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Wang X, Pan J, Yan B, Zhang R, Yang T, Zhou X. Inequities in human papillomavirus vaccination among children aged 9-14 years old under constrained vaccine supply in China. Int J Equity Health 2024; 23:112. [PMID: 38822383 PMCID: PMC11141026 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-024-02199-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inequities in access to human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine are becoming a growing critical issue globally. Few studies investigate the factors determining HPV vaccine uptake disparities when vaccine supply is constrained, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to investigate inequities of HPV vaccination and related factors under the constrained vaccine supply in China. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a developed eastern coastal province and a developing western one in China between November and December 2022. Employing multistage stratified cluster random sampling, the study collected data from parents of children aged 9-14. Mixed-effects logistic regression models with school units as random effects were used for analysis. RESULTS From 4,127 eligible parents (as vaccine decision makers for girls), 1,346 (32.6%) intended to vaccinate their daughters against HPV, of which 836 (62.1%) attempted to schedule a vaccination appointment. Only 16.4% succeeded in booking an appointment. More than half of the intended parents expected the imported 9-valent HPV vaccine. There were significant disparities in HPV vaccine awareness, intention, and vaccination behavior across educational, income, geographic, ethnic, gender, and health literacy levels. Vaccine awareness and intentions were higher among parents with higher socioeconomic status; however, girls from lower socioeconomic families were more likely to receive the HPV vaccine and had a higher domestically produced vaccination rate. Significant disparities exist in vaccination intentions and actual vaccination behaviors, primarily due to large supply constraints of the HPV vaccine. CONCLUSIONS Sustained health education campaigns are needed to raise awareness of the HPV vaccine, improve health literacy, and decrease over-preference for the 9-valent HPV vaccine. A mother's HPV vaccination behavior was positively associated with increased intention and actual vaccination behavior for her daughter. This study advocates for complementary cervical cancer prevention programs targeting both mothers and daughters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Jiayi Pan
- Institute of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Yan
- Institute of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Tianchi Yang
- Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.1166, Fan Jiangan Road, Haishu District, Ningbo City, 315000, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xudong Zhou
- Institute of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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Zhang Y, Fu J, Lai J, Deng S, Guo Z, Zhong C, Tang J, Cao W, Wu Y. Reporting of Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Research Utilizing Social Media Data on Public Health Care: Scoping Review. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e51496. [PMID: 38758590 PMCID: PMC11143395 DOI: 10.2196/51496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The internet community has become a significant source for researchers to conduct qualitative studies analyzing users' views, attitudes, and experiences about public health. However, few studies have assessed the ethical issues in qualitative research using social media data. OBJECTIVE This study aims to review the reportage of ethical considerations in qualitative research utilizing social media data on public health care. METHODS We performed a scoping review of studies mining text from internet communities and published in peer-reviewed journals from 2010 to May 31, 2023. These studies, limited to the English language, were retrieved to evaluate the rates of reporting ethical approval, informed consent, and privacy issues. We searched 5 databases, that is, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Embase. Gray literature was supplemented from Google Scholar and OpenGrey websites. Studies using qualitative methods mining text from the internet community focusing on health care topics were deemed eligible. Data extraction was performed using a standardized data extraction spreadsheet. Findings were reported using PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. RESULTS After 4674 titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened, 108 studies on mining text from the internet community were included. Nearly half of the studies were published in the United States, with more studies from 2019 to 2022. Only 59.3% (64/108) of the studies sought ethical approval, 45.3% (49/108) mentioned informed consent, and only 12.9% (14/108) of the studies explicitly obtained informed consent. Approximately 86% (12/14) of the studies that reported informed consent obtained digital informed consent from participants/administrators, while 14% (2/14) did not describe the method used to obtain informed consent. Notably, 70.3% (76/108) of the studies contained users' written content or posts: 68% (52/76) contained verbatim quotes, while 32% (24/76) paraphrased the quotes to prevent traceability. However, 16% (4/24) of the studies that paraphrased the quotes did not report the paraphrasing methods. Moreover, 18.5% (20/108) of the studies used aggregated data analysis to protect users' privacy. Furthermore, the rates of reporting ethical approval were different between different countries (P=.02) and between papers that contained users' written content (both direct and paraphrased quotes) and papers that did not contain users' written content (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Our scoping review demonstrates that the reporting of ethical considerations is widely neglected in qualitative research studies using social media data; such studies should be more cautious in citing user quotes to maintain user privacy. Further, our review reveals the need for detailed information on the precautions of obtaining informed consent and paraphrasing to reduce the potential bias. A national consensus of ethical considerations such as ethical approval, informed consent, and privacy issues is needed for qualitative research of health care using social media data of internet communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Fu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Lai
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shisi Deng
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Guo
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuhan Zhong
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyao Tang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqiong Cao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Wu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhou W, Guo X, Lu J, Lu X, Fu X, Lu Y. Parental willingness to accept and pay human papillomavirus vaccine for boys aged 9-14 in a metropolis area of China: Evidence for developing a vaccination strategy. Vaccine 2024; 42:2246-2253. [PMID: 38423812 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing countries are expanding the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination to men, which has not yet been licensed in China. This study investigated the parental willingness to accept (WTA) and pay (WTP) HPV vaccine for their sons aged 9-14. METHODS In Shanghai, a metropolis area of China, parents with boys aged 9-14 were recruited to complete an online questionnaire using a convenience sampling strategy. Parental WTA were determined for parents themselves and for their sons. Parental preference of HPV vaccine was measured using discrete choice experiment in two assumed government subsidy scenarios that referred to HPV vaccination subsidy mechanisms for girls in China. Additionally, parental WTP was estimated using contingent valuation method. RESULTS A total of 2493 parents with boys aged 9-14 were included in the study. Majority of mothers (88.99 % and 90.99 %) and fathers (79.57 % and 85.04 %) showed WTA HPV vaccine for themselves and sons, respectively. Parental gender, age, monthly household income, knowledge, and awareness were positively associated with parental WTA for their sons (each P < 0.05). Remarkably, more mothers showed specific preference of HPV vaccine for themselves (53.67 %) and sons (47.78 %), while more fathers showed no preference for themselves (46.76 %) and sons (53.81 %). In the two assumed government subsidy scenarios, parents mostly preferred domestic HPV vaccines for themselves and sons (each P < 0.05). Additionally, mothers had significantly higher WTP for sons (mean value, 2122.75 CNY) than fathers did (1695.40 CNY) (P < 0.001). However, parental WTP was similar between for themselves and for sons, regardless of mothers and fathers (each P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Parents have high WTA and WTP HPV vaccine for boys aged 9-14 in Shanghai, which may provide evidence for preparing HPV vaccination strategy. Acceptance of HPV vaccines and roll-out in boys could be enhanced through the availability of government subsidy mechanism and domestic HPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiang Guo
- Institute of Immunization Planning, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Jia Lu
- Department of Immunization Planning, Minhang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 201101, China
| | - Xinyue Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoya Fu
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yihan Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Wang S, Ren W, Zhang B, Chen M, Liu S, Zhu Y, Wu A, Bao Y, Zhao F, Qiao Y. Knowledge, Attitude, and Uptake of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination among Chinese Female Adults: A National Cross-sectional Web-Based Survey Based on a Large E-commerce Platform. Matern Child Health J 2024; 28:746-757. [PMID: 38334863 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-023-03888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is a promising step toward cervical cancer elimination. This study was conducted to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and HPV vaccine uptake among female adults in mainland China based on a large e-commerce platform. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional online survey of female adults between March 4 to April 20, 2022. The survey consisted of sociodemographic information, related knowledge, vaccination uptake, and attitudes toward vaccination. We included women aged 18-45 years in the final analysis. Logistic regressions were conducted to explore influencing factors associated with related knowledge, HPV vaccination uptake, and willingness to be vaccinated. RESULTS In total, 3,572 female adults (34 years, IQR 30-39) were included in the analysis. The majority of the participants were highly educated (78.7%) with a high monthly family income (79.0%). The median HPV knowledge score was 8.25 out of 11. More than 75% of respondents were unvaccinated, while 95.8% of unvaccinated female adults are willing to be vaccinated. Variables such as age, insurance, vaccination history, and whether one had heard of the HPV vaccine influence HPV vaccination practice (all p-values < 0.05). The main barriers to vaccination were vaccine inaccessibility and the high cost of the vaccine. CONCLUSION The findings of our study highlight a moderate knowledge level, poor vaccination rate, and strong willingness to be vaccinated among Chinese female adults who were better educated and wealthier. Targeted health education and practical support should be provided in the future, to reduce gaps between vaccine uptake and vaccine acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeng Wang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Ren
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Chen
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shujun Liu
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yitong Zhu
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Aiyuan Wu
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Suzhou Dong Street No. 789, Urumqi, China
| | - Yanping Bao
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanghui Zhao
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Youlin Qiao
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Xian X, Neuwirth RJ, Chang A. Government-Nongovernmental Organization (NGO) Collaboration in Macao's COVID-19 Vaccine Promotion: Social Media Case Study. JMIR INFODEMIOLOGY 2024; 4:e51113. [PMID: 38502184 PMCID: PMC10988378 DOI: 10.2196/51113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic triggered unprecedented global vaccination efforts, with social media being a popular tool for vaccine promotion. OBJECTIVE This study probes into Macao's COVID-19 vaccine communication dynamics, with a focus on the multifaceted impacts of government agendas on social media. METHODS We scrutinized 22,986 vaccine-related Facebook posts from January 2020 to August 2022 in Macao. Using automated content analysis and advanced statistical methods, we unveiled intricate agenda dynamics between government and nongovernment entities. RESULTS "Vaccine importance" and "COVID-19 risk" were the most prominent topics co-occurring in the overall vaccine communication. The government tended to emphasize "COVID-19 risk" and "vaccine effectiveness," while regular users prioritized vaccine safety and distribution, indicating a discrepancy in these agendas. Nonetheless, the government has limited impact on regular users in the aspects of vaccine importance, accessibility, affordability, and trust in experts. The agendas of government and nongovernment users intertwined, illustrating complex interactions. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals the influence of government agendas on public discourse, impacting environmental awareness, public health education, and the social dynamics of inclusive communication during health crises. Inclusive strategies, accommodating public concerns, and involving diverse stakeholders are paramount for effective social media communication during health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechang Xian
- Department of Publicity, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
- Department of Communication, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Rostam J Neuwirth
- Department of Global Legal Studies, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Angela Chang
- Department of Communication, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
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Yim VWC, Wang Q, Li Y, Qin C, Tang W, Tang S, Jit M, Smith JS, Larson HJ, Tucker JD, Li J, Lin L, Wu D. Between now and later: a mixed methods study of HPV vaccination delay among Chinese caregivers in urban Chengdu, China. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:183. [PMID: 38225563 PMCID: PMC10790461 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent girls in China have a low HPV vaccination rate. Although vaccination is recommended by the Chinese health authorities, the cost is not covered by the national immunisation programme. Vaccination delay, among other reasons such as supply shortage and poor affordability, may contribute to low uptake. This sequential mixed methods study aimed to identify potential factors of delayed HPV vaccination among Chinese adolescent girls. METHODS Quantitative data about the attitudes and perceptions of HPV vaccination were collected from 100 caregivers of 14-18-year-old girls using an online survey in Chengdu, China. The survey data informed a subsequent qualitative study using four focus group discussions. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the survey data and a thematic analysis of the qualitative data. The findings were interpreted using a health behaviour model adapted from the Health Belief Model and the Andersen's Behavioural Model for Health Services Use. RESULTS A total of 100 caregivers - 85 were mothers and 15 were fathers - participated in the survey; 21 caregivers joined focus group discussions. When asked about their intended course of action if the 9vHPV vaccine was out-of-stock, 74% chose to delay until the 9vHPV vaccine is available while 26% would consider 2vHPV or 4vHPV vaccines or seek alternative ways to procure the vaccine. Qualitative results confirmed that caregivers preferred delaying HPV vaccination for adolescent girls. The intent to delay was influenced by systemic barriers such as supply shortage and individual-level factors such as a preference for the 9vHPV vaccine, safety concerns, inadequate health communication, and the belief that adolescents were unlikely to be sexually active. CONCLUSION In urban areas, Chinese caregivers' intent to delay vaccination in favour of 9vHPV vaccine over receiving the more accessible options was influenced by a mix of individual and contextual factors. Focussed health communication strategies are needed to accelerate HPV vaccination among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qianyun Wang
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- SESH (Social Entrepreneurship to Spur Health) Team, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuanyun Qin
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiming Tang
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- SESH (Social Entrepreneurship to Spur Health) Team, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenglan Tang
- Global Health Research Centre, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, China
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark Jit
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, GB, UK
| | - Jennifer S Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Heidi J Larson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, GB, UK
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Joseph D Tucker
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- SESH (Social Entrepreneurship to Spur Health) Team, Guangzhou, China
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Room 360, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Jing Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Leesa Lin
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, GB, UK
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health of Nanjing Medical University, No. 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing Jiangsu, China.
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Deng D, Shen Y, Li W, Zeng N, Huang Y, Nie X. Challenges of hesitancy in human papillomavirus vaccination: Bibliometric and visual analysis. Int J Health Plann Manage 2023; 38:1161-1183. [PMID: 37309072 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has immense research value in the prevention of related tumours. A huge body of work has been published in this field, which may pose difficulties for researchers aiming to investigate all the available information. However, bibliometrics can provide deep insights into this research field. OBJECTIVE We aimed to study HPV vaccine development, visually analyse the development status, trends, research hotspots, and frontiers of this field, and provide a reference for research on it. METHODS Articles were acquired from the Web of Science Core Collection. VOS viewer and CiteSpace software were used to analyse publication growth, country/region, institution, journal distribution, author, reference, and keywords, and collected burst keyword words to display research hotspots. RESULTS A total of 4831 references were obtained, and the annual number of publications increased fluctuating over the past decade. The United States of America ranked at the top in terms of percentage of articles. The institution with the highest number of research publications in this field was the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The most productive and frequently cited authors was Lauri E Markowitz. The journal with the most publications in this field was Vaccine, and the most influential journal was Paediatrics. The most frequently cited reference was 'A 9-Valent HPV Vaccine against Infection and Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Women'. Burst detection analysis of top keywords showed that 'national immunisation survey', 'social media', and 'hesitancy' are the current research frontiers in this field. CONCLUSION This study provides useful information for acquiring knowledge on HPV vaccine. Research on solving the hesitation of HPV vaccination will become an academic trend in this field, which can offer guidance for more extensive and in-depth studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disi Deng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifeng Shen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanjing Li
- Department of Gynaecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nan Zeng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yefang Huang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaowei Nie
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
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Fu J, Li C, Zhou C, Li W, Lai J, Deng S, Zhang Y, Guo Z, Wu Y. Methods for Analyzing the Contents of Social Media for Health Care: Scoping Review. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e43349. [PMID: 37358900 DOI: 10.2196/43349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the rapid development of social media, effective extraction and analysis of the contents of social media for health care have attracted widespread attention from health care providers. As far as we know, most of the reviews focus on the application of social media, and there is a lack of reviews that integrate the methods for analyzing social media information for health care. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aims to answer the following 4 questions: (1) What types of research have been used to investigate social media for health care, (2) what methods have been used to analyze the existing health information on social media, (3) what indicators should be applied to collect and evaluate the characteristics of methods for analyzing the contents of social media for health care, and (4) what are the current problems and development directions of methods used to analyze the contents of social media for health care? METHODS A scoping review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was conducted. We searched PubMed, the Web of Science, EMBASE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and the Cochrane Library for the period from 2010 to May 2023 for primary studies focusing on social media and health care. Two independent reviewers screened eligible studies against inclusion criteria. A narrative synthesis of the included studies was conducted. RESULTS Of 16,161 identified citations, 134 (0.8%) studies were included in this review. These included 67 (50.0%) qualitative designs, 43 (32.1%) quantitative designs, and 24 (17.9%) mixed methods designs. The applied research methods were classified based on the following aspects: (1) manual analysis methods (content analysis methodology, grounded theory, ethnography, classification analysis, thematic analysis, and scoring tables) and computer-aided analysis methods (latent Dirichlet allocation, support vector machine, probabilistic clustering, image analysis, topic modeling, sentiment analysis, and other natural language processing technologies), (2) categories of research contents, and (3) health care areas (health practice, health services, and health education). CONCLUSIONS Based on an extensive literature review, we investigated the methods for analyzing the contents of social media for health care to determine the main applications, differences, trends, and existing problems. We also discussed the implications for the future. Traditional content analysis is still the mainstream method for analyzing social media content, and future research may be combined with big data research. With the progress of computers, mobile phones, smartwatches, and other smart devices, social media information sources will become more diversified. Future research can combine new sources, such as pictures, videos, and physiological signals, with online social networking to adapt to the development trend of the internet. More medical information talents need to be trained in the future to better solve the problem of network information analysis. Overall, this scoping review can be useful for a large audience that includes researchers entering the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Fu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaixiu Li
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunlan Zhou
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenji Li
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Lai
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shisi Deng
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Guo
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Wu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Qin C, Li Y, Qiu S, He Y, Yim VWC, Tang S, Du H, Gong W, Tucker JD, Tang W, Lin L, Smith J, Wu D, Li J. Pay-it-forward to increase uptake among 15-18-year-old adolescent girls compared with user-paid vaccination: The pilot results of a two-arm randomized controlled trial in China. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2903998. [PMID: 37292958 PMCID: PMC10246287 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2903998/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background China has low human papillomavirus(HPV) vaccination rate due to lack of public funding and mistrust in domestic vaccines. This pilot study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of an innovative pay-it-forward strategy, which has a participant receive a subsidized vaccine and offers her an opportunity to donate to support other girls, in improving HPV vaccine uptake among 15-18-year-old adolescent girls. Methods A two-arm randomized controlled pilot trial was performed in one vaccination clinic in Western China. Adolescent girls (via caregivers) were invited to participate the study via online dissemination of the pilot study. Eligible ones were then randomly allocated using a sealed envelope method into standard-of-care or pay-it-forward arm in a 1:1 ratio. Pay-it-forward participants received hand-written postcard messages, a subsidized vaccine, and an opportunity to donate and (or) write postcards for future recipient girls. Standard-of-care participants self-paid for vaccines. The primary outcome was the first-dose HPV vaccine uptake, which was calculated using multivariable logistic regression, presented as crude/adjusted odds ratios (cORs/aORs) and 95% con dence intervals (CIs). Standard scales were used to assess the feasibility of the program. Results A total of 100 participants (50 in each arm) were recruited from Jan 4, 2022 to Feb 18, 2022. The HPV vaccine uptake rate was 98% (49/50) in the pay-it-forward arm and 82% (41/50) in the standard-of-care arm (cOR = 10.76, 95% CI: 1.31-88.47, P = 0.027; aOR = 12.12, 95% CI: 1.37-107.29, P = 0.025). The completion rate of full schedule of HPV vaccination in the two arms was 100% (49/49) and 95.1% (39/41), respectively. Of all 49 vaccinated girls in the pay-it-forward arm, 38 (77.6%) donated to support future participants, and the total donation accounted for 33.3% of prepaid subsidization. Among caregivers in the pay-it-forward arm, 97.6% (41/42) believed that this strategy was feasible. Conclusions The pilot showed feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a pay-it-forward strategy to increase HPV vaccination rate. The high uptake rate in the standard-of-care arm is likely caused by the selection bias associated with the online dissemination approach and secured vaccine supply through the program. Further adaption of the intervention package and a population-based recruitment pathway are needed to better reflect local contexts and enhance the generalizability of the subsequent formal trial. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR), ChiCTR2200055542. Retrospectively registered on 11 January 2022, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=139738.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyu Qin
- Sichuan University No 4 West China Teaching Hospital: Sichuan University West China School of Public Health
| | - Yifan Li
- Sichuan University No 4 West China Teaching Hospital: Sichuan University West China School of Public Health
| | - Shengyue Qiu
- Sichuan University No 4 West China Teaching Hospital: Sichuan University West China School of Public Health
| | | | | | | | - Heng Du
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
| | | | | | - Weiming Tang
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
| | - Leesa Lin
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
| | - Jennifer Smith
- UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health
| | - Dan Wu
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
| | - Jing Li
- Sichuan University No 4 West China Teaching Hospital: Sichuan University West China School of Public Health
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10
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Li Y, Qin C, Qiu S, He Y, Pang L, Xu X, Yim VWC, Tang S, Du H, Gong W, Yang F, Tucker JD, Tang W, Wang Y, Lin L, Jit M, Song W, Li C, Smith J, Li J, Wu D. The effectiveness of pay-it-forward in addressing HPV vaccine delay and increasing uptake among 15-18-year-old adolescent girls compared to user-paid vaccination: a study protocol for a two-arm randomized controlled trial in China. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:48. [PMID: 36609267 PMCID: PMC9824916 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination could prevent cervical and other HPV-associated cancers attributable to vaccine-associated HPV types. However, HPV vaccination coverage among women aged 9-18 years old is low in China. Common barriers include poor financial affordability, minimal public engagement, and low confidence in domestically produced HPV vaccines. Pay-it-forward offers an individual a free or subsidized service then an opportunity to voluntarily donate and/or create a postcard message to support future people. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of pay-it-forward as compared to standard-of-care self-paid vaccination to improve HPV vaccine uptake among adolescent girls aged 15-18 years, who are left out in the current pilot free HPV vaccination task force in some parts of China. METHODS This is a two-arm randomized controlled trial in Chengdu, China. Eligible adolescent girls (via caregivers) will be randomly selected and recruited through four community health centers (one in the most developed urban areas, one in higher middle-income and one in lower middle-income suburban areas, and one in the least developed rural areas) using the resident registration list. A total of 320 participants will be randomized into two study arms (user-paid versus pay-it-forward vaccination) in a 1:1 ratio. The intervention assignment will be blinded to recruiters and participants using envelop concealment until the research assistants open the envelop to determine which treatment to deliver to each individual. The primary outcome of the study will be HPV vaccine uptake by administrative data. Secondary outcomes include costs, vaccine hesitancy, and the completion rates of the 3-dose HPV vaccination series. DISCUSSION This study will investigate an innovative pay-it-forward strategy's effectiveness and economic costs to improve HPV vaccination among 15-18-year-old adolescent girls. Study findings will have implications for increasing HPV vaccine uptake in places where HPV vaccines are provided for a fee. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR), ChiCTR2200055542. Registered on 11 January 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuanyu Qin
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyue Qiu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu He
- Yulin Community Health Service Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Linchuan Pang
- Yulin Community Health Service Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan Xu
- Yulin Community Health Service Center, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Shenglan Tang
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, China
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heng Du
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Beijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Gong
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Joseph D Tucker
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Room 360, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- SESH (Social Entrepreneurship to Spur Health) Team, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiming Tang
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- SESH (Social Entrepreneurship to Spur Health) Team, Guangzhou, China
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Project-China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Leesa Lin
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mark Jit
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Wei Song
- Maternal and child Health Department, Chengdu Health Commission, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunrong Li
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jennifer Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jing Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Dan Wu
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Room 360, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Wang Q, Zhou F, Zhang W, Tang C. A study of parental decision-making over the vaccination of girls, based on the protection motivation theory and the elaboration likelihood model. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1024399. [PMID: 36438257 PMCID: PMC9691002 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1024399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study proposed a new theoretical framework that combines the protection motivation theory and the elaboration likelihood model to examine how health information processing patterns influence parents' vaccination decision-making on behalf of their daughters. Based on survey data from 359 parents of girls aged 9-15, we tested the theoretical model by using structural equation model. The results showed that the central route, represented by information quality, affected the parents' perceptions of HPV severity and susceptibility; the peripheral route, represented by source credibility, influenced their perceptions of HPV severity, HPV susceptibility, vaccine response efficacy, and secondary risks. Also, Chinese parents' perceptions of HPV vaccines, not perceptions of HPV, affected their intention to vaccinate their daughters. The study suggests in addition to improving the quality of health information, the peripheral route, such as the release of vaccination photos, public immunization evaluations, and case narratives, should also be used to change parents' perceptions. Besides, reducing the traditional stigmatization of female sexuality and improving parents' understanding of the new generation's sexual attitudes will increase parents' intention to have their daughters vaccinated against HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- School of Industrial Design, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangzhou Zhou
- Institute of Communication Studies, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Journalism and Culture Communication, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Wen Zhang
| | - Chenjin Tang
- School of Journalism and Culture Communication, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
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Hu J, Whyke TW, Lopez-Mugica J. Investigating Media Coverage and Public Perceptions of the HPV Vaccine in China - A Content Analysis of Weibo Posts. SEXUALITY & CULTURE 2022; 27:363-388. [PMID: 36093363 PMCID: PMC9443650 DOI: 10.1007/s12119-022-10017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The HPV vaccination has been widely advocated around the world since the vaccine is beneficial in avoiding diseases, including some sexually transmitted diseases, brought on by HPV infections. For most Chinese, the HPV vaccine is still a relatively new concept, having only been made available to the general public in 2016. Despite the vaccine's increased prominence, there is still a lack of investigation about how the public is influencing the conversation about HPV vaccines and the public's perception of this vaccine. With the theoretical construct of the Health Belief Model, this study conducts both quantitative and qualitative content analysis to investigate the existing media narratives around HPV vaccines in China and the changes in public opinion by looking at users' contributions on Weibo, one of China's most popular social networking sites. It was found that different groups of Weibo users had contributed to diverse narratives surrounding HPV vaccination. Though the public awareness of HPV vaccination had been improved along with increasingly active communication practices and enhanced public health services, public knowledge about HPV remains inadequate. Therefore, to facilitate the popularisation of HPV related knowledge, more effort should be invested in tailoring and disseminating messages that communicate responsive and comprehensive HPV related information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Hu
- The School of International Communications, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang China
| | - Thomas William Whyke
- The School of International Communications, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang China
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13
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Yin JDC. Media Data and Vaccine Hesitancy: Scoping Review. JMIR INFODEMIOLOGY 2022; 2:e37300. [PMID: 37113443 PMCID: PMC9987198 DOI: 10.2196/37300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Media studies are important for vaccine hesitancy research, as they analyze how the media shapes risk perceptions and vaccine uptake. Despite the growth in studies in this field owing to advances in computing and language processing and an expanding social media landscape, no study has consolidated the methodological approaches used to study vaccine hesitancy. Synthesizing this information can better structure and set a precedent for this growing subfield of digital epidemiology. Objective This review aimed to identify and illustrate the media platforms and methods used to study vaccine hesitancy and how they build or contribute to the study of the media's influence on vaccine hesitancy and public health. Methods This study followed the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. A search was conducted on PubMed and Scopus for any studies that used media data (social media or traditional media), had an outcome related to vaccine sentiment (opinion, uptake, hesitancy, acceptance, or stance), were written in English, and were published after 2010. Studies were screened by only 1 reviewer and extracted for media platform, analysis method, the theoretical models used, and outcomes. Results In total, 125 studies were included, of which 71 (56.8%) used traditional research methods and 54 (43.2%) used computational methods. Of the traditional methods, most used content analysis (43/71, 61%) and sentiment analysis (21/71, 30%) to analyze the texts. The most common platforms were newspapers, print media, and web-based news. The computational methods mostly used sentiment analysis (31/54, 57%), topic modeling (18/54, 33%), and network analysis (17/54, 31%). Fewer studies used projections (2/54, 4%) and feature extraction (1/54, 2%). The most common platforms were Twitter and Facebook. Theoretically, most studies were weak. The following five major categories of studies arose: antivaccination themes centered on the distrust of institutions, civil liberties, misinformation, conspiracy theories, and vaccine-specific concerns; provaccination themes centered on ensuring vaccine safety using scientific literature; framing being important and health professionals and personal stories having the largest impact on shaping vaccine opinion; the coverage of vaccination-related data mostly identifying negative vaccine content and revealing deeply fractured vaccine communities and echo chambers; and the public reacting to and focusing on certain signals-in particular cases, deaths, and scandals-which suggests a more volatile period for the spread of information. Conclusions The heterogeneity in the use of media to study vaccines can be better consolidated through theoretical grounding. Areas of suggested research include understanding how trust in institutions is associated with vaccine uptake, how misinformation and information signaling influence vaccine uptake, and the evaluation of government communications on vaccine rollouts and vaccine-related events. The review ends with a statement that media data analyses, though groundbreaking in approach, should supplement-not supplant-current practices in public health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Dean-Chen Yin
- School of Public Health Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China (Hong Kong)
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14
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Shen X, Dong H, Feng J, Jiang H, Dowling R, Lu Z, Lv C, Gan Y. Assessing the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the Chinese adults using a generalized vaccine hesitancy survey instrument. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4005-4012. [PMID: 35016491 PMCID: PMC8828104 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1953343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination hesitancy and influencing factors in China, while broadening the applicability of the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (VHS). A cross-sectional survey was conducted in China from 4th to 26th February 2021. Convenience sampling method was adopted to recruit participants. A total of 2,361 residents filled out the questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis was used on the validation set to confirm the latent structure that resulted from the exploratory factor analysis, which was conducted on the construction set. Multiple linear regression model analyses were used to identify significant associations between the identified the revised version of VHS subscales and hypothesized explanatory variables. Two subscales were identified within the VHS through data analysis, including "lack of confidence in the need for vaccines" and "aversion to the risk of side effects." The results indicated that the hesitancy of the participants in our sample was both driven the two mainly aspects. In addition, more than 40% of the participants expressed hesitation in half of the items in VHS. This study characterized COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in China, and identified disparities in vaccine hesitancy by socio-demographic groups and knowledge about the vaccine. Knowledge of the vaccine was statistically linked to respondents' answers to the clustered 'lack of confidence' and 'risks perception' items. Our results characterize Chinese citizens' COVID-19 vaccine concerns and will inform targeted health communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shen
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Dong
- Department of General Practice, Shouyilu Street Community Health Service Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Heng Jiang
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rowan Dowling
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zuxun Lu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chuanzhu Lv
- Department of Emergency, Hainan Clinical Research Center for Acute and Critical Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China,Emergency and Trauma College, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China,Research Unit of Island Emergency Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU013), Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China,Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China,Chuanzhu Lv Department of Emergency, Hainan Clinical Research Center for Acute and Critical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, No.3 Xueyuan Road, Longhua Zone, Haikou571199, China
| | - Yong Gan
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,CONTACT Yong Gan Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan430030, China
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