1
|
Aschner M, Skalny AV, Paoliello MMB, Tinkova MN, Martins AC, Santamaria A, Lee E, Rocha JBT, Farsky SHP, Tinkov AA. Retinal toxicity of heavy metals and its involvement in retinal pathology. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114685. [PMID: 38663763 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the present review is to discuss epidemiological evidence demonstrating the association between toxic metal (Cd, Pb, Hg, As, Sn, Ti, Tl) exposure and retinal pathology, along with the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Epidemiological studies demonstrate that Cd, and to a lesser extent Pb exposure, are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), while the existing evidence on the levels of these metals in patients with diabetic retinopathy is scarce. Epidemiological data on the association between other toxic metals and metalloids including mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As), are limited. Clinical reports and laboratory in vivo studies have shown structural alterations in different layers of retina following metal exposure. Examination of retina samples demonstrate that toxic metals can accumulate in the retina, and the rate of accumulation appears to increase with age. Experimental studies in vivo and in vitro studies in APRE-19 and D407 cells demonstrate that toxic metal exposure may cause retinal damage through oxidative stress, apoptosis, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, impaired retinogenesis, and retinal inflammation. However, further epidemiological as well as laboratory studies are required for understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms and identifying of the potential therapeutic targets and estimation of the dose-response effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, 150003, Russia; Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Monica M B Paoliello
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Airton C Martins
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Abel Santamaria
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico; Laboratorio de Nanotecnología y Nanomedicina, Departamento de Cuidado de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Eunsook Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Joao B T Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Sandra H P Farsky
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, 150003, Russia; Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119435, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Filipoiu DC, Bungau SG, Endres L, Negru PA, Bungau AF, Pasca B, Radu AF, Tarce AG, Bogdan MA, Behl T, Nechifor AC, Hassan SSU, Tit DM. Characterization of the Toxicological Impact of Heavy Metals on Human Health in Conjunction with Modern Analytical Methods. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10120716. [PMID: 36548549 PMCID: PMC9785207 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Increased environmental pollution, urbanization, and a wide variety of anthropogenic activities have led to the release of toxic pollutants into the environment, including heavy metals (HMs). It has been found that increasing concentrations of HMs lead to toxicity, mineral imbalances, and serious diseases, which are occurring more and more frequently. Therefore, testing has become imperative to detect these deficiencies in a timely manner. The detection of traces of HMs, especially toxic ones, in human tissues, various biological fluids, or hair is a complex, high-precision analysis that enables early diagnosis, addressing people under constant stress or exposed to a toxic environment; the test also targets people who have died in suspicious circumstances. Tissue mineral analysis (TMA) determines the concentration of toxic minerals/metals at the intracellular level and can therefore determine correlations between measured concentrations and imbalances in the body. Framing the already-published information on the topic, this review aimed to explore the toxicity of HMs to human health, the harmful effects of their accumulation, the advantages vs. the disadvantages of choosing different biological fluids/tissues/organs necessary for the quantitative measurement of HM in the human body, as well as the choice of the optimal method, correlated with the purpose of the analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Claudia Filipoiu
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (S.G.B.); (L.E.)
| | - Laura Endres
- Department of Psycho-neurosciences and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (S.G.B.); (L.E.)
| | - Paul Andrei Negru
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Alexa Florina Bungau
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Bianca Pasca
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
| | - Andrei-Flavius Radu
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Alexandra Georgiana Tarce
- Medicine Program of Study, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Mihaela Alexandra Bogdan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
| | - Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences & Technology (SoHST), University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi 248007, India
| | - Aurelia Cristina Nechifor
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Syed Shams ul Hassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Delia Mirela Tit
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sanguinetti C, Minniti M, Susini V, Caponi L, Panichella G, Castiglione V, Aimo A, Emdin M, Vergaro G, Franzini M. The Journey of Human Transthyretin: Synthesis, Structure Stability, and Catabolism. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081906. [PMID: 36009453 PMCID: PMC9405911 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a homotetrameric protein mainly synthesised by the liver and the choroid plexus whose function is to carry the thyroid hormone thyroxine and the retinol-binding protein bound to retinol in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. When the stability of the tetrameric structure is lost, it breaks down, paving the way for the aggregation of TTR monomers into insoluble fibrils leading to transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis, a progressive disorder mainly affecting the heart and nervous system. Several TTR gene mutations have been characterised as destabilisers of TTR structure and are associated with hereditary forms of ATTR amyloidosis. The reason why also the wild-type TTR is intrinsically amyloidogenic in some subjects is largely unknown. The aim of the review is to give an overview of the TTR biological life cycle which is largely unknown. For this purpose, the current knowledge on TTR physiological metabolism, from its synthesis to its catabolism, is described. Furthermore, a large section of the review is dedicated to examining in depth the role of mutations and physiological ligands on the stability of TTR tetramers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sanguinetti
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marianna Minniti
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vanessa Susini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Caponi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgia Panichella
- “Health Science” Interdisciplinary Research Center, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Castiglione
- “Health Science” Interdisciplinary Research Center, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Aimo
- “Health Science” Interdisciplinary Research Center, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Cardiology Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Emdin
- “Health Science” Interdisciplinary Research Center, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Cardiology Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vergaro
- “Health Science” Interdisciplinary Research Center, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Cardiology Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Franzini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Flieger J, Dolar-Szczasny J, Rejdak R, Majerek D, Tatarczak-Michalewska M, Proch J, Blicharska E, Flieger W, Baj J, Niedzielski P. The Multi-Elemental Composition of the Aqueous Humor of Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery, Suffering from Coexisting Diabetes, Hypertension, or Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179413. [PMID: 34502323 PMCID: PMC8430749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was the multi-elemental analysis of aqueous humor (AH) collected from patients undergoing cataract surgery. The study included: 16 patients with age-related macular degeneration AMD (99 controls), 10 patients with retinopathy (105 controls), 61 patients with hypertension (54 controls), and 33 patients with coexisting diabetes (82 controls). The control groups were recruited from patients with a lack of co-existing disease characterizing the specified studied group. The measurements were performed by the use of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The statistical analysis was carried out using non-parametric testing (Mann–Whitney U). The level of significance was set at p = 0.05. The data obtained revealed substantial variations in elemental composition between the test groups in comparison to the controls. However, the significant variations concerned only a few elements. The phosphorous (P) level and the ratio of P/Ca were significant in retinopathy and diabetes, whereas cobalt (0.091 ± 0.107 mg/L vs. 0.031 ± 0.075 mg/L; p = 0.004) was significant in AMD. In co-existing hypertension, the levels of tin (0.293 ± 0.409 mg/L vs. 0.152 ± 0.3 mg/L; p = 0.031), titanium (0.096 ± 0.059 mg/L vs. 0.152 ± 0.192 mg/L; p = 0.045), and ruthenium (0.035 ± 0.109 mg/L vs. 0.002 ± 0.007 mg/L; p = 0.006) varied in comparison to the controls. The study revealed inter-elemental interactions. The correlation matrices demonstrated the domination of the positive correlations, whereas negative correlations mainly concerned sodium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.T.-M.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81448-7182
| | - Joanna Dolar-Szczasny
- Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, Chmielna 1, 20-079 Lublin, Poland; (J.D.-S.); (R.R.)
| | - Robert Rejdak
- Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, Chmielna 1, 20-079 Lublin, Poland; (J.D.-S.); (R.R.)
| | - Dariusz Majerek
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38D, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | | | - Jędrzej Proch
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 89B Umultowska Street, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (J.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Eliza Blicharska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.T.-M.); (E.B.)
| | - Wojciech Flieger
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (W.F.); (J.B.)
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (W.F.); (J.B.)
| | - Przemysław Niedzielski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 89B Umultowska Street, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (J.P.); (P.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li M, Yang T, Gao L, Xu H. An inadvertent issue of human retina exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals: A safety assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128484. [PMID: 33022499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a group of chemical compounds that present a considerable public health problem due to their pervasiveness and associations with chronic diseases. EDCs can interrupt the endocrine system and interfere with hormone homeostasis, leading to abnormalities in human physiology. Much attention has been focused on the adverse effects EDCs have on the reproductive system, neurogenesis, neuroendocrine system, and thyroid dysfunction. The eye is usually directly exposed to the surrounding environment; however, the influences of EDCs on the eye have received comparatively little attention. Ocular diseases, such as ocular surface diseases and retinal diseases, have been implicated in hormone deficiency or excess. Epidemiologic studies have shown that EDC exposure not only causes ocular surface disorders, such as dry eye, but also associates with visual deficits and retinopathy. EDCs can pass through the human blood-retinal barrier and enter the neural retina, and can then accumulate in the retina. The retina is an embryologic extension of the central nervous system, and is extremely sensitive and vulnerable to EDCs that could be passed across the placenta during critical periods of retinal development. Subtle alterations in the retinal development process usually result in profound immediate, long-term, and delayed effects late in life. This review, based on extensive literature survey, briefly summarizes the current knowledge about the impact of representative manufactured EDCs on retinal toxicity, including retinal structure alterations and dysfunction. We also highlight the potential mechanism of action of EDCs on the retina, and the predictive retinal models of EDC exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Cold Environmental Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lixiong Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shomar B, Rashkeev SN. A comprehensive risk assessment of toxic elements in international brands of face foundation powders. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110274. [PMID: 33038363 PMCID: PMC7543708 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite the COVID-19 pandemic and wearing masks in many countries, women are keen on elegance, beauty and the use of face foundations. Assessment of health risks associated with the regular use of face foundation by females is dynamic due to the emerging products. The most common international 14 brands of face foundation powders were collected and the concentrations of different elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, V and Zn) in each sample were determined. A combined approach merging the conventional and computational tools was used for investigating the risk of exposure to toxic elements. Monte Carlo simulations were applied to calculate risks associated with twenty elements. We attempted different probability distribution functions for concentrations because the actual distribution functions are not known, and the only data available are the mean value and standard deviation of concentrations obtained from experiment. Our results indicate that the total non-carcinogenic health risk through exposure to different elements (Hazardous Index, HI) does not strongly depend on the choice of the probability distribution function for the concentrations. We also show that taking into account probability distributions of other variables and parameters such as body weight, exposed skin area, skin adhesion, etc. does not significantly change the main result rather just slightly broadening the final Hazardous Index distribution function. We found that calculated HI is well below unity for all considered samples, i.e., the dermal exposure to toxic elements in the considered facial powders is negligible and the considered face foundation powders are quite safe to use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basem Shomar
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P. O. Box 31110, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Sergey N Rashkeev
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P. O. Box 31110, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The distribution of toxic metals in the human retina and optic nerve head: Implications for age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241054. [PMID: 33119674 PMCID: PMC7595417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Toxic metals are suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. However, difficulties in detecting the presence of multiple toxic metals within the intact human retina, and in separating primary metal toxicity from the secondary uptake of metals in damaged tissue, have hindered progress in this field. We therefore looked for the presence of several toxic metals in the posterior segment of normal adult eyes using elemental bioimaging. Methods Paraffin sections of the posterior segment of the eye from seven tissue donors (age range 54–74 years) to an eye bank were examined for toxic metals in situ using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, a technique that detects multiple elements in tissues, as well as the histochemical technique of autometallography that demonstrates inorganic mercury, silver, and bismuth. No donor had a visual impairment, and no significant retinal abnormalities were seen on post mortem fundoscopy and histology. Results Metals found by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in the retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris were lead (n = 7), nickel (n = 7), iron (n = 7), cadmium (n = 6), mercury (n = 6), bismuth (n = 5), aluminium (n = 3), and silver (n = 1). In the neural retina, mercury was present in six samples, and iron in one. Metals detected in the optic nerve head were iron (N = 7), mercury (N = 7), nickel (N = 4), and aluminium (N = 1). No gold or chromium was seen. Autometallography demonstrated probable inorganic mercury in the retinal pigment epithelium of one donor. Conclusion Several toxic metals are taken up by the human retina and optic nerve head. Injury to the retinal pigment epithelium from toxic metals could damage the neuroprotective functions of the retinal pigment epithelium and allow toxic metals to enter the outer neural retina. These findings support the hypothesis that accumulations of toxic metals in the retina could contribute to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Cosmetic products are used in large quantities across the world. An increasing number of chemical compounds are being added to the formulation of cosmetic products as additives, fragrances, preservatives, stabilizers, surfactants, dye and shine to potentiate their quality, property and shelf life. Owing to their widespread use, active residues of cosmetic products are continuously introduced into the environment in several ways. Many of these chemicals are bioactive and are characterized by potential bioaccumulation ability and environmental persistence, thus exerting a major risk to humans and the health of ecosystems. Hence, the indiscriminate consumption of cosmetics may present a looming issue with significant adverse impacts on public health. This review intends to spotlight a current overview of toxic ingredients used in formulating cosmetics such as parabens, triclosan, benzalkonium chloride, 1,4-dioxane, plastic microbeads, formaldehyde, diazolidinyl urea, imidazolidinyl urea, sunscreen elements (organic and inorganic UV filters) and trace metals. Specific focus is given to illustrate the biological risks of these substances on human health and aquatic system in terms of genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, neurotoxicity mutagenicity, and estrogenicity. In addition to conclusive remarks, future directions are also suggested.
Collapse
|
9
|
Saadatzadeh A, Afzalan S, Zadehdabagh R, Tishezan L, Najafi N, Seyedtabib M, Noori SMA. Determination of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury) in authorized and unauthorized cosmetics. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2019; 38:207-211. [PMID: 31072152 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2019.1590389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The present study evaluates lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury contamination in lipsticks, mascara, eye shadow, and eyebrow pencils, and compares the amounts of these toxic elements in both legal and contraband products. Background: The presence of heavy metals in cosmetics is of major concern, and requires constant monitoring to ensure the safety of consumers. Cosmetics contaminated with heavy metals can lead them to accumulate in the skin, while the further migration of these toxic elements to blood vessels can cause subsequent difficulties. Material and methods: The graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) and Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA) techniques were used. Results: The data indicate that the lead content in the products did not exceed the acceptable limit of the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety of Germany (BVL), and that the cadmium values in all products were significantly lower than the limit set by the BVL. The arsenic contents of lipsticks, eye shadows, and eyebrow pencils was significantly higher than the BVL standard, while the mercury content was far below the BVL standards, so there seems to be no concern associated with this toxic element. Legal cosmetics showed better results, except for mascara, which had higher amounts of arsenic than contraband. The higher contents of arsenic in contraband eye shadows and eyebrow pencils is an issue that should be taken into considerations by the relevant authorities. Conclusion: The authors suggest further analysis of the toxic elements in cosmetics and better monitoring of both imported and contraband cosmetics. Moreover, consumers' knowledge of the potential risks of the frequent application of cosmetic products should be improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afrooz Saadatzadeh
- a Department of Food and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Sina Afzalan
- a Department of Food and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Reza Zadehdabagh
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Leila Tishezan
- c Food and Drug Administration, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Nahid Najafi
- c Food and Drug Administration, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran.,d Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Maryam Seyedtabib
- e Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Ali Noori
- a Department of Food and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran.,f Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Monteiro C, Martins da Silva A, Ferreira N, Mesgarzadeh J, Novais M, Coelho T, Kelly JW. Cerebrospinal fluid and vitreous body exposure to orally administered tafamidis in hereditary ATTRV30M (p.TTRV50M) amyloidosis patients. Amyloid 2018; 25:120-128. [PMID: 29993288 PMCID: PMC6177313 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2018.1479249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis associated with the TTRV30M (p.TTRV50M) mutation presents predominantly as an axonal polyneuropathy, with variable involvement of other organs. Serious central nervous system (CNS) and eye manifestations, including stroke, dementia, vitreous opacities and glaucoma, have been reported in untreated V30M TTR amyloidosis patients, and in these patients after treatment with liver transplantation (LT). Distinct therapies for V30M TTR amyloidosis developed during the last decade exhibit promising results in slowing the peripheral and autonomic nervous system pathology. However, the effect of these therapies on the CNS and eye manifestations of V30M TTR amyloidosis is not known. Herein, we show that in a small cohort of patients taking tafamidis orally (20 mg tafamidis meglumine daily) we could detect this small molecule in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the vitreous body. In the CSF, the ratio of TTR tetramer to tafamidis was ≈2:1, leading to a moderate kinetic stabilization of TTR in the CSF of these patients. Our data suggest that tafamidis can cross the CSF-blood and eye-blood barriers. Future studies comparing CNS and eye manifestations in patients treated with LT, kinetic stabilizers or TTR lowering drugs are essential to understand the clinical effect of our observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Monteiro
- a Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Ana Martins da Silva
- b Unidade Corino de Andrade , Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto , Portugal.,c Servico de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António , Centro Hospitalar do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Natália Ferreira
- b Unidade Corino de Andrade , Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto , Portugal.,d Servico de Oftalmologia, Hospital de Santo António , Centro Hospitalar do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Jaleh Mesgarzadeh
- a Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Marta Novais
- b Unidade Corino de Andrade , Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto , Portugal
| | - Teresa Coelho
- b Unidade Corino de Andrade , Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto , Portugal.,e Servico de Neurofisiologia, Hospital de Santo António , Centro Hospitalar do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- a Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shen XF, Huang P, Fox DA, Lin Y, Zhao ZH, Wang W, Wang JY, Liu XQ, Chen JY, Luo WJ. Adult lead exposure increases blood-retinal permeability: A risk factor for retinal vascular disease. Neurotoxicology 2016; 57:145-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Wu EW, Schaumberg DA, Park SK. Environmental cadmium and lead exposures and age-related macular degeneration in U.S. adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 to 2008. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 133:178-84. [PMID: 24959985 PMCID: PMC4124906 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex disease resulting from the interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental exposures, and has been linked to oxidative stress and inflammatory mechanisms. Lead and cadmium can accumulate in human retinal tissues and may damage the retina through oxidative stress, and may thereby play a role in the development of AMD. We examined associations between blood lead, blood cadmium, and urinary cadmium concentrations and the presence of AMD in 5390 participants aged 40 years and older with blood lead and blood cadmium measures and a subsample of 1548 with urinary cadmium measures in the 2005-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. AMD was identified by grading retinal photographs with a modification of the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System. The weighted prevalence of AMD was 6.6% (n=426). Controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education and body mass index, adults in the highest blood cadmium quartile had higher odds of AMD compared to the lowest quartile (odds ratio [OR], 1.56; 95% CI, 1.02-2.40), with a significant trend across quartiles (p-trend=0.02). After further adjustment for pack-years of cigarette smoking, estimates were somewhat attenuated (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.91-2.27; p-trend=0.08). Similar associations were found with urinary cadmium. The association between urinary cadmium and AMD was stronger in non-Hispanic whites (NHW) than in non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) (OR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.37-8.01 for levels above versus below the median among NHW; OR,1.45; 95% CI, 0.40-5.32 for levels above versus below the median among NHB; p-interaction=0.03). We found no association between blood lead levels and AMD. Higher cadmium body burden may increase risk of AMD, particularly among non-Hispanic white individuals; however, additional studies are needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin W Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Debra A Schaumberg
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham & Women׳s Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sung Kyun Park
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Murthy KR, Goel R, Subbannayya Y, Jacob HK, Murthy PR, Manda SS, Patil AH, Sharma R, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Parashar A, Nair BG, Krishna V, Prasad TK, Gowda H, Pandey A. Proteomic analysis of human vitreous humor. Clin Proteomics 2014; 11:29. [PMID: 25097467 PMCID: PMC4106660 DOI: 10.1186/1559-0275-11-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The vitreous humor is a transparent, gelatinous mass whose main constituent is water. It plays an important role in providing metabolic nutrient requirements of the lens, coordinating eye growth and providing support to the retina. It is in close proximity to the retina and reflects many of the changes occurring in this tissue. The biochemical changes occurring in the vitreous could provide a better understanding about the pathophysiological processes that occur in vitreoretinopathy. In this study, we investigated the proteome of normal human vitreous humor using high resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Results The vitreous humor was subjected to multiple fractionation techniques followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. We identified 1,205 proteins, 682 of which have not been described previously in the vitreous humor. Most proteins were localized to the extracellular space (24%), cytoplasm (20%) or plasma membrane (14%). Classification based on molecular function showed that 27% had catalytic activity, 10% structural activity, 10% binding activity, 4% cell and 4% transporter activity. Categorization for biological processes showed 28% participate in metabolism, 20% in cell communication and 13% in cell growth. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000957. Conclusion This large catalog of vitreous proteins should facilitate biomedical research into pathological conditions of the eye including diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment and cataract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna R Murthy
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India.,Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala 690 525, India.,Vittala International Institute Of Ophthalmology, Bangalore, Karnataka 560085, India
| | - Renu Goel
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Karnataka 577 451, India
| | - Yashwanth Subbannayya
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India
| | - Harrys Kc Jacob
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India
| | - Praveen R Murthy
- Vittala International Institute Of Ophthalmology, Bangalore, Karnataka 560085, India
| | - Srikanth Srinivas Manda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India.,Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Centre, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Arun H Patil
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560 006, India
| | | | | | - Bipin G Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala 690 525, India
| | | | - Ts Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India.,Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala 690 525, India.,Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Centre, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205 MD, USA.,Department of Oncology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205 MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Kazi N, Kandhro GA, Baig JA, Shah AQ, Wadhwa SK, Khan S, Kolachi NF, Shah F, Jamali MK, Arain MB. Evaluation of essential trace and toxic elements in biological samples of normal and night blindness children of age groups 3-7 and 8-12 years. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 143:20-40. [PMID: 20820941 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The most common cause of blindness in developing countries is vitamin A deficiency. The World Health Organization estimates 13.8 million children to have some degree of visual loss related to vitamin A deficiency. The causes of night blindness in children are multifactorial, and particular consideration has been given to childhood nutritional deficiency, which is the most common problem found in underdeveloped countries. Such deficiency can result in physiological and pathological processes that in turn influence biological samples composition. Vitamin and mineral deficiency prevents more than two billion people from achieving their full intellectual and physical potential. This study was designed to compare the levels of Zn, Mg, Ca, K, Na, As, Cd, and Pb in scalp hair, blood, and urine of night blindness children age ranged 3-7 and 8-12 years of both genders, comparing them to sex- and age-matched controls. A microwave-assisted wet acid digestion procedure was developed as a sample pretreatment, for the determination of As, Ca, Cd, K, Pb, Mg, Na, and Zn in biological samples of night blindness children. The proposed method was validated by using conventional wet digestion and certified reference samples of hair, blood, and urine. The concentrations of trace and toxic elements were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer prior to microwave-assisted acid digestion. The results of this study showed that the mean values of As, Cd, Na, and Pb were significantly higher in scalp hair, blood, and urine samples of male and female night blindness children than in referents (p < 0.001), whereas the concentrations of Zn, Ca, K, and Mg were lower in the scalp hair and blood but higher in the urine samples of night blindness children. These data present guidance to clinicians and other professional investigating deficiency of essential mineral elements in biological samples (scalp hair and blood) of night blindness children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Imran Afridi
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Kazi N, Kandhro GA, Baig JA, Shah AQ, Wadhwa SK, Khan S, Kolachi NF, Shah F, Jamali MK, Arain MB. Evaluation of status of cadmium, lead, and nickel levels in biological samples of normal and night blindness children of age groups 3-7 and 8-12 years. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 142:350-61. [PMID: 20703825 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The causes of night blindness in children are multifactorial, and particular consideration has been given to childhood trace metals toxicity, which is the most common problem found in underdeveloped countries. This study was designed to compare the levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) in scalp hair, blood, and urine of night blindness children age ranged 3-7 and 8-12 years of both genders, comparing them to sex- and age-matched controls. A microwave-assisted wet acid digestion procedure was developed as a sample pretreatment, for the determination of Cd, Pb, and Ni in biological samples of night blindness children. The proposed method was validated by using conventional wet digestion and certified reference samples of hair, blood, and urine. The digests of all biological samples were analyzed for Cd, Pb, and Ni by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The results indicated significantly higher levels of Cd, Pb, and Ni in the biological samples (blood, scalp hair, and urine) of male and female night blindness children, compared with control subjects of both genders. These data present guidance to clinicians and other professional investigating toxicity of trace metals in biological samples of night blindness children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Imran Afridi
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
TANG B. Living by a biological clock: age-related functional changes of sleep homeostasis in people aged 65?88.5�years. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2007.00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
Erie JC, Butz JA, Good JA, Erie EA, Burritt MF, Cameron JD. Heavy metal concentrations in human eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 139:888-93. [PMID: 15860295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2004.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure the concentration of toxic heavy metals in the fluids and tissues of human eyes. DESIGN Laboratory investigation. METHODS Thirty autopsy eyes of 16 subjects were dissected to obtain the aqueous, vitreous, lens, ciliary body, retina, and retinal pigment epithelium/choroid. Concentrations of lead, cadmium, mercury, and thallium in ocular tissues, ocular fluids, and blood were determined using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer and expressed as ng/g. Heavy metal concentrations in ocular tissues were compared using a paired t test. RESULTS Lead and cadmium were found in all of the pigmented ocular tissues studied, concentrating to the greatest extent in the retinal pigment epithelium/choroid (mean, 432 +/- 485 ng/g and 2,358 +/- 1,522 ng/g). Cadmium was found in the retina in all eyes (mean, 1,072 +/- 489 ng/g) whereas lead was found in the retina in 9 (30%) of 30 eyes (mean, 53 +/- 54 ng/g). Trace concentrations of lead and cadmium were detected in the vitreous (mean, 0.5 +/- 1.0 ng/dl and 19 +/- 29 ng/dl), lens (mean, 13 +/- 18 ng/g and 20 +/- 18 ng/g), and blood (mean, 0.5 +/- 1.2 mug/dl and 3.1 +/- 4.1 mug/l) but were not detected in the aqueous. Mercury and thallium were not detected in any ocular tissues or fluids or in the blood. CONCLUSIONS Lead and cadmium accumulate in human ocular tissues, particularly in the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. The potential ocular toxicity of these heavy metals and their possible role in eye disease requires further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Erie
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Funding M, Vorum H, Honoré B, Nexø E, Ehlers N. Proteomic analysis of aqueous humour from patients with acute corneal rejection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 83:31-9. [PMID: 15715554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2005.00381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the basic proteomic composition of aqueous humour (AH) from patients with corneal rejection (patients) with AH from patients with cataract (controls). METHODS Aqueous humour was analysed for total protein concentration using Bradford's method and for protein composition using two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis. Image analysis was used to detect protein spots in 2D gels that were increased by more than factor 2 in patients as compared with controls. Increased spots were identified by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Aqueous humour from patients contained significantly higher total protein concentration than did AH from controls. A total of 31 spots were significantly increased in 2D gels from patients. The spots were derived from albumin, alpha1-antitrypsin, apolipoprotein J, cytokeratin type II, serin proteinase inhibitor and transthyretin. After correction of spot volumes by total protein concentrations, 10 spots derived from albumin, cytokeratin type II and alpha1-antitrypsin remained significantly increased. CONCLUSION The proteomic composition of AH differed significantly between patients and controls. The identified proteins suggest that the changes in AH are due to at least three different mechanisms: breakdown of the aqueous-blood barrier, enzymatic degradation, and liberation of locally synthesized proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Funding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|