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An HH, Li M, Liu RL, Wu J, Meng SL, Guo J, Wang ZJ, Qian SS, Shen S. Humoral and cellular immunogenicity and efficacy of a coxsackievirus A10 vaccine in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:e2147022. [PMID: 36373411 PMCID: PMC9848378 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2147022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) has become one of the major pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and studies on the vaccine and animal model of CV-A10 are still far from complete. Our study used a mouse-adapted CV-A10 strain, which was lethal for 14-day-old mice, to develop an infected mouse model. Then this model was employed to establish an actively immunized-challenged mouse model to evaluate the efficacy of a formaldehyde-inactivated CV-A10 vaccine, which was prepared from a Vero cell-adapted strain. CV-A10 vaccine at a dose of 0.5 or 2.0 μg was inoculated intraperitoneally in neonatal Kunming mice on the third and ninth day. Then the mice were challenged on day 14. The survival rate of mice immunized with 0.5 or 2.0 μg vaccine were 90% and 100%, respectively, while all Alum-inoculated mice died. Compared to those in the two vaccinated groups, the Alum-inoculated mice showed severe pathological damage, strong viral protein expression and high viral loads. The antisera from vaccinated mice showed high level of neutralizing antibodies against CV-A10. Meanwhile, three potential T cell epitopes located at the carboxyl-terminal regions of the VP1 and VP3 were identified and exhibited CV-A10 serotype-specific. The humoral and cellular immunogenicity analysis showed that immunization with two doses of the vaccine elicited CV-A10 specific neutralizing antibody and T cell response in BALB/c mice. Collectively, these findings indicated that this actively immunized-challenged mouse model will be invaluable in future studies on CV-A10 pathogenesis and evaluation of vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan An
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Lun Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Li Meng
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sha-Sha Qian
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China, Sha-Sha Qian Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan430207, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China,Shuo Shen Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan430207, People’s Republic of China
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Wang Y, Ji W, Li D, Sun T, Zhu P, Li J, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Yang H, Chen S, Jin Y, Duan G. Active inoculation with an inactivated Coxsackievirus A2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and protects mice against lethal infection. Vaccine 2023; 41:6470-6482. [PMID: 37718187 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A2 (CVA2) is one of the causative agents of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), which poses a great challenge for global public health. However, presently, there are no available commercial vaccines or antivirals to prevent CVA2 infection. Here, we present an inactivated Vero cell-based whole CVA2 vaccine candidate and evaluate its safety and efficacy in this study. Neonatal BALB/c mice were vaccinated at 5 and 7 days old, respectively, and then challenged with either homologous or heterologous strain of CVA2 at a lethal dose at 10 days old. The inactivated whole CVA2 vaccine candidate showed a high protective efficacy. Additionally, our inactivated vaccine stimulated the production of CVA2-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies in vivo and high titers of neutralization antibodies (NtAbs) in the serum of immunized mice. Maternal immunization with the inactivated CVA2 vaccine provided full protection to pups against lethal infection. Compared with mice inoculated with only alum, the viral loads were decreased, and pathological changes were relieved in tissue samples of immunized mice. Moreover, the transcription levels of some genes related to cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, CXCL-10 etc.) were significantly reduced. The number of immune cells and levels of cytokines in peripheral blood of mice inoculated with only alum were higher than that of immunized mice. It is noteworthy that this vaccine showed a good cross-immunity efficacy against Enterovirus A71 (EVA71) challenge. In conclusion, our findings suggest that this experimental inactivated CVA2 vaccine is a promising component of polyvalent vaccines related to HFMD in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexia Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangshan 324100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Tiantian Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Peiyu Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Junwei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangshan 324100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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Zhang M, Xu D, Liu Y, Wang X, Xu L, Gao N, Feng C, Guo W, Ma S. Screening of a new candidate coxsackievirus B1 vaccine strain based on its biological characteristics. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1172349. [PMID: 37502400 PMCID: PMC10369069 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1172349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) is one of the significant pathogens causing viral myocarditis, hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and aseptic meningitis, and it has been associated with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). No effective antiviral drugs against CVB1 infection or preventive vaccines are available. Due to the success of two inactivated vaccines against enterovirus 71 and poliovirus, an inactivated Vero cell-based CVB1 vaccine could be developed. In this study, we isolated a high-growth CVB1 virus strain KM7 in Vero cells and developed a Vero-adapted vaccine candidate strain KM7-X29 via three rounds of plaque purification and serial passages. The KM7-X29 strain was grouped into the GII sub-genotype, which belonged to the Chinese epidemic strain and grew to a titer of more than 107 CCID50/ml in Vero cells. The inactivated CVB1 vaccine produced by the KM7-X29 strain induced an effective neutralizing antibody response in BALB/c mice, and maternal antibodies were able to provide a 100% protective effect against lethal challenges with a CVB1 strain in suckling BALB/c mice. Thus, the KM7-X29 strain might be used as a new candidate coxsackievirus B1 vaccine strain. The neonatal murine model of CVB1 infection will contribute to the development of the CVB1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Danhan Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Lilan Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Na Gao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Changzeng Feng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Shaohui Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
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Tian YX, Jin WP, Wei ZN, Lv SY, Wang MJ, Meng SL, Guo J, Wang ZJ, Shen S. Identification of specific and shared epitopes at the extreme N-terminal VP1 of Coxsackievirus A4, A2 and A5 by monoclonal antibodies. Virus Res 2023; 328:199074. [PMID: 36805409 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is caused by a variety of serotypes in species A of the Enterovirus genus, including recently re-emerged Coxsackievirus A2 (CV-A2), CV-A4 and CV-A5. For development of diagnostic reagents, for surveillance, and the development of multivalent vaccines against HFMD, the antigenicity of HFMD-associated enteroviruses warrants investigation. The purified virions of CV-A4 were inoculated into Balb/c mice and hybridomas were obtained secreting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against CV-A4 and cross-reacting with other closely related species A enteroviruses. The mAbs were characterized by ELISA, Western blotting and in vitro neutralizing assays. The majority of mAbs was non-neutralizing, with only 2% of the mAbs neutralizing CV-A4 specifically. Most of mAbs bound to linear VP1 epitopes of CV-A4. Interestingly, four types of mAbs were obtained which bound specifically to CV-A4 or were broadly to CV-A4/-A2, CV-A4/-A5 and CV-A4/-A2/-A5, respectively. Mapping with overlapping or single-amino-acid mutant peptides revealed that the four types of mAbs all bound to the first 15 amino acids at the N-terminus of the VP1. This region of picornaviruses is functionally important as it is involved in uncoating and releasing of viral RNA into the cytosol. The binding footprints of four type mAbs are composed of conserved and variable residues and are different from each other. The newly discovered broadly cross-reactive mAbs reflect the high homology of CV-A4/ CV-A2/CV-A5. The results also demonstrate that it is possible and beneficial to develop the diagnostic reagents to detect rapidly the main pathogens of enteroviruses associated with HFMD cause by CV-A4/CV-A2/CV-A5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xuan Tian
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Wei-Ping Jin
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Wei
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Shi-Yun Lv
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Meng-Jun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Sheng-Li Meng
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China.
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Zhu P, Ji W, Li D, Li Z, Chen Y, Dai B, Han S, Chen S, Jin Y, Duan G. Current status of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:15. [PMID: 36829162 PMCID: PMC9951172 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a viral illness commonly seen in young children under 5 years of age, characterized by typical manifestations such as oral herpes and rashes on the hands and feet. These symptoms typically resolve spontaneously within a few days without complications. Over the past two decades, our understanding of HFMD has greatly improved and it has received significant attention. A variety of research studies, including epidemiological, animal, and in vitro studies, suggest that the disease may be associated with potentially fatal neurological complications. These findings reveal clinical, epidemiological, pathological, and etiological characteristics that are quite different from initial understandings of the illness. It is important to note that HFMD has been linked to severe cardiopulmonary complications, as well as severe neurological sequelae that can be observed during follow-up. At present, there is no specific pharmaceutical intervention for HFMD. An inactivated Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) vaccine that has been approved by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) has been shown to provide a high level of protection against EV-A71-related HFMD. However, the simultaneous circulation of multiple pathogens and the evolution of the molecular epidemiology of infectious agents make interventions based solely on a single agent comparatively inadequate. Enteroviruses are highly contagious and have a predilection for the nervous system, particularly in child populations, which contributes to the ongoing outbreak. Given the substantial impact of HFMD around the world, this Review synthesizes the current knowledge of the virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, therapy, sequelae, and vaccine development of HFMD to improve clinical practices and public health efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Zhu
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Wangquan Ji
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Dong Li
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Zijie Li
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Yu Chen
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Bowen Dai
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Shujie Han
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China. .,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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Coxsackievirus A6 Infection Causes Neurogenic Pathogenesis in a Neonatal Murine Model. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020511. [PMID: 36851724 PMCID: PMC9960737 DOI: 10.3390/v15020511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6), a member of species A enterovirus, is associated with outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease and causes a large nationwide burden of disease. However, the molecular pathogenesis of CVA6 remains unclear. In the present study, we established a suckling Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mouse infection model to explore the neural pathogenicity of CVA6. Five-day-old mice infected with CVA6 strain F219 showed lethargy and paralysis, and died 5 or 6 days after infection via IM injection. Cerebral edema and neuronal cell swelling were observed in the infected brain tissue, and we found that the CVA6 VP1 antigen could co-localize with GFAP-positive astrocytes in infected mouse brain using an immunofluorescence assay. CVA6 strain F219 can also infect human glioma (U251) cells. Transcriptome analysis of brain tissues from infected mice and infected U251 cells showed that significantly differentially expressed genes were enriched in antiviral and immune response and neurological system processes. These results indicate that CVA6 could cause neural pathogenesis and provide basic data for exploring the mechanism of how host-cell interactions affect viral replication and pathogenesis. Importance: Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) surpasses the two main pathogens, enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), which are the leading pathogens causing HFMD in many provinces of China. In our study, CVA6 infection caused neurogenic pathogenesis in a neonatal murine model, manifesting as cerebral edema and neuronal cell swelling, CVA6 VP1 antigen could co-localize with GFAP-positive astrocytes in the infected mouse brain. Based on CVA6-infected brain tissue and U251 cell transcriptome analysis, we found upregulated antiviral and immune response-related genes such as Zbp1, Usp18, Oas2, Irf7, Ddx60, Ifit3, Ddx58, and Isg15, while the neurological system process-related genes were downregulated, including Fcrls, Ebnrb, Cdk1, and Anxa5.
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Li JF, Zhang CJ, Li YW, Li C, Zhang SC, Wang SS, Jiang Y, Luo XB, Liao XJ, Wu SX, Lin L. Coxsackievirus A6 was the most common enterovirus serotype causing hand, foot, and mouth disease in Shiyan City, central China. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:11358-11370. [PMID: 36387823 PMCID: PMC9649535 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i31.11358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has become one of the most common infectious diseases in China. Before 2016, the primary causal serotypes were enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16). Following the introduction of EV-A71 vaccines in China since 2016, the situation could change. CV-A6 has recently replaced EV-A71 and CV-A16 in some areas of China. However, the epidemiological characteristics of central China remain unknown.
AIM To investigate the clinical symptoms and pathogen spectrum of HFMD in Shiyan City, central China, in recent years.
METHODS The epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data from HFMD cases reported to the Shiyan Center for Disease Control and Prevention between January 2016 and December 2020 were analyzed. 196 throat swab specimens were collected from hospitalized HFMD patients between January 2018 and December 2020. To detect and genotype enteroviruses, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the 5'-untranslated region were used. In Shiyan, 168 laboratory-confirmed HFMD cases were studied using a logistic regression model to determine the effect of predominant enterovirus serotypes. Based on the logistic regression model, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator model was used to analyze the correlation between CV-A6 infection and various clinical characteristics in HFMD patients in Shiyan.
RESULTS From 2016 to 2020, 35840 HFMD cases were reported in Shiyan. The number of cases decreased by 48.4% from 2016 to 2017. Approximately 1.58-fold increases were found in 2018 and 2019 when compared to the previous year, respectively. In 2020, a decrease of about 85.5% was reported when compared to 2019. The most common serotypes shifted from EV-A71 and CV-A16 (about 60%-80% in 2016 and 2018) to others (more than 80.0% in 2017, 2019, and 2020). EV-A71 lost its dominance in 2017 in Shiyan. Among 196 confirmed HFMD cases, 85.7% tested positive for enterovirus, with CV-A6 being the most common serotype (121/168, 72.0%). The positive rates for CV-A16 and CV-A10 were 4.8% and 3.0%, respectively. There was no EV-A71 discovered. Infection with CV-A6 was linked to fever, myocardial damage, increased creatine kinase MB isoenzyme, and lactate dehydrogenase levels.
CONCLUSION CV-A6 was the most common enterovirus serotype in Shiyan City, replacing EV-A71 and CV-A16 as the HFMD pathogen. Developing vaccines against CV-A6 or multiple pathogens, as well as rising CV-A6 surveillance, will help prevent HFMD in central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Feng Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chuan-Jie Zhang
- Department of Children Health Care, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430061, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ya-Wei Li
- Department of Health Services, Taihe Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shi-Chao Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xin-Bing Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xing-Juan Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shou-Xin Wu
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200000, China
- Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai 442000, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200000, China
- Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai 442000, China
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Li D, Sun T, Tao L, Ji W, Zhu P, Liang R, Zhang Y, Chen S, Yang H, Jin Y, Duan G. A Mouse-adapted CVA6 Strain Exhibits Neurotropism and Triggers Systemic Manifestations in a Novel Murine Model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2248-2263. [PMID: 36036059 PMCID: PMC9518251 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2119166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
CVA6 is one of Enteroviruses causing worldwide epidemics of HFMD with neurological and systemic complications. A suitable animal model is necessary for studying the pathogenesis of CVA6 and evaluating antiviral and vaccine efficacy. In this study, we generated a mouse-adapted CVA6 strain that successfully infected 10-day-old ICR mice via oral route. All infected mice were paralyzed and died within 11 dpi. Analysis of pathological changes and virus loads in fourteen tissues showed that CVA6 triggered systematic damage similar to i.p. inoculation route. Unlike i.p. route, we detected oral and gastrointestinal lesions with the presence of viral antigens. Both specific anti-CVA6 serum and inactivated vaccines successfully generated immune protection in mice. Meanwhile, we also established a successful infection of CVA6 via i.p. and i.m. route in 10-day-old mice. After infection, mice developed remarkably neurological signs and systemic manifestations such as emaciation, polypnea, quadriplegia, depilation and even death. Through i.p. inoculation, pathological examination showed brain and spinal cord damage caused by the virus infection with neuronal reduction, apoptosis, astrocyte activation, and recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes. Following neurological manifestation, the CVA6 infection became systemic, and high viral loads were detected in multiple organs along with morphological changes and inflammation. Moreover, analysis of spleen cells by FACS indicated that CVA6 led to immune system activation, which further contributed to systemic inflammation. Taken together, our novel murine model of CVA6 provides a useful tool for studying the pathogenesis and evaluating antiviral and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tiantian Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ling Tao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peiyu Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ruonan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Hu G, Jin WP, Yang ZH, Lv SY, Wu J, Yu YT, Meng SL, Guo J, Wang ZJ, Shen S. Efficacy of Coxsackievirus A2 vaccine candidates correlating to humoral immunity in mice challenged with a mouse-adapted strain. Vaccine 2022; 40:4716-4725. [PMID: 35760737 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, Coxsackievirus A2 (CV-A2) has become one of the main serotypes of enterovirus species A associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in China. It has also caused HFMD epidemics in many countries all over the world. Currently, there are no effective, preventive vaccines against it. METHODS A CV-A2 strain was isolated in RD cells and then adapted to grow in Vero cells. This is in compliance with guidelines for cell substrates allowed for human vaccines by the Chinese regulatory authority. Groups of newborn Kunming mice were inoculated on day 3 and day 9 using two formulations of candidate vaccines, empty particles and full particles. They were then challenged on day 14 at a lethal dose with a mouse-adapted strain. RESULTS The mice in the control group all died within 14 days post-challenge whereas most of the mice in the candidate vaccine groups survived. It was found that the titers of neutralizing antibodies was dose-dependent in sera of immunized mice. The results also showed that the vaccine candidates stimulated a strong humoral immune response and protected the mice from disease and death. The virus loads in tissues or organs were significantly reduced and pathological changes were either weak or not observed in the immunized groups compared with those in Al(OH)3 control group. Preliminary mapping of the nucleotide and amino acid residues potentially related to cell tropism of the vaccine strain and virulence of the challenge strain was performed. CONCLUSION The results showed that the RD cell-isolated and Vero cell-adapted CV-A2 strain is a promising vaccine candidate. This active immunization-challenge mouse model mimics the vaccination and then exposure to wildtype viruses, compared with passive immunization-challenge model, and is invaluable for efficacy evaluation in studies on multivalent vaccines containing CV-A2 against HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Hu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Wei-Ping Jin
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Yang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Shi-Yun Lv
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Yu-Ting Yu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Sheng-Li Meng
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China.
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