeeping industry. Additionally, CSBV can potentially infect Apis mellifera by bridging the species barrier and significantly affect the productivity of the honey industry. Although several approaches, such as feeding royal jelly, traditional Chinese medicine, and double-stranded RNA treatments, have been employed to suppress CSBV infection, their practical applicabilities are constrained due to their poor effectiveness. In recent years, specific egg yolk antibodies (EYA) have been increasingly utilized in passive immunotherapy for infectious diseases without any side effects. According to both laboratory research and practical use, EYA have demonstrated superior protection for bees against CSBV infection. This review provided an in-depth analysis of the issues and drawbacks in this field in addition to provide a thorough summary of current advancements in CSBV studies. Some promising strategies for the synergistic study of EYA against CSBV, including the exploitation of novel antibody drugs, novel TCM monomer/formula determination, and development of nucleotide drugs, are also proposed in this review. Furthermore, the prospects for the future perspectives of EYA research and applications are presented. Collectively, EYA would terminate CSBV infection soon, as well as will provide scientific guidance and references to control and manage other viral infections in apiculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifang Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Qianfang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Lina Hu
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Shuxuan Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yangfan Yu
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Haizhou Zhang
- Luoyang Fengzaokang Biotechnological Co. Ltd., Luoyang, Henan 471000, China
| | - Doris Ying Ying Tang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43500, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43500, Malaysia; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 602105, India.
| | - Shuying Feng
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Luoyang Fengzaokang Biotechnological Co. Ltd., Luoyang, Henan 471000, China.
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8
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Basnet S, Santos JM, Quixabeira DCA, Clubb JHA, Grönberg-Vähä-Koskela SAM, Arias V, Pakola S, Kudling TV, Heiniö C, Havunen R, Cervera-Carrascon V, Sorsa S, Anttila M, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. Oncolytic adenovirus coding for bispecific T cell engager against human MUC-1 potentiates T cell response against solid tumors. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 28:59-73. [PMID: 36699617 PMCID: PMC9842968 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with bispecific T cell engagers has shown efficacy in patients with hematologic malignancies and uveal melanoma. Antitumor effects of bispecific T cell engagers in most solid tumors are limited due to their short serum half-life and insufficient tumor concentration. We designed a novel serotype 5/3 oncolytic adenovirus encoding a human mucin1 antibody and the human CD3 receptor, Ad5/3-E2F-d24-aMUC1aCD3 (TILT-321). TILT-321 is engineered to replicate only in cancer cells, leading to a high concentration of the aMUC1aCD3 molecule in the tumor microenvironment. Infection and cell viability assays were performed to determine the oncolytic potential of the novel construct. The functionality of the virus-derived aMUC1aCD3 was evaluated in vitro. When TILT-321 was combined with allogeneic T cells, rapid tumor cell lysis was observed. TILT-321-infected cells secreted functional aMUC1aCD3, as shown by increased T cell activity and its binding to MUC1 and CD3. In vivo, TILT-321 treatment led to effective antitumor efficacy mediated by increased intratumoral T cell activity in an A549 and patient-derived ovarian cancer xenograft mouse model humanized with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). This study provides a proof of concept for an effective strategy to overcome the key limitations of recombinant bispecific T cell engager delivery for solid tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saru Basnet
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joao M Santos
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dafne C A Quixabeira
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James H A Clubb
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna A M Grönberg-Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital (HUS), 00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victor Arias
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Santeri Pakola
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital (HUS), 00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatiana V Kudling
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Heiniö
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Havunen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victor Cervera-Carrascon
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Sorsa
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjukka Anttila
- Department of Pathology, Finnish Food Authority, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, 00029, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Ling Z, Yi C, Sun X, Yang Z, Sun B. Broad strategies for neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses with monoclonal antibodies. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 66:658-678. [PMID: 36443513 PMCID: PMC9707277 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibody therapeutics and vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been approved in many countries, with most being developed based on the original strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 has an exceptional ability to mutate under the pressure of host immunity, especially the immune-dominant spike protein of the virus, which is the target of both antibody drugs and vaccines. Given the continuous evolution of the virus and the identification of critical mutation sites, the World Health Organization (WHO) has named 5 variants of concern (VOCs): 4 are previously circulating VOCs, and 1 is currently circulating (Omicron). Due to multiple mutations in the spike protein, the recently emerged Omicron and descendent lineages have been shown to have the strongest ability to evade the neutralizing antibody (NAb) effects of current antibody drugs and vaccines. The development and characterization of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) will provide broad strategies for the control of the sophisticated virus SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we describe how the virus evolves to escape NAbs and the potential neutralization mechanisms that associated with bNAbs. We also summarize progress in the development of bNAbs against SARS-CoV-2, human coronaviruses (CoVs) and other emerging pathogens and highlight their scientific and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunyan Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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10
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Stam JC, de Maat S, de Jong D, Arens M, van Lint F, Gharu L, van Roosmalen MH, Roovers RC, Strokappe NM, Wagner R, Kliche A, de Haard HJ, van Bergen En Henegouwen PM, Nijhuis M, Verrips CT. Directing HIV-1 for degradation by non-target cells, using bi-specific single-chain llama antibodies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13413. [PMID: 35927444 PMCID: PMC9352707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15993-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While vaccination against HIV-1 has been so far unsuccessful, recently broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein were shown to induce long-term suppression in the absence of antiretroviral therapy in patients with antibody-sensitive viral reservoirs. The requirement of neutralizing antibodies indicates that the antibody mediated removal (clearance) of HIV-1 in itself is not efficient enough in these immune compromised patients. Here we present a novel, alternative approach that is independent of a functional immune system to clear HIV-1, by capturing the virus and redirecting it to non-target cells where it is internalized and degraded. We use bispecific antibodies with domains derived from small single chain Llama antibodies (VHHs). These bind with one domain to HIV-1 envelope proteins and with the other domain direct the virus to cells expressing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a receptor that is ubiquitously expressed in the body. We show that HIV envelope proteins, virus-like particles and HIV-1 viruses (representing HIV-1 subtypes A, B and C) are efficiently recruited to EGFR, internalized and degraded in the lysosomal pathway at low nM concentrations of bispecific VHHs. This directed degradation in non-target cells may provide a clearance platform for the removal of viruses and other unwanted agents from the circulation, including toxins, and may thus provide a novel method for curing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jord C Stam
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Steven de Maat
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dorien de Jong
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mathia Arens
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fenna van Lint
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lavina Gharu
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark H van Roosmalen
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Intervet, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C Roovers
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,LAVA Therapeutics, Yalelaan 60, 3584CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nika M Strokappe
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Molecular Microbiology and Gene Therapy, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kliche
- Molecular Microbiology and Gene Therapy, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans J de Haard
- Argenx, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Paul M van Bergen En Henegouwen
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Theo Verrips
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,QVQ Holding BV, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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van der Straten K, van Gils MJ, de Taeye SW, de Bree GJ. Optimization of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Therapies: Roadmap to Improve Clinical Effectiveness and Implementation. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:867982. [PMID: 35419561 PMCID: PMC8996231 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.867982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major breakthroughs to combat the current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been the development of highly effective vaccines against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Still, alternatives are needed for individuals who are at high risk of developing severe COVID-19 and are not protected by vaccination. Monoclonal antibodies against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 have been shown to be effective as prophylaxis and treatment against COVID-19. However, the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) challenges the efficacy of antibody therapies. This review describes the neutralization resistance of the clinically-approved monoclonal antibody therapies against the Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants. To guide the development of monoclonal antibody therapies and to anticipate on the continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2, we highlight different strategies to broaden the antibody activity by targeting more conserved epitopes and/or simultaneously targeting multiple sites of vulnerability of the virus. This review further describes the contribution of antibody Fc effector functions to optimize the antibody efficacy. In addition, the main route of SARS-CoV-2 antibody administration is currently intravenously and dictates a monthly injection when used as prophylactic. Therefore, we discusses the concept of long-acting antibodies (LAABs) and non-intravenously routes of antibody administration in order to broaden the clinical applicability of antibody therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn van der Straten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steven W. de Taeye
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Godelieve J. de Bree
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Godelieve J. de Bree
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12
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Pagant S, Liberatore RA. In Vivo Electroporation of Plasmid DNA: A Promising Strategy for Rapid, Inexpensive, and Flexible Delivery of Anti-Viral Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1882. [PMID: 34834297 PMCID: PMC8618954 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first approval of monoclonal antibodies by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986, therapeutic antibodies have become one of the predominant classes of drugs in oncology and immunology. Despite their natural function in contributing to antiviral immunity, antibodies as drugs have only more recently been thought of as tools for combating infectious diseases. Passive immunization, or the delivery of the products of an immune response, offers near-immediate protection, unlike the active immune processes triggered by traditional vaccines, which rely on the time it takes for the host's immune system to develop an effective defense. This rapid onset of protection is particularly well suited to containing outbreaks of emerging viral diseases. Despite these positive attributes, the high cost associated with antibody manufacture and the need for a cold chain for storage and transport limit their deployment on a global scale, especially in areas with limited resources. The in vivo transfer of nucleic acid-based technologies encoding optimized therapeutic antibodies transform the body into a bioreactor for rapid and sustained production of biologics and hold great promise for circumventing the obstacles faced by the traditional delivery of antibodies. In this review, we provide an overview of the different antibody delivery strategies that are currently being developed, with particular emphasis on in vivo transfection of naked plasmid DNA facilitated by electroporation.
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13
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Lee WS, Yousefi M, Yan B, Yong CL, Ooi YS. Know your enemy and know yourself - the case of SARS-CoV-2 host factors. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 50:159-170. [PMID: 34488003 PMCID: PMC8379091 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent that causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, is a newly emerging respiratory RNA virus with exceptional transmissibility and pathogenicity. Numerous COVID-19 related studies have been fast-tracked, with the ultimate goal to end the pandemic. Here we review the major stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection cycle in cells, with specific emphasis on essential host factors. Insights into the cell biology of SARS-CoV-2 infection have accelerated the development of host-directed therapeutics, as shown by dozens of clinical trials evaluating COVID-19 treatments using host-targeting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Suet Lee
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Meisam Yousefi
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Biaoguo Yan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Cythia Lingli Yong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Yaw Shin Ooi
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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14
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Hilario GM, Sulczewski FB, Liszbinski R, Mello LD, Hagen G, Fazolo T, Neto J, Dallegrave E, Romão P, Aguirre T, Rodrigues Junior LC. Development and immunobiological evaluation of nanoparticles containing an immunodominant epitope of herpes simplex virus. IET Nanobiotechnol 2021; 15:532-544. [PMID: 34694744 PMCID: PMC8675790 DOI: 10.1049/nbt2.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2 are viruses that infect individuals worldwide and for which there is no cure or vaccine available. The protective response against herpes is mostly mediated by CD8 T lymphocytes that respond to the immunodominant SSIEFARL epitope. However, there are some obstacles concerning the use of free SSIEFARL for vaccine or immunotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of nanoencapsulation of SSIEFARL and its immunostimulatory properties. Nano/SSIEFARL was produced by interfacial polymerization in methylmetacrylate, and the physico-chemical properties, morphology and immunobiological parameters were evaluated. To evaluate the ex vivo capacity of Nano/SSIEFARL, we used splenocytes from HSV-1-infected mice to enhance the frequency of SSIEFARL-specific CD8 T lymphocytes. The results indicate that Nano/SSIEFARL has a spherical shape, an average diameter of 352 ± 22 nm, the PDI was 0.361 ± 0.009 and is negatively charged (-26.30 ± 35). The stability at 4°C was 28 days. Also, Nano/SSIEFARL is not toxic for cells at low concentrations in vitro and it is taken up by JAWS II dendritic cells. No histopathological changes were observed in kidneys, liver and lymph nodes of animals treated with Nano/SSIEFARL. Nan/SSIEFARL increased the production of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-12 by the dendritic cells. Finally, Nano/SSIEFARL expanded the frequency of SSIEFARL-specific CD8+T lymphocytes at the same rate as free SSIEFARL. In conclusion all data together indicate that SSIEFARL is suitable for nanoencapsulation, and the system produced presents some immunoadjuvant properties that can be used to improve the immune response against herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M Hilario
- Laboratorio de Imunovirologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando B Sulczewski
- Laboratorio de Imunovirologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Raquel Liszbinski
- Laboratorio de Imunovirologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Larissa D Mello
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia, Universidade Franciscana, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Hagen
- Laboratorio de Imunovirologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tiago Fazolo
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jayme Neto
- Laboratorio de Imunovirologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eliane Dallegrave
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Toxicologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro Romão
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tanira Aguirre
- Laboratório de Imunoterapia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Rodrigues Junior
- Laboratorio de Imunovirologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
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15
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Brezgin S, Kostyusheva A, Bayurova E, Volchkova E, Gegechkori V, Gordeychuk I, Glebe D, Kostyushev D, Chulanov V. Immunity and Viral Infections: Modulating Antiviral Response via CRISPR-Cas Systems. Viruses 2021; 13:1373. [PMID: 34372578 PMCID: PMC8310348 DOI: 10.3390/v13071373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections cause a variety of acute and chronic human diseases, sometimes resulting in small local outbreaks, or in some cases spreading across the globe and leading to global pandemics. Understanding and exploiting virus-host interactions is instrumental for identifying host factors involved in viral replication, developing effective antiviral agents, and mitigating the severity of virus-borne infectious diseases. The diversity of CRISPR systems and CRISPR-based tools enables the specific modulation of innate immune responses and has contributed impressively to the fields of virology and immunology in a very short time. In this review, we describe the most recent advances in the use of CRISPR systems for basic and translational studies of virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Brezgin
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (I.G.)
| | - Elena Volchkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Gegechkori
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ilya Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (I.G.)
- Department of Organization and Technology of Immunobiological Drugs, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dieter Glebe
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Dmitry Kostyushev
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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16
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Shin J, Phelan PJ, Gjoerup O, Bachovchin W, Bullock PA. Characterization of a single chain variable fragment of nivolumab that targets PD-1 and blocks PD-L1 binding. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 177:105766. [PMID: 32987122 PMCID: PMC7518118 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Activated T-cells express Programmed cell Death protein 1 (PD-1), a key immune checkpoint receptor. PD-1 functions primarily in peripheral tissues, where T cells may encounter tumor-derived immunosuppressive ligands. Monoclonal antibodies that disrupt the interaction between T-cell derived PD-1 and immunosuppressive ligands, such as PD-L1, have revolutionized approaches to cancer therapy. For instance, Nivolumab is a monoclonal Ab that targets human PD-1 and has played an important role in immune checkpoint therapy. Herein we report the purification and initial characterization of a ~27 kDa single chain variable fragment (scFv) of Nivolumab that targets human PD-1 and blocks binding by PD-L1. The possibility that the anti-PD-1 scFv can serve as both an anti-tumor agent and as an anti-viral agent is discussed. IMPORTANCE: The clinical significance of anti-PD-1 antibodies for treatment of a range of solid tumors is well documented (reviewed in [1-4]). In this report, we describe the results of studies that establish that an anti-PD-1 scFv purified from E. coli binds tightly to human PD-1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that upon binding, the anti-PD-1 scFv disrupts the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1. Thus, the properties of this scFv, including its small size, stability and affinity for human PD-1, suggest that it has the potential to be a useful reagent in subsequent immunotherapeutic, diagnostic and anti-viral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Shin
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Paul J Phelan
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Ole Gjoerup
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - William Bachovchin
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Peter A Bullock
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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17
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Huang L, Shah K, Barat B, Lam CYK, Gorlatov S, Ciccarone V, Tamura J, Moore PA, Diedrich G. Multispecific, Multivalent Antibody-Based Molecules Engineered on the DART® and TRIDENT TM Platforms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 129:e95. [PMID: 32294319 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Multispecific antibodies bind two or more different antigens and enable new therapeutic applications that cannot be replicated with conventional monoclonal antibodies, such as bridging different cells or bringing soluble proteins in close proximity. The DART and TRIDENT platforms enable the engineering of such antibodies. A DART molecule combines two independent antigen-binding sites in a stabilized, diabody-like structure. A DART molecule can be expressed with or without an Fc domain and thus can be tailored to have a long or short half-life in vivo and to induce or ablate effector function. Linking two DART units or a DART unit and a Fab domain (the latter structure is called TRIDENT format) via an Fc domain creates a monospecific, bispecific, trispecific, or tetraspecific molecule with up to tetravalent targeting of antigens. This article focuses on the design of DART and TRIDENT molecules that target two or three different antigens. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Design and generation of expression plasmids encoding DART and TRIDENT molecules Basic Protocol 2: Expression of DART and TRIDENT molecules by transient transfection of CHO cells Basic Protocol 3: Purification of DART and TRIDENT molecules from CHO cell supernatants.
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18
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Steinhardt J, Wu Y, Fleming R, Ruddle BT, Patel P, Wu H, Gao C, Dimasi N. Fab-Arm Exchange Combined with Selective Protein A Purification Results in a Platform for Rapid Preparation of Monovalent Bispecific Antibodies Directly from Culture Media. Pharmaceutics 2019; 12:E3. [PMID: 31861347 PMCID: PMC7022642 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibody (bsAb) applications have exponentially expanded with the advent of molecular engineering strategies that have addressed many of the initial challenges, including improper light chain pairing, heterodimer purity, aggregation, and pharmacokinetics. However, the lack of high-throughput methods for the generation of monovalent bsAbs has resulted in a bottleneck that has hampered their therapeutic evaluation, as current technologies can be cost-prohibitive and impractical. To address this issue, we incorporated single-matched point mutations in the CH3 domain to recapitulate the physiological process of human IgG4 Fab-arm exchange to generate monovalent bsAbs. Furthermore, we utilized the substitutions H435R and Y436F in the CH3 domain of IgG1, which incorporates residues from human IgG3, thus ablating protein A binding. By exploiting this combination of mutations and optimizing the reduction and reoxidation conditions for Fab arm exchange, highly pure monovalent bsAbs can be rapidly purified directly from combined culture media using standard protein A purification. This methodology, reported herein for the first time, allows for the high-throughput generation of monovalent bsAbs, thus increasing the capacity for evaluating monovalent bsAb iterations for therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nazzareno Dimasi
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 201878, USA; (J.S.); (Y.W.); (R.F.); (B.T.R.); (P.P.); (H.W.); (C.G.)
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19
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Dibo M, Battocchio EC, dos Santos Souza LM, da Silva MDV, Banin-Hirata BK, Sapla MM, Marinello P, Rocha SP, Faccin-Galhardi LC. Antibody Therapy for the Control of Viral Diseases: An Update. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:1108-1121. [DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190809112704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiological impact of viral diseases, combined with the emergence and reemergence of some viruses, and the difficulties in identifying effective therapies, have encouraged several studies to develop new therapeutic strategies for viral infections. In this context, the use of immunotherapy for the treatment of viral diseases is increasing. One of the strategies of immunotherapy is the use of antibodies, particularly the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and multi-specific antibodies, which bind directly to the viral antigen and bring about activation of the immune system. With current advancements in science and technology, several such antibodies are being tested, and some are already approved and are undergoing clinical trials. The present work aims to review the status of mAb development for the treatment of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Dibo
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C. Battocchio
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Lucas M. dos Santos Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna K. Banin-Hirata
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Milena M.M. Sapla
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Poliana Marinello
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Sérgio P.D. Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Lígia C. Faccin-Galhardi
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
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20
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Ahamadi-Fesharaki R, Fateh A, Vaziri F, Solgi G, Siadat SD, Mahboudi F, Rahimi-Jamnani F. Single-Chain Variable Fragment-Based Bispecific Antibodies: Hitting Two Targets with One Sophisticated Arrow. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2019; 14:38-56. [PMID: 31011631 PMCID: PMC6463744 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to treat some disorders, the monospecific molecular entity of mAbs as well as the presence of multiple factors and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of disorders, such as various malignancies, infectious diseases, and autoimmune disorders, and resistance to therapy have restricted the therapeutic efficacy of mAbs in clinical use. Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs), by concurrently recognizing two targets, can partly circumvent these problems. Serial killing of tumor cells by bsAb-redirected T cells, simultaneous blocking of two antigens involved in the HIV-1 infection, and concurrent targeting of the activating and inhibitory receptors on B cells to modulate autoimmunity are part of the capabilities of bsAbs. After designing and developing a large number of bsAbs for years, catumaxomab, a full-length bsAb targeting EpCAM and CD3, was approved in 2009 to treat EpCAM-positive carcinomas besides blinatumomab, a bispecific T cell engager antibody targeting CD19 and CD3, which was approved in 2014 to treat relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Furthermore, approximately 60 bsAbs are under investigation in clinical trials. The current review aims at portraying different formats of the single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-based bsAbs and shedding light on the scFv-based bsAbs in preclinical development, different phases of clinical trials, and the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoufeh Ahamadi-Fesharaki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Solgi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Rahimi-Jamnani
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Fabozzi G, Pegu A, Koup RA, Petrovas C. Bispecific antibodies: Potential immunotherapies for HIV treatment. Methods 2018; 154:118-124. [PMID: 30352254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific (bs) antibodies (Abs, bsAbs) are engineered immunoglobulins that contain two different antigen-binding sites in one molecule. bsAbs can be divided in two molecular formats; the IgG-like and non-IgG like. The structural elements of each format have implications for engaging the immune system. Elimination of HIV will need sophisticated approaches with immunotherapies being one of the strategies under investigation. Furthermore, HIV genetic variability and functional compromise of the adaptive CTL response complicate the potential usefulness of some immunotherapeutic strategies. Inclusion of novel HIV neutralizing Abs with high potency and breadth as components of bsAbs could represent alternative strategies for virus elimination by harnessing the adaptive immune response in vivo.
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Nyakatura EK, Zak SE, Wec AZ, Hofmann D, Shulenin S, Bakken RR, Aman MJ, Chandran K, Dye JM, Lai JR. Design and evaluation of bi- and trispecific antibodies targeting multiple filovirus glycoproteins. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6201-6211. [PMID: 29500195 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses (family Filoviridae) include five ebolaviruses and Marburg virus. These pathogens cause a rapidly progressing and severe viral disease with high mortality rates (generally 30-90%). Outbreaks of filovirus disease are sporadic and, until recently, were limited to less than 500 cases. However, the 2013-2016 epidemic in western Africa, caused by Ebola virus (EBOV), illustrated the potential of filovirus outbreaks to escalate to a much larger scale (over 28,000 suspected cases). mAbs against the envelope glycoprotein represent a promising therapeutic platform for managing filovirus infections. However, mAbs that exhibit neutralization or protective properties against multiple filoviruses are rare. Here we examined a panel of engineered bi- and trispecific antibodies, in which variable domains of mAbs that target epitopes from multiple filoviruses were combined, for their capacity to neutralize viral infection across filovirus species. We found that bispecific combinations targeting EBOV and Sudan virus (another ebolavirus), provide potent cross-neutralization and protection in mice. Furthermore, trispecific combinations, targeting EBOV, Sudan virus, and Marburg virus, exhibited strong neutralization potential against all three viruses. These results provide important insights into multispecific antibody engineering against filoviruses and will inform future immunotherapeutic discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha E Zak
- the Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, and
| | - Anna Z Wec
- Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | | | - Sergey Shulenin
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Russell R Bakken
- the Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, and
| | - M Javad Aman
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - John M Dye
- the Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, and
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23
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Dhar SK, Das M. Engineering Antibodies. J Indian Inst Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-018-0061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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