1
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Behrend-Keim B, Castro-Muñoz A, Monrreal-Ortega L, Ávalos-León B, Campos-Estrada C, Smyth HDC, Bahamondez-Canas TF, Moraga-Espinoza D. The forgotten material: Highly dispersible and swellable gelatin-based microspheres for pulmonary drug delivery of cromolyn sodium and ipratropium bromide. Int J Pharm 2023; 644:123331. [PMID: 37597595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Controlled-release formulations for pulmonary delivery are highly desirable for treating chronic diseases such as COPD. However, a limited number of polymers are currently approved for inhalation. The study presents a promising strategy using gelatin as a matrix for inhalable dry powders, allowing the controlled release of ionic drugs. Ionized cromoglicate sodium (CS) and ipratropium bromide (IBr) interacted in solution with charged gelatin before spray drying (SD). Calcium carbonate was used as a crosslinker. The microspheres showed remarkable aerosol performance after optimizing the SD parameters and did not cause cytotoxicity in A549 cells. The microspheres were highly dispersible with ∼ 50-60% of respirable fraction and fine particle fraction 55-70%. Uncrosslinked microspheres increased their size from four to ten times by swelling after 5 min showing potential as a strategy to avoid macrophage clearance and prolong the therapeutic effect of the drug. Crosslinkers prevented particle swelling. Ionic interaction generated a moderate reduction of the drug release. Overall, this study provides a novel approach for developing DPI formulations for treating chronic respiratory diseases using a biopolymer approved by the FDA, potentially enhancing drug activity through controlled release and avoiding macrophage clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Behrend-Keim
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1093, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Región de Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Almendra Castro-Muñoz
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1093, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Región de Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Luis Monrreal-Ortega
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1093, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Región de Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Bárbara Ávalos-León
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1093, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Región de Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Carolina Campos-Estrada
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1093, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Región de Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1093, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Región de Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Tania F Bahamondez-Canas
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1093, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Región de Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1093, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Región de Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Daniel Moraga-Espinoza
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1093, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Región de Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1093, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Región de Valparaíso 2340000, Chile.
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2
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Motawi TK, El-Maraghy SA, Sabry D, Nady OM, Senousy MA. Cromolyn chitosan nanoparticles reverse the DNA methylation of RASSF1A and p16 genes and mitigate DNMT1 and METTL3 expression in breast cancer cell line and tumor xenograft model in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110094. [PMID: 35961540 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing epigenetic drugs for breast cancer (BC) remains a novel therapeutic approach. Cromolyn is a mast cell stabilizer emerging as an anticancer drug; its encapsulation in chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) improves its effect and bioavailability. However, its effect on DNA and RNA methylation machineries has not been previously tackled. METHODS The possible anticancer effect of cromolyn CSNPs and its potential as an epigenetic drug was investigated in vitro using MCF-7 human BC cell line and in vivo using Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-xenograft model in mice symbolizing murine mammary adenocarcinoma. Mice were injected with a single dose of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells subcutaneously for the induction of tumor mass, and then randomized into three groups: control, cromolyn CSNPs (equivalent to 5 mg cromolyn/kg, i.p.) and plain CSNPs twice/week for 2 weeks. RESULTS Cromolyn CSNPs showed prominent anticancer effect in MCF-7 cells by reducing the cell viability percent and enhancing DNA damage in the comet assay demonstrating its apoptotic actions. Mechanistically, cromolyn CSNPs influenced potential epigenetic processes through mitigating DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression, reversing the hypermethylation pattern of the tumor suppressor RASSF1A and p16 genes and attenuating the expression of the RNA N6-methyladenosine writer, methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3). Cromolyn CSNPs diminished ERK1/2 phosphorylation, a possible arm influencing DNMT1 expression. In vivo, cromolyn CSNPs lessened the tumor volume and halted DNMT1 and METTL3 expression in Ehrlich carcinoma mice. CONCLUSIONS Cromolyn CSNPs have the premise as an epigenetic drug through inhibiting ERK1/2 phosphorylation/DNMT1/DNA methylation and possibly impacting the RNA methylation machinery via mitigating METTL3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek K Motawi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Shohda A El-Maraghy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Dina Sabry
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Omina M Nady
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud A Senousy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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3
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Abdullah B, Abdul Latiff AH, Manuel AM, Mohamed Jamli F, Dalip Singh HS, Ismail IH, Jahendran J, Saniasiaya J, Keen Woo KC, Khoo PC, Singh K, Mohammad N, Mohamad S, Husain S, Mösges R. Pharmacological Management of Allergic Rhinitis: A Consensus Statement from the Malaysian Society of Allergy and Immunology. J Asthma Allergy 2022; 15:983-1003. [PMID: 35942430 PMCID: PMC9356736 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s374346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of allergic rhinitis (AR) management is to achieve satisfactory symptom control to ensure good quality of life. Most patients with AR are currently treated with pharmacotherapy. However, knowledge gaps on the use of pharmacotherapy still exist among physicians, particularly in the primary care setting, despite the availability of guideline recommendations. Furthermore, it is common for physicians in the secondary care setting to express uncertainty regarding the use of new combination therapies like intranasal corticosteroid plus antihistamine combinations. Inadequate treatment leads to significant reduction of quality of life that affects daily activities at home, work, and school. With these concerns in mind, a practical consensus statement was developed to complement existing guidelines on the rational use of pharmacotherapy in both the primary and secondary care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baharudin Abdullah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: Baharudin Abdullah, Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia, Tel +60 97676416, Fax +60 97676424, Email ;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kuljit Singh
- Prince Court Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurashikin Mohammad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sakinah Mohamad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Salina Husain
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ralph Mösges
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- ClinCompetence Cologne GmbH, Cologne, Germany
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4
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Puzzovio PG, Brüggemann TR, Pahima H, Mankuta D, Levy BD, Levi-Schaffer F. Cromolyn Sodium differentially regulates human mast cell and mouse leukocyte responses to control allergic inflammation. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106172. [PMID: 35278626 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cromolyn Sodium (CS) has been used in the past as an anti-allergy drug owing to its mast cell (MC) stabilizing properties that impair histamine release. However, additional mechanisms for its clinical actions are likely and might help to identify new roles for MCs and leukocytes in regulating inflammation. Here, using human cord blood-derived MCs (CBMCs), murine bone marrow-derived MCs (BMMCs) and eosinophils (BMEos), and in vivo mouse models of allergic inflammation (AI), additional actions of CS on MCs were determined. METHODS The in vitro effects of CS on IgE-activated human and mouse MCs were assessed by measuring the levels of pro-inflammatory (tryptase, LTC4, IL-8, CD48) and pro-resolution effectors (IL-10, CD300a, Annexin A1) before and after CS treatment. The in vivo effects of daily CS injections on parameters of inflammation were assessed using mouse models of allergic peritonitis (AP) (Ovalbumin/Alum- or Ovalbumin/S. aureus enterotoxin B) and allergic airways inflammation (AAI) (house dust mite (HDM)). RESULTS In vitro, CS did not affect pro-inflammatory effectors but significantly increased the anti-inflammatory/pro-resolution CD300a levels and IL-10 release from IgE-activated CBMCs. BMMCs were not affected by CS. In vivo, CS injections decreased total cell and Eos numbers in the peritoneal cavity in the AP models and bronchoalveolar lavage and lungs in the AAI model. CS reduced EPX release from PAF-activated BMEos in vitro, possibly explaining the in vivo findings. CONCLUSION Together, these results demonstrate immunomodulatory actions for CS in AI that are broader than only MC stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giorgio Puzzovio
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Thayse R Brüggemann
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hadas Pahima
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Mankuta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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5
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Martinez FJ, Wijsenbeek MS, Raghu G, Flaherty KR, Maher TM, Wuyts WA, Kreuter M, Kolb M, Chambers DC, Fogarty C, Mogulkoc N, Tutuncu AS, Richeldi L. Phase 2b Study of Inhaled RVT-1601 for Chronic Cough in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: SCENIC Trial: Multi-Center, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 205:1084-1092. [PMID: 35050837 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202106-1485oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic cough remains a major and often debilitating symptom for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In a phase 2a study, inhaled RVT-1601 reduced daytime cough and 24-hour average cough counts in patients with IPF. OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy, safety and optimal dose of inhaled RVT-1601 for the treatment of chronic cough in patients with IPF. METHODS In this multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2b study, patients with IPF and chronic cough for ≥8 weeks were randomized (1:1:1:1) to receive 10, 40, and 80 mg RVT-1601 three times daily or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was change from baseline to end of treatment in log-transformed 24-hour cough count. Key secondary endpoints were change from baseline in cough severity and cough specific quality of life. Safety was monitored throughout the study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The study was prematurely terminated due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, 108 patients (mean age 71.0 years, 62.9% males) received RVT-1601 10 mg (n = 29), 40 mg (n = 25), 80 mg (n = 27), or matching placebo (n = 27); 61.1% (n = 66) completed double-blind treatment. No statistically significant difference was observed in the least-squares mean change from baseline in log-transformed 24-hour average cough count, cough severity, and cough-specific quality of life score between the RVT-1601 groups and placebo. The mean percentage change from baseline in 24-hour average cough count was 27.7% in the placebo group. Treatment was generally well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with inhaled RVT-1601 (10, 40 and 80 mg TID) did not provide benefit over placebo for the treatment of chronic cough in patients with IPF. Clinical trial registration available at www.clinicaltrials.gov, ID: NCT03864328.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ganesh Raghu
- University of Washington Medical Center, 21617, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | | | - Toby M Maher
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 12223, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Wim A Wuyts
- K U Leuven, respiratory medicine, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Kreuter
- Center for interstitial and rare lung diseases, Pneumology, Thoraxklinik, University of Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research Germany, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Kolb
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel C Chambers
- School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Lung Transplant Program, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charles Fogarty
- Spartanburg Medical Research, Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States
| | - Nesrin Mogulkoc
- Ege University Hospital, Department of Pulmonology, Bornova, Turkey
| | | | - Luca Richeldi
- Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Sede di Roma, 96983, Pulmonary Medicine, Roma, Italy
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6
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Shoup TM, Griciuc A, Normandin MD, Quinti L, Walsh LV, Dhaynaut M, Moon SH, Guehl NJ, Brugarolas P, Elmaleh DR, Fakhri GE, Tanzi RE. Evaluation of Fluorinated Cromolyn Derivatives as Potential Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:775-786. [PMID: 33579853 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cromolyn is an anti-neuroinflammatory modulator with a multifactorial mechanism of action that has been shown to inhibit amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation and enhance microglial uptake and clearance of Aβ. OBJECTIVE We report the effects of fluoro-cromolyn derivatives on microglial cell toxicity and microglial clearance of Aβ42. METHODS Microglial cell toxicity for cromolyn derivatives were determined in naive BV2 microglial cells. Microglial clearance assays were performed with Aβ42 in naive BV2 microglial cell line and single cell clone BV2 line expressing CD33WT. PET imaging was performed for three F-18 analogs in a rhesus macaque. RESULTS All compounds but derivative 8 exhibited low microglial cell toxicity. Cromolyn 1 and derivatives 2, 4, and 7 displayed an increased uptake on Aβ42 in naïve BV2 microglial cells. Derivative 4 increased Aβ42 uptake in a dose-dependent manner and at 75μM resulted in a one-fold increase in Aβ42 uptake in BV2-CD33WT. PET imaging for three [18F]cromolyn analogs revealed the order of brain tracer penetration to be 4a > 10 > 2a. Tracer 4a exhibited enhanced uptake in areas of high perfusion (putamen, grey matter, and cerebellum) and lower signal in areas of lower perfusion (caudate, thalamus, and white matter). CONCLUSION Substantial uptake of Aβ42 in both naïve BV2 and BV2-CD33WT cells observed with 4 indicate conversion of microglial cells from a pro-inflammatory to an activation state favoring Aβ phagocytosis/clearance. These findings suggest that a fluoro-cromolyn analog could reduce fibril-prone Aβ42in vivo and thereby serve as a therapeutic for the treatment and prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Shoup
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana Griciuc
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Marc D Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luisa Quinti
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay V Walsh
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Maeva Dhaynaut
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas J Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedro Brugarolas
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David R Elmaleh
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,AZTHERAPIES, INC., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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7
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Hafezi B, Chan L, Knapp JP, Karimi N, Alizadeh K, Mehrani Y, Bridle BW, Karimi K. Cytokine Storm Syndrome in SARS-CoV-2 Infections: A Functional Role of Mast Cells. Cells 2021; 10:1761. [PMID: 34359931 PMCID: PMC8308097 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine storm syndrome is a cascade of escalated immune responses disposing the immune system to exhaustion, which might ultimately result in organ failure and fatal respiratory distress. Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 can result in uncontrolled production of cytokines and eventually the development of cytokine storm syndrome. Mast cells may react to viruses in collaboration with other cells and lung autopsy findings from patients that died from the coronavirus disease that emerged in 2019 (COVID-19) showed accumulation of mast cells in the lungs that was thought to be the cause of pulmonary edema, inflammation, and thrombosis. In this review, we present evidence that a cytokine response by mast cells may initiate inappropriate antiviral immune responses and cause the development of cytokine storm syndrome. We also explore the potential of mast cell activators as adjuvants for COVID-19 vaccines and discuss the medications that target the functions of mast cells and could be of value in the treatment of COVID-19. Recognition of the cytokine storm is crucial for proper treatment of patients and preventing the release of mast cell mediators, as impeding the impacts imposed by these mediators could reduce the severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Hafezi
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran; (B.H.); (N.K.)
| | - Lily Chan
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.P.K.); (Y.M.)
| | - Jason P. Knapp
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.P.K.); (Y.M.)
| | - Negar Karimi
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran; (B.H.); (N.K.)
| | - Kimia Alizadeh
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Yeganeh Mehrani
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.P.K.); (Y.M.)
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.P.K.); (Y.M.)
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.P.K.); (Y.M.)
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8
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Drug Repurposing in Dentistry; towards Application of Small Molecules in Dentin Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176394. [PMID: 32887519 PMCID: PMC7503843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main goals of dentistry is the natural preservation of the tooth structure following damage. This is particularly implicated in deep dental cavities affecting dentin and pulp, where odontoblast survival is jeopardized. This activates pulp stem cells and differentiation of new odontoblast-like cells, accompanied by increased Wnt signaling. Our group has shown that delivery of small molecule inhibitors of GSK3 stimulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the tooth cavity with pulp exposure and results in effective promotion of dentin repair. Small molecules are a good therapeutic option due to their ability to pass across cell membranes and reach target. Here, we investigate a range of non-GSK3 target small molecules that are currently used for treatment of various medical conditions based on other kinase inhibitory properties. We analyzed the ability of these drugs to stimulate Wnt signaling activity by off-target inhibition of GSK3. Our results show that a c-Met inhibitor, has the ability to stimulate Wnt/β-catenin pathway in dental pulp cells in vitro at low concentrations. This work is an example of drug repurposing for dentistry and suggests a candidate drug to be tested in vivo for natural dentin repair. This approach bypasses the high level of economical and time investment that are usually required in novel drug discoveries.
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9
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Song WJ, Chung KF. Pharmacotherapeutic Options for Chronic Refractory Cough. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:1345-1358. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1751816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jung Song
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London & Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London & Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
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10
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Li M, Mittal SK, Foulsham W, Amouzegar A, Sahu SK, Chauhan SK. Mast cells contribute to the induction of ocular mucosal alloimmunity. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:662-673. [PMID: 30129280 PMCID: PMC7941346 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Beyond their historical role as the effector cells in allergic disorders, mast cells have been implicated in regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses. Possessing considerable functional plasticity, mast cells are abundant at mucosal surfaces, where the host and external environments interface. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of mast cells to allograft rejection at the ocular surface. Using a well-characterized murine model of corneal transplantation, we report that mast cells promote allosensitization. Our data show mast cell frequencies and activation are increased following transplantation. We demonstrate that mast cell inhibition (a) limits the infiltration of inflammatory cells and APC maturation at the graft site; (b) reduces allosensitization and the generation of Th1 cells in draining lymphoid tissues; (c) decreases graft infiltration of alloimmune-inflammatory cells; and (d) prolongs allograft survival. Our data demonstrate a novel function of mast cells in promoting allosensitization at the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshun Li
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Sharad K. Mittal
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William Foulsham
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Afsaneh Amouzegar
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Srikant K. Sahu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sunil K. Chauhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Birring SS, Wijsenbeek MS, Agrawal S, van den Berg JWK, Stone H, Maher TM, Tutuncu A, Morice AH. A novel formulation of inhaled sodium cromoglicate (PA101) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic cough: a randomised, double-blind, proof-of-concept, phase 2 trial. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2017; 5:806-815. [PMID: 28923239 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(17)30310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cough can be a debilitating symptom of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and is difficult to treat. PA101 is a novel formulation of sodium cromoglicate delivered via a high-efficiency eFlow nebuliser that achieves significantly higher drug deposition in the lung compared with the existing formulations. We aimed to test the efficacy and safety of inhaled PA101 in patients with IPF and chronic cough and, to explore the antitussive mechanism of PA101, patients with chronic idiopathic cough (CIC) were also studied. METHODS This pilot, proof-of-concept study consisted of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with IPF and chronic cough and a parallel study of similar design in patients with CIC. Participants with IPF and chronic cough recruited from seven centres in the UK and the Netherlands were randomly assigned (1:1, using a computer-generated randomisation schedule) by site staff to receive PA101 (40 mg) or matching placebo three times a day via oral inhalation for 2 weeks, followed by a 2 week washout, and then crossed over to the other arm. Study participants, investigators, study staff, and the sponsor were masked to group assignment until all participants had completed the study. The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline in objective daytime cough frequency (from 24 h acoustic recording, Leicester Cough Monitor). The primary efficacy analysis included all participants who received at least one dose of study drug and had at least one post-baseline efficacy measurement. Safety analysis included all those who took at least one dose of study drug. In the second cohort, participants with CIC were randomly assigned in a study across four centres with similar design and endpoints. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02412020) and the EU Clinical Trials Register (EudraCT Number 2014-004025-40) and both cohorts are closed to new participants. FINDINGS Between Feb 13, 2015, and Feb 2, 2016, 24 participants with IPF were randomly assigned to treatment groups. 28 participants with CIC were enrolled during the same period and 27 received study treatment. In patients with IPF, PA101 reduced daytime cough frequency by 31·1% at day 14 compared with placebo; daytime cough frequency decreased from a mean 55 (SD 55) coughs per h at baseline to 39 (29) coughs per h at day 14 following treatment with PA101, versus 51 (37) coughs per h at baseline to 52 (40) cough per h following placebo treatment (ratio of least-squares [LS] means 0·67, 95% CI 0·48-0·94, p=0·0241). By contrast, no treatment benefit for PA101 was observed in the CIC cohort; mean reduction of daytime cough frequency at day 14 for PA101 adjusted for placebo was 6·2% (ratio of LS means 1·27, 0·78-2·06, p=0·31). PA101 was well tolerated in both cohorts. The incidence of adverse events was similar between PA101 and placebo treatments, most adverse events were mild in severity, and no severe adverse events or serious adverse events were reported. INTERPRETATION This study suggests that the mechanism of cough in IPF might be disease specific. Inhaled PA101 could be a treatment option for chronic cough in patients with IPF and warrants further investigation. FUNDING Patara Pharma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder S Birring
- Division of Asthma, Allergy & Lung Biology, School of Transplantation, Immunology, Infection & Inflammation Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, King's Health Partners, London, UK.
| | - Marlies S Wijsenbeek
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Agrawal
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Helen Stone
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke on Trent, UK
| | - Toby M Maher
- Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK; Fibrosis Research Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Alyn H Morice
- Hull York Medical School, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, UK
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12
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Liu CL, Zhang JY, Shi GP. Interaction between allergic asthma and atherosclerosis. Transl Res 2016; 174:5-22. [PMID: 26608212 PMCID: PMC4826642 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies have established an essential role of mast cells in allergic asthma and atherosclerosis. Mast cell deficiency or inactivation protects mice from allergen-induced airway hyper-responsiveness and diet-induced atherosclerosis, suggesting that mast cells share pathologic activities in both diseases. Allergic asthma and atherosclerosis are inflammatory diseases that contain similar sets of elevated numbers of inflammatory cells in addition to mast cells in the airway and arterial wall, such as macrophages, monocytes, T cells, eosinophils, and smooth muscle cells. Emerging evidence from experimental models and human studies points to a potential interaction between the 2 seemingly unrelated diseases. Patients or mice with allergic asthma have a high risk of developing atherosclerosis or vice versa, despite the fact that asthma is a T-helper (Th)2-oriented disease, whereas Th1 immunity promotes atherosclerosis. In addition to the preferred Th1/Th2 responses that may differentiate the 2 diseases, mast cells and many other inflammatory cells also contribute to their pathogenesis by more than just T cell immunity. Here, we summarize the different roles of airway and arterial wall inflammatory cells and vascular cells in asthma and atherosclerosis and propose an interaction between the 2 diseases, although limited investigations are available to delineate the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which 1 disease increases the risk of the other. Results from mouse allergic asthma and atherosclerosis models and from human population studies lead to the hypothesis that patients with atherosclerosis may benefit from antiasthmatic medications or that the therapeutic regimens targeting atherosclerosis may also alleviate allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Lin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Jin-Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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13
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Monument MJ, Hart DA, Salo PT, Befus AD, Hildebrand KA. Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms of Connective Tissue Fibrosis: Targeting Neurogenic and Mast Cell Contributions. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4:137-151. [PMID: 25785237 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: The pathogenesis of fibrogenic wound and connective tissue healing is complex and incompletely understood. Common observations across a vast array of human and animal models of fibroproliferative conditions suggest neuroinflammatory mechanisms are important upstream fibrogenic events. Recent Advances: As detailed in this review, mast cell hyperplasia is a common observation in fibrotic tissue. Recent investigations in human and preclinical models of hypertrophic wound healing and post-traumatic joint fibrosis provides evidence that fibrogenesis is governed by a maladaptive neuropeptide-mast cell-myofibroblast signaling pathway. Critical Issues: The blockade and manipulation of these factors is providing promising evidence that if timed correctly, the fibrogenic process can be appropriately regulated. Clinically, abnormal fibrogenic healing responses are not ubiquitous to all patients and the identification of those at-risk remains an area of priority. Future Directions: Ultimately, an integrated appreciation of the common pathobiology shared by many fibrogenic connective tissue conditions may provide a scientific framework to facilitate the development of novel antifibrotic prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Monument
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A. Hart
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul T. Salo
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - A. Dean Befus
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin A. Hildebrand
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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14
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Hori Y, Takeda S, Cho H, Wegmann S, Shoup TM, Takahashi K, Irimia D, Elmaleh DR, Hyman BT, Hudry E. A Food and Drug Administration-approved asthma therapeutic agent impacts amyloid β in the brain in a transgenic model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1966-78. [PMID: 25468905 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.586602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interfering with the assembly of Amyloid β (Aβ) peptides from monomer to oligomeric species and fibrils or promoting their clearance from the brain are targets of anti-Aβ-directed therapies in Alzheimer disease. Here we demonstrate that cromolyn sodium (disodium cromoglycate), a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug already in use for the treatment of asthma, efficiently inhibits the aggregation of Aβ monomers into higher-order oligomers and fibrils in vitro without affecting Aβ production. In vivo, the levels of soluble Aβ are decreased by over 50% after only 1 week of daily intraperitoneally administered cromolyn sodium. Additional in vivo microdialysis studies also show that this compound decreases the half-life of soluble Aβ in the brain. These data suggest a clear effect of a peripherally administered, Food and Drug Administration-approved medication on Aβ economy, supporting further investigation of the potential long-term efficacy of cromolyn sodium in Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hori
- From the Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease
| | - Shuko Takeda
- From the Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease
| | - Hansang Cho
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Susanne Wegmann
- From the Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease
| | - Timothy M Shoup
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Kazue Takahashi
- Pediatrics Services, Harvard Medical School Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - David R Elmaleh
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- From the Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease
| | - Eloise Hudry
- From the Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease,
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Penumutchu SR, Chou RH, Yu C. Interaction between S100P and the anti-allergy drug cromolyn. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 454:404-9. [PMID: 25450399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The S100P protein has been known to mediate cell proliferation by binding the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) to activate signaling pathways, such as the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathways. S100P/RAGE signaling is involved in a variety of diseases, such as cancer, metastasis, and diabetes. Cromolyn is an anti-allergy drug that binds S100P to block the interaction between S100P and RAGE. In the present study, we characterized the properties of the binding between cromolyn and calcium-bound S100P using various biophysical techniques. The binding affinity for S100P and cromolyn was measured to be in the millimolar range by fluorescence spectroscopy. NMR-HSQC titration experiments and HADDOCK modeling was employed to determine the spatial structure of the proposed heterotetramer model of the S100P-cromolyn complex. Additional MD simulation results revealed the important properties in the complex stability and conformational flexibility of the S100P-cromolyn complex. This proposed model has provided an understanding of the molecular level interactions of S100P-cromolyn complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruey-Hwang Chou
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Chin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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16
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Foster SR, Blank K, Hoe LES, Behrens M, Meyerhof W, Peart JN, Thomas WG. Bitter taste receptor agonists elicit G‐protein‐dependent negative inotropy in the murine heart. FASEB J 2014; 28:4497-508. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-256305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon R. Foster
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Kristina Blank
- Department of Molecular GeneticsGerman Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam‐RehbrückeNuthetalGermany
| | - Louise E. See Hoe
- Griffith Health InstituteGriffith UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Maik Behrens
- Department of Molecular GeneticsGerman Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam‐RehbrückeNuthetalGermany
| | - Wolfgang Meyerhof
- Department of Molecular GeneticsGerman Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam‐RehbrückeNuthetalGermany
| | - Jason N. Peart
- Griffith Health InstituteGriffith UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Walter G. Thomas
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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17
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Chang JC, Leung J, Tang T, Holzknecht ZE, Hartwig MG, Duane Davis R, Parker W, Abraham SN, Lin SS. Cromolyn ameliorates acute and chronic injury in a rat lung transplant model. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014; 33:749-57. [PMID: 24768366 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells have been associated with obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) in human pulmonary allografts, although their role in the development of OB remains unknown. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the role of mast cells in pulmonary allograft rejection using an orthotopic rat pulmonary allograft model that utilizes chronic aspiration of gastric fluid to reliably obtain OB. Pulmonary allograft recipients (n = 35) received chronic aspiration of gastric fluid with (n = 10) and without (n = 16) treatment with a mast cell membrane stabilizer, cromolyn sodium, or chronic aspiration with normal saline (n = 9) as a control. RESULTS The acute graft injury associated with long ischemic time in the model (6 hours total ischemic time; typical acute graft injury rate ~30%) was apparently blocked by cromolyn, because peri-operative mortality associated with the acute graft injury was not observed in any of the animals receiving cromolyn (p = 0.045). Further, the rats receiving cromolyn developed significantly fewer OB lesions than those treated with gastric fluid alone (p < 0.001), with a mean reduction of 46% of the airways affected. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide impetus for further studies aimed at elucidating the effects of cromolyn and the role of mast cells in pulmonary allotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chih Chang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Surgery, Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jason Leung
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha City, Hunan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zoie E Holzknecht
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew G Hartwig
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - R Duane Davis
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - William Parker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Soman N Abraham
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Departments of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shu S Lin
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Departments of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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18
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S100P antibody-mediated therapy as a new promising strategy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Oncogenesis 2014; 3:e92. [PMID: 24637492 PMCID: PMC4038391 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2014.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progresses in diagnosis and treatment, pancreatic cancer continues to have the worst prognosis of all solid malignant tumors. Recent evidences suggest that the metastasis-promoting protein S100P stimulates pancreatic tumor proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis progression through extracellular functions. Moreover, its expression is strongly correlated with poor prognosis in patients with several types of cancer although the entire molecular mechanism responsible for the diverse biological functions is not fully understood. We showed that extracellular S100P stimulates pancreatic carcinoma BxPC3 cell line by promoting cell proliferation. We also demonstrated that S100P induces, in this cell line, the phosphorylation of IκBα and the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). In addition, treatment with S100P protected cells from injuries induced by the cytotoxic agent Gemcitabine. On the basis of these results, we developed function-blocking anti-S100P monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that abolished all of its in vitro activities. Furthermore, in vivo treatment with the candidate 2H8 antibody decreased tumor growth and liver metastasis formation in a subcutaneous and orthotopic BxPC3 tumor model. We conclude here that a therapeutic strategy blocking the extracellular activity of S100P by means of specific mAbs could be an attractive therapeutic approach as a single agent or in combination with target-directed or chemotherapeutic drugs to treat pancreatic cancer.
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Mello JFD, Mion ODG, Andrade NAD, Anselmo-Lima WT, Stamm AEC, Almeida WLDC, Cavalcante Filho PO, Castro JDCE, Padua FGDM, Romano FR, Santos RDP, Roitmann R, Voegels RL, Meirelles RC, Sá LCB, Moacyr MT, Santos MCJD, Guimarães RES. Brazilian Academy of Rhinology position paper on topical intranasal therapy. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 79:391-400. [PMID: 23743757 PMCID: PMC9443840 DOI: 10.5935/1808-8694.20130067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This documents aims at educating those who treat sinonasal diseases - both general practitioners and specialists - about topical nasal treatments. By means of scientific evidence reviews, the Brazilian Academy of Rhinology provides its practical and updated guidelines on the most utilized topical nasal medication, except for the drugs that have topical antibiotics in their formulas.
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20
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Motawi TMK, Bustanji Y, El-Maraghy S, Taha MO, Al-Ghussein MAS. Evaluation of naproxen and cromolyn activities against cancer cells viability, proliferation, apoptosis, p53 and gene expression of survivin and caspase-3. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2013; 29:153-61. [PMID: 23368763 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.762645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the inhibitory profiles of naproxen and cromolyn against glycogen synthase kinase-3β, which partly explain the molecular mechanisms of their anti-cancer properties. In this study, we performed a detailed biochemical evaluation of the two drugs against colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco2), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), mammary gland carcinoma (MCF7), epitheloid cervix carcinoma (Hela), lung carcinoma (A5W9) and epidermoid larynx carcinoma (Hep2) cell lines. Additionally, we performed cellular viability tests using trypan blue, proliferation MTT assay, apoptosis, p53 and real-time polymerase chain reaction for gene expression of survivin and caspase-3. Not only the two drugs were found to significantly reduce the viability of different cell lines, but they also were shown to have potent dose-dependent reduction of cellular proliferation. They exhibited cytotoxicity IC50 values of 3.69 and 4.16 μM for naproxen and cromolyn, respectively. Viability and proliferation results clearly correlated with apoptosis and p53 experiments in showing that both drugs significantly raised apoptotic percentages. Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction in survivin and elevation of caspase-3 gene expression upon exposure to the two drugs. It can be concluded that both naproxen and cromolyn have significant anti-cancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M K Motawi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
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Costanza M, Colombo MP, Pedotti R. Mast cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203114 PMCID: PMC3509630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131115107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are best known as key immune players in immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent allergic reactions. In recent years, several lines of evidence have suggested that MCs might play an important role in several pathological conditions, including autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS. Since their first description in MS plaques in the late 1800s, much effort has been put into elucidating the contribution of MCs to the development of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity. Mouse models of MC-deficiency have provided a valuable experimental tool for dissecting MC involvement in MS and EAE. However, to date there is still major controversy concerning the function of MCs in these diseases. Indeed, although MCs have been classically proposed as having a detrimental and pro-inflammatory role, recent literature has questioned and resized the contribution of MCs to the pathology of MS and EAE. In this review, we will present the main evidence obtained in MS and EAE on this topic, and discuss the critical and controversial aspects of such evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Costanza
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorder Unit, Neurological Institute Foundation IRCCS C. Besta, via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Mario P. Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Rosetta Pedotti
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorder Unit, Neurological Institute Foundation IRCCS C. Besta, via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-02-23944654; Fax: +39-02-23944708
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Oka T, Kalesnikoff J, Starkl P, Tsai M, Galli SJ. Evidence questioning cromolyn's effectiveness and selectivity as a 'mast cell stabilizer' in mice. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1472-82. [PMID: 22906983 PMCID: PMC3580174 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cromolyn, widely characterized as a 'mast cell stabilizer', has been used in mice to investigate the biological roles of mast cells in vivo. However, it is not clear to what extent cromolyn can either limit the function of mouse mast cells or influence biological processes in mice independently of effects on mast cells. We confirmed that cromolyn (at 10 mg/kg in vivo or 10-100 μM in vitro) can inhibit IgE-dependent mast cell activation in rats in vivo (measuring Evans blue extravasation in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and increases in plasma histamine in passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA)) and in vitro (measuring peritoneal mast cell (PMC) β-hexosaminidase release and prostaglandin D(2) synthesis). However, under the conditions tested, cromolyn did not inhibit those mast cell-dependent responses in mice. In mice, cromolyn also failed to inhibit the ear swelling or leukocyte infiltration at sites of PCA. Nor did cromolyn inhibit IgE-independent degranulation of mouse PMCs induced by various stimulators in vitro. At 100 mg/kg, a concentration 10 times higher than that which inhibited PSA in rats, cromolyn significantly inhibited the increases in plasma concentrations of mouse mast cell protease-1 (but not of histamine) during PSA, but had no effect on the reduction in body temperature in this setting. Moreover, this concentration of cromolyn (100 mg/kg) also inhibited LPS-induced TNF production in genetically mast cell-deficient C57BL/6-Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice in vivo. These results question cromolyn's effectiveness and selectivity as an inhibitor of mast cell activation and mediator release in the mouse.
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Netzer NC, Küpper T, Voss HW, Eliasson AH. The actual role of sodium cromoglycate in the treatment of asthma--a critical review. Sleep Breath 2012; 16:1027-32. [PMID: 22218743 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-011-0639-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite international consensus and clearly written guidelines urging wider use of corticosteroids or combinations of inhaled short- and long-acting β-agonists (SABA and LABA) and corticosteroids in persistent asthma, prescribing patterns and compliance rates fall far short of recommendations. OBJECTIVES The failure to use steroids more aggressively is due, in part, to their side effects, even with inhaled forms of the drug. There is a role for expanded use of sodium cromolyn in asthma. Its potent anti-inflammatory effects, lack of side effects, and acceptable dosing and method of delivery, as well as its special role in exercise-induced asthma, make it a very suitable choice in the initial therapy for control of asthma. CONCLUSION Compared to SABA and LABA, cromoglycates alone are unsuspicious of being used to enhance physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus C Netzer
- Hermann Buhl Institute for Hypoxia and Sleep Medicine Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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Kushnir NM. The Role of Decongestants, Cromolyn, Guafenesin, Saline Washes, Capsaicin, Leukotriene Antagonists, and Other Treatments on Rhinitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2011; 31:601-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Keller M, Schierholz J. Have inadequate delivery systems hampered the clinical success of inhaled disodium cromoglycate? Time for reconsideration. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:1-17. [PMID: 21174604 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.542141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) fits with the perception of a safe drug, but conclusions from questionable meta-analyses reduced its use. In addition, drug delivery aspects, such as hygroscopicity and the poor performance of delivery systems, were not considered to be important determinants of therapeutic failures. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Drug delivery aspects and parameters affecting lung deposition and distribution, important parameters for therapeutic efficacy, are addressed. In addition, the distribution and ratio of mast cell tryptase and chymase-positive phenotypes in the lungs and their role in the prostaglandin and leukotriene pathway are discussed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Information on why in vitro data are an excellent tool to understand better therapeutic failures associated with the moisture sensitivity of DSCG and the difficulty in handling and operating DSCG delivery systems in a therapeutically reliable way. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Pharmacological efficacy of DSCG has been demonstrated in animals and humans. If the drug is delivered to the site of inflammation in an effective dose, a reliable therapeutic effect can be expected. DSCG has extra properties and potential unspecific antiviral properties and may offer new therapeutic treatment aspects for asthma and viral-induced bronchiolitis in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Keller
- PARI Pharma GmbH, Aerosol Research Institute, Lochhamer Schlag 21, D-82166 Graefelfing, Germany.
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Wang ZY, Wang P, Bjorling DE. Role of mast cells and protease-activated receptor-2 in cyclooxygenase-2 expression in urothelial cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R1127-35. [PMID: 19675284 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00310.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells have been shown to play a role in development and persistence of various inflammatory bladder disorders. Mast cell-derived tryptase specifically activates protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), and PAR-2 is known to be involved in inflammation. We investigated whether mast cells participate in increase of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein abundance in urothelium/suburothelium of bladders of mice subsequent to cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced bladder inflammation. We also used primary cultures of human urothelial cells to investigate cellular mechanisms underlying activation of PAR-2 resulting in increased COX-2 expression. We found that treatment of mice with CYP (150 mg/kg ip) increased COX-2 protein abundance in bladder urothelium/suburothelium 3, 6, and 24 h after CYP (P < 0.01), and increased COX-2 protein abundance was prevented by treatment of mice with the mast cell stabilizer sodium cromolyn (10 mg/kg ip) for 4 consecutive days before CYP treatment. Incubation of freshly isolated mouse urothelium/suburothelium with a selective PAR-2 agonist, 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide (3 microM), also increased COX-2 protein abundance (P < 0.05). We further demonstrated that 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide (3 microM) increased COX-2 mRNA expression and protein abundance in primary cultures of human urothelial cells (P < 0.01), and the effects of PAR-2 activation were mediated primarily by the ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathway. These data indicate that there are functional interactions among mast cells, PAR-2 activation, and increased expression of COX-2 in bladder inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zun-Yi Wang
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA.
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Ammit AJ, Burgess JK, Hirst SJ, Hughes JM, Kaur M, Lau JY, Zuyderduyn S. The effect of asthma therapeutics on signalling and transcriptional regulation of airway smooth muscle function. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 22:446-54. [PMID: 19022391 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE OF THE REVIEW Our knowledge of the multifunctional nature of airway smooth muscle (ASM) has expanded rapidly in the last decade, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and how current therapies for obstructive airway diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), affect these are still being elucidated. Our current knowledge has built on the pharmacology of human ASM contraction and relaxation established prior to that and which is reviewed in detail elsewhere in this issue. The advent of methods to isolate and culture ASM cells, especially human ASM cells, has made it possible to study how they may contribute to airway remodelling through their synthetic, proliferative, and migratory capacities. Now the underlying molecular mechanisms of ASM growth factor secretion, extracellular matrix (ECM) production, proliferation and migration, as well as contraction and relaxation, are being determined. A complex network of signalling pathways leading to gene transcription in ASM cells permits this functional plasticity in healthy and diseased airways. This review is an overview of the effects of current therapies, and some of those in development, on key signalling pathways and transcription factors involved in these ASM functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina J Ammit
- Respiratory Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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van der Wouden JC, Uijen JHJM, Bernsen RMD, Tasche MJA, de Jongste JC, Ducharme F. Inhaled sodium cromoglycate for asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 2008:CD002173. [PMID: 18843630 PMCID: PMC8436730 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002173.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium cromoglycate has been recommended as maintenance treatment for childhood asthma for many years. Its use has decreased since 1990, when inhaled corticosteroids became popular, but it is still used in many countries. OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy of sodium cromoglycate compared to placebo in the prophylactic treatment of children with asthma. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Airways Group Trials Register (October 2007), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2007), MEDLINE (January 1966 to November 2007), EMBASE (January 1985 to November 2007) and reference lists of articles. We also contacted the pharmaceutical company manufacturing sodium cromoglycate. In 2007 we updated the review. SELECTION CRITERIA All double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trials, which addressed the effectiveness of inhaled sodium cromoglycate as maintenance therapy, studying children aged 0 up to 18 years with asthma. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We pooled study results. MAIN RESULTS Of 3500 titles retrieved from the literature, 24 papers reporting on 23 studies could be included in the review. The studies were published between 1970 and 1997 and together included 1026 participants. Most were cross-over studies. Few studies provided sufficient information to judge the concealment of allocation. Four studies provided results for the percentage of symptom-free days. Pooling the results did not reveal a statistically significant difference between sodium cromoglycate and placebo. For the other pooled outcomes, most of the symptom-related outcomes and bronchodilator use showed statistically significant results, but treatment effects were small. Considering the confidence intervals of the outcome measures, a clinically relevant effect of sodium cromoglycate cannot be excluded. The funnel plot showed an under-representation of small studies with negative results, suggesting publication bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to be sure about the efficacy of sodium cromoglycate over placebo. Publication bias is likely to have overestimated the beneficial effects of sodium cromoglycate as maintenance therapy in childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C van der Wouden
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center , Room Ff304, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 3000 CA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To study the efficacy of oral montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist, in combination with cetirizine, a histamine-1 receptor antagonist, in the treatment of thyroid eye disease. METHODS Patients considering surgical correction of eyelid retraction for inflammatory symptoms of thyroid eye disease were offered a preoperative medical regimen of oral montelukast/cetirizine. Exclusion criteria included prior use of oral montelukast (i.e., for seasonal allergy or asthma), compressive optic neuropathy, severe ophthalmopathy requiring systemic corticosteroids, and orbital and/or muscle surgery. A 6-week course of oral cetirizine (10 mg every morning) and oral montelukast (10 mg every evening) was administered and patients subjectively rated their ocular surface dryness, tearing, itching, injection, eyelid swelling, eyelid retraction, double vision, proptosis, and visual clarity, at baseline, after 3 weeks and 6 weeks of medical therapy, and after 3 weeks off of the medications. RESULTS Six of the 12 patients recruited for the study reported a subjective improvement in tearing, dryness, and itching. Less effect on diplopia and proptosis was noted after 6 weeks of medical therapy. Two of the patients who did not report response chose to proceed with eyelid retraction surgery and both had evidence of mast cell infiltration in their Müller muscle specimens. CONCLUSION The response observed in this open-label trial suggests that oral montelukast and cetirizine may be an effective medical regimen for patients with thyroid eye disease who experience mild to moderate orbital congestion and inflammation.
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In vivo pharmacological evaluation of compound 48/80-induced airways oedema by MRI. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:1063-72. [PMID: 18469845 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Allergen-induced airways oedema in actively sensitized rats has been studied earlier by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We used MRI to follow the consequences of non-immunological mast cell activation induced by compound 48/80 in the rat lungs in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male naïve rats were scanned by MRI prior to and at several time points following intratracheal administration of the mast cell secretagogue, compound 48/80. The effects of a range of drugs on the response induced by compound 48/80 were studied. KEY RESULTS Strong fluid signals were detected by MRI in the lungs at 24 h after compound 48/80, correlating with increased protein concentration and inflammatory cell infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage, and with perivascular oedema observed histologically. Pharmacological intervention demonstrated that the increase in MRI signal volume induced by compound 48/80 24 h after challenge was blocked by disodium cromoglycate and the glucocorticoid, budesonide. Pretreatment with wortmannin, capsazepine, DNK333 (a dual neurokinin (NK) 1 and NK2 antagonist) or the anti-allergy drug CGS8515, but not indomethacin, resulted in partial inhibition. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Compound 48/80 induced a complex inflammatory reaction which did not solely involve mast cell degranulation but also activation of sensory nerves and was qualitatively similar to allergen challenge. Changes observed by MRI correlated with decreases in protein concentration in BAL fluid. However, the magnitude of the changes detected was greater using MRI. Our results demonstrate that MRI is a sensitive and efficient tool to assess the effects of drugs on lung inflammation.
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Chang TW, Wu PC, Hsu CL, Hung AF. Anti-IgE antibodies for the treatment of IgE-mediated allergic diseases. Adv Immunol 2007; 93:63-119. [PMID: 17383539 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(06)93002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological purposes of the anti-IgE therapy are to neutralize IgE and to inhibit its production to attenuate type I hypersensitivity reactions. The therapy is based on humanized IgG1 antibodies that bind to free IgE and to membrane-bound IgE on B cells, but not to IgE bound by the high-affinity IgE.Fc receptors on basophils and mast cells or by the low-affinity IgE.Fc receptors on B cells. After nearly 20 years since inception, therapeutic anti-IgE antibodies (anti-IgE) have been studied in about 30 Phase II and III clinical trials in many allergy indications, and a lead antibody, omalizumab, has been approved for treating patients (12 years and older) with moderate-to-severe allergic asthma. Anti-IgE has confirmed the roles of IgE in the pathogenesis of asthma and helped define the concept "allergic asthma" in clinical practice. It has been shown to be safe and efficacious in treating pediatric allergic asthma and treating allergic rhinitis and is being investigated for treating peanut allergy, atopic dermatitis, latex allergy, and others. It has potential for use to combine with specific and rush immunotherapy for increased safety and efficacy. Anti-IgE thus appears to provide a prophylactic and therapeutic option for moderate to severe cases of many allergic diseases and conditions in which IgE plays a significant role. This chapter reviews the evolution of the anti-IgE concept and the clinical studies of anti-IgE on various disease indications, and presents a comprehensive analysis on the multiple intricate immunoregulatory pharmacological effects of anti-IgE. Finally, it reviews other approaches that target IgE or IgE-expressing B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse Wen Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Arumugam T, Ramachandran V, Logsdon CD. Effect of cromolyn on S100P interactions with RAGE and pancreatic cancer growth and invasion in mouse models. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 98:1806-18. [PMID: 17179482 PMCID: PMC4461034 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously found that S100P, a member of the S100 protein family, is expressed in more than 90% of pancreatic tumors and is associated with tumor growth and invasion. In the current study, we investigated the ability of the antiallergy drug, cromolyn, to block S100P function. METHODS Interactions between cromolyn and S100P were investigated using a drug affinity column and by examining cromolyn's effects on coimmunoprecipitation of S100P and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE). The effects of cromolyn on cell growth, invasion, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) activity of pancreatic cancer cells with (BxPC-3 and MPanc-96) and without (Panc-1) endogenous S100P were investigated by cell proliferation assay, by cell invasion assay, and by luciferase reporter gene assay, respectively. The effects of cromolyn on tumor growth in vivo were investigated in three orthotopic models (n = 20 mice per model) by administration of cromolyn (5 mg/kg body weight, daily) with and without gemcitabine (125 mg/kg body weight, biweekly), the drug currently used to treat pancreatic cancer. Tumor growth was assayed by reporter gene expression. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS S100P was retained on a cromolyn affinity column. Cromolyn blocked the coimmunoprecipitation of S100P and RAGE. In vitro, cromolyn (100 microM) inhibited S100P-stimulated Panc-1 cell proliferation (S100P, mean = 0.93 U, versus S100P + cromolyn, mean = 0.56 U, difference = 0.37 U; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.24 to 0.49 U; P = .001, n = 3), invasion (S100P, mean = 58.0%, versus S100P + cromolyn, mean = 9.4%, difference = 48.6%; 95% CI = 38.8% to 58.8%; P<.001, n = 3), and NFkappaB activity (S100P, mean = 14,460, versus S100P + cromolyn, mean = 7360 photons/s, difference = 7100 photons/s; 95% CI = 3689 to 10 510 photons/s; P = .005, n = 3). In vivo, cromolyn inhibited tumor growth in mice bearing tumor with endogenous S100P (BxPC-3: control, mean = 1.6 x 10(9) photons/s, versus cromolyn, mean = 4.4 x 10(8) photons/s, difference = 1.2 x 10(9) photons/s; 95% CI = 6.2 x 10(8) to 1.6 x 10(9) photons/s; P<.001, n = 5; MPanc-96: control, mean = 1.1 x 10(10) photons/s, versus cromolyn, mean = 4.8 x 10(9) photons/s, difference = 6.2 x 10(9) photons/s; 95% CI = 1.9 x 10(9) to 1.0 x 10(10) photons/s; P = .009, n = 5) and increased the effectiveness of gemcitabine (BxPC-3: gemcitabine, mean = 9.2 x 10(8) photons/s, versus combination, mean = 1.8 x 10(8) photons/s, difference = 7.4 x 10(8) photons/s; 95% CI = 4.5 x 10(8) to 1.0 x 10(9) photons/s; P<.001; MPanc-96: gemcitabine, mean = 4.1 x 10(9) photons/s, versus combination, mean = 2.0 x 10(9) photons/s, difference = 2.1 x 10(9) photons/s; 95% CI = 4.4 x 10(8) to 3.8 x 10(9) photons/s; P<.001). However, cromolyn had no effect on growth of tumors lacking S100P (Panc-1). CONCLUSION Cromolyn binds S100P, prevents activation of RAGE, inhibits tumor growth, and increases the effectiveness of gemcitabine in experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruvengadam Arumugam
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Weangsripanaval T, Murota K, Murakami Y, Kominami M, Kusudo T, Moriyama T, Ogawa T, Kawada T. Sodium cromoglycate inhibits absorption of the major soybean allergen, Gly m Bd 30K, in mice and human intestinal Caco-2 cells. J Nutr 2006; 136:2874-80. [PMID: 17056816 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.11.2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous data showed that Gly m Bd 30K was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and circulated in blood in mice. This study was conducted to determine the mechanism and identify the inhibitor of such absorption. Using sandwich ELISA and immunoblotting, we found that intact Gly m Bd 30K was absorbed from apical to basolateral solutions and intracellularly accumulated by Caco-2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The absorption and intracellular accumulation of Gly m Bd 30K were significantly suppressed when Caco-2 cells were treated with sodium cromoglycate (SCG) (0-50 mmol/L) in a dose-dependent manner. In 24-d-old mice orally treated with SCG (10-1000 mg/kg body weight), plasma Gly m Bd 30K concentration decreased significantly 30-120 min after Gly m Bd 30K (2000 mg/kg body weight) administration. Moreover, inhibitors that suppress the clathrin-dependent endocytosis dansylcadaverine, the caveolae-dependent endocytosis nystatin and clathrin, and the caveolae-dependent endocytosis methyl-beta-cyclodextrin had inhibitory effects on the absorption and intracellular accumulation of Gly m Bd 30K by Caco-2 cells. These data indicate that Gly m Bd 30K is absorbed and intracellularly accumulated in Caco-2 cells via clathrin- or caveolae-dependent endocytosis. We propose that the absorption and intracellular accumulation of Gly m Bd 30K are inhibited by SCG via clathrin- or caveolae-dependent endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanakorn Weangsripanaval
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
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Radley HG, Grounds MD. Cromolyn administration (to block mast cell degranulation) reduces necrosis of dystrophic muscle in mdx mice. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 23:387-97. [PMID: 16798005 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Revised: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a lethal muscle wasting disorder, resulting from mutations in the gene encoding for the skeletal muscle protein dystrophin. The absence of functional dystrophin leaves the muscle membrane vulnerable to damage during contraction. Damage initially occurs as 'tears' in the membrane, this damage can be exacerbated by the inflammatory response leading to myofibre necrosis rather than repair. Mast cells resident within skeletal muscle represent an immediate source of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesise that blockade of mast cell degranulation would reduce the extent of myofibre necrosis in the mdx mouse. Daily cromolyn injections were performed on young and exercised adult mdx mice and histological analysis confirmed that mast cell degranulation contributes to myofibre necrosis. This research identified high biological variation between individual mdx mice in the severity of the dystrophic pathology, and supported a relationship between extent of muscle damage in adult mdx mice and their individual enthusiasm for voluntary wheel running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Radley
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, M309,University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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