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Nguyen BL, Fowler KA, Betz CJ, Tsukerman K, Smith SG. Sex work-related homicides: Insights from the National Violent Death Reporting System, 2012-2020. J Forensic Sci 2024; 69:529-541. [PMID: 37986645 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Homicide is a prevalent cause of death among sex workers, given their increased risk of violence due to proximity to criminal activities such as drug trade and human trafficking. This study analyzes homicide data from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) covering 49 US states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico from 2012 to 2020. Case inclusion criteria included: (1) manner of death of homicide, and (2) sex work-related circumstance. Descriptive analyses examined victim and injury characteristics, suspect information, and circumstances. The study identified 321 sex work-related homicides (54% female, 41% male, 6% transgender). Among female victims, 94% were sex workers, and 54% of their suspects were clients. Money conflicts (23%) and other crimes (30%), most often in progress, commonly precipitated homicides of female victims. Substance use problems were reported in 49% of female victims, with 25% of their suspected perpetrators reportedly using substances in the preceding hours. For male victims, 54% were clients and 9% were sex workers. Suspects in male homicides were primarily sex workers (34%) or individuals engaged in sex work-adjacent criminal activities (36%). Money conflicts (49%), other crimes (47%) most often in progress, and sex trafficking involvement (25%) commonly precipitated homicides with male victims. Transgender sex worker victims were mostly transfeminine (94%) and non-Hispanic black (89%). Money conflicts (78%) most commonly precipitated homicides among transgender sex worker victims. These findings can inform prevention strategies addressing underlying risk factors for persons involved in sex work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda L Nguyen
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katherine A Fowler
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carter J Betz
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kara Tsukerman
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, ORISE Fellow, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sharon G Smith
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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2
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Petrov ME, Calvin S, Wyst KBV, Whisner CM, Meltzer LJ, Chen ACC, Felix KN, Roe-Sepowitz D. Sleep Disturbances and Hygiene of Adolescent Female Survivors of Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking. J Pediatr Health Care 2024; 38:52-60. [PMID: 37610406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This cross-sectional quantitative study investigated the sleep hygiene and disturbances of adolescent female survivors of domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) compared to an online sample of community-dwelling adolescent females. METHOD Community-dwelling adolescent females (aged 13-17 years, n = 61) and survivors of DMST housed in residental care (aged 12-17 years, n = 19) completed the Children's Report of Sleep Patterns (adolescent version). Descriptive statistics on sleep health in both samples were computed and compared using chi-square and t-tests. RESULTS Among the survivors of DMST, the majority reported insufficient sleep duration, okay-to-poor sleep quality, waking thirsty, and frequent nightmares. Compared with community-dwelling adolescents, survivors of DMST had more symptoms of insomnia, sleepiness, nightmares, and waking thirsty (p < .05). DISCUSSION Sleep disturbances among adolescent female survivors of DMST may be more prevalent than in community-dwelling adolescent females. Further empirical research on appropriate assessment and trauma-informed treatment of sleep in this population is needed.
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3
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Macy RJ, Klein LB, Shuck CA, Rizo CF, Van Deinse TB, Wretman CJ, Luo J. A Scoping Review of Human Trafficking Screening and Response. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1202-1219. [PMID: 34930040 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211057273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Service providers are increasingly asked to identify individuals who are experiencing trafficking and to connect them with resources and support. Nonetheless, identification is complicated by the reality that those who are experiencing trafficking may rarely self-identify, and providers may fail to identify individuals who are experiencing trafficking due to lack of guidance on how to screen for trafficking capably and sensitively. With the aim of guiding practice, we undertook a scoping review to search for and synthesize trafficking screening tools and response protocols. Following the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), we located 22 screening tools contained in 26 sources. We included any documents that described or tested human trafficking screening tools, screening or identification protocols, response protocols, or guidelines that were published in any year. All documents were abstracted using a standardized form. Key findings showed that most tools were developed by practice-based and non-governmental organizations located in the U.S. and were administered in the U.S. Few screening tools have been rigorously evaluated. The common types of screening questions and prompts included (a) work conditions; (b) living conditions; (c) physical health; (d) travel, immigration, and movement; (e) appearance and presentation; (f) mental health, trauma, and substance abuse; (g) associations and possessions; and (h) arrests and prior involvement with law enforcement. We were not able to locate specific response protocols that provided step-by-step guidance. Nonetheless, the review revealed available practice-based and research-based evidence to help inform guidance concerning how screening and identification of human trafficking may be administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Macy
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - L B Klein
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Corey A Shuck
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Cynthia Fraga Rizo
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Tonya B Van Deinse
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Christopher J Wretman
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
- The Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Jia Luo
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
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Vo T, Purkayastha B. Global Health Care Experiences of Female Survivors Who Experienced Trafficking: A Meta-Ethnography. J Midwifery Womens Health 2023; 68:221-232. [PMID: 36617738 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most nurses and midwives do not feel adequately prepared to respond to the complex trauma and social and cultural needs of female clients who have experienced trafficking. There are data to support a lack of knowledge among health care providers about the types of human trafficking as well as poor structural supports within health care systems. The purpose of this review was to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the global health care experiences of females who have experienced trafficking. METHODS Noblit and Hare's 7-step meta-ethnographic approach was used. We analyzed constructs, concepts, themes, and metaphors using reciprocal translations. The guidelines for preferred reporting the synthesis of qualitative research were adhered to enhancing transparency (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). RESULTS The collaborative search process in the PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Scopus databases resulted in 7 high-quality research studies published between January 2016 and January 2021. Most studies explored individuals' experiences of trafficking and views of health care services, challenges, and service use barriers. A total of 228 female survivors who experienced trafficking participated. They primarily experienced trafficking within different parts of North America, Eastern Europe, Africa, and South and Southeast Asia. Three main themes emerged: privacy, confidentiality, and identity problems; powerlessness; and clinician recognition and responsiveness. DISCUSSION All participants reported being exposed to extremely high levels of physical and mental abuse before, during, and after exiting trafficking. Therefore, clinicians will require ongoing training and clearer guidance from clinical leadership to adequately care for the varying health needs of women and girls who have experienced trafficking or are currently in a trafficking situation. Adoption of a culturally sensitive, patient-centered, and trauma-informed approach is needed, as clients' reasons for staying in a trafficking situation vary. Relationships of trust should be formed in which rapport is cocreated and in which members of the health care team and client work hand in hand together to envision, identify, and pursue future-oriented and strength-based goals toward healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothea Vo
- School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Recknor F, Di Ruggiero E, Jensen E. Addressing human trafficking as a public health issue. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2022; 113:607-610. [PMID: 35534761 PMCID: PMC9262996 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-022-00642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Human trafficking is increasingly recognized as a significant global public health issue. Human trafficking (HT) exists in all nations, including Canada, and is estimated to impact 25 million people globally. HT is a crime that is not always visible. It is associated with a myriad of deleterious health outcomes arising from adverse living and working conditions, and the physical, sexual, and/or psychological violence often accompanying it. Human trafficking also disproportionately affects people living under vulnerable circumstances, particularly those with intersecting vulnerabilities. Public health can advance health equity for trafficked persons and add value to existing anti-trafficking (AT) efforts. Among its many contributions, public health can bring its expertise in health promotion and surveillance. While efforts to incorporate a public health perspective are already underway in at least the United States and the United Kingdom, the nexus of public health and AT is still nascent and requires further development. A public health approach to trafficking focused on intervening on the upstream drivers of well-being can add value to the extant counter-trafficking paradigm. This commentary is intended to catalyze discussion in Canada and elsewhere as to what public health can contribute to this emergent field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Recknor
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS 350, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Global Migration & Health Initiative, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Erica Di Ruggiero
- Social & Behavioural Health Sciences Division & Institute of Health Policy, Management & Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elsabeth Jensen
- Division of Nursing, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gallo M, Thinyane H, Teufel J. Community Health Centers and Sentinel Surveillance of Human Trafficking in the United States. Public Health Rep 2022; 137:23S-29S. [PMID: 35775918 DOI: 10.1177/00333549211041603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gallo
- 3861 United Nations University, Institute in Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Hannah Thinyane
- 3861 United Nations University, Institute in Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - James Teufel
- 15920 Office of Legal Services Innovation, Utah Supreme Court, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Trauma-informed interventions for counselling sex trafficking survivors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSELLING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10447-022-09465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Garg A, Panda P, Malay S, Slain KN. Human Trafficking ICD-10 Code Utilization in Pediatric Tertiary Care Centers Within the United States. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:818043. [PMID: 35252063 PMCID: PMC8894610 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.818043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human trafficking is a global public health issue that affects pediatric patients widely. The International Labor Organization estimates children comprise approximately 25% of the identified trafficked persons globally, with domestic estimates including over 2000 children a year. Trafficked children experience a broad range of health consequences leading to interface with healthcare systems during their exploitation. In June 2018, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) released diagnostic codes for human trafficking. OBJECTIVE To use a large, multicenter database of US pediatric hospitalizations to describe the utilization of the ICD-10-CM codes related to child trafficking, as well as the demographic and clinical characteristics of these children. METHODS This study was descriptive in nature. Encounters using data from the Pediatric Health Information System database (PHIS) with ICD-10-CM codes indicating trafficking from June 1, 2018 to March 1st, 2020 were included in the study cohort, with data collection continuing for 30 days after first hospital encounter, until March 31st, 2020. Patients 19 years old and younger were included. Condition-specific prevalence as well as demographic and clinical characteristics for patient encounters were analyzed. Study subjects were followed for 30 days after first hospital encounter to describe healthcare utilization patterns. RESULTS During the study period, 0.005% (n = 293) of patient encounters in the PHIS database were identified as trafficked children. The children of our cohort were mostly female (90%), non-Hispanic Black (38%), and had public insurance (59%). Nearly two-thirds of patients (n = 190) had a documented mental health disorder at the initial encounter, with 32.1% classified as the principal diagnosis. Our cohort had a 30-day hospital inpatient, overnight observation, or emergency department readmission rate of 16% (n = 48). DISCUSSION Our study demonstrates a low utilization of human trafficking ICD-10-CM codes in academic children's health centers, with code usage predominantly assigned to Non-Hispanic Black teenage girls. As comparison, in 2019 the National Human Trafficking Hotline identified 2,582 trafficked US children in a single year. These results suggest widespread under-recognition of child trafficking in health care settings, including the intensive care unit, in addition to racial and socioeconomic disparities amongst trafficked children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Garg
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Preeti Panda
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Sindhoosha Malay
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Katherine N. Slain
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
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9
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Franchino-Olsen H, Chesworth BR, Boyle C, Rizo CF, Martin SL, Jordan B, Macy RJ, Stevens L. The Prevalence of Sex Trafficking of Children and Adolescents in the United States: A Scoping Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2022; 23:182-195. [PMID: 32588741 PMCID: PMC8685723 DOI: 10.1177/1524838020933873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
TOPIC This scoping review investigated research regarding the magnitude of minor sex trafficking (domestic minor sex trafficking and/or commercial sexual exploitation of children) in the United States, summarizing estimates, methodologies, and strengths and weaknesses of the studies. METHOD Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, peer-reviewed articles and the gray literature were accessed via databases searches, reference harvesting, and expert advice. Articles were included if they provided a count or prevalence proportion estimate of trafficked or at-risk minors across or within a region of the United States. Six empirical studies, published from 1999 to 2017, were included in the review. RESULTS Included studies produced count estimates (n = 3) or prevalence proportion estimates (n = 3) for youth at risk of minor sex trafficking (n = 2) or reporting victimization (n = 5). Studies examined sex trafficking risk and victimization in different geographical areas, including across the United States (n = 2), in New York City (n = 1), and in Ohio (n = 1). Further, several studies focused on particular populations, such as street and shelter youths (n = 1) and adjudicated males (n = 1). Sampling methodologies of reviewed estimates included traditional random sampling (n = 1), nationally representative sampling (n = 2), convenience sampling (n = 1), respondent-driven sampling (n = 1), purposive sampling (n = 1), and use of census data (n = 2). CONCLUSION Little research has estimated the prevalence of minor sex trafficking in the United States. The existing studies examine different areas and populations and use different categories to estimate the problem. The estimates reviewed here should be cited cautiously. Future research is needed on this important topic, including methodologies to produce more representative estimates of this hard-to-reach population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannabeth Franchino-Olsen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Hannabeth Franchino-Olsen, Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, NC, USA.
| | | | - Colleen Boyle
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia Fraga Rizo
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sandra L. Martin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brooke Jordan
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Macy
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lily Stevens
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Human Trafficking in Rehabilitation: What Nurses Need to Know. Rehabil Nurs 2021; 47:24-30. [PMID: 34772899 DOI: 10.1097/rnj.0000000000000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Violence and human trafficking are frequently paired and violate human rights. Human trafficking is a complex, global health issue. Trafficking survivors report seeking medical care for women's services, physical abuse, mental health, and gastrointestinal issues while being held in captivity. However, the majority of healthcare providers are unaware or unprepared to intervene, thus missing the chance to identify victims during these encounters. Rehabilitation nurses are no exception. Trafficking victims may come in contact with rehabilitation nurses because of injuries or chronic diseases caused by trafficking abuse. This article shares human trafficking red flags, victims' access to services, barriers to identification, and nursing interventions and implications.
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Munro-Kramer ML, Beck DC, Martin KE, Carr B. Understanding Health Facility Needs for Human Trafficking Response in Michigan. Public Health Rep 2021; 137:102S-110S. [PMID: 34730053 DOI: 10.1177/00333549211048785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human trafficking is a public health issue that has substantial health consequences. However, research on the preparedness of health facilities to serve people who have experienced or are experiencing human trafficking is limited. We examined health facility preparedness related to human trafficking in Michigan. METHODS We used a cross-sectional design to explore health facility preparedness related to human trafficking in Michigan. We sampled 10 prosperity regions according to health facility type (Federally Qualified Health Centers, health departments, and hospitals). An email invitation was sent to identified health facility personnel (eg, administrators, physicians, nurses) from May to June 2019 with a link to a 26-item survey with items about current policies, protocols, and areas for improvement related to human trafficking. RESULTS Forty-two Federally Qualified Health Centers, health departments, and hospitals responded to the survey. Most health facilities had screening policies and response protocols related to child maltreatment (screening: 32/41 [78.0%]; response: 38/40 [95.0%]) and intimate partner violence (screening: 33/41 [80.5%]; response: 37/40 [92.5%]). However, fewer facilities had a screening policy (16/41 [39.0%]) and response protocol (25/40 [62.5%]) for human trafficking; more of these facilities focused on sex trafficking than on labor trafficking. The top needs related to human trafficking were (1) individual-level health care provider training, (2) health facility-level screening policies and response protocols, (3) community-level resources, and (4) societal-level awareness, funding allocation, and data. CONCLUSIONS Facility-level resources are needed to ensure that health care providers have adequate training and support to address human trafficking in the health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana C Beck
- 1259 School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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12
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The Prevalence and Correlates of Labor and Sex Trafficking in a Community Sample of Youth Experiencing Homelessness in Metro-Atlanta. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci10020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Research suggests that runaway and homeless youth (RHY) in the United States are vulnerable to sex and labor trafficking. In this paper, we report and analyze estimates of sex and labor trafficking collected as part of the Atlanta Youth Count 2018, a community-based field survey of RHY between the ages of 14 and 25 in the metro-Atlanta area. A total of 564 participants were recruited and completed a survey that included questions about their backgrounds as well as the Human Trafficking Screening Tool (HTST). We found that 39.9% experienced some form of trafficking while homeless. While 15.6% of the youth reported commercial sexual exploitation while homeless, coerced labor (29.3%) or fraud (25.2%) were even more common experiences. Women, transgender, and gender nonconforming youth, as well young people who had prior system involvement and those who had been homeless for more than a year were the most likely to report having been trafficked. The significance of these findings for research and policy on RHY and trafficking are discussed.
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Bath E, Barnert E, Godoy S, Hammond I, Mondals S, Farabee D, Grella C. Substance Use, Mental Health, and Child Welfare Profiles of Juvenile Justice-Involved Commercially Sexually Exploited Youth. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2020; 30:389-397. [PMID: 32213099 PMCID: PMC7409582 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2019.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To describe the substance use profiles of youth impacted by commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) and explore associations between substance use with mental health diagnoses and child welfare involvement. Methods: Data were systematically extracted from the court files of 364 youth who participated between 2012 and 2016 in Los Angeles County's Succeeding Through Achievement and Resilience (STAR) Court, a juvenile delinquency specialty court for youth impacted by CSE. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to quantify associations between youths' substance use with mental health diagnoses and child welfare involvement. Results: Of the 364 youth impacted by CSE involved in the STAR Court, 265 youth had documented contact with a psychiatrist while in court-of whom, 73% were diagnosed with at least one mental health challenge. Before STAR Court participation, 74% of youth were the subject of one or more child welfare referral; of these youth, 75% had prior out-of-home care. Eighty-eight percent of youth reported substance use, the most prevalent illicit substances were marijuana (87%), alcohol (54%), and methamphetamine (33%). Controlling for age and race, youth impacted by CSE with a diagnosed general mood disorder had more than five times the odds of reporting substance use compared with those without a mood disorder diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 5.80; 95% confidence interval CI: 2.22-18.52; p < 0.001); and youth impacted by CSE with prior child welfare placements had more than two times the odds of reporting substance use (AOR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.04-4.86; p = 0.039) compared with youth without prior placements. The association between substance use and general mood disorder was significant and positive for all substance use types (AOR = 3.3, p = 0.033 marijuana; AOR = 4.01, p = 0.011 concurrent alcohol and marijuana; AOR = 9.2, p < 0.001, polysubstance use). Conclusions: High prevalence of substance use among juvenile justice-involved youth impacted by CSE combined with strong associations between substance use with both mental health diagnoses and child welfare system history underscores the need for comprehensive, specialized substance use treatment. Findings suggest an important opportunity for multidisciplinary collaboration among mental health providers, child welfare professionals, juvenile justice practitioners, and other care providers for these youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eraka Bath
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Barnert
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah Godoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ivy Hammond
- School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sangeeta Mondals
- Research Data Analyst, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David Farabee
- Department of Population Health, Langone School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christine Grella
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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14
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Nemeth JM, Rizo CF. Estimating the Prevalence of Human Trafficking: Progress Made and Future Directions. Am J Public Health 2019; 109:1318-1319. [PMID: 31483724 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.305258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julianna M Nemeth
- Julianna M. Nemeth is with the College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus. Cynthia Fraga Rizo is with the School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Cynthia Fraga Rizo
- Julianna M. Nemeth is with the College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus. Cynthia Fraga Rizo is with the School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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15
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Rothman EF, Stoklosa H, Baldwin SB, Chisolm-Straker M, Kato Price R, Atkinson HG. Public Health Research Priorities to Address US Human Trafficking. Am J Public Health 2019; 107:1045-1047. [PMID: 28590857 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2017.303858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Rothman
- All of the authors are with HEAL (Health, Education, Advocacy, Linkage) Trafficking. Emily F. Rothman is also with the Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Hanni Stoklosa is also with Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Makini Chisolm-Straker is also with the Icahn School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai, Brooklyn, NY. Rumi Kato Price is also with the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. Holly G. Atkinson is also with the Department of Medical Education, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Hanni Stoklosa
- All of the authors are with HEAL (Health, Education, Advocacy, Linkage) Trafficking. Emily F. Rothman is also with the Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Hanni Stoklosa is also with Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Makini Chisolm-Straker is also with the Icahn School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai, Brooklyn, NY. Rumi Kato Price is also with the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. Holly G. Atkinson is also with the Department of Medical Education, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Susie B Baldwin
- All of the authors are with HEAL (Health, Education, Advocacy, Linkage) Trafficking. Emily F. Rothman is also with the Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Hanni Stoklosa is also with Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Makini Chisolm-Straker is also with the Icahn School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai, Brooklyn, NY. Rumi Kato Price is also with the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. Holly G. Atkinson is also with the Department of Medical Education, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Makini Chisolm-Straker
- All of the authors are with HEAL (Health, Education, Advocacy, Linkage) Trafficking. Emily F. Rothman is also with the Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Hanni Stoklosa is also with Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Makini Chisolm-Straker is also with the Icahn School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai, Brooklyn, NY. Rumi Kato Price is also with the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. Holly G. Atkinson is also with the Department of Medical Education, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Rumi Kato Price
- All of the authors are with HEAL (Health, Education, Advocacy, Linkage) Trafficking. Emily F. Rothman is also with the Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Hanni Stoklosa is also with Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Makini Chisolm-Straker is also with the Icahn School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai, Brooklyn, NY. Rumi Kato Price is also with the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. Holly G. Atkinson is also with the Department of Medical Education, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Holly G Atkinson
- All of the authors are with HEAL (Health, Education, Advocacy, Linkage) Trafficking. Emily F. Rothman is also with the Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Hanni Stoklosa is also with Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Makini Chisolm-Straker is also with the Icahn School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai, Brooklyn, NY. Rumi Kato Price is also with the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. Holly G. Atkinson is also with the Department of Medical Education, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY
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- All of the authors are with HEAL (Health, Education, Advocacy, Linkage) Trafficking. Emily F. Rothman is also with the Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Hanni Stoklosa is also with Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Makini Chisolm-Straker is also with the Icahn School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai, Brooklyn, NY. Rumi Kato Price is also with the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. Holly G. Atkinson is also with the Department of Medical Education, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Munro-Kramer M, Beck D, Choi K, Singer R, Gebhard A, Carr B. Human Trafficking Victim's Service Needs and Outcomes: An Analysis of Clinical Law Data. JOURNAL OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING 2019; 6:95-108. [PMID: 37600928 PMCID: PMC10438864 DOI: 10.1080/23322705.2019.1574476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Human trafficking is a human rights violation occurring around the world. Despite the profound social, health, and economic consequences of this crime, there is a lack of research about the prevalence and needs of human trafficking victims. The purpose of this study is to describe the healthcare, social service, and legal needs of human trafficking victims seeking services at the University of Michigan Human Trafficking Clinic. Methods A secondary analysis of the University of Michigan Human Trafficking Clinic closed case files from 2009-2016 was performed. Data were extracted from the legal files to create a database and data analyses were completed using descriptive frequencies, logistic, and linear regression. Results Data were extracted from 65 closed cases made up of 49 female victims(75.4%) and 16 male victims (24.6%) between the ages of 13 and 68 years old (M=30.15). Victims had experienced labor (56.9%) and sex (47.7%) trafficking. Logistic regression modeling indicated that trafficking experiences significantly influenced posttrafficking mental healthcare, social service, and legal needs. Conclusions Victims of human trafficking have extensive needs; however, there are many barriers to seeking and receiving comprehensive services. In order to serve this vulnerable population, collaboration between disciplines must occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana Beck
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristen Choi
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Singer
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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