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Peng D, Yang L, Jin C, Feng J, Cao M, Liu Y. Effect of second booster vaccination on clinical outcomes of Omicron-variant breakthrough infection: A propensity score matching cohort study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23344. [PMID: 38169898 PMCID: PMC10758784 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To further explore the effect of vaccination regimen and frequency on clinical outcomes of breakthrough infections caused by the Omicron variant, as well as the durability of vaccine effectiveness. Methods A retrospective, propensity score matching, real-world cohort study was conducted. Vaccination frequency was categorized into regular vaccination, first booster, and second booster. Results A total of 7428 cases were included, with 3910 (53 %) being male. The median age was 39 years. BA.2 than BA.5/5.2 infection presented with more pulmonary symptoms and fewer influenza-like symptoms. Among the 3516 cases of BA.5/5.2 breakthrough infections, patients who received the second booster than the first booster or regular vaccination had higher first IgM and IgG titers and first cycle thredhold values for N gene on admission, a lower percentage of fever, lower peak body temperatures, and a higher percentage of asymptomatic cases. Patients who received the first booster vaccinated with homologous mRNA or heterologous inactivated plus mRNA vaccines than homologous inactivated vaccines had higher first IgM and IgG titers, a higher percentage of asymptomatic cases, and a lower percentage of fever. Moreover, significantly different first IgG titers were observed among patients receiving the second booster vaccinated with any of the three regimens. There was no statistical difference between booster regimens of homologous mRNA vaccines and heterologous inactivated plus mRNA vaccines. Patients in Month 7- than Month 0-6 after the first booster had lower first IgM and IgG titers and first cycle thredhold values, a lower percentage of asymptomatic cases, and a higher percentage of fever; and a higher percentage of pneumonia after the second booster. Conclusions Repeated booster vaccinations every six months, with priority given to heterologous mRNA vaccine booster regimens in countries previously primarily using inactivated vaccines, may provide protection for adult patients with Omicron-variant breakthrough infections and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denggao Peng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiaqi Feng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Mengli Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
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Wang M, Zhou B, Fan Q, Zhou X, Liao X, Lin J, Ma Z, Dong J, Wang H, Ge X, Ju B, Zhang Z. Omicron variants escape the persistent SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody response in 2-year COVID-19 convalescents regardless of vaccination. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2151381. [PMID: 36444724 PMCID: PMC9809350 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2151381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of various SARS-CoV-2 variants, a comprehensive evaluation of long-term efficacy of antibody response in convalescent individuals is urgently needed. Several longitudinal studies had reported the antibody dynamics after SARS-CoV-2 acute infection, but the follow-up was mostly limited to 1 year or 18 months at the maximum. In this study, we investigated the durability, potency, and susceptibility to immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody in COVID-19 convalescents for 2 years after discharge. These results showed the persistent antibody-dependent immunity could protect against the WT and Delta variant to some extent. However, the Omicron variants (BA.1, BA.2, and BA.4/5) largely escaped this preexisting immunity in recovered individuals. Furthermore, we revealed that inactivated vaccines (BBIBP-CorV, CoronaVac, or KCONVAC) could improve the plasma neutralization and help to maintain the broadly neutralizing antibodies at a certain level. Notably, with the time-dependent decline of antibody, 1-dose or 2-dose vaccination strategy seemed not to be enough to provide immune protection against the emerging variants. Overall, these results facilitated our understanding of SARS-CoV-2-induced antibody memory, contributing to the development of immunization strategy against SARS-CoV-2 variants for such a large number of COVID-19 survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Fan
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinrong Zhou
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Liao
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Lin
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenghua Ma
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingke Dong
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Ge
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Ju
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Anti-infection Drug Quality Evaluation, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China, Bin Ju Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Anti-infection Drug Quality Evaluation, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China; Zheng Zhang Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Anti-infection Drug Quality Evaluation, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China; Shenzhen Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Anti-infection Drug Quality Evaluation, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Shenzhen Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China, Bin Ju Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Anti-infection Drug Quality Evaluation, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China; Zheng Zhang Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Anti-infection Drug Quality Evaluation, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China; Shenzhen Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China
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Peng D, Gao Y, Liu Z, Zheng J, Liu Y. Interactive effect of booster vaccination and vitamin D status on antibody production of Omicron variant-infected adults: A real-world cohort study. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2023; 17:1067-1076. [PMID: 37675825 PMCID: PMC10542990 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effect of booster vaccination and vitamin D status on antibody production of Omicron variant-infected adults need to be further explored. METHODS A retrospective, longitudinal, real-world cohort study was performed. All included cases were divided into vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and non-VDD (control) groups according to baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration and then into unvaccinated, routinely vaccinated, and booster vaccinated VDD and control subgroups according to vaccination status. Antibody dynamics were observed within six time periods during hospitalization. RESULTS A total of 204 adult cases were included, of which 121 (59%) were males; 23 (11%), 31 (15%), and 26 (13%) or 50 (25%), 35 (17%), and 39 (19%) were unvaccinated, routinely vaccinated, and booster vaccinated VDD cases or controls, respectively. The median (interquartile range) for age and baseline 25(OH)D concentration was 42.5 (31-53.5) years and 21.5 (18-25.4) ng/mL, respectively. The IgM titers within 3 to 7 days and 7 to 14 days increased rapidly to 1.8-fold (P < 0.001) and 3.6-fold (P < 0.001) those within the first day; the IgG titers increased to 5.8-fold (P < 0.001) and 10.9-fold (P < 0.001). Booster vaccinated controls had higher first IgG titers compared with unvaccinated controls (3.1-fold; P = 0.001) or booster vaccinated VDD cases (2.1-fold; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Booster vaccination and non-VDD status may have an interactive boosting effect on IgG production of Omicron variant-infected adults. Further randomized clinical trials may be needed to determine whether booster vaccination combined with VDD correction improves the humoral immunity to Omicron variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denggao Peng
- Graduate Collaborative Training Base of Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Hengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shenzhen Third People's HospitalSecond Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | - Yanzhang Gao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shenzhen Third People's HospitalSecond Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | - Zhichao Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shenzhen Third People's HospitalSecond Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | - Jiawei Zheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shenzhen Third People's HospitalSecond Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Graduate Collaborative Training Base of Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Hengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's HospitalSecond Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
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Luan N, Cao H, Wang Y, Lin K, Hu J, Liu C. Comparison of Immune Responses between Inactivated and mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Used for a Booster Dose in Mice. Viruses 2023; 15:1351. [PMID: 37376650 DOI: 10.3390/v15061351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A large amount of real-world data suggests that the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) has brought new challenges to the fight against SARS-CoV-2 because the immune protection elicited by the existing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines was weakened. In response to the VOCs, it is necessary to advocate for the administration of booster vaccine doses to extend the effectiveness of vaccines and enhance neutralization titers. In this study, the immune effects of mRNA vaccines based on the WT (prototypic strain) and omicron (B1.1.529) strains for use as booster vaccines were investigated in mice. It was determined that with two-dose inactivated vaccine priming, boosting with mRNA vaccines could elevate IgG titers, enhance cell-mediated immunity, and provide immune protection against the corresponding variants, but cross-protection against distinct strains was inferior. This study comprehensively describes the differences in the mice boosted with mRNA vaccines based on the WT strain and the omicron strain, a harmful VOC that has resulted in a sharp rise in the number of infections, and reveals the most efficacious vaccination strategy against omicron and future SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Luan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Han Cao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Kangyang Lin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Jingping Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Cunbao Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
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Lin B, Cheng L, Zhang J, Yang M, Zhang Y, Liu J, Qin X. Immunology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 545:117390. [PMID: 37187222 PMCID: PMC10182659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive elucidation of humoral immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination is critical for understanding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis in general and developing antibody-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies specifically. Following the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, significant scientific research has been conducted worldwide using omics, sequencing and immunologic approaches. These studies have been critical to the successful development of vaccines. Here, the current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 immunogenic epitopes, humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins and non-structural proteins, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, and T-cell responses in convalescents and vaccinated individuals are reviewed. Additionally, we explore the integrated analysis of proteomic and metabolomic data to examine mechanisms of organ injury and identify potential biomarkers. Insight into the immunologic diagnosis of COVID-19 and improvements of laboratory methods are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxu Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical, University, Shenyang 110004, China; Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Linlin Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical, University, Shenyang 110004, China; Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical, University, Shenyang 110004, China; Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical, University, Shenyang 110004, China; Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xiaosong Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical, University, Shenyang 110004, China; Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang 110004, China.
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de Souza Nogueira J, Santos-Rebouças CB, Piergiorge RM, Valente AP, Gama-Almeida MC, El-Bacha T, Lopes Moreira ML, Baptista Marques BS, de Siqueira JR, de Carvalho EM, da Costa Ferreira O, Porto LC, Kelly da Silva Fidalgo T, Costa Dos Santos G. Metabolic Adaptations Correlated with Antibody Response after Immunization with Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 in Brazilian Subjects. J Proteome Res 2023. [PMID: 37167433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The adsorbed vaccine SARS-CoV-2 (inactivated) produced by Sinovac (SV) was the first vaccine against COVID-19 to be used in Brazil. To understand the metabolic effects of SV in Brazilian subjects, NMR-based metabolomics was used, and the immune response was studied in Brazilian subjects. Forty adults without (group-, n = 23) and with previous COVID-19 infection (group+, n = 17) were followed-up for 90 days postcompletion of the vaccine regimen. After 90 days, our results showed that subjects had increased levels of lipoproteins, lipids, and N-acetylation of glycoproteins (NAG) as well as decreased levels of amino acids, lactate, citrate, and 3-hydroxypropionate. NAG and threonine were the highest correlated metabolites with N and S proteins, and neutralizing Ab levels. This study sheds light on the immunometabolism associated with the use of SV in Brazilian subjects from Rio de Janeiro and identifies potential metabolic markers associated with the immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeane de Souza Nogueira
- Histocompatibility and Cryopreservation Laboratory, IBRAG, Rio de Janeiro State University, CEP 20950-003 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Barros Santos-Rebouças
- Department of Genetics, IBRAG, Rio de Janeiro State University, CEP 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Mina Piergiorge
- Department of Genetics, IBRAG, Rio de Janeiro State University, CEP 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Valente
- CENABIO I, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, CNRMN, BioNMR, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos C Gama-Almeida
- LeBioME-Bioactives, Mitochondria and Placental Metabolism Core, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana El-Bacha
- LeBioME-Bioactives, Mitochondria and Placental Metabolism Core, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Orlando da Costa Ferreira
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luís Cristóvão Porto
- Histocompatibility and Cryopreservation Laboratory, IBRAG, Rio de Janeiro State University, CEP 20950-003 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Kelly da Silva Fidalgo
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Dental School, Rio de Janeiro State University, CEP 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilson Costa Dos Santos
- Department of Genetics, IBRAG, Rio de Janeiro State University, CEP 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Comparison of the Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines in Bangladeshi Population. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091498. [PMID: 36146576 PMCID: PMC9504987 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The adaptive immune response is a crucial component of the protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2, generated after infection or vaccination. Methods: We studied antibody titers, neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses to four different COVID-19 vaccines, namely Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna Spikevax, AstraZeneca and Sinopharm vaccines in the Bangladeshi population (n = 1780). Results: mRNA vaccines Moderna (14,655 ± 11.3) and Pfizer (13,772 ± 11.5) elicited significantly higher anti-Spike (S) antibody titers compared to the Adenovector vaccine AstraZeneca (2443 ± 12.8) and inactivated vaccine Sinopharm (1150 ± 11.2). SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies as well as IFN-γ-secreting lymphocytes were more abundant in Pfizer and Moderna vaccine recipients compared to AstraZeneca and Sinopharm vaccine recipients. Participants previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibited higher post-vaccine immune responses (S-specific and neutralizing antibodies, IFN-γ-secreting cells) compared to uninfected participants. Memory B (BMEM), total CD8+T, CD4+ central memory (CD4+CM) and T-regulatory (TREG) cells were more numerous in AstraZeneca vaccine recipients compared to other vaccine recipients. Plasmablasts, B-regulatory (BREG) and CD4+ effector (CD4+EFF) cells were more numerous in mRNA vaccine recipients. Conclusions: mRNA vaccines generated a higher antibody response, while a differential cellular response was observed for different vaccine types, suggesting that both cellular and humoral responses are important in immune monitoring of different types of vaccines.
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