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Ghasemi F, Kardan-Yamchi J, Heidary M, Karami-Zarandi M, Akrami S, Maleki A, Khoshnood S, Kazemian H. Effects of non-tuberculous mycobacteria on BCG vaccine efficacy: A narrative review. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2024; 36:100451. [PMID: 38764556 PMCID: PMC11101679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2024.100451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterial pathogen is responsible for the ongoing global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only currently approved TB vaccine, is successful in preventing disseminated disease in newborns. However, it has a variable efficacy against pulmonary TB in adults. This protective effect of the vaccine varies greatly among different populations and geographical areas, which the increased exposure of particular populations to non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is considered as one of the reasons for this issue. Numerous studies have shown that exposure to NTM species causes the host immune system to be improperly primed. It has also been suggested that NTM species may be blamed for reduction in BCG vaccine effectiveness against M. tuberculosis. The increased exposure of certain populations to NTM has diverse effects on BCG efficacy. Moreover, the exposure to NTM can induce opposite effects on BCG efficacy depending on the NTM exposure route and survivability. A detailed understanding of the impact of NTM exposure on the efficacy of the BCG vaccine is essential for ongoing efforts to develop new TB vaccines as it may ultimately be a crucial success factor. The aim of this study was to review the findings of the studies focusing on the effects of NTM on BCG vaccine efficacy in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghasemi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Kardan-Yamchi
- Quality Control and Screening Management Office, Deputy of Technical and New Technologies, Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Morteza Karami-Zarandi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Sousan Akrami
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Maleki
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Saeed Khoshnood
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Hossein Kazemian
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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2
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Arega AM, Dhal AK, Pattanaik KP, Nayak S, Mahapatra RK. An Immunoinformatics-Based Study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Region of Difference-2 Uncharacterized Protein (Rv1987) as a Potential Subunit Vaccine Candidate for Preliminary Ex Vivo Analysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:2367-2395. [PMID: 37498378 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the pathogen that causes tuberculosis and develops resistance to many of the existing drugs. The sole licensed TB vaccine, BCG, is unable to provide a comprehensive defense. So, it is crucial to maintain the immunological response to eliminate tuberculosis. Our previous in silico study reported five uncharacterized proteins as potential vaccine antigens. In this article, we considered the uncharacterized Mtb H37Rv regions of difference (RD-2) Rv1987 protein as a promising vaccine candidate. The vaccine quality of the protein was analyzed using reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics-based quality-checking parameters followed by an ex vivo preliminary investigation. In silico analysis of Rv1987 protein predicted it as surface localized, secretory, single helix, antigenic, non-allergenic, and non-homologous to the host protein. Immunoinformatics analysis of Rv1987 by CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells via MHC-I and MHC-II binding affinity and presence of B-cell epitope predicted its immunogenicity. The docked complex analysis of the 3D model structure of the protein with immune cell receptor TLR-4 revealed the protein's capability for potential interaction. Furthermore, the target protein-encoded gene Rv1987 was cloned, over-expressed, purified, and analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS) to report the target peptides. The qRT-PCR gene expression analysis shows that it is capable of activating macrophages and significantly increasing the production of a number of key cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10). Our in-silico analysis and ex vivo preliminary investigations revealed the immunogenic potential of the target protein. These findings suggest that the Rv1987 be undertaken as a potent subunit vaccine antigen and that further animal model immuno-modulation studies would boost the novel TB vaccine discovery and/or BCG vaccine supplement pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aregitu Mekuriaw Arega
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- National Veterinary Institute, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Ajit Kumar Dhal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Sasmita Nayak
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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3
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Lawrence A. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Revaccination and Protection Against Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e56643. [PMID: 38646352 PMCID: PMC11032142 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination remains a cornerstone in global efforts to combat tuberculosis (TB), a persistent public health threat worldwide. The purpose of this systematic review is to find out how well BCG revaccination protects against TB. This systematic review synthesized recent studies investigating the efficacy of BCG vaccination in preventing TB infection and disease. A total of 15 relevant publications were identified through a comprehensive search across multiple databases, including Cochrane Library, PubMed, Medline, and Scopus. The inclusion criteria encompassed studies involving humans, written in English, and categorized as case-control, cohort, meta-analysis, or full-text. Studies were selected based on their relevance to BCG revaccination and protection against TB, and a standardized data extraction form was used to gather pertinent information from each study. Quality assessment was conducted using established tools to evaluate the rigor, study design, and risk of bias in each included study. The findings revealed significant insights into BCG's effectiveness across different populations and age groups. Several studies demonstrated a substantial reduction in latent TB infection (LTBI) and incidence rates of TB following BCG vaccination. However, the protective efficacy of BCG revaccination varied across studies and populations, with some indicating modest protection against TB disease development, particularly in high-risk populations like healthcare workers. Furthermore, investigations into the immunological mechanisms underlying BCG's protective efficacy provided valuable insights into cytokine/chemokine profiles and immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Lawrence
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Bioluminux Clinical Research, Naperville, USA
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4
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Zhang Z, Xu L, Wang X, Kong L, Shi Z, Zhong Q, Xu Y, Wang J. Construction and expression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein SHR3 and its immunogenicity analysis in combination with various adjuvants. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2024; 145:102480. [PMID: 38278100 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2024.102480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) today remains the leading cause of global deaths due to infectious bacterial pathogens. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is the only vaccine clinically used to prevent TB. However, its limitations in preventing latent infection and TB reactivation mean that it does not provide comprehensive protection. In this study, we successfully constructed and expressed the multistage fusion protein, SHR3, and used whole blood IFN-γ release assay (WBIA) with flow cytometry to detect antigen specificity, further confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SHR3 and its subfractional proteins stimulated the level of IFN-γ production by lymphocytes from M. tb-infected patients, inducing the production of single-positive and double-positive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with IFN-γ and IL-2, at levels significantly higher than those of healthy controls. The fusion protein and complex adjuvant group (SHR3/DMT) induced mice to produce significantly higher levels of IgG antibodies and their subclasses, with IgG2a/IgG1 results showing a convergent Th1-type response; mice in the BCG + SHR3/DMT group induced secretion of the highest levels of IL-2, and TNF-α, irrespective of stimulation with purified protein derivative or SHR3. These findings suggest that SHR3/DMT could be a potential subunit vaccine candidate that may serve as an effective booster vaccine after BCG primary immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zian Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Lifa Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China.
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China.
| | - LingYun Kong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Zilun Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Qiangsen Zhong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Jianghong Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
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5
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Morrison AL, Sarfas C, Sibley L, Williams J, Mabbutt A, Dennis MJ, Lawrence S, White AD, Bodman-Smith M, Sharpe SA. IV BCG Vaccination and Aerosol BCG Revaccination Induce Mycobacteria-Responsive γδ T Cells Associated with Protective Efficacy against M. tb Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1604. [PMID: 37897006 PMCID: PMC10611416 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenously (IV) delivered BCG provides superior tuberculosis (TB) protection compared with the intradermal (ID) route in non-human primates (NHPs). We examined how γδ T cell responses changed in vivo after IV BCG vaccination of NHPs, and whether these correlated with protection against aerosol M. tuberculosis challenge. In the circulation, Vδ2 T cell populations expanded after IV BCG vaccination, from a median of 1.5% (range: 0.8-2.3) of the CD3+ population at baseline, to 5.3% (range: 1.4-29.5) 4 weeks after M. tb, and were associated with TB protection. This protection was related to effector and central memory profiles; homing markers; and production of IFN-γ, TNF-α and granulysin. In comparison, Vδ2 cells did not expand after ID BCG, but underwent phenotypic and functional changes. When Vδ2 responses in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were compared between routes, IV BCG vaccination resulted in highly functional mucosal Vδ2 cells, whereas ID BCG did not. We sought to explore whether an aerosol BCG boost following ID BCG vaccination could induce a γδ profile comparable to that induced with IV BCG. We found evidence that the aerosol BCG boost induced significant changes in the Vδ2 phenotype and function in cells isolated from the BAL. These results indicate that Vδ2 population frequency, activation and function are characteristic features of responses induced with IV BCG, and the translation of responses from the circulation to the site of infection could be a limiting factor in the response induced following ID BCG. An aerosol boost was able to localise activated Vδ2 populations at the mucosal surfaces of the lung. This vaccine strategy warrants further investigation to boost the waning human ID BCG response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L. Morrison
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Charlotte Sarfas
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Laura Sibley
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Jessica Williams
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Adam Mabbutt
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Mike J. Dennis
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Steve Lawrence
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Andrew D. White
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Mark Bodman-Smith
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George’s University of London, London SW17 0BD, UK
| | - Sally A. Sharpe
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
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6
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Guo F, Wei J, Song Y, Li B, Qian Z, Wang X, Wang H, Xu T. Immunological effects of the PE/PPE family proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1255920. [PMID: 37841250 PMCID: PMC10569470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and its incidence and mortality are increasing. The BCG vaccine was developed in the early 20th century. As the most widely administered vaccine in the world, approximately 100 million newborns are vaccinated with BCG every year, which has saved tens of millions of lives. However, due to differences in region and race, the average protective rate of BCG in preventing tuberculosis in children is still not high in some areas. Moreover, because the immune memory induced by BCG will weaken with the increase of age, it is slightly inferior in preventing adult tuberculosis, and BCG revaccination cannot reduce the incidence of tuberculosis again. Research on the mechanism of Mtb and the development of new vaccines against TB are the main strategies for preventing and treating TB. In recent years, Pro-Glu motif-containing (PE) and Pro-Pro-Glu motif-containing (PPE) family proteins have been found to have an increasingly important role in the pathogenesis and chronic protracted infection observed in TB. The development and clinical trials of vaccines based on Mtb antigens are in progress. Herein, we review the immunological effects of PE/PPE proteins and the development of common PE/PPE vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzheng Guo
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yamin Song
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Baiqing Li
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhongqing Qian
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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7
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Hilligan KL, Namasivayam S, Sher A. BCG mediated protection of the lung against experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1232764. [PMID: 37744331 PMCID: PMC10514903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1232764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The observation of reduced COVID-19 incidence and severity in populations receiving neonatal intradermal BCG vaccination vaccine raised the question of whether BCG can induce non-specific protection against the SARS-CoV-2 (SCV2) virus. Subsequent epidemiologic studies and clinical trials have largely failed to support this hypothesis. Furthermore, in small animal model studies all investigators have failed to observe resistance to viral challenge in response to BCG immunization by the conventional and clinically acceptable intradermal or subcutaneous routes. Nevertheless, BCG administered by the intravenous (IV) route has been shown to strongly protect both hamsters and mice against SCV2 infection and disease. In this Perspective, we review the current data on the effects of BCG vaccination on resistance to COVID-19 as well as summarize recent work in rodent models on the mechanisms by which IV administered BCG promotes resistance to the virus and discuss the translational implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L. Hilligan
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Immune Cell Biology Programme, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sivaranjani Namasivayam
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
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8
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Adepoju VA, Onyezue OI. Ending the TB pandemic: the urgency of a new and improved TB vaccine and the World Health Organization's TB Vaccine Accelerator Council. Breathe (Sheff) 2023; 19:230036. [PMID: 37719240 PMCID: PMC10501705 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0036-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We support the World Health Organization (WHO) recent decision to create a council to accelerate the development of a tuberculosis (TB) vaccine. With over 10 million new cases and 1.4 million deaths in 2020 alone, new and improved vaccines are urgently needed. Recent advancements in TB vaccine research offer hope, but a lack of funding, coordination and understanding of immune responses have impeded progress. A TB Vaccine Accelerator Council aims to bring together resources and expertise to overcome these obstacles and speed up development. Support and investment in research are crucial to ultimately eradicate TB and achieve the WHO goal of ending TB by 2035.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Abiola Adepoju
- Department of HIV and Infectious Diseases, Jhpiego (an affiliate of Johns Hopkins University), Abuja, Nigeria
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9
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Moradi M, Vahedi F, Abbassioun A, Ramezanpour Shahi A, Sholeh M, Taheri-Anganeh M, Dargahi Z, Ghanavati R, Khatami SH, Movahedpour A. Liposomal delivery system/adjuvant for tuberculosis vaccine. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e867. [PMID: 37382263 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As reported by the World Health Organization, about 10 million individuals were infected with tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. Moreover, approximately 1.5 million people died of TB, of which 214,000 were infected with HIV simultaneously. Due to the high infection rate, the need for effective TB vaccination is highly felt. Until now, various methodologies have been proposed for the development of a protein subunit vaccine for TB. These vaccines have shown higher protection than other vaccines, particularly the Bacillus culture vaccine. The delivery system and safety regulator are common characteristics of effective adjuvants in TB vaccines and the clinical trial stage. The present study investigates the current state of TB adjuvant research focusing on the liposomal adjuvant system. Based on our findings, the liposomal system is a safe and efficient adjuvant from nanosize to microsize for vaccinations against TB, other intracellular infections, and malignancies. Clinical studies can provide valuable feedback for developing novel TB adjuvants, which ultimately enhance the impact of adjuvants on next-generation TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Vahedi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arian Abbassioun
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicene, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Ramezanpour Shahi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Poultry diseases and hygiene Resident, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sholeh
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zahra Dargahi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Chiok KR, Dhar N, Banerjee A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2 co-infections: The knowns and unknowns. iScience 2023; 26:106629. [PMID: 37091987 PMCID: PMC10082467 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Health impacts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and SARS-CoV-2 co-infections are not fully understood. Both pathogens modulate host responses and induce immunopathology with extensive lung damage. With a quarter of the world's population harboring latent TB, exploring the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effect on the transition of Mtb from latent to active form is paramount to control this pathogen. The effects of active Mtb infection on establishment and severity of COVID-19 are also unknown, despite the ability of TB to orchestrate profound long-lasting immunopathologies in the lungs. Absence of mechanistic studies and co-infection models hinder the development of effective interventions to reduce the health impacts of SARS-CoV-2 and Mtb co-infection. Here, we highlight dysregulated immune responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 and Mtb, their potential interplay, and implications for co-infection in the lungs. As both pathogens master immunomodulation, we discuss relevant converging and diverging immune-related pathways underlying SARS-CoV-2 and Mtb co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim R Chiok
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Neeraj Dhar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- Respiratory Research Centre, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Arinjay Banerjee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Respiratory Research Centre, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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11
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Hanthamrongwit J, Aruvornlop P, Saelee C, Wanta N, Poneksawat P, Soe PT, Kyaw SP, Khaenam P, Warit S, Valentini D, Mahasirimongkol S, Dhepakson P, Soonthornchartrawat S, Chootong P, Leepiyasakulchai C. Peptide microarray-based identification of dormancy-associated Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens inducing immune responses among latent tuberculosis infection individuals in Thailand. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6978. [PMID: 37117690 PMCID: PMC10141872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-stage tuberculosis (TB) vaccines composed of active- and dormancy-associated antigens are promising to trigger the immune protection against all TB stages. However, scientists are still in quest of the suitable vaccine candidates. In this study, we identified the potential targets for this vaccine in a high TB burden country, Thailand. Peptide microarray was applied to gauge IgA and IgG antibodies specific to 16,730 linear epitopes of 52 dormancy-associated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) proteins in three study groups: active tuberculosis (ATB), latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and endemic healthy control (EHC). Preferential IgA recognition against epitopes of dormancy-associated proteins was identified in LTBI group. Validation of these findings revealed that LTBI subjects exhibited the greater levels of Rv2659c- and Rv1738-specific IgA than those of household contacts, but less than did ATB subjects. Frequencies of IFNγ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells induced by proteins Rv2659c and Rv1738 were higher in LTBI than ATB individuals. The results indicated that LTBI group in a high TB burden country demonstrated cell-mediated immune response to proteins Rv2659c and Rv1738 stronger than those of ATB. These immune responses likely contribute to natural protection against dormant M. tb and might be potential targets for a multi-stage TB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jariya Hanthamrongwit
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Panicha Aruvornlop
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Chutiphon Saelee
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Nattiya Wanta
- Center of Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Passarun Poneksawat
- Center of Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Phyu Thwe Soe
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Medical Technology, Mandalay, 05071, Myanmar
| | - Soe Paing Kyaw
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, (1000) Bedded General Hospital, Nay Pyi Taw, 15011, Myanmar
| | - Prasong Khaenam
- Center of Standardization and Product Validation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Saradee Warit
- Industrial Tuberculosis Team, Industrial Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Davide Valentini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Surakameth Mahasirimongkol
- Medical Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Panadda Dhepakson
- Medical Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sakulrat Soonthornchartrawat
- Medical Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Patchanee Chootong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Chaniya Leepiyasakulchai
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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12
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Oral Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination induces long-term potentiation of memory immune response to Ovalbumin airway challenge in mice. Immunol Lett 2022; 249:43-52. [PMID: 36031026 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a potent immunomodulator. It was initially used by oral administration, but it is mostly used subcutaneously nowadays. This study shows that oral BCG vaccination modifies the immune response to a second non-related antigen (Ovalbumin) systemic immunization. Airway Ovalbumin challenge six months after the systemic intraperitoneal immunization resulted in a potent γδ+ T cell response in the lungs biased to IFN-γ and IL-17 production ex vivo and a mixed Th1, Th2, and Th17 T cells upon further stimulation with anti-CD3 mAb in vitro. Higher percentages of CD4+ T cells accompanied the augmented T cell response in oral BCG vaccinated mice. Also, the proportion of Foxp-3+ Tregs was diminished compared to PBS-gavaged and OVA-immunized mice. The anti-OVA-specific antibody response was also influenced by oral exposure to BCG so that these mice produced more IgG2a and less IgE detected in the sera. These results suggest that oral BCG vaccination can modify future immune responses to vaccines and improve immunity to pathogen infections, especially in the mucosal interfaces.
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13
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Gillard J, Blok BA, Garza DR, Venkatasubramanian PB, Simonetti E, Eleveld MJ, Berbers GAM, van Gageldonk PGM, Joosten I, de Groot R, de Bree LCJ, van Crevel R, de Jonge MI, Huynen MA, Netea MG, Diavatopoulos DA. BCG-induced trained immunity enhances acellular pertussis vaccination responses in an explorative randomized clinical trial. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:21. [PMID: 35177621 PMCID: PMC8854388 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acellular pertussis (aP) booster vaccines are central to pertussis immunization programs, although their effectiveness varies. The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a prototype inducer of trained immunity, which enhances immune responses to subsequent infections or vaccinations. While previous clinical studies have demonstrated that trained immunity can protect against heterologous infections, its effect on aP vaccines in humans is unknown. We conducted a clinical study in order to determine the immunological effects of trained immunity on pertussis vaccination. Healthy female volunteers were randomly assigned to either receive BCG followed by a booster dose of tetanus-diphteria-pertussis inactivated polio vaccine (Tdap-IPV) 3 months later (BCG-trained), BCG + Tdap-IPV concurrently, or Tdap-IPV followed by BCG 3 months later. Primary outcomes were pertussis-specific humoral, T- and B-cell responses and were quantified at baseline of Tdap-IPV vaccination and 2 weeks thereafter. As a secondary outcome in the BCG-trained cohort, ex vivo leukocyte responses were measured in response to unrelated stimuli before and after BCG vaccination. BCG vaccination 3 months prior to, but not concurrent with, Tdap-IPV improves pertussis-specific Th1-cell and humoral responses, and also increases total memory B cell responses. These responses were correlated with enhanced IL-6 and IL-1β production at the baseline of Tdap-IPV vaccination in the BCG-trained cohort. Our study demonstrates that prior BCG vaccination potentiates immune responses to pertussis vaccines and that biomarkers of trained immunity are the most reliable correlates of those responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Gillard
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6526 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan A Blok
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6526 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, DK-5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel R Garza
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6526 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Elles Simonetti
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marc J Eleveld
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Guy A M Berbers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter G M van Gageldonk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - L Charlotte J de Bree
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6526 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6526 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Huynen
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6526 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6526 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dimitri A Diavatopoulos
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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