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Liu X, Huang K, Zhang F, Huang G, Wang L, Wu G, Ren H, Yang G, Lin Z. Multifunctional nano-in-micro delivery systems for targeted therapy in fundus neovascularization diseases. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:354. [PMID: 38902775 PMCID: PMC11191225 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Fundus neovascularization diseases are a series of blinding eye diseases that seriously impair vision worldwide. Currently, the means of treating these diseases in clinical practice are continuously evolving and have rapidly revolutionized treatment opinions. However, key issues such as inadequate treatment effectiveness, high rates of recurrence, and poor patient compliance still need to be urgently addressed. Multifunctional nanomedicine can specifically respond to both endogenous and exogenous microenvironments, effectively deliver drugs to specific targets and participate in activities such as biological imaging and the detection of small molecules. Nano-in-micro (NIM) delivery systems such as metal, metal oxide and up-conversion nanoparticles (NPs), quantum dots, and carbon materials, have shown certain advantages in overcoming the presence of physiological barriers within the eyeball and are widely used in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. Few studies, however, have evaluated the efficacy of NIM delivery systems in treating fundus neovascular diseases (FNDs). The present study describes the main clinical treatment strategies and the adverse events associated with the treatment of FNDs with NIM delivery systems and summarizes the anatomical obstacles that must be overcome. In this review, we wish to highlight the principle of intraocular microenvironment normalization, aiming to provide a more rational approach for designing new NIM delivery systems to treat specific FNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Keke Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Fuxiao Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Ge Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Guiyu Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Zhiqing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China.
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2
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Bisen AC, Dubey A, Agrawal S, Biswas A, Rawat KS, Srivastava S, Bhatta RS. Recent updates on ocular disease management with ophthalmic ointments. Ther Deliv 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38888757 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2024.2346047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ophthalmic diseases can result in permanent vision loss and blindness. Convenient topical and systemic treatments are preferred to address these sight-threatening conditions. However, the unique anatomy of the eye presents challenges for drug delivery. Various ophthalmic ointment formulations have been developed to enhance bioavailability in the eye to prolong residence time and improve corneal permeability. This article explores a wide range of ocular diseases affecting individuals globally and how ointments are used to manage them. From eye to ocular barriers, this review focuses on published scientific research and formulation strategies for severe ocular complications using conventional topical ointments. Additionally, it delves through patented technologies and marketed formulations supporting the use of ointments in ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ayush Dubey
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CSJM University, Kanpur, 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kundan Singh Rawat
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience & Chemistry D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, 263001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CSJM University, Kanpur, 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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Volod'ko AV, Son EY, Glazunov VP, Davydova VN, Alexander-Sinkler EI, Aleksandrova SA, Blinova MI, Yermak IM. Carrageenan films as promising mucoadhesive ocular drug delivery systems. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 237:113854. [PMID: 38502974 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Polymer mucoadhesive films being developed for use in ophthalmology represent a new tool for drug delivery and are considered an alternative to traditional dosage forms. Due to their mucoadhesive properties, carrageenans (CRGs) are widely used in various forms for drug delivery. In this study, films based on CRGs of various structural types (κ/β, κ, x, and λ) for use in ophthalmology were studied. The films were loaded with the active substance echinochrome (ECH), a sea urchin pigment used in ophthalmology. Spectral data showed that ECH remained stable after its incorporation into the CRG films and did not oxidize for at least six months. Hydrophilic CRG films with a thickness of 10-12 µm were characterized in terms of their swelling and mucoadhesive properties. The rheological properties of solutions formed after film dissolution in artificial tears were also assessed. κ- and κ/β-CRG films with ECH exhibited pseudoplastic behavior after rehydrating films with an artificial tear solution. The CRG-loaded films had different swelling characteristics depending on the structure of the CRG used. The films based on highly sulfated CRGs dissolved in artificial tears, while the films of low-sulfated κ/β-CRG exhibited limited swelling. All studied ECH-loaded films exhibited mucoadhesive properties, which were evaluated by a texture analyzer using mucous tissue of the small intestine of the pig as a model. There was a slight prolongation of ECH release from CRG films in artificial tears. The effect of CRG/ECH on the epithelial cell lines of the outer shell of the human eye was investigated. At low concentrations, ECH in the composition of the CRG/ECH complex had no cytotoxic effect on corneal epithelial and conjunctival human cells. The use of ECH-containing films can prevent the drug from being immediately washed away by tears and help to retain it by increasing viscosity and having mucoadhesive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra V Volod'ko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 100 Let Vladivostoku Prosp., 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Elvira Yu Son
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 100 Let Vladivostoku Prosp., 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Valery P Glazunov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 100 Let Vladivostoku Prosp., 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Viktoriya N Davydova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 100 Let Vladivostoku Prosp., 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Elga I Alexander-Sinkler
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Prosp., 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Aleksandrova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Prosp., 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Miralda I Blinova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Prosp., 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Irina M Yermak
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 100 Let Vladivostoku Prosp., 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
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Račić A, Jurišić Dukovski B, Lovrić J, Dobričić V, Vučen S, Micov A, Stepanović-Petrović R, Tomić M, Pecikoza U, Bajac J, Krajišnik D. Synergism of polysaccharide polymers in antihistamine eye drops: Influence on physicochemical properties and in vivo efficacy. Int J Pharm 2024; 655:124033. [PMID: 38522490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of polymers into drug delivery vehicles has been shown to be a useful approach to prolong the residence time of drugs in the precorneal tear film and to improve penetration into biological membranes. The main objective of this research was to formulate novel viscous eye drops with ketotifen as the active ingredient, containing the polysaccharides: chitosan (MCH), hydroxypropyl guar gum (HPG) and hyaluronic acid (SH) alone and in combination as functional polymers. DSC and FT-IR techniques showed the compatibility between ketotifen and polymers. Physicochemical and rheological analysis at ambient and simulated physiological conditions, as well as the evaluation of mucoadhesive properties showed that vehicles containing combinations of polymers have suitable physicochemical and functional properties with demonstrated synergism between combined polymers (MCH and HPG i.e. SH and HPG). The drug permeability was successfully estimated in vitro using HCE-T cell-based models. MTT cytotoxicity assay demonstrates that the tested formulations were non-toxic and well tolerated. In vivo preclinical study on mice revealed that both vehicles containing mixed polymers enhanced and prolonged the antipruritic/analgesic-like effect of ophthalmic ketotifen. Based on these results, both combinations of polysaccharide polymers, especially SH-HPG, could be considered as potential new carriers for ketotifen for ophthalmic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anđelka Račić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Medicine, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Bisera Jurišić Dukovski
- R&D, PLIVA Croatia Ltd., TEVA Group Member, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Jasmina Lovrić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Vladimir Dobričić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Sonja Vučen
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Ana Micov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Radica Stepanović-Petrović
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Maja Tomić
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Uroš Pecikoza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jelena Bajac
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Danina Krajišnik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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5
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Vicario-de-la-Torre M, Puebla-García V, Ybañez-García L, López-Cano JJ, González-Cela-Casamayor MA, Brugnera M, Burgos-Blasco B, Díaz-Valle D, Gegúndez-Fernández JA, Benítez-del-Castillo JM, Herrero-Vanrell R. Topical Insulin Eye Drops: Stability and Safety of Two Compounded Formulations for Treating Persistent Corneal Epithelial Defects. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:580. [PMID: 38794241 PMCID: PMC11124528 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Compounded insulin eye drops were prepared at 1 IU/mL from commercially available subcutaneous insulin by dilution in saline solution or artificial tears. Physicochemical characterization and in vitro tolerance testing in human and conjunctival cells were followed by a 28-day short-term stability study under various conditions. The formulations were isotonic (280-300 mOsm/L), had a pH close to neutral (7-8), medium surface-tension values (<56 MN/m-1), and low (≈1 mPa·s) and medium (≈5 mPa·s) viscosities (compounded normal saline solution and artificial tear-based preparation, respectively). These values remained stable for 28 days under refrigeration. Microbiological stability was also excellent. Insulin potency remained in the 90-110% range in the compounded formulations containing normal saline solution when stored at 2-8 °C for 28 days, while it decreased in those based on artificial tears. Although both formulations were well tolerated in vitro, the compounded insulin diluted in a normal saline solution exhibited better cell tolerance. Preliminary data in humans showed that insulin in saline solution was an effective and safe treatment for persistent corneal epithelial defects. Compounded insulin eye drops diluted in normal saline solution could, therefore, constitute an emergent therapy for the treatment of persistent corneal epithelial defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vicario-de-la-Torre
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group (UCM 920415), Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (R.H.-V.)
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Institute of Health, San Carlos Clinical Hospital Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain (D.D.-V.)
| | | | | | - José Javier López-Cano
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group (UCM 920415), Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (R.H.-V.)
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Institute of Health, San Carlos Clinical Hospital Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain (D.D.-V.)
| | - Miriam Ana González-Cela-Casamayor
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group (UCM 920415), Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (R.H.-V.)
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Institute of Health, San Carlos Clinical Hospital Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain (D.D.-V.)
| | - Marco Brugnera
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group (UCM 920415), Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (R.H.-V.)
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Institute of Health, San Carlos Clinical Hospital Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain (D.D.-V.)
| | - Bárbara Burgos-Blasco
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Institute of Health, San Carlos Clinical Hospital Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain (D.D.-V.)
- Ocular Surface and Inflammation Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, San Carlos Clinical Hospital Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Díaz-Valle
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Institute of Health, San Carlos Clinical Hospital Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain (D.D.-V.)
- Ocular Surface and Inflammation Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, San Carlos Clinical Hospital Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Gegúndez-Fernández
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Institute of Health, San Carlos Clinical Hospital Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain (D.D.-V.)
- Ocular Surface and Inflammation Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, San Carlos Clinical Hospital Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Benítez-del-Castillo
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Institute of Health, San Carlos Clinical Hospital Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain (D.D.-V.)
- Ocular Surface and Inflammation Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, San Carlos Clinical Hospital Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Herrero-Vanrell
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group (UCM 920415), Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (R.H.-V.)
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Institute of Health, San Carlos Clinical Hospital Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain (D.D.-V.)
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6
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Romeo A, Kazsoki A, Musumeci T, Zelkó R. A Clinical, Pharmacological, and Formulation Evaluation of Melatonin in the Treatment of Ocular Disorders-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3999. [PMID: 38612812 PMCID: PMC11011996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin's cytoprotective properties may have therapeutic implications in treating ocular diseases like glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Literature data suggest that melatonin could potentially protect ocular tissues by decreasing the production of free radicals and pro-inflammatory mediators. This study aims to summarize the screened articles on melatonin's clinical, pharmacological, and formulation evaluation in treating ocular disorders. The identification of relevant studies on the topic in focus was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines. The studies were searched in the following databases and web search engines: Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Reaxys, Google Scholar, Google Patents, Espacenet, and Patentscope. The search time interval was 2013-2023, with the following keywords: melatonin AND ocular OR ophthalmic AND formulation OR insert AND disease. Our key conclusion was that using melatonin-loaded nano-delivery systems enabled the improved permeation of the molecule into intraocular tissues and assured controlled release profiles. Although preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of developed formulations, a considerable gap has been observed in the clinical translation of the results. To overcome this failure, revising the preclinical experimental phase might be useful by selecting endpoints close to clinical ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Romeo
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Adrienn Kazsoki
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre Street 7–9, 1092 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Teresa Musumeci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Romána Zelkó
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre Street 7–9, 1092 Budapest, Hungary;
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7
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Shree D, Patra CN, Sahoo BM. Applications of Nanotechnology-mediated Herbal Nanosystems for Ophthalmic Drug. Pharm Nanotechnol 2024; 12:229-250. [PMID: 37587812 DOI: 10.2174/2211738511666230816090046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, herbal nanomedicines have gained tremendous popularity for novel drug discovery. Nanotechnology has provided several advances in the healthcare sector, emerging several novel nanocarriers that potentiate the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of the herbal drug. The recent advances in nanotechnology with accelerated strategies of ophthalmic nanosystems have paved a new path for overcoming the limitations associated with ocular drug delivery systems, such as low bioavailability, poor absorption, stability, and precorneal drug loss. Ophthalmic drug delivery is challenging due to anatomical and physiological barriers. Due to the presence of these barriers, the herbal drug entry into the eyes can be affected when administered by following multiple routes, i.e., topical, injectables, or systemic. However, the advancement of nanotechnology with intelligent systems enables the herbal active constituent to successfully entrap within the system, which is usually difficult to reach employing conventional herbal formulations. Herbal-loaded nanocarrier drug delivery systems demonstrated enhanced herbal drug permeation and prolonged herbal drug delivery. In this current manuscript, an extensive search is conducted for original research papers using databases Viz., PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, etc. Further painstaking efforts are made to compile and update the novel herbal nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructure lipid carriers, micelles, niosomes, nanoemulsions, dendrimers, etc., which are mostly used for ophthalmic drug delivery system. This article presents a comprehensive survey of diverse applications used for the preventative measures and treatment therapy of varied eye disorders. Further, this article highlights the recent findings that the innovators are exclusively working on ophthalmic nanosystems for herbal drug delivery systems. The nanocarriers are promising drug delivery systems that enable an effective and supreme therapeutic potential circumventing the limitations associated with conventional ocular drug delivery systems. The nanotechnology-based approach is useful to encapsulate the herbal bioactive and prevent them from degradation and therefore providing them for controlled and sustained release with enhanced herbal drug permeation. Extensive research is still being carried out in the field of herbal nanotechnology to design an ophthalmic nanosystem with improved biopharmaceutical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipthi Shree
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, 760010, Odisha, India
| | - Chinam Niranjan Patra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, 760010, Odisha, India
| | - Biswa Mohan Sahoo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, 760010, Odisha, India
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8
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Barbalho GN, Falcão MA, Lopes JMS, Lopes JM, Contarato JLA, Gelfuso GM, Cunha-Filho M, Gratieri T. Dynamic Ex Vivo Porcine Eye Model to Measure Ophthalmic Drug Penetration under Simulated Lacrimal Flow. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2325. [PMID: 37765293 PMCID: PMC10534681 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models are still used in the research and development of ophthalmic drug products, mainly due to the difficulty in simulating natural physiological conditions with in vitro models, as there is a lack of dynamic protection mechanisms. Therefore, developing alternative ophthalmic models that evaluate drug penetration in the cornea while applying dynamic protection barriers is a contemporary challenge. This study aimed to develop a dynamic ex vivo model using porcine eyes with a simulated lacrimal flow to evaluate the performance of pharmaceutical drug products. A glass donor cell to support a simulated tear flow was designed, optimized, and custom-made. The system was challenged with different formulations (with fluconazole) including excipients with different viscosities (poloxamer 407) and mucoadhesive properties (chitosan). The results were compared to those obtained from a conventional excised cornea model mounted in Franz-type diffusion cells. The dynamic model could differentiate formulations, while the static model did not, overestimating ex vivo drug penetrated amounts. Hence, the dynamic model with simulated tear flow showed to be a simple and promising new alternative method for the drug penetration of ophthalmic formulations that ultimately can reduce the number of animals used in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geisa N Barbalho
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Manuel A Falcão
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Júlia M Lopes
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Jonad L A Contarato
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Tais Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
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9
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Qi Q, Wei Y, Zhang X, Guan J, Mao S. Challenges and strategies for ocular posterior diseases therapy via non-invasive advanced drug delivery. J Control Release 2023; 361:191-211. [PMID: 37532148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Posterior segment diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are vital factor that seriously threatens human vision health and quality of life, the treatment of which poses a great challenge to ophthalmologists and ophthalmic scientists. In particular, ocular posterior drug delivery in a non-invasive manner is highly desired but still faces many difficulties such as rapid drug clearance, limited permeability and low drug accumulation at the target site. At present, many novel non-invasive topical ocular drug delivery systems are under development aiming to improve drug delivery efficiency and biocompatibility for better therapy of posterior segment oculopathy. The purpose of this review is to present the challenges in the noninvasive treatment of posterior segment diseases, and to propose strategies to tackle these bottlenecks. First of all, barriers to ocular administration were introduced based on ocular physiological structure and behavior, including analysis and discussion on the influence of ocular structures on noninvasive posterior segment delivery. Thereafter, various routes of posterior drug delivery, both invasive and noninvasive, were illustrated, along with the respective anatomical obstacles that need to be overcome. The widespread and risky application of invasive drug delivery, and the need to develop non-invasive local drug delivery with alternative to injectable therapy were described. Absorption routes through topical administration and strategies to enhance ocular posterior drug delivery were then discussed. As a follow-up, an up-to-date research advances in non-invasive delivery systems for the therapy of ocular fundus lesions were presented, including different nanocarriers, contact lenses, and several other carriers. In conclusion, it seems feasible and promising to treat posterior oculopathy via non-invasive local preparations or in combination with appropriate devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yidan Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jian Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shirui Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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10
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Satyanarayana SD, Abu Lila AS, Moin A, Moglad EH, Khafagy ES, Alotaibi HF, Obaidullah AJ, Charyulu RN. Ocular Delivery of Bimatoprost-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Effective Management of Glaucoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1001. [PMID: 37513913 PMCID: PMC10385266 DOI: 10.3390/ph16071001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by a rise in the intraocular pressure (IOP) leading to optic nerve damage. Bimatoprost is a prostaglandin analogue used to reduce the elevated IOP in patients with glaucoma. The currently available dosage forms for Bimatoprost suffer from relatively low ocular bioavailability. The objective of this study was to fabricate and optimize solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing Bimatoprost for ocular administration for the management of glaucoma. Bimatoprost-loaded SLNs were fabricated by solvent evaporation/ultrasonication technique. Glyceryl Monostearate (GMS) was adopted as solid lipid and poloxamer 407 as surfactant. Optimization of SLNs was conducted by central composite design. The optimized formulation was assessed for average particle size, entrapment efficiency (%), zeta potential, surface morphology, drug release study, sterility test, isotonicity test, Hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) test and histopathology studies. The optimized Bimatoprost-loaded SLNs formulation had an average size of 183.3 ± 13.3 nm, zeta potential of -9.96 ± 1.2 mV, and encapsulation efficiency percentage of 71.8 ± 1.1%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study revealed the nearly smooth surface of formulated particles with a nano-scale size range. In addition, SLNs significantly sustained Bimatoprost release for up to 12 h, compared to free drug (p < 005). Most importantly, HET-CAM test nullified the irritancy of the formulation was verified its tolerability upon ocular use, as manifested by a significant reduction in mean irritation score, compared to positive control (1% sodium dodecyl sulfate; p < 0.001). Histopathology study inferred the absence of any signs of cornea tissue damage upon treatment with Bimatoprost optimized formulation. Collectively, it was concluded that SLNs might represent a viable vehicle for enhancing the corneal permeation and ocular bioavailability of Bimatoprost for the management of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Divate Satyanarayana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Amr Selim Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehssan H Moglad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum 2404, Sudan
| | - El-Sayed Khafagy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Hadil Faris Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad J Obaidullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rompicherla Narayana Charyulu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
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11
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Račić A, Krajišnik D. Biopolymers in Mucoadhesive Eye Drops for Treatment of Dry Eye and Allergic Conditions: Application and Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020470. [PMID: 36839790 PMCID: PMC9962975 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry eye syndrome and allergic conjunctivitis are the most common inflammatory disorders of the eye surface. Although eye drops are the most usual prescribed dosage form, they are characterized by low ocular availability due to numerous barrier mechanisms of the eye. The use of biopolymers in liquid ophthalmic preparations has numerous advantages, such as increasing the viscosity of the tear film, exhibiting bioadhesive properties, and resisting the drainage system, leading to prolonged retention of the preparation at the site of application, and improvement of the therapeutic effect. Some mucoadhesive polymers are multifunctional excipients, so they act by different mechanisms on increasing the permeability of the cornea. Additionally, many hydrophilic biopolymers can also represent the active substances in artificial tear preparations, due to their lubrication and moisturizing effect. With the modification of conventional ophthalmic preparations, there is a need for development of new methods for their characterization. Numerous methods for the assessment of mucoadhesiveness have been suggested by the literature. This review gives an overview related to the development of mucoadhesive liquid ophthalmic formulations for the treatment of dry eye and allergic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anđelka Račić
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Banja Luka-Faculty of Medicine, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Danina Krajišnik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-11-395-1359
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12
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Promising Role of Silk-Based Biomaterials for Ocular-Based Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245475. [PMID: 36559842 PMCID: PMC9788421 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk is a wonderful biopolymer that has a long history of medical applications. Surgical cords and medically authorised human analogues made of silk have a long history of use in management. We describe the use of silk in the treatment of eye diseases in this review by looking at the usage of silk fibroin for eye-related drug delivery applications and medication transfer to the eyes. During this ancient art endeavour, a reduced engineering project that employed silk as a platform for medicine delivery or a cell-filled matrix helped reignite interest. With considerable attention, this study explores the present usage of silk in ocular-based drug delivery. This paper also examines emerging developments with the use of silk as a biopolymer for the treatment of eye ailments. As treatment options for glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and other retinal diseases and degenerations are developed, the trans-scleral route of drug delivery holds great promise for the selective, sustained-release delivery of these novel therapeutic compounds. We should expect a swarm of silk-inspired materials to enter clinical testing and use on the surface as the secrets of silk are unveiled. This article finishes with a discussion on potential silk power, which adds to better ideas and enhanced ocular medicine delivery.
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13
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Preparation and evaluation of ascorbyl glucoside and ascorbic acid solid in oil nanodispersions for corneal epithelial wound healing. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122227. [PMID: 36155791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate an effective topical formulation to promote corneal epithelial wound healing. Ascorbyl glucoside (AA-2G), a stable prodrug of AA, was formulated in solid in oil (S/O) nanodispersions by emulsifying AA-2G solutions in cyclohexane using Span 85 as an emulsifying agent and freeze-drying emulsions to produce AA-2G - surfactant complex. The complexes were then dispersed in castor oil to produce S/O nanodispersions which were evaluated in terms of their particle size, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency, morphology, physical stability as well as the transcorneal permeation and accumulation of AA-2G. The same preparation procedure was used to prepare S/O nanodispersions of AA. S/O nanodispersions of AA and AA-2G were formulated into oily drops that were tested for efficacy in promoting wound healing after corneal epithelial depredation. AA-2G was loaded efficiently in S/O nanodispersions (EE > 99%) in the form of spherical nanoparticles. S/O nanodispersions were physically stable and resulted in improved permeation (18x) and accumulation (7x) of AA-2G in transcorneal diffusion experiments in comparison to AA-2G solutions. Oily eye drops of AA-2G and AA showed no irritation and significant improvement in epithelial healing in vivo in comparison to AA-2G and AA solutions.
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14
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Garkal A, Bangar P, Rajput A, Pingale P, Dhas N, Sami A, Mathur K, Joshi S, Dhuri S, Parikh D, Mutalik S, Mehta T. Long-acting formulation strategies for protein and peptide delivery in the treatment of PSED. J Control Release 2022; 350:538-568. [PMID: 36030993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The invigoration of protein and peptides in serious eye disease includes age-related macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularization, retinal neovascularization, and diabetic retinopathy. The transportation of macromolecules like aptamers, recombinant proteins, and monoclonal antibodies to the posterior segment of the eye is challenging due to their high molecular weight, rapid degradation, and low solubility. Moreover, it requires frequent administration for prolonged therapy. The long-acting novel formulation strategies are helpful to overcome these issues and provide superior therapy. It avoids frequent administration, improves stability, high retention time, and avoids burst release. This review briefly enlightens posterior segments of eye diseases with their diagnosis techniques and treatments. This article mainly focuses on recent advanced approaches like intravitreal implants and injectables, electrospun injectables, 3D printed drug-loaded implants, nanostructure thin-film polymer devices encapsulated cell technology-based intravitreal implants, injectable and depots, microneedles, PDS with ranibizumab, polymer nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, hydrogels and microparticles for delivering macromolecules in the eye for intended therapy. Furthermore, novel techniques like aptamer, small Interference RNA, and stem cell therapy were also discussed. It is predicted that these systems will make revolutionary changes in treating posterior segment eye diseases in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Garkal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Priyanka Bangar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Amarjitsing Rajput
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharti Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune, Maharashtra 411038, India
| | - Prashant Pingale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, GES's Sir Dr. M.S. Gosavi College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nashik, Maharashtra 422005, India
| | - Namdev Dhas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Anam Sami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Khushboo Mathur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Shubham Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Sonika Dhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Dhaivat Parikh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Tejal Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India.
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15
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Development of Fenofibrate/Randomly Methylated β-Cyclodextrin-Loaded Eudragit ® RL 100 Nanoparticles for Ocular Delivery. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154755. [PMID: 35897940 PMCID: PMC9370055 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fenofibrate (FE) has been shown to markedly reduce the progression of diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration in clinical trials and animal models. Owing to the limited aqueous solubility of FE, it may hamper ocular bioavailability and result in low efficiency to treat such diseases. To enhance the solubility of FE, water-soluble FE/cyclodextrin (CD) complex formation was determined by a phase-solubility technique. Randomly methylated-β-CD (RMβCD) exhibited the best solubility and the highest complexation efficiency (CE) for FE. Additionally, water-soluble polymers (i.e., hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol [PVA]) enhanced the solubility of FE/RMβCD complexes. Solid- and solution-state characterizations were performed to elucidate and confirm the formation of inclusion FE/RMβCD complex. FE-loaded Eudragit® nanoparticle (EuNP) dispersions and suspensions were developed. The physicochemical properties (i.e., pH, osmolality, viscosity, particle size, size distribution, and zeta potential) were within acceptable ranges. Moreover, in vitro mucoadhesion, in vitro release, and in vitro permeation studies revealed that the FE-loaded EuNP eye drop suspensions had excellent mucoadhesive properties and sustained FE release. The hemolytic activity, hen’s egg test on chorioallantoic membrane assay, and in vitro cytotoxicity test showed that the FE formulations had low hemolytic activity, were cytocompatible, and were moderately irritable to the eyes. In conclusion, PVA-stabilized FE/RMβCD-loaded EuNP eye drop suspensions were successfully developed, warranting further in vivo testing.
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16
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Cosert KM, Kim S, Jalilian I, Chang M, Gates BL, Pinkerton KE, Van Winkle LS, Raghunathan VK, Leonard BC, Thomasy SM. Metallic Engineered Nanomaterials and Ocular Toxicity: A Current Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050981. [PMID: 35631569 PMCID: PMC9145553 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface, comprised of the transparent cornea, conjunctiva, and protective tear film, forms a protective barrier defending deeper structures of the eye from particulate matter and mechanical trauma. This barrier is routinely exposed to a multitude of naturally occurring and engineered nanomaterials (ENM). Metallic ENMs are particularly ubiquitous in commercial products with a high risk of ocular exposure, such as cosmetics and sunscreens. Additionally, there are several therapeutic uses for metallic ENMs owing to their attractive magnetic, antimicrobial, and functionalization properties. The increasing commercial and therapeutic applications of metallic ENMs come with a high risk of ocular exposure with poorly understood consequences to the health of the eye. While the toxicity of metallic ENMs exposure has been rigorously studied in other tissues and organs, further studies are necessary to understand the potential for adverse effects and inform product usage for individuals whose ocular health may be compromised by injury, disease, or surgical intervention. This review provides an update of current literature on the ocular toxicity of metallic ENMs in vitro and in vivo, as well as the risks and benefits of therapeutic applications of metallic ENMs in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M. Cosert
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Iman Jalilian
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Maggie Chang
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Brooke L. Gates
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.E.P.); (L.S.V.W.)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Laura S. Van Winkle
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.E.P.); (L.S.V.W.)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vijay Krishna Raghunathan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA;
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Brian C. Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-752-0926
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17
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Peers S, Montembault A, Ladavière C. Chitosan hydrogels incorporating colloids for sustained drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 275:118689. [PMID: 34742416 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In today's biomedical research, a huge effort is being made towards the development of efficient drug delivery systems, achieving sustainable and controlled delivery of drugs. Chitosan (CS) hydrogels are high water content materials with very relevant biological properties to that purpose. Their use for a local and delayed delivery has already been demonstrated for a wide variety of therapeutic agents. One relatively recent strategy to improve these CS-based systems consists in the insertion of colloids, embedding drugs, within their three-dimensional matrix. This provides a second barrier to the diffusion of drugs through the system, and allows to better control their release. The main objective of this review is to report the many existing complex systems composed of CS hydrogels embedding different types of colloids used as drug delivery devices to delay the release of drugs. The various biomedical applications of such final systems are also detailed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Peers
- University of Lyon, CNRS, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, INSA, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, IMP UMR 5223, 15 bd A. Latarjet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - A Montembault
- University of Lyon, CNRS, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, INSA, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, IMP UMR 5223, 15 bd A. Latarjet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - C Ladavière
- University of Lyon, CNRS, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, INSA, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, IMP UMR 5223, 15 bd A. Latarjet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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18
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Yi H, Feng Y, Gappa-Fahlenkamp H. Analysis of topical dosing and administration effects on ocular drug delivery in a human eyeball model using computational fluid dynamics. Comput Biol Med 2021; 141:105016. [PMID: 34782111 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the spatial and temporal drug concentration distributions in the eyes is essential for quantitative analysis of the therapeutic effect and overdose issue via different topical administration strategies. To address such needs, an experimentally validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based virtual human eye model with physiologically realistic multiple ophthalmic compartments was developed to study the effect of administration frequency and interval on drug concentration distributions. Timolol was selected as the topical dosing drug for the numerical investigation of how administration strategy can influence drug transport and concentration distribution over time in the human eye. Administration frequencies employed in this study are 1-4 times per day, and the administration time intervals are Δt = 900 s, 1800 s, and 3600 s. Numerical results indicate that the administration frequency can significantly affect the temporal timolol concentration distributions in the ophthalmic compartments. More administrations per day can prolong the mediations at relatively high levels in all compartments. CFD simulation results also show that shorter administration intervals can help the medication maintain a relatively higher concentration during the initial hours. Longer administration intervals can provide a more stable medication concentration during the entire dosing time. Furthermore, numerical parametric analysis in this study indicates that the elimination rate in the aqueous humor plays a dominant role in affecting the drug concentrations in multiple ophthalmic compartments. However, it still needs additional clinical data to identify how much drugs can be transported into the cardiac and/or respiratory systems via blood circulation for side effect assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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19
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Recent advances in ophthalmic preparations: Ocular barriers, dosage forms and routes of administration. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121105. [PMID: 34537269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human eye is a complex organ with unique anatomy and physiology that restricts the delivery of drugs to target ocular tissues/sites. Recent advances in the field of pharmacy, biotechnology and material science have led to development of novel ophthalmic dosage forms which can provide sustained drug delivery, reduce dosing frequency and improve the ocular bioavailability of drugs. This review highlights the different anatomical and physiological factors which affect ocular bioavailability of drugs and explores advancements from 2016 to 2020 in various ophthalmic preparations. Different routes of drug administration such as topical, intravitreal, intraocular, juxtascleral, subconjunctival, intracameral and retrobulbar are discussed with their advances and limitations.
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20
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Gawin-Mikołajewicz A, Nartowski KP, Dyba AJ, Gołkowska AM, Malec K, Karolewicz B. Ophthalmic Nanoemulsions: From Composition to Technological Processes and Quality Control. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3719-3740. [PMID: 34533317 PMCID: PMC8493553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions are considered as the most promising solution to improve the delivery of ophthalmic drugs. The design of ophthalmic nanoemulsions requires an extensive understanding of pharmaceutical as well as technological aspects related to the selection of excipients and formulation processes. This Review aims at providing the readers with a comprehensive summary of possible compositions of nanoemulsions, methods for their formulation (both laboratory and industrial), and differences between technological approaches, along with an extensive outline of the research methods enabling the confirmation of in vitro properties, pharmaceutical performance, and biological activity of the obtained product. The composition of the formulation has a major influence on the properties of the final product obtained with low-energy emulsification methods. Increasing interest in high-energy emulsification methods is a consequence of their scalability important from the industrial perspective. Considering the high-energy emulsification methods, both the composition and conditions of the process (e.g., device power level, pressure, temperature, homogenization time, or number of cycles) are important for the properties and stability of nanoemulsions. It is advisible to determine the effect of each parameter on the quality of the product to establish the optimal process parameters' range which, in turn, results in a more reproducible and efficient production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karol P. Nartowski
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra J. Dyba
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna M. Gołkowska
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malec
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Karolewicz
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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21
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Cassano R, Di Gioia ML, Trombino S. Gel-Based Materials for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery. Gels 2021; 7:gels7030130. [PMID: 34563016 PMCID: PMC8482217 DOI: 10.3390/gels7030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common route of administration of ophthalmic drugs is the topical route because it is convenient, non-invasive, and accessible to all patients. Unfortunately, drugs administered topically are not able to reach effective concentrations. Moreover, their bioavailability must be improved to decrease the frequency of administrations and their side effects, and to increase their therapeutic efficiency. For this purpose, in recent decades, particular attention has been given to the possibility of developing prolonged-release forms that are able to increase the precorneal residence time and decrease the loss of the drug due to tearing. Among these forms, gel-based materials have been studied as an ideal delivery system because they are an extremely versatile class with numerous prospective applications in ophthalmology. These materials are used in gel eye drops, in situ gelling formulations, intravitreal injections, and therapeutic contact lenses. This review is intended to describe gel-based materials and their main applications in ophthalmology.
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Velpandian T, Nirmal J, Sharma HP, Sharma S, Sharma N, Halder N. Novel water soluble sterile natamycin formulation (Natasol) for fungal keratitis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 163:105857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Koutsoviti M, Siamidi A, Pavlou P, Vlachou M. Recent Advances in the Excipients Used for Modified Ocular Drug Delivery. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4290. [PMID: 34361483 PMCID: PMC8347600 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In ocular drug delivery, maintaining an efficient concentration of the drug in the target area for a sufficient period of time is a challenging task. There is a pressing need for the development of effective strategies for drug delivery to the eye using recent advances in material sciences and novel approaches to drug delivery. This review summarizes the important aspects of ocular drug delivery and the factors affecting drug absorption in the eye including encapsulating excipients (chitosan, hyaluronic acid, poloxamer, PLGA, PVCL-PVA-PEG, cetalkonium chloride, and gelatin) for modified drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melitini Koutsoviti
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (M.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Angeliki Siamidi
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (M.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Panagoula Pavlou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Aesthetics and Cosmetic Science, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece;
| | - Marilena Vlachou
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (M.K.); (A.S.)
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Silva B, São Braz B, Delgado E, Gonçalves L. Colloidal nanosystems with mucoadhesive properties designed for ocular topical delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120873. [PMID: 34246741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years, the scientific interest about topical ocular delivery targeting the posterior segment of the eye has been increasing. This is probably due to the fact that this is a non-invasive administration route, well tolerated by patients and with fewer local and systemic side effects. However, it is a challenging task due to the external ocular barriers, tear film clearance, blood flow in the conjunctiva and choriocapillaris and due to the blood-retinal barriers, amongst other features. An enhanced intraocular bioavailability of drugs can be achieved by either improving corneal permeability or by improving precorneal retention time. Regarding this last option, increasing residence time in the precorneal area can be achieved using mucoadhesive polymers such as xyloglucan, poly(acrylate), hyaluronic acid, chitosan, and carbomers. On the other hand, colloidal particles can interact with the ocular mucosa and enhance corneal and conjunctival permeability. These nanosystems are able to deliver a wide range of drugs, including macromolecules, providing stability and improving ocular bioavailability. New pharmaceutical approaches based on nanotechnology associated to bioadhesive compounds have emerged as strategies for a more efficient treatment of ocular diseases. Bearing this in mind, this review provides an overview of the current mucoadhesive colloidal nanosystems developed for ocular topical administration, focusing on their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Berta São Braz
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Esmeralda Delgado
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Lídia Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
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25
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Formulation of olopatadine hydrochloride viscous eye drops - physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and efficacy assessment using in vitro and in vivo approaches. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 166:105906. [PMID: 34118409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was the formulation and the comprehensive evaluation of the viscous eye drops using vehicles containing medium chain chitosan (0.5% w/v), hydroxypropyl guar gum (0.25% w/v) and their combination as carriers for olopatadine (0.1% w/v). Physicochemical properties (appearance, clarity, pH, osmolality, viscosity and drug content) of the tested formulations were within acceptable ranges for the ophthalmic preparations, while DSC and FT-IR techniques demonstrated the compatibility between olopatadine and polymers. The drug permeability was successfully estimated in vitro using both HCE-T cell-based models (Model I and Model II) and the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA), considering the impact of chitosan as a permeation enhancer. The MTT cytotoxicity assay demonstrates that the tested formulations (diluted 10-fold in HBSS pH 5.5) were non-toxic and well tolerated. An ocular itch test on mice was carried out with the formulation containing the combination of polymers comparable with a commercially available olopatadine eye drops without viscosity enhancers. The tested eye drops produced a slightly higher anti-pruritic/analgesic-like effect than the commercial preparation. It could be assumed that the use of this viscous ophthalmic vehicle due to its advanced mucoadhesive properties and good safety profile is a feasible strategy to improve the efficacy of olopatadine.
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Thakkar R, Komanduri N, Dudhipala N, Tripathi S, Repka MA, Majumdar S. Development and optimization of hot-melt extruded moxifloxacin hydrochloride inserts, for ocular applications, using the design of experiments. Int J Pharm 2021; 603:120676. [PMID: 33961956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The current study sought to formulate sustained-release hot-melt extruded (HME) ocular inserts of moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MOX; MOX-HME) for the treatment of bacterial keratitis. The concentration of Eudragit™ FS-100 (FS) and propylene glycol (PG) used as polymer and plasticizer, respectively, in the inserts were optimized using the central composite design (CCD) to achieve sustained release. The inserts were characterized for weight, thickness, surface characteristics, pH, and in vitro release profile. The crystalline characteristics of MOX and surface morphology of the inserts were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, ex vivo permeation through rabbit cornea and stability of the optimized MOX-HME insert was investigated. The results demonstrate an inverse correlation between FS concentration and MOX release from the MOX-HME inserts, and a potential 24 h release. The optimized MOX-HME inserts were found to be stable at room temperature for four months, showing no significant change in drug content, pH and release profile. MOX converted into an amorphous form in the MOX-HME inserts and did not recrystallize during the study period. SEM analysis confirmed the smooth surface of the MOX-HME insert. The ex vivo studies revealed that the MOX-HME inserts provided a much prolonged transcorneal MOX flux as compared to the commercial ophthalmic solution and the immediate-release MOX-HME insert. The results indicate that MOX-HME inserts could potentially provide a once-a-day application, consequently reducing the dosing frequency and acting as an alternative delivery system in the management of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Thakkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Neeraja Komanduri
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Narendar Dudhipala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Siddharth Tripathi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Soumyajit Majumdar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Peter M, Panonnummal R. A Review on Newer Ocular Drug Delivery Systems with an Emphasis on Glaucoma. Adv Pharm Bull 2021; 11:399-413. [PMID: 34513615 PMCID: PMC8421633 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is an irreversible condition resulting from the increase in intraocular pressure (IOP); which leads to permanent loss of vision with the destruction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The IOP elevations are controlled in normal by the physiological flow of aqueous humour. A population with age above 40 is more susceptible to glaucoma. Other factors like gender, genetics, race etc. plays major roles in the development of the disease. Current treatment methods available for the disease includes drugs come under the classes of beta receptor blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, cholinergic agonists, prostaglandins etc. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibition, cytoskeletal agents, Rho-kinase inhibitors etc are few novel targets sites which are in research focus for the treatment of the disease. Developments in nanomedicine are also being evaluated for their potential in treating the growing glaucomatous population. Nanosystems are suggested to avoid the difficulties in tackling the various ocular barriers to a limit, help to decrease the instillation frequency of topical medication and can provide drug delivery in a sustained or controlled manner. This review focuses on the current and emerging treatment methods for glaucoma along with some of the nanoformulations for ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajitha Panonnummal
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi-682041, India
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Tundisi LL, Mostaço GB, Carricondo PC, Petri DFS. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose: Physicochemical properties and ocular drug delivery formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 159:105736. [PMID: 33516807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is a cellulose ether widely used in drug formulations due to its biocompatibility, uncharged nature, solubility in water and thermoplastic behavior. Particularly for ocular and ophthalmic formulations, HPMC is applied as viscosity enhancer agent in eye drops, gelling agent in injections, and polymeric matrix in films, filaments and inserts. The different therapeutic approaches are necessary due to the complex anatomic structure of the eye. The natural ocular barriers and the low drug permeation into the circulatory system make the drug administration challenging. This review presents the eye anatomy and the usual local routes of drugs administration, which are facilitated by the physicochemical properties of HPMC. The relationship between chemical structure and physicochemical properties of HPMC is displayed. The different types of formulations (local application) including HPMC for ocular drug delivery are discussed with basis on recent literature reports and patents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Tundisi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - G B Mostaço
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P C Carricondo
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D F S Petri
- Fundamental Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000São Paulo, Brazil.
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Lanier OL, Manfre MG, Bailey C, Liu Z, Sparks Z, Kulkarni S, Chauhan A. Review of Approaches for Increasing Ophthalmic Bioavailability for Eye Drop Formulations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:107. [PMID: 33719019 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-01977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophthalmic diseases represent a significant problem as over 2 billion people worldwide suffer from vison impairment and blindness. Eye drops account for around 90% of ophthalmic medications but are limited in success due to poor patient compliance and low bioavailability. Low bioavailability can be attributed to short retention times in the eye caused by rapid tear turnover and the difficulty of drug diffusion through the multi-layered structure of the eye that includes lipid-rich endothelial and epithelial layers as well as the stroma which is high in water content. In addition, there are barriers such as tight junctional complexes in the corneal epithelium, lacrimal turnover, nasolacrimal drainage, blinking reflexes, efflux transporters, drug metabolism by ocular enzymes, and drug binding to or repulsion from conjunctival mucins, tear proteins, and melanin. In order to maximize transport through the cornea while minimizing drug loss through other pathways, researchers have developed numerous methods to improve eye drop formulations including the addition of viscosity enhancers, permeability enhancers, mucoadhesives, and vasoconstrictors, or using formulations that include puncta occlusion, nanocarriers, or prodrugs. This review explains the mechanism behind each of these methods, examines their history, analyzes previous and current research, evaluates future applications, and discusses the pros and cons of each technique.
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Mohamad SA, Alaaeldin E, Abdallah RMA, Mansour HF. A New Approach for Dry Eye Management By Mucoadhesive In situ Gel of Vitamin B12: Formulation, In vitro and In vivo Assessment. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:87. [PMID: 33665761 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-01957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The commitment of the existent study was to develop a mucoadhesive in situ gel systems of vitamin B12 for the management of dry eye disease. The gels were prepared using pluronic F-127 and either of chitosan, carbapol 971P, sodium alginate, or hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose. Drug-excipients compatibility was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The gels were characterized for pH, clarity, gelling capacity, viscosity, and adhesion. In vitro release of vitamin B12 from the selected gels was investigated. In vivo effectiveness of the selected gel was determined in rabbit models using Schirmer's and fluorescein tests. The compatibility studies revealed the possibility of incidence of drug/polymer interaction in some formulations. F2-containing pluronic F127 and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose showed the most appropriate physical characterization and in vitro release profile. The prepared gels showed prolonged drug release with drug release mechanism of combined diffusion and erosion. The in vivo study revealed good effectiveness of the prepared mucoadhesive in situ gel system of vitamin B12 in the treatment of dry eye disease that was comparable to that of the marketed drops.
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31
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Design and evaluation of mucoadhesive in situ liposomal gel for sustained ocular delivery of travoprost using two steps factorial design. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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López-Cano JJ, González-Cela-Casamayor MA, Andrés-Guerrero V, Herrero-Vanrell R, Molina-Martínez IT. Liposomes as vehicles for topical ophthalmic drug delivery and ocular surface protection. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:819-847. [PMID: 33412914 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1872542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The development of ophthalmic formulations able to deliver hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs to the inner structures of the eye and restore the preocular tear film has been a leading topic of discussion over the last few years. In this sense, liposomes represent a suitable strategy to achieve these objectives in ocular drug delivery.Areas covered: Knowledge of the different physiological and anatomical eye structures, and specially the ocular surface are critical to better understanding and comprehending the characteristics required for the development of topical ophthalmic liposomal formulations. In this review, several features of liposomes are discussed such as the main materials used for their fabrication, basic structure and preparation methods, from already established to novel techniques, allowing the control and design of special characteristics. Besides, physicochemical properties, purification processes and strategies to overcome delivery or encapsulation challenges are also presented. Expert opinion: Regarding ocular drug delivery of liposomes, there are some features that can be redesigned. Specific biocompatible and biodegradable materials presenting therapeutic properties, such as lipidic compounds or polymers significantly change the way of tackling ophthalmic diseases. Besides, liposomes entail an effective, safe and versatile strategy for the treatment of diseases in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier López-Cano
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Ocular Pathology National Net (OFTARED) of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (Idissc), Madrid Spain
| | - Miriam Ana González-Cela-Casamayor
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Ocular Pathology National Net (OFTARED) of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (Idissc), Madrid Spain
| | - Vanessa Andrés-Guerrero
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Ocular Pathology National Net (OFTARED) of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (Idissc), Madrid Spain
| | - Rocío Herrero-Vanrell
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Ocular Pathology National Net (OFTARED) of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (Idissc), Madrid Spain
| | - Irene Teresa Molina-Martínez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Ocular Pathology National Net (OFTARED) of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (Idissc), Madrid Spain
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Rahić O, Tucak A, Omerović N, Sirbubalo M, Hindija L, Hadžiabdić J, Vranić E. Novel Drug Delivery Systems Fighting Glaucoma: Formulation Obstacles and Solutions. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:E28. [PMID: 33375224 PMCID: PMC7824381 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is considered to be one of the biggest health problems in the world. It is the main cause of preventable blindness due to its asymptomatic nature in the early stages on the one hand and patients' non-adherence on the other. There are several approaches in glaucoma treatment, whereby this has to be individually designed for each patient. The first-line treatment is medication therapy. However, taking into account numerous disadvantages of conventional ophthalmic dosage forms, intensive work has been carried out on the development of novel drug delivery systems for glaucoma. This review aims to provide an overview of formulation solutions and strategies in the development of in situ gel systems, nanosystems, ocular inserts, contact lenses, collagen corneal shields, ocular implants, microneedles, and iontophoretic devices. The results of studies confirming the effectiveness of the aforementioned drug delivery systems were also briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ognjenka Rahić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Amina Tucak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Naida Omerović
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Merima Sirbubalo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Lamija Hindija
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Jasmina Hadžiabdić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Edina Vranić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
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Mobaraki M, Soltani M, Zare Harofte S, L. Zoudani E, Daliri R, Aghamirsalim M, Raahemifar K. Biodegradable Nanoparticle for Cornea Drug Delivery: Focus Review. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1232. [PMID: 33353013 PMCID: PMC7765989 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent decades, researchers all around the world have focused on the characteristic pros and cons of the different drug delivery systems for cornea tissue change for sense organs. The delivery of various drugs for cornea tissue is one of the most attractive and challenging activities for researchers in biomaterials, pharmacology, and ophthalmology. This method is so important for cornea wound healing because of the controllable release rate and enhancement in drug bioavailability. It should be noted that the delivery of various kinds of drugs into the different parts of the eye, especially the cornea, is so difficult because of the unique anatomy and various barriers in the eye. Nanoparticles are investigated to improve drug delivery systems for corneal disease. Biodegradable nanocarriers for repeated corneal drug delivery is one of the most attractive and challenging methods for corneal drug delivery because they have shown acceptable ability for this purpose. On the other hand, by using these kinds of nanoparticles, a drug could reside in various part of the cornea for longer. In this review, we summarized all approaches for corneal drug delivery with emphasis on the biodegradable nanoparticles, such as liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, niosomes, microemulsions, nanosuspensions, and hydrogels. Moreover, we discuss the anatomy of the cornea at first and gene therapy at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadmahdi Mobaraki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875‐4413, Iran;
- Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran 1417614411, Iran;
| | - Madjid Soltani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Faculty of Science, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19967-15433, Iran; (S.Z.H.); (E.L.Z.); (R.D.)
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CBB), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Advanced Bioengineering Initiative Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
- Computational Medicine Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Samaneh Zare Harofte
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19967-15433, Iran; (S.Z.H.); (E.L.Z.); (R.D.)
| | - Elham L. Zoudani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19967-15433, Iran; (S.Z.H.); (E.L.Z.); (R.D.)
| | - Roshanak Daliri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19967-15433, Iran; (S.Z.H.); (E.L.Z.); (R.D.)
| | - Mohamadreza Aghamirsalim
- Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran 1417614411, Iran;
| | - Kaamran Raahemifar
- Faculty of Science, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Program, College of Information Sciences and Technology (IST), Penn State University, State College, Pennsylvania, PA 16801, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Muscat 123, Oman
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35
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El Hoffy NM, Abdel Azim EA, Hathout RM, Fouly MA, Elkheshen SA. Glaucoma: Management and Future Perspectives for Nanotechnology-Based Treatment Modalities. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 158:105648. [PMID: 33227347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, being asymptomatic for relatively late stage, is recognized as a worldwide cause of irreversible vision loss. The eye is an impervious organ that exhibits natural anatomical and physiological barriers which renders the design of an efficient ocular delivery system a formidable task and challenge scientists to find alternative formulation approaches. In the field of glaucoma treatment, smart delivery systems for targeting have aroused interest in the topical ocular delivery field owing to its potentiality to oppress many treatment challenges associated with many of glaucoma types. The current momentum of nano-pharmaceuticals, in the development of advanced drug delivery systems, hold promises for much improved therapies for glaucoma to reduce its impact on vision loss. In this review, a brief about glaucoma; its etiology, predisposing factors and different treatment modalities has been reviewed. The diverse ocular drug delivery systems currently available or under investigations have been presented. Additionally, future foreseeing of new drug delivery systems that may represent potential means for more efficient glaucoma management are overviewed. Finally, a gab-analysis for the required investigation to pave the road for commercialization of ocular novel-delivery systems based on the nano-technology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada M El Hoffy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt
| | - Engy A Abdel Azim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt
| | - Rania M Hathout
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Seham A Elkheshen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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36
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Delivery of ionizable hydrophilic drugs based on pharmaceutical formulation of ion pairs and ionic liquids. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 156:203-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Promising bioadhesive ofloxacin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles for the treatment of ocular inflammation: formulation and in vivo evaluation. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:1943-1957. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Ocular prodrugs: Attributes and challenges. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 16:175-191. [PMID: 33995612 PMCID: PMC8105420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular drug delivery is one of the most attention-grabbing and challenging endeavors among the numerous existing drug delivery systems. From a drug delivery point of view, eye is an intricate organ to investigate and explore. In spite of many limitations, advancements have been made with the intention of improving the residence time or permeation of the drug in the ocular region. Poor bioavailability of topically administered drugs is the major issue pertaining to ocular drug delivery. Several efforts have been made towards improving precorneal residence time and corneal penetration, e.g. iontophoresis, prodrugs and ion-pairing, etc. Prodrug approach (chemical approach) has been explored by the formulation scientists to optimize the physicochemical and biochemical properties of drug molecules for improving ocular bioavailability. Formulation of ocular prodrugs is a challenging task as they should exhibit optimum chemical stability as well as enzymatic liability so that they are converted into parent drug after administration at the desired pace. This review will encompass the concept of derivatization and recent academic and industrial advancements in the field of ocular prodrugs. The progression in prodrug designing holds a potential future for ophthalmic drug delivery.
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Nagai N, Isaka T, Deguchi S, Minami M, Yamaguchi M, Otake H, Okamoto N, Nakazawa Y. In Situ Gelling Systems Using Pluronic F127 Enhance Corneal Permeability of Indomethacin Nanocrystals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197083. [PMID: 32992931 PMCID: PMC7582645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously designed an ophthalmic dispersion containing indomethacin nanocrystals (IMC-NCs), showing that multiple energy-dependent endocytoses led to the enhanced absorption of drugs from ocular dosage forms. In this study, we attempted to prepare Pluronic F-127 (PLF-127)-based in situ gel (ISG) incorporating IMC-NCs, and we investigated whether the instillation of the newly developed ISG incorporating IMC-NCs prolonged the precorneal resident time of the drug and improved ocular bioavailability. The IMC-NC-incorporating ISG was prepared using the bead-mill method and PLF-127, which yielded a mean particle size of 50–150 nm. The viscosity of the IMC-NC-incorporating ISG was higher at 37 °C than at 10 °C, and the diffusion and release of IMC-NCs in the IMC-NC-incorporating ISG were decreased by PLF-127 at 37 °C. In experiments using rabbits, the retention time of IMC levels in the lacrimal fluid was enhanced with PLF-127 in the IMC-NC-incorporating ISG, whereby the IMC-NC-incorporating ISG with 5% and 10% PLF-127 increased the transcorneal penetration of the IMCs. In contrast to the results with optimal PLF-127 (5% and 10%), excessive PLF-127 (15%) decreased the uptake of IMC-NCs after instillation. In conclusion, we found that IMC-NC-incorporating ISG with an optimal amount of PLF-127 (5–10%) resulted in higher IMC corneal permeation after instillation than that with excessive PLF-127, probably because of the balance between higher residence time and faster diffusion of IMC-NCs on the ocular surface. These findings provide significant information for developing ophthalmic nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (T.I.); (S.D.); (M.M.); (M.Y.); (H.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-4307-3638
| | - Takumi Isaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (T.I.); (S.D.); (M.M.); (M.Y.); (H.O.)
| | - Saori Deguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (T.I.); (S.D.); (M.M.); (M.Y.); (H.O.)
| | - Misa Minami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (T.I.); (S.D.); (M.M.); (M.Y.); (H.O.)
| | - Mizuki Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (T.I.); (S.D.); (M.M.); (M.Y.); (H.O.)
| | - Hiroko Otake
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (T.I.); (S.D.); (M.M.); (M.Y.); (H.O.)
| | - Norio Okamoto
- Okamoto Eye Clinic, 5-11-12-312 Izumicho, Suita, Osaka 564-0041, Japan;
| | - Yosuke Nakazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan;
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40
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Aboali FA, Habib DA, Elbedaiwy HM, Farid RM. Curcumin-loaded proniosomal gel as a biofreindly alternative for treatment of ocular inflammation: In-vitro and in-vivo assessment. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119835. [PMID: 32890654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ocular inflammation is a natural defensive phenomenon, but, it results in discomfort in the eye; as well as makes the eye vulnerable to other diseases. The aim of this work is to investigate that Curcumin (CUR) could be an effective safer biofreindly alternative for treatment of ocular inflammation. Complete in-vitro characterization of proniosomal gel loading-CUR using different surfactants was studied. A comparative in-vivo evaluation of selected formulation to a marketed corticosteroid drops in induced-eye inflammation model in rabbits was assessed. The selected formulation (FCr 300) composed of Cremophore RH surfactant, lecithin and cholesterol (9:9:1) loading CUR (1.2% w/w). The formulation showed mean PS(212.0 ± 0.1)nm, PDI (0.3 ± 0.1) , ZP(-5.1 ± 0.2)mV and % EE (96.0 ± 0.1). TEM showed multilamellar circular shaped niosomes with smooth surface. SEM showed ruptured vesicles for the lyophilized formula. Selected proniosomal gel showed enhanced permeability 3.22-fold and 1.76-fold higher than CUR dispersion and its lyophilized form respectively. Both proniosomal gel (FCr300) and corticosteroid drops reduced the induced inflammatory signs effectively by 40% on day-one and complete recovery on day-four. This anti-inflammatory result was confirmed by histopathological analysis after treatment. Assessment of cumulative IOP as a predicted side effect verified the goal of this work. In conclusion, the use of CUR as a natural biofreindly alternative to the current chemical conventional ocular anti-inflammatory treatment protocols is comparable as an anti-inflammatory drug with much less side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doaa A Habib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt.
| | - Heba M Elbedaiwy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ragwa M Farid
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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41
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Sharma PK, Sandal N, Chauhan MK. Evaluation of precorneal residence time of brimonidine tartrate nanoparticles loaded in situ gel using gamma scintigraphy. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2020.1802756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Sharma
- NDDS Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, DPSR-University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Sandal
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Meenakshi Kanwar Chauhan
- NDDS Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, DPSR-University, New Delhi, India
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42
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Kwon S, Kim SH, Khang D, Lee JY. Potential Therapeutic Usage of Nanomedicine for Glaucoma Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:5745-5765. [PMID: 32821099 PMCID: PMC7418176 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s254792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, leading to irreversible blindness. Currently, intraocular pressure reduction is the only established treatment available for glaucoma. With this treatment, the progression of the disease can only be delayed and there is no recovery. In addition, the commercially available eye drops have the disadvantage of low compliance and short therapeutic time, while glaucoma surgery always has the risk of failure due to wound fibrosis. Nanotechnology can overcome the limitations of the current treatment through the encapsulation and conjugation of drugs used for lowering intraocular pressure and antifibrotic agents using biodegradable or biocompatible nanoparticles for the sustained release of the drugs to protect the damaged ocular cells. Furthermore, using nanotechnology, treatment can be administered in various forms, including eye drops, contact lens, and ocular inserts, according to the convenience of the patients. Despite the promising results of delaying the progression of glaucoma, the regeneration of damaged ocular cells, including trabecular meshwork and retinal ganglion cells, is another critical hurdle to overcome. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and Müller glia cells can secrete neurogenic factors that trigger the regeneration of associated cells, including trabecular meshwork and retinal ganglion cells. In conclusion, this review highlights the potential therapeutic applications of nanotechnology- and stem cell-based methods that can be employed for the protection and regeneration of ocular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Kwon
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Khang
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea.,Department of Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
| | - Jong Yeon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, South Korea
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43
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Park CG, Choi G, Kim MH, Kim SN, Lee H, Lee NK, Choy YB, Choy JH. Brimonidine-montmorillonite hybrid formulation for topical drug delivery to the eye. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:7914-7920. [PMID: 32726382 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01213k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Brimonidine (BMD) is often prescribed as an eye drop to reduce the intraocular pressure (IOP) for glaucoma treatment. However, eye drops are limited by rapid clearance from the preocular surface, and hence a low ocular drug bioavailability. Therefore, in this study, we propose montmorillonite (MMT), as a delivery carrier, hybridized with BMD (BMD-MMT) for topical drug delivery to the eye. The BMD-MMT hybrid was prepared by intercalating the BMD molecules in the interlayer space of the MMT lattice via ion-exchange reaction; it was then formulated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to produce a dry tablet (i.e., BMD-MMT@PVA). The BMD-MMT@PVA hybrid drug released BMD in a sustained manner for more than 5 h under in vitro conditions. When the hybrid drug was administered to rabbit eyes in vivo, 43% and 18.5% BMD-MMT still remained on the preocular surface for 10 and 60 min after administration, respectively. Thus, the BMD-MMT@PVA hybrid drug exhibited a prolonged decrease in IOP, that is, for 12 h, which was approximately two times longer than that observed with the commercially available BMD eye drop, Alphagan® P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Gwon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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Polat HK, Bozdağ Pehlivan S, Özkul C, Çalamak S, Öztürk N, Aytekin E, Fırat A, Ulubayram K, Kocabeyoğlu S, İrkeç M, Çalış S. Development of besifloxacin HCl loaded nanofibrous ocular inserts for the treatment of bacterial keratitis: In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Cheng KJ, Hsieh CM, Nepali K, Liou JP. Ocular Disease Therapeutics: Design and Delivery of Drugs for Diseases of the Eye. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10533-10593. [PMID: 32482069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ocular drug discovery field has evidenced significant advancement in the past decade. The FDA approvals of Rhopressa, Vyzulta, and Roclatan for glaucoma, Brolucizumab for wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD), Luxturna for retinitis pigmentosa, Dextenza (0.4 mg dexamethasone intracanalicular insert) for ocular inflammation, ReSure sealant to seal corneal incisions, and Lifitegrast for dry eye represent some of the major developments in the field of ocular therapeutics. A literature survey also indicates that gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and target discovery through genomic research represent significant promise as potential strategies to achieve tissue repair or regeneration and to attain therapeutic benefits in ocular diseases. Overall, the emergence of new technologies coupled with first-in-class entries in ophthalmology are highly anticipated to restructure and boost the future trends in the field of ophthalmic drug discovery. This perspective focuses on various aspects of ocular drug discovery and the recent advances therein. Recent medicinal chemistry campaigns along with a brief overview of the structure-activity relationships of the diverse chemical classes and developments in ocular drug delivery (ODD) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Ju Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 111, Section 3, Xing-Long Road, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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46
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Polysaccharide as renewable responsive biopolymer for in situ gel in the delivery of drug through ocular route. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:559-572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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47
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Wadetwar RN, Agrawal AR, Kanojiya PS. In situ gel containing Bimatoprost solid lipid nanoparticles for ocular delivery: In-vitro and ex-vivo evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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48
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Maulvi FA, Parmar RJ, Desai AR, Desai DM, Shukla MR, Ranch KM, Shah SA, Shah DO. Tailored gatifloxacin Pluronic® F-68-loaded contact lens: Addressing the issue of transmittance and swelling. Int J Pharm 2020; 581:119279. [PMID: 32240806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Loading of gatifloxacin in contact lenses affects critical lens properties (optical and swelling) owing to drug precipitation in the contact lens matrix. The presence of Pluronic® F-68 in the packaging solution creates in-situ micelles in the contact lens to dissolve gatifloxacin precipitates and provide sustained drug release. The micelles further improved the drug uptake from the drug-packaging solution to create an equilibrium of drug between the lens matrix and the packaging solution. In this study, we optimized gatifloxacin-pluronic-loaded contact lenses to achieve the desired optical transmittance, swelling, and gatifloxacin loading capacity as well as sustained drug delivery. Optimization of gatifloxacin-pluronic-loaded contact lens was carried out using a 32 factorial design by tailoring the concentration of Pluronic® F-68 in the packaging solution (X1) and the amount of gatifloxacin in the monomer solution (X2) to achieve the desired lens properties. The optimized batch (X1 = 0.3%w/v and X2 = 0.3%w/v) showed an optical transmittance of 92.84%, swelling of 92.36% and gatifloxacin loading capacity of 92.56 μg. The in vitro flux data of the optimized batch (GT-Pl-CL) showed sustained release up to 72 h, whereas soaked contact lenses (SM-CL) and direct gatifloxacin-loaded contact lenses (DL-CL) showed a sustained release up to 48 h. The in vivo gatifloxacin release data for rabbit tear fluid showed sustained release with a high gatifloxacin level for the GT-Pl-CL lens in comparison to the SM-CL and the eye drop solution. This study demonstrates the application of the 32 full factorial design to optimize gatifloxacin-pluronic-loaded contact lenses to achieve the desired optical transmittance, swelling, and drug loading capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furqan A Maulvi
- Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India.
| | - Riya J Parmar
- Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India
| | - Ankita R Desai
- Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India
| | - Ditixa M Desai
- Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India
| | - Manish R Shukla
- Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India; Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ketan M Ranch
- Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India
| | - Shailesh A Shah
- Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India
| | - Dinesh O Shah
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Dai M, Bai L, Zhang H, Ma Q, Luo R, Lei F, Fei Q, He N. A novel flunarizine hydrochloride-loaded organogel for intraocular drug delivery in situ: Design, physicochemical characteristics and inspection. Int J Pharm 2020; 576:119027. [PMID: 31953090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We developed a safe and efficacious drug delivery system for treatment of brain diseases. A novel in-situ gel system was prepared using soybean oil, stearic acid and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) (10:1:3, v/w/v). This system had low viscosity as a sol in vitro and turned into a solid or semi-solid gel in situ after administration. The poorly water-soluble drug flunarizine hydrochloride (FNZ) was incorporated into this "organogel" system. Organogel-FNZ was characterized by light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheology. Drug release in vitro was investigated. The initial "burst" effect did not occur in organogel-FNZ, which is different from other gels formed in situ. Pharmacokinetic studies were undertaken in rats using gel administration (14 mg kg-1), intravenous administration (5 mg kg-1) and administration using drops (14 mg kg-1). Organogel-FNZ could reduce the clearance rate and prolong the duration of action, in the plasma and brain tissues of rats. The peak serum concentration, area under the curve and absolute bioavailability of the organogel-FNZ group were higher than those of the intraocular- drops group. Organogel-FNZ is a promising drug-delivery system for treatment of brain diseases by intraocular administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyu Bai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsong Fei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Province, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Kim S, Gates B, Leonard BC, Gragg M, Pinkerton KE, Winkle LV, Murphy CJ, Pyrgiotakis G, Zhang Z, Demokritou P, Thomasy SM. Engineered metal oxide nanomaterials inhibit corneal epithelial wound healing in vitro and in vivo. NANOIMPACT 2020; 17:100198. [PMID: 32154443 PMCID: PMC7062360 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2019.100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ocular exposure to metal oxide engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is common as exemplified by zinc oxide (ZnO), a major constituent of sunscreens and cosmetics. The ocular surface that includes the transparent cornea and its protective tear film are common sites of exposure for metal ENMs. Despite the frequency of exposure of the ocular surface, there is a knowledge gap regarding the effects of metal oxide ENMs on the cornea in health and disease. Therefore, we studied the effects of metal oxide ENMs on the cornea in the presence or absence of injury. Cell viability of immortalized human corneal epithelial (hTCEpi) cells was assessed following treatment with 11 metal oxide ENMs with a concentration ranging from 0.5 to 250 μg/mL for 24 hours. An epithelial wound healing assay with a monolayer of hTCEpi cells was then performed using 11 metal oxide ENMs at select concentrations based on data from the viability assays. Subsequently, based on the in vitro results, in vivo testing of precorneal tear film (PTF) quantity and stability as well as a corneal epithelial wound healing were tested in the presence or absence ZnO or vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. We found that WO3, ZnO, V2O5 and CuO ENMs significantly reduced hTCEpi cell viability in comparison to vehicle control or the other metal oxide ENMs tested. Furthermore, ZnO and V2O5 ENMs also significantly decreased hTCEpi cell migration. Although ZnO and V2O5 did not alter PTF parameters of rabbits in vivo, corneal epithelial wound healing was significantly delayed by topical ZnO while V2O5 did not alter wound healing. Finally, hyperspectral images confirmed penetration of ZnO and V2O5 through all corneal layers and into the iris stroma. Considering the marked epithelial toxicity and corneal penetration of ZnO, further investigations on the impact of this ENM on the eye are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun Kim
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Brooke Gates
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Brian C. Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Megan Gragg
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Laura Van Winkle
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Corresponding author: Tel: +1 530 752 0926, Fax: +1 530 752 3708,
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