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Keogh J, Inrirai P, Artioli N, Manyar H. Nanostructured Solid/Liquid Acid Catalysts for Glycerol Esterification: The Key to Convert Liability into Assets. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:615. [PMID: 38607149 PMCID: PMC11013476 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the growing concerns about the dwindling fossil fuel reserves, increasing energy demand, and climate emergency, it is imperative to develop and deploy sustainable energy technologies to ensure future energy supply and to transition to the net-zero world. In this context, there is great potential in the biorefinery concept for supplying drop in biofuels in the form of biodiesel. Biodiesel as a fuel can certainly bridge the gap where electrification or the use of hydrogen is not feasible, for instance, in heavy vehicles and in the farm and marine transportation sectors. However, the biodiesel industry also generates a large amount of crude glycerol as the by-product. Due to the presence of several impurities, crude glycerol may not be a suitable feedstock for all high-value products derived from glycerol, but it fits well with glycerol esterification for producing glycerol acetins, which have numerous applications. This review critically looks at the processes using nanostructured solid/liquid acid catalysts for glycerol esterification, including the economic viability of the scale-up. The homogeneous catalysts reviewed herein include mineral acids and Brønsted acidic ionic liquids, such as SO3H-functionalized and heteropoly acid based ionic liquids. The heterogeneous catalysts reviewed herein include solid acid catalysts such as metal oxides, ion-exchange resins, zeolites, and supported heteropoly acid-based catalysts. Furthermore, the techno-economic analysis studies have shown the process to be highly profitable, confirming the viability of glycerol esterification as a potential tool for economic value addition to the biorefinery industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Keogh
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Patcharaporn Inrirai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Nancy Artioli
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 43, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Haresh Manyar
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
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Goskula S, Siliveri S, Gujjula SR, Chirra S, Narayanan V. Synthesis of Sustainable Acid Biochar Catalysts Derived from Waste Biomass for Esterification of Glycerol. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinath Goskula
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Warangal 506 004, Telangana India Telephone
| | - Suresh Siliveri
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Warangal 506 004, Telangana India Telephone
- Department of Humanity and Sciences CMR College of Engineering and Technology Hyderabad, Telangana 501 401 India
| | - Sripal Reddy Gujjula
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Warangal 506 004, Telangana India Telephone
| | - Suman Chirra
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Warangal 506 004, Telangana India Telephone
- Department of Chemical Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan City 70101 Taiwan
| | - Venkatathri Narayanan
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Warangal 506 004, Telangana India Telephone
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Abida K, Ali A. A review on catalytic role of heterogeneous acidic catalysts during glycerol acetylation to yield acetins. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Current Trends in Acetins Production: Green versus Non-Green Synthesis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072255. [PMID: 35408654 PMCID: PMC9000466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To utilize excess glycerol produced from the biodiesel industry, researchers are developing innovative methods of transforming glycerol into value-added chemicals. One strategy adopted is the conversion of glycerol into acetins, which are esters of glycerol that have wide applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food and fuel additives, and plasticizers and serve as precursors for other chemical compounds. Acetins are synthesized either by traditional chemical methods or by biological processes. Although the chemical methods are efficient, productive, and commercialized, they are "non-green", meaning that they are unsafe for the environment and consumers. On the other hand, the biological process is "green" in the sense that it protects both the environment and consumers. It is, however, less productive and requires further effort to achieve commercialization. Thus, both methodologies have benefits and drawbacks, and this study aims to present and discuss these. In addition, we briefly discuss general strategies for optimizing biological processes that could apply to acetins production on an industrial scale.
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José da Silva M, Vergara Torres JA, Vilanculo CB. Vanadium-doped phosphomolybdic acids as catalysts for geraniol oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. RSC Adv 2022; 12:11796-11806. [PMID: 35481091 PMCID: PMC9016745 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The vanadium-doped phosphomolybdic acid (H4PMo11VO40) was the most active and selective heteropoly catalyst in one-pot oxidative esterification of benzaldehyde with hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio José da Silva
- Marcio Jose da Silva, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Vicosa, University Campus, Avenue P.H. Rolfs, Vicosa, 36570-000, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Jonh Alexander Vergara Torres
- Marcio Jose da Silva, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Vicosa, University Campus, Avenue P.H. Rolfs, Vicosa, 36570-000, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Castelo Bandane Vilanculo
- Castelo Bandane Vilanculo, Chemistry Department, Pedagogic University of Mozambique, FCNM, Campus of Lhanguene, Av. de Moçambique, Km 1, Maputo, Mozambique, 4040
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Influence of the Metal Incorporation into Hydroxyapatites on the Deactivation Behavior of the Solids in the Esterification of Glycerol. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of the metal incorporation into hydroxyapatites on the deactivation behavior of the solids were examined in the esterification of glycerol (EG) reaction. The introduction of Cu, Co, or Ni ions by ion exchange in calcium-deficient hydroxyapatites resulted in active catalysts for the EG reaction. The metal contents were varied from 2.0 to 17.0%, providing better performances at rather high metal contents. Part of metal species existed in the hydroxyapatite lattice structure and also as isolated Cu2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ entities on the surface, as shown by XPS and EPR. The effects of the reaction temperature, reaction time, and glycerol to acetic acid molar ratios were deeply investigated. The spent solids used in this study were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS, chemical analyses, EPR, and XPS. The Cu2+–OH acid pairs could promote a superior catalytic performance of Cu-containing hydroxyapatites due to the resistance of these solids against leaching of the active species, which is even better than those of Co and Ni-containing counterparts with high metal contents. Cu into hydroxyapatite had a good reusability and long-term utilization for five consecutive cycles of 24 h under a glycerol to acetic acid molar ratio of 0.25 at 80 °C, and longer reaction times provide triacetin formation. This was due to the fact that Cu was stabilized by interacting with Ca, PO4, and OH sites into the hydroxyapatite lattice, being highly active for the EG reaction. The results also revealed that isolated Cu2+ sites played an important role in enhancing the glycerol conversion, intrinsically due to the Cu-containing hydroxyapatites ability to avoid strong adsorption of glycerol oligomers on the catalytic sites.
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Assessment on the Effect of Sulfuric Acid Concentration on Physicochemical Properties of Sulfated-Titania Catalyst and Glycerol Acetylation Performance. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, a solid acid catalyst was synthesized to catalyse glycerol acetylation into acetins. The sulphated-titania catalysts were prepared via the wet impregnation method at different sulfuric acid concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) and denoted as 5SA, 10SA, 15SA, and 20SA, respectively. The synthesized catalysts were characterized using FTIR, XRD, TGA, BET, NH3-TPD, XRF, and SEM-EDX. The synthesized catalysts were tested on glycerol acetylation reaction at conditions: 0.5 g catalyst loading, 100–120 °C temperature, 1:6 glycerol/acetic acid molar ratios, and 2–4 h reaction time. The final product obtained was analysed using GC-FID. An increment in sulfuric acid concentration reduces the surface area, pore volume, and particles size. However, the increment has increased the number of active sites (Lewis acid) and strong acid strength. 15SA catalyst exhibited excellent glycerol conversion (>90%) and the highest selectivity of triacetin (42%). Besides sufficient surface area (1.9 m2 g−1) and good porosity structure, the great performance of the 15SA catalyst was attributed to its high acid site density (342.6 µmol g−1) and the high active site of metal oxide (95%).
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Vilanculo CB, José da Silva M. Na 4PMo 11VO 40-catalyzed one-pot oxidative esterification of benzaldehyde with hydrogen peroxide. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34979-34987. [PMID: 35494772 PMCID: PMC9042929 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06718d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of the sodium salts of vanadium-doped phosphomolybdic acid was assessed in the oxidative esterification reaction of benzaldehyde with hydrogen peroxide in alkyl alcohol solutions. The effect of main reaction parameters, such as temperature, catalyst load, vanadium doping level, and reactant stoichiometry, on the conversion and reaction selectivity was investigated. Among the tested heteropoly salts, Na4PMo11VO40 was the most active and selective catalyst, achieving almost complete conversion of benzaldehyde and high ester selectivity regardless of the alcohol investigated. The efficiency of the catalyst was correlated with its vanadium content. The size of the carbon chain of alcohol and the steric hindrance on the hydroxyl group played a key role in the reaction selectivity. While methyl and ethyl alcohols selectively provided the ester as the main product (ca. 90–95%) and benzoic acid as a subproduct, the other alcohols also afforded acetal, a condensation product, and benzaldehyde peroxide, an oxidation reaction intermediate, as secondary products. The use of an inexpensive, environmentally benign, and atom-efficient oxidant, mild conditions, and short reaction times were the positive aspects of this one-pot process. The activity of the sodium salts of vanadium-doped phosphomolybdic acid was assessed in the oxidative esterification reaction of benzaldehyde with hydrogen peroxide in alkyl alcohol solutions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Castelo Bandane Vilanculo
- Chemistry Department, Pedagogic University of Mozambique, FCNM, Campus of Lhanguene Av. De Moçambique, Km 1 Maputo 4040 Mozambique +258 825573337
| | - Márcio José da Silva
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Viçosa Minas Gerais State 36590-000 Brazil
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Vilanculo CB, da Silva MJ, Rodrigues AA, Ferreira SO, da Silva RC. Vanadium-doped sodium phosphomolybdate salts as catalysts in the terpene alcohols oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24072-24085. [PMID: 35479047 PMCID: PMC9036646 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04191f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have explored the catalytic activity of Keggin-type heteropolyanions PMo12−nVnO40(3+n)− (n = 0, 1, 2, or 3) in the form of sodium salts in green oxidation routes of terpene alcohols with hydrogen peroxide. Nerol was the model molecule selected to assess the impacts of the main reaction parameters, such as temperature, catalyst load, and stoichiometry of reactants. The impacts of the presence of vanadium at different proportions (i.e., V1, V2, and V3 loads/per anion) in the structure of phosphomolybdate catalysts were assessed. All the catalysts were characterized by various techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction, attenuated diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, isotherms of adsorption–desorption of N2 measurements of surface area, scanning electronic microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and n-butylamine potentiometric titration. Among the catalysts assessed, Na4PMo11VO40 was the most active and selective toward epoxides. The efficiency of this catalyst in the epoxidation of different terpene alcohols was investigated. Special attention was dedicated to correlating the composition and properties of the vanadium-doped phosphomolybdic catalysts with their catalytic activity. In this work, we have explored the catalytic activity of Keggin-type heteropolyanions PMo12−nVnO40(3+n)− (n = 0, 1, 2, or 3) in the form of sodium salts in green oxidation routes of terpene alcohols with hydrogen peroxide.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Castelo Bandane Vilanculo
- Chemistry Department, Pedagogic University of Mozambique, FCNM Campus of Lhanguene, Av. de Moçambique, Km 1 Maputo Zipcode: 4040 Mozambique +258 825573337
| | - Márcio José da Silva
- Chemistry Department, Pedagogic University of Mozambique, FCNM Campus of Lhanguene, Av. de Moçambique, Km 1 Maputo Zipcode: 4040 Mozambique +258 825573337
| | - Alana Alves Rodrigues
- Chemistry Department, Pedagogic University of Mozambique, FCNM Campus of Lhanguene, Av. de Moçambique, Km 1 Maputo Zipcode: 4040 Mozambique +258 825573337
| | | | - Rene Chagas da Silva
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Viçosa Minas Gerais State 36590-000 Brazil
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Soares Dias AP, Gomes Fonseca F, Catarino M, Gomes J. Biodiesel Glycerin Valorization into Oxygenated Fuel Additives. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zahid I, Ayoub M, Abdullah BB, Mukhtar A, Saqib S, Rafiq S, Ullah S, Al‐Sehemi AG, Farrukh S, Danish M. Glycerol Conversion to Solketal: Catalyst and Reactor Design, and Factors Affecting the Yield. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imtisal Zahid
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) Department of Chemical Engineering Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ayoub
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) Department of Chemical Engineering Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak Malaysia
| | - Bawadi B. Abdullah
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) Department of Chemical Engineering Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Mukhtar
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) Department of Chemical Engineering Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak Malaysia
| | - Sidra Saqib
- COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI) Department of Chemical Engineering Lahore Campus 54000 Punjab Pakistan
| | - Sikander Rafiq
- University of Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Polymer and Composite Material Engineering New Campus Lahore Pakistan
| | - Sami Ullah
- King Khalid University Department of Chemistry, College of Science P.O. Box 9004 61413 Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G. Al‐Sehemi
- King Khalid University Department of Chemistry, College of Science P.O. Box 9004 61413 Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Farrukh
- National University of Science and Technology (NUST) School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME) Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Danish
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Institute of Chemical and Bio-Engineering Technology Lot 1988, Alor Gajah 78000 Melaka Malaysia
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Versatile Coordination Polymer Catalyst for Acid Reactions Involving Biobased Heterocyclic Chemicals. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical valorization/repurposing of biomass-derived chemicals contributes to a biobased economy. Furfural (Fur) is a recognized platform chemical produced from renewable lignocellulosic biomass, and furfuryl alcohol (FA) is its most important application. The aromatic aldehydes Fur and benzaldehyde (Bza) are commonly found in the slate of compounds produced via biomass pyrolysis. On the other hand, glycerol (Gly) is a by-product of the industrial production of biodiesel, derived from fatty acid components of biomass. This work focuses on acid catalyzed routes of Fur, Bza, Gly and FA, using a versatile crystalline lamellar coordination polymer catalyst, namely [Gd(H4nmp)(H2O)2]Cl·2H2O (1) [H6nmp=nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid)] synthesized via an ecofriendly, relatively fast, mild microwave-assisted approach (in water, 70 °C/40 min). This is the first among crystalline coordination polymers or metal-organic framework type materials studied for the Fur/Gly and Bza/Gly reactions, giving heterobicyclic products of the type dioxolane and dioxane, and was also effective for the FA/ethanol reaction. 1 was stable and promoted the target catalytic reactions, selectively leading to heterobicyclic dioxane and dioxolane type products in the Fur/Gly and Bza/Gly reactions (up to 91% and 95% total yields respectively, at 90 °C/4 h), and, on the other hand, 2-(ethoxymethyl)furan and ethyl levulinate from heterocyclic FA.
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Zahid I, Ayoub M, Abdullah BB, Nazir MH, Ameen M, Zulqarnain, Mohd Yusoff MH, Inayat A, Danish M. Production of Fuel Additive Solketal via Catalytic Conversion of Biodiesel-Derived Glycerol. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imtisal Zahid
- HiCoE, Centre for Biofuels and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Sustainable Building (ISB), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ayoub
- HiCoE, Centre for Biofuels and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Sustainable Building (ISB), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
| | - Bawadi B. Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Hamza Nazir
- HiCoE, Centre for Biofuels and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Sustainable Building (ISB), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
| | - Mariam Ameen
- HiCoE, Centre for Biofuels and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Sustainable Building (ISB), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
| | - Zulqarnain
- HiCoE, Centre for Biofuels and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Sustainable Building (ISB), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff
- HiCoE, Centre for Biofuels and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Sustainable Building (ISB), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
| | - Abrar Inayat
- Department of Sustainable & Renewable Energy Engineering University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Danish
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden campus, Penang 11800, Pulau Pinang Malaysia
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Nda-Umar UI, Ramli I, Muhamad EN, Azri N, Taufiq-Yap YH. Optimization and Characterization of Mesoporous Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst and Its Application in Modeling and Optimization of Acetin Production. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225221. [PMID: 33182532 PMCID: PMC7697787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an optimized mesoporous sulfonated carbon (OMSC) catalyst derived from palm kernel shell biomass was developed using template carbonization and subsequent sulfonation under different temperatures and time conditions. The OMSC catalyst was characterized using acid-base titration, elemental analysis, XRD, Raman, FTIR, XPS, TPD-NH3, TGA-DTA, SEM, and N2 adsorption–desorption analysis to reveal its properties. Results proved that the OMSC catalyst is mesoporous and amorphous in structure with improved textural, acidic, and thermal properties. Both FTIR and XPS confirmed the presence of -SO3H, -OH, and -COOH functional groups on the surface of the catalyst. The OMSC catalyst was found to be efficient in catalyzing glycerol conversion to acetin via an acetylation reaction with acetic acid within a short period of 3 h. Response surface methodology (RSM), based on a two-level, three-factor, face-centered central composite design, was used to optimize the reaction conditions. The results showed that the optimized temperature, glycerol-to-acetic acid mole ratio, and catalyst load were 126 °C, 1:10.4, and 0.45 g, respectively. Under these optimum conditions, 97% glycerol conversion (GC) and selectivities of 4.9, 27.8, and 66.5% monoacetin (MA), diacetin (DA), and triacetin (TA), respectively, were achieved and found to be close to the predicted values. Statistical analysis showed that the regression model, as well as the model terms, were significant with the predicted R2 in reasonable agreement with the adjusted R2 (<0.2). The OMSC catalyst maintained excellent performance in GC for the five reaction cycles. The selectivity to TA, the most valuable product, was not stable until the fourth cycle, attributable to the leaching of the acid sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Idris Nda-Umar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B. 55 Bida, Niger State, Nigeria
| | - Irmawati Ramli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre (PutraCat), Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Processing and Product Development, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ernee Noryana Muhamad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre (PutraCat), Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norsahida Azri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre (PutraCat), Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre (PutraCat), Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
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Influence of Heterogeneous Catalysts and Reaction Parameters on the Acetylation of Glycerol to Acetin: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10207155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol, a polyhydric alcohol, is currently receiving greater attention worldwide in view of its glut in the market occasioned by the recent upsurge in biodiesel production. The acetylation of glycerol to acetin (acetyl glycerol) is one of the many pathways of upgrading glycerol to fine chemicals. Acetin, which could be mono, di, and or triacetin, has versatile applications in the cosmetics, medicines, food, polymer, and fuel industries as a humectant, emulsifier, plasticizer, and fuel additive and so it is of high economic value. Given the critical role of catalysts in green chemistry, this paper reports the influence of the different heterogeneous catalysts used in glycerol acetylation. It also reviewed the influence of catalyst load, temperature, molar ratio, and the time on the reaction.
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