1
|
Infield DT, Schene ME, Galpin JD, Ahern CA. Genetic Code Expansion for Mechanistic Studies in Ion Channels: An (Un)natural Union of Chemistry and Biology. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39207057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Ion channels play central roles in biology and human health by catalyzing the transmembrane flow of electrical charge. These proteins are ideal targets for genetic code expansion (GCE) methods because it is feasible to measure ion channel activity from miniscule amounts of protein and to analyze the resulting data via rigorous, established biophysical methods. In an ideal scenario, the encoding of synthetic, noncanonical amino acids via GCE allows the experimenter to ask questions inaccessible to traditional methods. For this reason, GCE has been successfully applied to a variety of ligand- and voltage-gated channels wherein extensive structural, functional, and pharmacological data exist. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of GCE as applied to ion channels. We begin with an overview of the methods used to encode noncanonical amino acids in channels and then describe mechanistic studies wherein GCE was used for photochemistry (cross-linking; caged amino acids) and atomic mutagenesis (isosteric manipulation of charge and aromaticity; backbone mutation). Lastly, we cover recent advances in the encoding of fluorescent amino acids for the real-time study of protein conformational dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Infield
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Miranda E Schene
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jason D Galpin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Christopher A Ahern
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin C, Li Q, Liu D, Feng Q, Zhou H, Shi B, Zhang X, Hu Y, Jiang X, Sun X, Wang D. Recent research progress in tetrodotoxin detection and quantitative analysis methods. Front Chem 2024; 12:1447312. [PMID: 39206441 PMCID: PMC11349515 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1447312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a highly potent and widely distributed ion-channel marine neurotoxin; it has no specific antidote and poses a great risk to human health. Therefore, detecting and quantifying TTX to effectively implement prevention strategies is important for food safety. The development of novel and highly sensitive, highly specific, rapid, and simple techniques for trace TTX detection has attracted widespread attention. This review summarizes the latest advances in the detection and quantitative analysis of TTX, covering detection methods based on biological and cellular sensors, immunoassays and immunosensors, aptamers, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. It further discusses the advantages and applications of various detection technologies developed for TTX and focuses on the frontier areas and development directions of TTX detection, providing relevant information for further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lin
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun, China
| | - Qirong Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hengzong Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bohe Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yurui Hu
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinmiao Jiang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yonezawa R, Hayashi K, Oyama H, Yoshitake K, Sato S, Senevirathna JDM, Smith AR, Okabe T, Suo R, Kinoshita S, Takatani T, Arakawa O, Asakawa S, Itoi S. Tissue Localization of Tetrodotoxin in the Flatworm Planocera multitentaculata (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:649-657. [PMID: 38861110 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10332-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX), a pufferfish toxin, is a highly potent neurotoxin that has been found in a wide variety of animals. The TTX-bearing flatworm Planocera multitentaculata possesses a large amount of TTX and is considered responsible for the toxification of TTX-bearing animals such as pufferfish (Takifugu and Chelonodon) and the toxic goby Yongeichthys criniger. However, the mechanism underlying TTX accumulation in flatworms remains unclear. Previous studies have been limited to identifying the distribution of TTX in multiple organs, such as the digestive organs, genital parts, and the remaining tissues of flatworms. Here, we performed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis and immunohistochemical staining using a monoclonal anti-TTX antibody to elucidate the detailed localization of TTX in the tissues and organs of the flatworm P. multitentaculata. Immunohistochemical staining for P. multitentaculata showed that TTX-specific signals were detected not only in the ovaries and pharynx but also in many other tissues and organs, whereas no signal was detected in the brain, Lang's vesicle, and genitalia. In addition, combined with LC-MS/MS analysis, it was revealed for the first time that TTX accumulates in high concentrations in the basement membrane and epidermis. These findings robustly support the hypotheses of "TTX utilization protection from predators."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yonezawa
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Oyama
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Yoshitake
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soshi Sato
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jayan Duminda M Senevirathna
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, 90000, Sri Lanka
| | - Ashley R Smith
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiki Okabe
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Niigata Prefectural Kaiyo High School, Itoigawa, Niigata, 949-1352, Japan
| | - Rei Suo
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Kinoshita
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takatani
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Osamu Arakawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Shuichi Asakawa
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shiro Itoi
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Müller P, Draguhn A, Egorov AV. Persistent sodium currents in neurons: potential mechanisms and pharmacological blockers. Pflugers Arch 2024:10.1007/s00424-024-02980-7. [PMID: 38967655 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02980-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Persistent sodium current (INaP) is an important activity-dependent regulator of neuronal excitability. It is involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including pacemaking, prolongation of sensory potentials, neuronal injury, chronic pain and diseases such as epilepsy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Despite its importance, neither the molecular basis nor the regulation of INaP are sufficiently understood. Of particular significance is a solid knowledge and widely accepted consensus about pharmacological tools for analysing the function of INaP and for developing new therapeutic strategies. However, the literature on INaP is heterogeneous, with varying definitions and methodologies used across studies. To address these issues, we provide a systematic review of the current state of knowledge on INaP, with focus on mechanisms and effects of this current in the central nervous system. We provide an overview of the specificity and efficacy of the most widely used INaP blockers: amiodarone, cannabidiol, carbamazepine, cenobamate, eslicarbazepine, ethosuximide, gabapentin, GS967, lacosamide, lamotrigine, lidocaine, NBI-921352, oxcarbazepine, phenytoine, PRAX-562, propofol, ranolazine, riluzole, rufinamide, topiramate, valproaic acid and zonisamide. We conclude that there is strong variance in the pharmacological effects of these drugs, and in the available information. At present, GS967 and riluzole can be regarded bona fide INaP blockers, while phenytoin and lacosamide are blockers that only act on the slowly inactivating component of sodium currents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Müller
- Department Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen , Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexei V Egorov
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ueda H, Ito M, Yonezawa R, Hayashi K, Tomonou T, Kashitani M, Oyama H, Shirai K, Suo R, Yoshitake K, Kinoshita S, Asakawa S, Itoi S. Japanese Planocerid Flatworms: Difference in Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs and the Effects of Ingestion by Toxin-Bearing Fishes in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:500-510. [PMID: 38630353 PMCID: PMC11178581 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX), known as pufferfish toxin, is a potent neurotoxin blocking sodium channels in muscle and nerve tissues. TTX has been detected in various taxa other than pufferfish, including marine polyclad flatworms, suggesting that pufferfish toxin accumulates in fish bodies via food webs. The composition of TTX and its analogs in the flatworm Planocera multitentaculata was identical to those in wild grass puffer Takifugu alboplumbeus. Previously, Planocera sp. from Okinawa Island, Japan, were reported to possess high level of TTX, but no information was available on TTX analogs in this species. Here we identified TTX and analogs in the planocerid flatworm using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and compared the composition of TTX and analogs with those of another toxic and non-toxic planocerid species. We show that the composition of TTX and several analogs, such as 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, dideoxyTTXs, deoxyTTXs, and 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol, of Planocera sp. was identical to those of toxic species, but not to its non-toxic counterpart. The difference in the toxin composition was reflected in the phylogenetic relationship based on the mitochondrial genome sequence. A toxification experiment using predatory fish and egg plates of P. multitentaculata demonstrated that the composition of TTX and analogs in wild T. alboplumbeus juveniles was reproduced in artificially toxified pufferfish. Additionally, feeding on the flatworm egg plates enhanced the signal intensities of all TTX compounds in Chelonodon patoca and that of deoxyTTXs in Yongeichthys criniger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ueda
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ryo Yonezawa
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Taiga Tomonou
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Maho Kashitani
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hikaru Oyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shirai
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Rei Suo
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Yoshitake
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Kinoshita
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuichi Asakawa
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yasukawa S, Shirai K, Namigata K, Ito M, Tsubaki M, Oyama H, Fujita Y, Okabe T, Suo R, Ogiso S, Watabe Y, Matsubara H, Suzuki N, Hirayama M, Sugita H, Itoi S. Tetrodotoxin Detection in Japanese Bivalves: Toxification Status of Scallops. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 25:666-676. [PMID: 36648572 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-023-10199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX), or pufferfish toxin, has been frequently detected in edible bivalves around the world during the last decade and is problematic in food hygiene and safety. It was reported recently that highly concentrated TTX was detected in the midgut gland of the akazara scallop Chlamys (Azumapecten) farreri subsp. akazara collected in coastal areas of the northern Japanese archipelago. The toxification of the bivalve was likely to involve the larvae of the flatworm, Planocera multitentaculata. However, the overall status of bivalve TTX toxification has not been elucidated. In this study, 14 species/subspecies of bivalves from various Japanese waters were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis to reveal TTX toxification state, demonstrating that the Pectinidae, including C. farreri akazara, Chlamys farreri nipponensis, Chlamys (Mimachlamys) nobilis, and Mizuhopecten yessoensis, accumulated TTX in their midgut gland. Many individuals of C. farreri akazara and C. farreri nipponensis were found with high concentrations of TTX, while C. nobilis and M. yessoensis exhibited low concentrations. The extent of TTX accumulation in C. farreri akazara and C. farreri nipponensis varied widely by region and season. Curiously, no other bivalve species investigated in this study showed evidence of TTX. These results suggest that monitoring for TTX, like other shellfish toxins, is necessary to ensure that pectinid bivalves are a safe food resource.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shino Yasukawa
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shirai
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kaho Namigata
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Mei Tsubaki
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hikaru Oyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yukino Fujita
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Taiki Okabe
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Rei Suo
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shouzo Ogiso
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa , 927-0553, Japan
| | - Yukina Watabe
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa , 927-0553, Japan
| | - Hajime Matsubara
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Ossaka, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa , 927-0552, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa , 927-0553, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirayama
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugita
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alkassar M, Sanchez-Henao A, Reverté J, Barreiro L, Rambla-Alegre M, Leonardo S, Mandalakis M, Peristeraki P, Diogène J, Campàs M. Evaluation of Toxicity Equivalency Factors of Tetrodotoxin Analogues with a Neuro-2a Cell-Based Assay and Application to Puffer Fish from Greece. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:432. [PMID: 37623713 PMCID: PMC10455759 DOI: 10.3390/md21080432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent marine neurotoxin involved in poisoning cases, especially through the consumption of puffer fish. Knowledge of the toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs) of TTX analogues is crucial in monitoring programs to estimate the toxicity of samples analyzed with instrumental analysis methods. In this work, TTX analogues were isolated from the liver of a Lagocephalus sceleratus individual caught on South Crete coasts. A cell-based assay (CBA) for TTXs was optimized and applied to the establishment of the TEFs of 5,11-dideoxyTTX, 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol, 11-deoxyTTX and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX. Results showed that all TTX analogues were less toxic than the parent TTX, their TEFs being in the range of 0.75-0.011. Then, different tissues of three Lagocephalus sceleratus individuals were analyzed with CBA and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The obtained TEFs were applied to the TTX analogues' concentrations obtained by LC-MS/MS analysis, providing an indication of the overall toxicity of the sample. Information about the TEFs of TTX analogues is valuable for food safety control, allowing the estimation of the risk of fish products to consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mounira Alkassar
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (M.A.); (A.S.-H.); (J.R.); (L.B.); (M.R.-A.); (S.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Andres Sanchez-Henao
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (M.A.); (A.S.-H.); (J.R.); (L.B.); (M.R.-A.); (S.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Jaume Reverté
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (M.A.); (A.S.-H.); (J.R.); (L.B.); (M.R.-A.); (S.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Lourdes Barreiro
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (M.A.); (A.S.-H.); (J.R.); (L.B.); (M.R.-A.); (S.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Maria Rambla-Alegre
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (M.A.); (A.S.-H.); (J.R.); (L.B.); (M.R.-A.); (S.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Sandra Leonardo
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (M.A.); (A.S.-H.); (J.R.); (L.B.); (M.R.-A.); (S.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Manolis Mandalakis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Panagiota Peristeraki
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (M.A.); (A.S.-H.); (J.R.); (L.B.); (M.R.-A.); (S.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Mònica Campàs
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (M.A.); (A.S.-H.); (J.R.); (L.B.); (M.R.-A.); (S.L.); (J.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ito M, Shirai K, Oyama H, Yasukawa S, Asano M, Kihara M, Suo R, Sugita H, Nakahigashi R, Adachi M, Nishikawa T, Itoi S. Geographical differences in the composition of tetrodotoxin and 5,6,11-trideoxytetrodotoxin in Japanese pufferfishes and their origins. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 336:139214. [PMID: 37327821 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-bearing fish are thought to accumulate TTXs in their bodies through a food chain that begins with marine bacteria. However, the mechanism of TTXs transfer between prey and predators in the food chain remains unclear and the reasons for regional differences in pufferfish toxicity are also unknown. To investigate these matters, we collected juveniles of four species of pufferfish, Takifugu alboplumbeus, Takifugu flavipterus, Takifugu stictonotus, and Chelonodon patoca, from various locations in the Japanese Islands, and subjected them to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis for TTX and its analog 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX (TDT). Concentrations of these substances tended to be higher in pufferfish juveniles collected from the Sanriku coastal area (Pacific coast of northern Japan) than in those from other locations. Juveniles had higher concentrations of TTX at all locations than of TDT. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences specific to the TTX-bearing flatworm, Planocera multitentaculata, were detected in the intestinal contents of up to 100% of pufferfish juveniles from various sampling sites, suggesting that P. multitentaculata was widely involved in the toxification of the juveniles in the coastal waters of Japan. A toxification experiment was conducted on three species of pufferfish juveniles (T. alboplumbeus, Takifugu rubripes and C. patoca) using TTX-bearing flatworm eggs harboring equal amounts of TTX and TDT. The TTX content of juveniles fed on flatworm eggs was found to be more than twice that of TDT, suggesting that pufferfish preferentially incorporate TTX compared to TDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Ito
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shirai
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hikaru Oyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shino Yasukawa
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Masaki Asano
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Masato Kihara
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Rei Suo
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugita
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ryota Nakahigashi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masaatsu Adachi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8587, Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tran DT, Do CVT, Dinh CT, Dang MT, Le Ho KH, Le TG, Dao VH. Recovery of tetrodotoxin from pufferfish viscera extract by amine-functionalized magnetic nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2023; 13:18108-18121. [PMID: 37323433 PMCID: PMC10267608 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been widely used in pharmacology, food poisoning analysis, therapeutic use, and neurobiology. In the last decades, the isolation and purification of TTX from natural sources (e.g., pufferfish) were mostly based on column chromatography. Recently, functional magnetic nanomaterials have been recognized as promising solid phases for the isolation and purification of bioactive compounds from aqueous matrices due to their effective adsorptive properties. Thus far, no studies have been reported on the utilization of magnetic nanomaterials for the purification of TTX from biological matrices. In this work, an effort has been made to synthesize Fe3O4@SiO2 and Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2 nanocomposites for the adsorption and recovery of TTX derivatives from a crude pufferfish viscera extract. The experimental data showed that Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2 displayed a higher affinity toward TTX derivatives than Fe3O4@SiO2, achieving maximal adsorption yields for 4epi-TTX, TTX, and Anh-TTX of 97.9, 99.6, and 93.8%, respectively, under the optimal conditions of contact time of 50 min, pH of 2, adsorbent dosage of 4 g L-1, initial adsorbate concentration of 1.92 mg L-1 4epi-TTX, 3.36 mg L-1 TTX and 1.44 mg L-1 Anh-TTX and temperature of 40 °C. Interestingly, desorption of 4epi-TTX, TTX, and Anh-TTX from Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2-TTX investigated at 50 °C was recorded to achieve the highest recovery yields of 96.5, 98.2, and 92.7% using 1% AA/ACN for 30 min reaction, respectively. Remarkably, Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2 can be regenerated up to three cycles with adsorptive performance remaining at nearly 90%, demonstrating a promising adsorbent for purifying TTX derivatives from pufferfish viscera extract and a potential replacement for resins used in column chromatography-based techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dang Thuan Tran
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
| | - Cam Van T Do
- HaUI Institute of Technology, Hanoi University of Industry (HaUI) 298 Cau Dien, Bac Tu Liem Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Cuc T Dinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
| | - Mai T Dang
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
| | - Khanh Hy Le Ho
- Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 01 Cau Da St. Nha Trang City 650000 Vietnam
| | - Truong Giang Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
| | - Viet Ha Dao
- Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 01 Cau Da St. Nha Trang City 650000 Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tetrodotoxin Profiles in Xanthid Crab Atergatis floridus and Blue-Lined Octopus Hapalochlaena cf. fasciata from the Same Site in Nagasaki, Japan. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030193. [PMID: 36977084 PMCID: PMC10052739 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The xanhid crab Atergatis floridus and the blue-lined octopus Hapalochlaena cf. fasciata have long been known as TTX-bearing organisms. It has been speculated that the TTX possessed by both organisms is exogenously toxic through the food chain, since they are reported to have geographic and individual differences. The source and supply chain of TTX for both of these organisms, however, remain unclear. On the other hand, since crabs are one of the preferred prey of octopuses, we focused our attention on the relationship between the two species living in the same site. The aim of this study was to determine TTX concentrations and TTX profiles of A. floridus and H. cf. fasciata, collected simultaneously in the same site, and examine the relationship between them. Although there were individual differences in the TTX concentration in both A. floridus and H. cf. fasciata, the toxin components commonly contained 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol in addition to TTX as the major components, with 4-epiTTX, 11-deoxyTTX, and 4,9-anhydroTTX as the minor components. The results suggest that octopuses and crabs in this site acquire TTX from common prey, including TTX-producing bacteria and/or may have a predator–prey relationship.
Collapse
|
11
|
Oyama H, Ito M, Suo R, Goto-Inoue N, Morisasa M, Mori T, Sugita H, Mori T, Nakahigashi R, Adachi M, Nishikawa T, Itoi S. Changes in Tissue Distribution of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogues in Association with Maturation in the Toxic Flatworm, Planocera multitentaculata. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:1158-1167. [PMID: 36322281 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The toxic flatworm, Planocera multitentaculata, possesses highly concentrated tetrodotoxin (TTX), also known as pufferfish toxin, throughout its life cycle, including the egg and larval stages. Additionally, TTX analogues, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX and 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol, have also been detected in the flatworm. The high concentration of TTX in the eggs and larvae appears to be for protection against predation, and 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol in the pharyngeal tissue in the adults is likely used to sedate or kill prey during predation. However, information on the role of 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, a potential important biosynthetic intermediate of TTX, in the toxic flatworm is lacking. Here, we aimed to determine the region of localization of TTX and its analogues in the flatworm body, understand their pharmacokinetics during maturation, and speculate on their function. Flatworm specimens in four stages of maturity, namely juvenile, mating, spawning, and late spawning, were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis, using the pharyngeal tissue, oocytes in seminal receptacle, sperm, and tissue from 12 other sites. Although TTX was consistently high in the pharyngeal tissue throughout maturation, it was extremely high in the oocytes during the spawning period. Meanwhile, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX was almost undetectable in the pharyngeal part throughout the maturation but was very abundant in the oocytes during spawning. 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol consistently localized in the pharyngeal tissue. Although the localization of TTX and its analogues was approximately consistent with the MS imaging data, TTX and 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol were found to be highly localized in the parenchyma surrounding the pharynx, which suggests the parenchyma is involved in the accumulation and production of TTXs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Oyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Rei Suo
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Naoko Goto-Inoue
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Mizuki Morisasa
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Mori
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugita
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Mori
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ryota Nakahigashi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masaatsu Adachi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu H, Hu Y, Wang J, Gong X, Bao B. Adaptive evolution of scn4aa in Takifugu and Tetraodon. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
13
|
Bloom of Prorocentrum cordatum in Paracas Bay, Peru. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
During the austral winter of 2017, a bloom of Prorocentrum spp. occurred, reaching a cell density of 2.73 × 106 cells L−1, in Paracas Bay, Peru. In order to identify which, type of species generated this event and determine its toxicity, the values of the environmental parameters (temperature, winds and salinity) that induced the rapid growth of the dinoflagellate in this bloom were identified. A clonal culture was established for taxonomic (SEM), phylogenetic (ITS) and toxicological analysis via LC-MS/MS to determine the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and whether the species represents a food safety hazard. This event coincided with the coastal upwelling process, which generated high concentrations of phytoplankton biomass (>10 mg m−3 chlorophyll-a) and allowed the rapid growth of P. cordatum (IMP-BG 450) in Paracas Bay. However, toxicological analyses of the IMP-BG 450 strain culture did not show the presence of TTX quantifiable through the technique used. Due to the antecedents of the presence of TTX in mollusks from other latitudes during blooms of this species, it is recommended that analyses of this toxin be carried out both in filter-feeding mollusks and in this species during a new bloom.
Collapse
|
14
|
Yaegashi Y, Kudo Y, Ueyama N, Onodera KI, Cho Y, Konoki K, Yotsu-Yamashita M. Isolation and Biological Activity of 9- epiTetrodotoxin and Isolation of Tb-242B, Possible Biosynthetic Shunt Products of Tetrodotoxin from Pufferfish. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2199-2206. [PMID: 35994072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1) is a potent voltage-gated sodium channel blocker detected in certain marine and terrestrial organisms. We report here a new TTX analogue, 9-epiTTX (2), and a TTX-related compound, Tb-242B (4), isolated from the pufferfish Takifugu flavipterus and Dichotomyctere ocellatus, respectively. NMR analysis suggested that 2 exists as a mixture of hemilactal and 10,8-lactone forms, whereas other reported TTX analogues are commonly present as an equilibrium mixture of hemilactal and 10,7-lactone forms. Compound 2 and TTX were confirmed not to convert to each other by incubation under neutral and acidic conditions at 37 °C for 24 h. Compound 4 was identified as the 9-epimer of Tb-242A (3), previously reported as a possible biosynthetic precursor of TTX. Compound 4 was partially converted to 3 by incubation in a neutral buffer at 37 °C for 7 days, whereas 3 was not converted to 4 under this condition. Compound 2 was detected in several TTX-containing marine animals and a newt. Mice injected with 600 ng of 2 by intraperitoneal injection did not show any adverse symptoms, suggesting that the C-9 configuration in TTX is critical for its biological activity. Based on the structures, 2 and 4 were predicted to be shunt products for TTX biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yaegashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yuta Kudo
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nozomi Ueyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Onodera
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Yuko Cho
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Keiichi Konoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Giglio ML, Boland W, Heras H. Egg toxic compounds in the animal kingdom. A comprehensive review. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1938-1969. [PMID: 35916025 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00029f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1951 to 2022Packed with nutrients and unable to escape, eggs are the most vulnerable stage of an animal's life cycle. Consequently, many species have evolved chemical defenses and teamed up their eggs with a vast array of toxic molecules for defense against predators, parasites, or pathogens. However, studies on egg toxins are rather scarce and the available information is scattered. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of animal egg toxins and to analyze the trends and patterns with respect to the chemistry and biosynthesis of these toxins. We analyzed their ecology, distribution, sources, occurrence, structure, function, relative toxicity, and mechanistic aspects and include a brief section on the aposematic coloration of toxic eggs. We propose criteria for a multiparametric classification that accounts for the complexity of analyzing the full set of toxins of animal eggs. Around 100 properly identified egg toxins are found in 188 species, distributed in 5 phyla: cnidarians (2) platyhelminths (2), mollusks (9), arthropods (125), and chordates (50). Their scattered pattern among animals suggests that species have evolved this strategy independently on numerous occasions. Alkaloids are the most abundant and widespread, among the 13 types of egg toxins recognized. Egg toxins are derived directly from the environment or are endogenously synthesized, and most of them are transferred by females inside the eggs. Their toxicity ranges from ρmol kg-1 to mmol kg-1, and for some species, experiments support their role in predation deterrence. There is still a huge gap in information to complete the whole picture of this field and the number of toxic eggs seems largely underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matías L Giglio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr Rodolfo R. Brenner", INIBIOLP, CONICET CCT La Plata - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Horacio Heras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr Rodolfo R. Brenner", INIBIOLP, CONICET CCT La Plata - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. .,Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nishiumi M, Miyasaka T, Adachi M, Nishikawa T. Total Syntheses of the Proposed Biosynthetic Intermediates of Tetrodotoxin Tb-210B, Tb-226, Tb-242C, and Tb-258. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9023-9033. [PMID: 35765754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The collective synthesis of the four spiro-cyclic guanidines Tb-210B, Tb-226, Tb-242C, and Tb-258, all of which have been isolated from puffer fish and are considered possible biosynthetic intermediates of tetrodotoxin, has been achieved. Our synthesis is based on the stepwise deoxygenation or hydroxylation of a common intermediate, prepared from a known oxazoline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Nishiumi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tadachika Miyasaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masaatsu Adachi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Suo R, Tanaka M, Oyama H, Kojima Y, Yui K, Sakakibara R, Nakahigashi R, Adachi M, Nishikawa T, Sugita H, Itoi S. Tetrodotoxins in the flatworm Planocera multitentaculata. Toxicon 2022; 216:169-173. [PMID: 35843466 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The marine polyclad flatworm Planocera multitentaculata is known to possess high levels of tetrodotoxin (TTX), but the presence of TTX analogues in the species has been unexplored. In this study, TTX and several analogues such as 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, monodeoxyTTXs, dideoxyTTXs, and 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol were identified in three adults and egg plates of P. multitentaculata using high resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR-LC/MS) for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rei Suo
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Makoto Tanaka
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hikaru Oyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yuki Kojima
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yui
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ryo Sakakibara
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryota Nakahigashi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masaatsu Adachi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugita
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Colom-Casasnovas A, Garay E, Cisneros-Mejorado A, Aguilar MB, Lazcano-Pérez F, Arellano RO, Sánchez-Rodríguez J. Sea anemone Bartholomea annulata venom inhibits voltage-gated Na+ channels and activates GABAA receptors from mammals. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5352. [PMID: 35354863 PMCID: PMC8967859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxin production in nematocysts by Cnidaria phylum represents an important source of bioactive compounds. Using electrophysiology and, heterologous expression of mammalian ion channels in the Xenopus oocyte membrane, we identified two main effects produced by the sea anemone Bartholomea annulata venom. Nematocysts isolation and controlled discharge of their content, revealed that venom had potent effects on both voltage-dependent Na+ (Nav) channels and GABA type A channel receptors (GABAAR), two essential proteins in central nervous system signaling. Unlike many others sea anemone toxins, which slow the inactivation rate of Nav channels, B. annulata venom potently inhibited the neuronal action potential and the Na+ currents generated by distinct Nav channels opening, including human TTX-sensitive (hNav1.6) and TTX-insensitive Nav channels (hNav1.5). A second effect of B. annulata venom was an agonistic action on GABAAR that activated distinct receptors conformed by either α1β2γ2, α3β2γ1 or, ρ1 homomeric receptors. Since GABA was detected in venom samples by ELISA assay at low nanomolar range, it was excluded that GABA from nematocysts directly activated the GABAARs. This revealed that substances in B. annulata nematocysts generated at least two potent and novel effects on mammalian ion channels that are crucial for nervous system signaling.
Collapse
|
19
|
Ye H, Xi Y, Tian L, Huang D, Huang X, Shen X, Cai Y, Wangs Y. Simultaneous Determination of Tetrodotoxin in the Fresh and Heat-Processed Aquatic Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2022; 11:925. [PMID: 35407011 PMCID: PMC8997983 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was simultaneously detected in the fresh and heat-processed aquatic products by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The detection conditions were investigated, including the chromatography column and mobile phase. Based on the optimized parameters, a sensitive determination method of TTX was established. The proposed method featured the merits of a good linear relationship between signal and TTX concentration (R2 = 0.9998), a wide detection matrix-based range of 0.2-100 ng/g, and a low detection limit of 0.2 ng/g, etc. The spiked assays evidenced its accuracy and reliability with recoveries of 90.5-107.2%. Finally, the developed method was simultaneously successfully applied in the determination of TTX in various fresh and heat-processed aquatic products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Ye
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Safety and Quality for Aquatic Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Yinfeng Xi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Safety and Quality for Aquatic Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Liangliang Tian
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Safety and Quality for Aquatic Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Dongmei Huang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xuanyun Huang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xiaosheng Shen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
| | - Youqiong Cai
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Safety and Quality for Aquatic Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Yuan Wangs
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Safety and Quality for Aquatic Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Katikou P, Gokbulut C, Kosker AR, Campàs M, Ozogul F. An Updated Review of Tetrodotoxin and Its Peculiarities. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20010047. [PMID: 35049902 PMCID: PMC8780202 DOI: 10.3390/md20010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a crystalline, weakly basic, colorless organic substance and is one of the most potent marine toxins known. Although TTX was first isolated from pufferfish, it has been found in numerous other marine organisms and a few terrestrial species. Moreover, tetrodotoxication is still an important health problem today, as TTX has no known antidote. TTX poisonings were most commonly reported from Japan, Thailand, and China, but today the risk of TTX poisoning is spreading around the world. Recent studies have shown that TTX-containing fish are being found in other regions of the Pacific and in the Indian Ocean, as well as the Mediterranean Sea. This review aims to summarize pertinent information available to date on the structure, origin, distribution, mechanism of action of TTX and analytical methods used for the detection of TTX, as well as on TTX-containing organisms, symptoms of TTX poisoning, and incidence worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Katikou
- Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate of Research, Innovation and Education, Hapsa & Karatasou 1, 54626 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (F.O.)
| | - Cengiz Gokbulut
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir 10145, Turkey;
| | - Ali Rıza Kosker
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Turkey;
| | - Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain;
| | - Fatih Ozogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (F.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Okabe T, Saito R, Yamamoto K, Watanabe R, Kaneko Y, Yanaoka M, Furukoshi S, Yasukawa S, Ito M, Oyama H, Suo R, Suzuki M, Takatani T, Arakawa O, Sugita H, Itoi S. The role of toxic planocerid flatworm larvae on tetrodotoxin accumulation in marine bivalves. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 237:105908. [PMID: 34273772 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX), also known as pufferfish toxin, has been detected in marine edible bivalves worldwide. In this study, several bivalve species, Azumapecten farreri subsp. akazara, Patinopecten yessoensis and Mytilus galloprovincialis, collected from the Pacific side of the northern Japanese Islands, were studied for the accumulation of TTX in the presence of toxic planocerid larvae. LC-MS/MS analysis demonstrated that TTX was detected only in the midgut gland of A. farreri subsp. akazara. Toxic flatworm-specific PCR and direct sequencing of the amplicons showed that the DNA fragments of the Planocera multitentaculata COI gene were detected in the gut contents of the toxified bivalves. The planocerid larvae were also detected in the environmental seawaters. Toxification experiments in the aquarium demonstrated that the mussel M. galloprovincialis was also toxified by feeding on the toxic flatworm larvae. These results suggest that the source of TTX accumulation in edible bivalves is toxic flatworm larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Okabe
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Rion Saito
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamamoto
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Riku Watanabe
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kaneko
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Yanaoka
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Seika Furukoshi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shino Yasukawa
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hikaru Oyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Rei Suo
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Miwa Suzuki
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takatani
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Osamu Arakawa
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugita
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kudo Y, Hanifin CT, Yotsu-Yamashita M. Identification of Tricyclic Guanidino Compounds from the Tetrodotoxin-Bearing Newt Taricha granulosa. Org Lett 2021; 23:3513-3517. [PMID: 33830775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1) is still unresolved. We used MS-guided screening and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses including long-range HSQMBC to characterize two novel skeletal tricyclic guanidino compounds, Tgr-288 (2a and 2b) and Tgr-210 (3), from the TTX-bearing newt, Taricha granulosa. The presence of these compounds in toxic newts is congruent with a previously proposed pathway for TTX biosynthesis in terrestrial organisms that includes a monoterpene precursor and the production of structurally diversified guanidino compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kudo
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.,Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Charles T Hanifin
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Uintah Basin Campus, 320 North Aggie Boulevard (2000 W.), Vernal, Utah 84078, United States
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
First Detection of Tetrodotoxins in the Cotylean Flatworm Prosthiostomum trilineatum. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19010040. [PMID: 33477411 PMCID: PMC7830031 DOI: 10.3390/md19010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several polyclad flatworm species are known to contain high levels of tetrodotoxin (TTX), but currently TTX-bearing flatworms seem to be restricted to specific Planocera lineages belonging to the suborder Acotylea. During our ongoing study of flatworm toxins, high concentrations of TTXs were detected for the first time in the flatworm Prosthiostomum trilineatum, suborder Cotylea, from the coastal area of Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan. Toxin levels were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), revealing that this species contains comparable concentrations of toxins as seen in planocerid flatworms such as Planocera multitentaculata. This finding indicated that there may be other species with significant levels of TTXs. The distribution of TTXs among other flatworm species is thus of great interest.
Collapse
|
24
|
Bédry R, de Haro L, Bentur Y, Senechal N, Galil BS. Toxicological risks on the human health of populations living around the Mediterranean Sea linked to the invasion of non-indigenous marine species from the Red Sea: A review. Toxicon 2021; 191:69-82. [PMID: 33359388 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean region is, by far, a prime travel destination, having hosted more than 330 million tourists in 2016, mostly for seaside holidays. A greatly increased influx of thermophilic Red Sea species, introduced through the Suez Canal in a process referred to as Lessepsian invasion (in honor of Ferdinand de Lesseps who instigated the building of the Suez Canal), have raised awareness among scientists, medical personnel, and the public, of health risks caused by some venomous and poisonous marine species. The main species of concern are the poisonous Lagocephalus sceleratus, and the venomous Plotosus lineatus, Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus, Pterois miles, Synancea verrucosa, Rhopilema nomadica, Macrorhynchia philippina and Diadema setosum. Recognizing that the main factors that drive the introduction and dispersal of Red Sea biota in the Mediterranean, i.e., Suez Canal enlargements and warming seawater, are set to increase, and international tourist arrivals are forecasted to increase as well, to 500 million in 2030, an increase in intoxications and envenomations by alien marine species is to be expected and prepared for.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Bédry
- UHSI, Pellegrin University Hospital, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - L de Haro
- Centre Antipoison de Marseille, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Y Bentur
- Israel Poison Information Center, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - N Senechal
- Bordeaux University, UMR EPOC, 5805, Pessac, France
| | - B S Galil
- Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Battini N, Giachetti CB, Castro KL, Bortolus A, Schwindt E. Predator–prey interactions as key drivers for the invasion success of a potentially neurotoxic sea slug. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
26
|
Watari T, Tachibana T, Okada A, Nishikawa K, Otsuki K, Nagai N, Abe H, Nakano Y, Takagi S, Amano Y. A review of food poisoning caused by local food in Japan. J Gen Fam Med 2021; 22:15-23. [PMID: 33457151 PMCID: PMC7796784 DOI: 10.1002/jgf2.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly popular worldwide, Japanese cuisine includes several raw preparations such as sashimi and sushi; however, limited information on food poisoning from Japanese local food is available in English literature. Without appropriate knowledge, physicians may underdiagnose traveler's diarrhea among people returning from Japan. To provide accurate information to primary care physicians worldwide, we conducted a narrative review on food poisoning research published in Japanese and English over the past four years, considering the frequency and clinical importance of various presentations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Watari
- Postgraduate Clinical Training CenterShimane University HospitalShimaneJapan
| | | | - Azusa Okada
- Faculty of MedicineShimane UniversityShimaneJapan
| | | | | | | | - Haruki Abe
- Faculty of MedicineShimane UniversityShimaneJapan
| | | | - Soshi Takagi
- Faculty of MedicineShimane UniversityShimaneJapan
| | - Yu Amano
- Faculty of MedicineShimane UniversityShimaneJapan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kashitani M, Okabe T, Oyama H, Noguchi K, Yamazaki H, Suo R, Mori T, Sugita H, Itoi S. Taxonomic Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Acotylean Flatworms (Polycladida: Platyhelminthes). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 22:805-811. [PMID: 32415408 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-020-09968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX), also known as pufferfish toxin, causes a respiratory disorder by blocking neurotransmission, with voltage-gated sodium channel inhibition on muscle and nerve tissues. The toxin is widely distributed across vertebrates, invertebrates and bacteria. Therefore, it is generally thought that TTX in pufferfish accumulates via the food webs, beginning with marine bacteria as a primary producer. Polyclad flatworms in the genus Planocera are also known to be highly toxic, TTX-bearing organisms. Unlike the case of pufferfish, the source of TTX in these flatworms is unknown. In this study, taxonomical distribution patterns of TTX were investigated for acotylean flatworms from coastal waters using molecular phylogenetic analysis and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A maximum likelihood tree based on the 28S rRNA gene sequence showed that the flatworms belonged to several different lineages among the genera Planocera, Stylochus, Paraplanocera, Discocelis, Notocomplana, Notoplana, Callioplana and Peudostylochus. After LC-MS/MS analysis, the distribution of TTX was mapped onto the molecular phylogenetic tree. TTX-bearing flatworm species were seen to be restricted to specific Planocera lineages, suggesting that the TTX-bearing flatworm species have common genes for TTX-accumulating mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maho Kashitani
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Taiki Okabe
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hikaru Oyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kaede Noguchi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Haruka Yamazaki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Rei Suo
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Mori
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugita
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kudo Y, Hanifin CT, Kotaki Y, Yotsu-Yamashita M. Structures of N-Hydroxy-Type Tetrodotoxin Analogues and Bicyclic Guanidinium Compounds Found in Toxic Newts. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2706-2717. [PMID: 32896120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1), a potent neurotoxin widely distributed in marine and terrestrial metazoans, remains unresolved. A significant issue has been identifying intermediates and shunt products associated with the biosynthetic pathway of TTX. We investigated TTX biosynthesis by screening and identifying new TTX-related compounds from Cynops ensicauda popei and Taricha granulosa. Mass spectrometry (MS)-guided screening identified two new N-hydroxy TTX analogues in newts: 1-hydroxy-8-epiTTX (2) and 1-hydroxy-8-epi-5,11-dideoxyTTX (3, previously reported as 1-hydroxy-5,11-dideoxyTTX). We prepared a new analogue, 8-epi-5,11-dideoxyTTX (4), from 3 via N-OH reduction and confirmed the presence of 4 in T. granulosa using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-LCMS. The presence of 8-epi-type TTX analogues in both Cynops and Taricha supports a branched biosynthetic pathway of terrestrial TTX, which produces 6- and 8-epimers. In addition, new bicyclic guanidinium compounds Tgr-238 (5) and Tgr-240 (6) were identified as putative shunt products of our proposed TTX biosynthesis pathway. A structural analysis of Cep-228A (7), another bicyclic compound, was performed using NMR. Based on the structures of 5-7 and their analogues, we propose a model of the shunt and metabolic pathways of the terrestrial TTX biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kudo
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Charles T Hanifin
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Uintah Basin Campus, 320 N. Aggie Boulevard (2000 W.), Vernal, Utah 84078, United States
| | - Yuichi Kotaki
- Fukushima College, 1-1 Chigoike Miyashiro, Fukushima 960-0181, Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Itoi S, Sato T, Takei M, Yamada R, Ogata R, Oyama H, Teranishi S, Kishiki A, Wada T, Noguchi K, Abe M, Okabe T, Akagi H, Kashitani M, Suo R, Koito T, Takatani T, Arakawa O, Sugita H. The planocerid flatworm is a main supplier of toxin to tetrodotoxin-bearing fish juveniles. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126217. [PMID: 32088461 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent neurotoxin, is found in various phylogenetically diverse taxa. In marine environments, the pufferfish is at the top of the food chain among TTX-bearing organisms. The accumulation of TTX in the body of pufferfish appears to be of the food web that begins with bacteria. It is known that toxic pufferfishes possess TTX from the larval/juvenile stage. However, the source of the TTX is unknown because the maternally sourced TTX is extremely small in quantity. Therefore, the TTX has to be obtained from other organisms or directly from the environment. Here, we report evidence that the source of TTX for toxic fish juveniles including the pufferfish (Chelonodon patoca) and the goby (Yongeichthys criniger) is in the food organisms, as seen in their gut contents. Next generation sequencing analysis for the mitochondrial COI gene showed that the majority of the sequence recovered from intestinal contents of these toxic fishes belonged to the flatworm Planocera multitentaculata, a polyclad flatworm containing highly concentrated TTX from the larval stage. PCR specific to P. multitentaculata also showed that DNA encoding the planocerid COI gene was strongly detected in the intestinal contents of the goby and pufferfish juveniles. Additionally, the planocerid specific COI sequence was detected in the environmental seawater collected from the water around the sampling locations for TTX-bearing fish. These results suggest that planocerid larvae are the major TTX supplier for juveniles of TTX-bearing fish species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Mitsuki Takei
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Riko Yamada
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ryuya Ogata
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hikaru Oyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shun Teranishi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ayano Kishiki
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takenori Wada
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kaede Noguchi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Misato Abe
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Taiki Okabe
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Akagi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Maho Kashitani
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Rei Suo
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tomoko Koito
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takatani
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Osamu Arakawa
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugita
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Louza GSG, Carmo LLGD, Conceição IM. Effect of Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom on isolated jejunum: A very useful tool to study the interaction between neurons in the enteric nervous system. Auton Neurosci 2020; 227:102676. [PMID: 32464449 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2020.102676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Scorpion envenomation is a public health problem in tropical and subtropical areas. In Brazil, Tityus serrulatus is the biggest cause of accidents with venomous animals. Tityus serrulatus venom causes symptoms related to a great activation of the autonomic system attributed to a massive release of sympathetic and parasympathetic mediators. This effect is attributed to the presence of toxins acting in Na+ and K+ ion channels, leading to an increase in cell excitability. Although gastrointestinal symptoms, like diarrhoea and sialorrhea, is observed in moderate to severe cases, little attention is given in clinical reports. Gastrointestinal motility is controlled by the enteric nervous system which is composed of a wide variety of interconnected neurons that are influenced by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Thus, this work aimed to characterize the effects of Tityus serrulatus venom on sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmission of rat jejunum, as well as to investigate possibles effects on other neurons of the enteric nervous system. To this, we verify the effects of Tityus serrulatus venom on the contractility of isolated rat jejunum through organ-bath experiments. We observed that venom can induce both contraction and relaxation. The contraction was partially inhibited by atropine (1 μM) and by suramin (0.1 mM) through tetrodotoxin-resistant and sensitive mechanisms. The relaxation was completely inhibited by 3 μM propranolol and partially inhibited by 1 μM phentolamine. Suramin induced a slowing of relaxation curve. Tetrodotoxin completely inhibits the relaxation induced by Tityus serrulatus venom, but the contraction curves were only partially reduced in their initial portion. The final part of the curve was largely enhanced by Tetrodotoxin. Atropine blocks almost completely the contraction curve in the presence of Tetrodotoxin. These results indicate that Tityus serrulatus venom induces the release of both excitatory (predominantly acetylcholine) and inhibitory (mainly noradrenaline) neurotransmitters. The effects of Tityus serrulatus venom on organ contractility was quite complex and seem to derive from a diffuse and nonspecific release of mediators from autonomic and enteric nervous systems. Further investigation of venom action and its isolated toxins can reveal important aspects to deepen our knowledge about the enteric nervous system transmission and the interaction between excitatory and inhibitory mediators as well as the physiological role of Na+ and K+ ion channels in gut motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisele S G Louza
- Unit of Mode of Toxin Action (MATx), Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang X, Zong J, Chen S, Li M, Lu Y, Wang R, Xu H. Accumulation and Elimination of Tetrodotoxin in the Pufferfish Takifugu obscurus by Dietary Administration of the Wild Toxic Gastropod Nassarius semiplicata. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050278. [PMID: 32344936 PMCID: PMC7290894 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate pufferfish accumulation, elimination, and distribution of tetrodotoxin (TTX), Takifugu obscurus was fed with wild TTX-containing gastropod Nassarius semiplicata to simulate the natural food chain. Three-month-old non-poisonous T. obscurus was fed with wild toxic N. semiplicata at three exposure dose for 28 days, and later, with toxin-free food until day 67. Three fish individuals from each treatment were sampled, and the distribution of TTX in different tissues was measured. The results showed that the accumulation ratio of TTX in the three exposure dose groups ranged from 35.76% to 40.20%. The accumulation ratio in the skin and liver was the highest amongst all tissues, accounting for more than 85% of the total TTX, whereas that in the kidney and gallbladder was the lowest (0.11–0.78%). Studies on the kinetic of TTX accumulation and elimination revealed that the skin was the tissue with the highest accumulation speed constant (8.06), while the liver, kidney, and intestinal tract showed the highest speed of TTX elimination. The time required for TTX reduction to reach the safety limit could be predicted by using standard elimination equations. Qualitative analysis by UPLC-MS/MS revealed the occurrence of seven TTX derivatives in T. obscurus; of these TTX, 5-deoxy TTX, 11-deoxy TTX, 4,9-anhydro TTX were found in all tested tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Quality Safety, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (X.Z.); (S.C.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Mariculture & Enhancement, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Jingjing Zong
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Si Chen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Quality Safety, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (X.Z.); (S.C.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Mariculture & Enhancement, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Menglong Li
- Quality and Standard Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China;
| | - Yibo Lu
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Ruirui Wang
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Hanxiang Xu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Quality Safety, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (X.Z.); (S.C.)
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0580-2299-882
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tonon LAC, de Azevedo GPR, Monteiro AF, Bernardi DI, Gubiani JR, Ióca LP, Mattsson HK, Moreira APB, Gomes AF, Pires Junior OR, da S G Pedrosa C, Souza LRQ, Rehen SK, Thompson CC, Thompson FL, Berlinck RGS. New tetrodotoxin analogs in Brazilian pufferfishes tissues and microbiome. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125211. [PMID: 31896201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While tetrodotoxin (TTX) is commonly found in pufferfish tissues, it is unclear if bacterial symbionts isolated from pufferfish tissues can produce TTX. In this investigation, UPLC qTOF-MS/MS analysis of tissue extracts obtained from Sphoeroides spengleri and Canthigaster figuereidoi identified TTX in their composition, indicating their consumption is unsafe. UPLC qTOF-MS/MS analysis coupled with Molecular Networking indicated new TTX analogs (methyl-TTX, TTX-acetate, hydroxypropyl-TTX and glycerol-TTX). Bacterial extracts from sixteen strains revealed a compound with a [M+H]+ ion at m/z 320.1088, identical to TTX. However, TTX itself was not detected in these cultures by UPLC-MS/MS. Neurotoxicity of Vibrio A665 purified fraction 2 (with precursor [M+H]+ ion at m/z 320.1088) was significant in human neural stem cells (hNSCs), but the Nav blockage activity was not confirmed by the veratridine/ouabain essays, indicating a possible difference in the mechanism of action between the bacterium A665 purified fraction 2 and TTX. Vibrios symbionts of pufferfish point out involving in the production of TTX precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciane A Chimetto Tonon
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo P R de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, SAGE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - Afif F Monteiro
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Darlon I Bernardi
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana R Gubiani
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura P Ióca
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Hannah K Mattsson
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula B Moreira
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, SAGE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Stevens K Rehen
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), RJ, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristiane C Thompson
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, SAGE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabiano L Thompson
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, SAGE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil.
| | - Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Evaluation of the tetrodotoxin uptake ability of pufferfish Takifugu rubripes tissues according to age using an in vitro tissue slice incubation method. Toxicon 2020; 174:8-12. [PMID: 31785287 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The tetrodotoxin (TTX) uptake ability of pufferfish Takifugu rubripes tissues and its growth-associated changes were investigated using an in vitro tissue slice incubation method. Tissue slices prepared from the liver, skin, and intestine of a non-toxic cultured adult T. rubripes (20 months old) and incubated with incubation buffer containing 25 μg/mL TTX for 1-48 h showed a time-dependent increase in the TTX content in all tissues. The TTX contents of the skin and intestine slices were comparable to or slightly higher than that of the liver slices, with a similar transition pattern, suggesting similar TTX uptake ability among the skin, intestine, and liver. The TTX uptake ability of the liver and intestine did not differ significantly between young (8 months old) and adult (20 months old) fish, but the skin slices of young fish took up approximately twice as much TTX as that of adult fish, suggesting that the TTX uptake ability of the skin is involved in the growth-dependent changes in the toxin distribution inside the body in T. rubripes. To estimate the TTX uptake pathway in each tissue, an immunohistochemical technique was used to observe temporal changes in the intra-tissue microdistribution of TTX during incubation. The findings suggested that TTX is transferred and accumulates from pancreatic exocrine cells to hepatic parenchymal cells in the liver, from connective tissues to basal cells in the skin, and from villi epithelial cells via the lamina propria to the muscle layer in the intestine.
Collapse
|
34
|
Itoi S, Tabuchi S, Abe M, Ueda H, Oyama H, Ogata R, Okabe T, Kishiki A, Sugita H. Difference in tetrodotoxin content between two sympatric planocerid flatworms, Planocera multitentaculata and Planocera reticulata. Toxicon 2019; 173:57-61. [PMID: 31778684 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Planocerid flatworms and the related species (Platyhelminthes: polycladida) are known as tetrodotoxin (TTX)-bearing organisms, and they contribute to toxification of marine organisms at higher trophic levels, such as pufferfish and sea slugs. However, little is known of their biology or ecology. In this study, we therefore investigated the occurrence and toxicity of two sympatric planocerids, Planocera multitentaculata and Planocera reticulata, in intertidal zones of the central region of mainland Honshu, Japanese Islands. Planocera multitentaculata was much more abundant than P. reticulata. Body weight was greater in P. multitentaculata than in P. reticulata. Although a significant difference in TTX concentration was not observed between the two species, total TTX content per individual was greater in P. multitentaculata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Sora Tabuchi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Misato Abe
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ueda
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hikaru Oyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ryuya Ogata
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Taiki Okabe
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ayano Kishiki
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugita
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Okabe T, Oyama H, Kashitani M, Ishimaru Y, Suo R, Sugita H, Itoi S. Toxic Flatworm Egg Plates Serve as a Possible Source of Tetrodotoxin for Pufferfish. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E402. [PMID: 31373322 PMCID: PMC6669758 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pufferfish Takifugu niphobles (at present Takifugu alboplumbeus) possesses highly concentrated tetrodotoxin (TTX), an extremely potent neurotoxin that provides effective protection from predators, at least at the larval stages. However, the source of the toxin has remained unclear. Recently, DNA from the toxic flatworm Planocera multitentaculata was detected in the intestinal contents of juveniles and young of the pufferfish, suggesting that the flatworm contributes to its toxification at various stages of its life. In this study, we describe the behavior of the pufferfish in the intertidal zone that appears to contribute to its toxification before and during its spawning period: pufferfish were found to aggregate and ingest flatworm egg plates by scraping them off the surface of rocks. DNA analysis based on 28S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes identified the egg plates as those of P. multitentaculata. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the egg plates contain highly concentrated TTX. The feeding behavior of the pufferfish on the flatworm egg plates was also observed in the aquarium. These results suggest that pufferfish feed on the flatworm egg plate, which enables them to acquire toxicity themselves while providing their offspring with the protective shield of TTX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Okabe
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hikaru Oyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Maho Kashitani
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yuta Ishimaru
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Rei Suo
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugita
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kudo Y, Yotsu-Yamashita M. Isolation and Biological Activity of 8- Epitetrodotoxin and the Structure of a Possible Biosynthetic Shunt Product of Tetrodotoxin, Cep-226A, from the Newt Cynops ensicauda popei. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1656-1663. [PMID: 31117524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1), a potent neurotoxin, has been found in various animal species in both marine and terrestrial environments. In this study, a new TTX analogue, 8- epiTTX (2), and a possible biosynthetic shunt compound of TTX, Cep-226A (3), were isolated from the newt Cynops ensicauda popei. The voltage-gated sodium ion channel (Nav) blocking activity of 2 and 6- epiTTX (4), a known analogue, were investigated by a colorimetric cell-based assay and compared with that of 1. The EC50 values for 2 and 4 were determined to be 110 ± 40 and 33 ± 11 nM, respectively, which were larger than that of 1 (1.9 ± 0.7 nM). The results indicated that the equatorial hydroxy group at C-8 in TTX significantly contributes to its Nav blocking activity, whereas the 6-epimer of TTX retains substantial activity, consistent with its previously reported toxicity in mice and binding affinity to rat brain membrane preparations. The presence of these epimers of TTX (2 and 4) and Cep-226A (3) in newts supports our hypothesis that TTX is derived from a monoterpene in terrestrial environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kudo
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tohoku University , 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku , Sendai , Miyagi 980-8572 , Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences , Tohoku University , 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku , Sendai , Miyagi 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tohoku University , 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku , Sendai , Miyagi 980-8572 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Asakawa M, Matsumoto T, Umezaki K, Kaneko K, Yu X, Gomez-Delan G, Tomano S, Noguchi T, Ohtsuka S. Toxicity and Toxin Composition of the Greater Blue-Ringed Octopus Hapalochlaena lunulata from Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050245. [PMID: 31035711 PMCID: PMC6563023 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of the greater blue-ringed octopus Hapalochlaena lunulata, whose bite is fatal to humans, was examined to better understand and prevent deaths from accidental bites. Living specimens were collected from tide pools on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, in November and December of 2015, 2016, and 2017. The specimens were examined for the anatomical distribution of the toxicity, which was expressed in terms of mouse units (MU), by the standard bioassay method for tetrodotoxin (TTX) in Japan. Paralytic toxicity to mice was detected in all of the soft parts. The posterior salivary glands exhibited the highest toxicity score with a maximum level of 9276 MU/g, which was classified as "strongly toxic" (more than 1000 MU/g tissue) according to the classification of toxicity established by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan, followed by the hepatopancreas (21.1 to 734.3 MU/g), gonads (not detectable to 167.6 MU/g), arms (5.3 to 130.2 MU/g), and other body areas (17.3 to 107.4 MU/g). Next, the toxin from the salivary glands was partially purified by a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge and an Amicon Ultra Centrifugal Filter with a 3000-Da cut-off, and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) equipped with a φ2.0 × 150-mm (5 μm) TSKgel Amide-80 column (Tosoh, Tokyo, Japan) with a mixture of 16 mM ammonium formate buffer (pH 5.5) and acetonitrile (ratio 3:7, v/v) as a mobile phase. This study aimed to clarify the toxicity and the composition of TTX and its derivatives in this toxic octopus. The main toxin in this toxic octopus was identified as TTX, along with 4-epi TTX, 4, 9-anhydroTTX and 6-epi TTX. Further, the toxicity of this species is also significant from a food hygiene point of view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Asakawa
- Laboratory of Marine Bioresource Chemistry, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Faculty of Human Culture and Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan.
| | - Kohei Umezaki
- Laboratory of Marine Bioresource Chemistry, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
| | - Kyoichiro Kaneko
- Laboratory of Marine Bioresource Chemistry, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
| | - Ximiao Yu
- Laboratory of Marine Bioresource Chemistry, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
| | - Gloria Gomez-Delan
- Department of Fisheries, Cebu Technological University-Carmen Campus, 6005 Cebu, Philippines.
| | - Satoshi Tomano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA.
| | - Tamao Noguchi
- Faculty of Healthcare, Tokyo Health Care University, Tokyo 154-8568, Japan.
| | - Susumu Ohtsuka
- Takehara Station, Setouchi Field Science Center, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Takehara City, Hiroshima 725-0024, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Adachi M, Miyasaka T, Kudo Y, Sugimoto K, Yotsu-Yamashita M, Nishikawa T. Total Syntheses and Determination of Absolute Configurations of Cep-212 and Cep-210, Predicted Biosynthetic Intermediates of Tetrodotoxin Isolated from Toxic Newt. Org Lett 2019; 21:780-784. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b04043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaatsu Adachi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tadachika Miyasaka
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuta Kudo
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Keita Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Grandi LC, Di Giovanni G, Galati S. Reprint of “Animal models of early-stage Parkinson's disease and acute dopamine deficiency to study compensatory neurodegenerative mechanisms”. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 310:75-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
40
|
Zhao L, Huang Y, Dong Y, Han X, Wang S, Liang X. Aptamers and Aptasensors for Highly Specific Recognition and Sensitive Detection of Marine Biotoxins: Recent Advances and Perspectives. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E427. [PMID: 30366456 PMCID: PMC6265707 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine biotoxins distribute widely, have high toxicity, and can be easily accumulated in water or seafood, exposing a serious threat to consumer health. Achieving specific and sensitive detection is the most effective way to prevent emergent issues caused by marine biotoxins; however, the previous detection methods cannot meet the requirements because of ethical or technical drawbacks. Aptamers, a kind of novel recognition element with high affinity and specificity, can be used to fabricate various aptasensors (aptamer-based biosensors) for sensitive and rapid detection. In recent years, an increasing number of aptamers and aptasensors have greatly promoted the development of marine biotoxins detection. In this review, we summarized the recent aptamer-related advances for marine biotoxins detection and discussed their perspectives. Firstly, we summarized the sequences, selection methods, affinity, secondary structures, and the ion conditions of all aptamers to provide a database-like information; secondly, we summarized the reported aptasensors for marine biotoxins, including principles, detection sensitivity, linear detection range, etc.; thirdly, on the basis of the existing reports and our own research experience, we forecast the development prospects of aptamers and aptasensors for marine biotoxins detection. We hope this review not only provides a comprehensive summary of aptamer selection and aptasensor development for marine biotoxins, but also arouses a broad readership amongst academic researchers and industrial chemists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianhui Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Yunfei Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Yiyang Dong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xutiange Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Sai Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xingguo Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Itoi S, Ueda H, Yamada R, Takei M, Sato T, Oshikiri S, Wajima Y, Ogata R, Oyama H, Shitto T, Okuhara K, Tsunashima T, Sawayama E, Sugita H. Including planocerid flatworms in the diet effectively toxifies the pufferfish, Takifugu niphobles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12302. [PMID: 30120305 PMCID: PMC6098040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Beginning with the larval stages, marine pufferfish such as Takifugu niphobles contain tetrodotoxin (TTX), an extremely potent neurotoxin. Although highly concentrated TTX has been detected in adults and juveniles of these fish, the source of the toxin has remained unclear. Here we show that TTX in the flatworm Planocera multitentaculata contributes to the toxification of the pufferfish throughout the life cycle of the flatworm. A species-specific PCR method was developed for the flatworm, and the specific DNA fragment was detected in the digesta of wild pufferfish adults. Predation experiments showed that flatworm larvae were eaten by the pufferfish juveniles, and that the two-day postprandial TTX content in these pufferfish was 20–50 μg/g. Predation experiments additionally showed flatworm adults were also eaten by pufferfish young, and after two days of feeding, TTX accumulated in the skin, liver and intestine of the pufferfish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Ueda
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Riko Yamada
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Mitsuki Takei
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shotaro Oshikiri
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Wajima
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ryuya Ogata
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hikaru Oyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shitto
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kazuya Okuhara
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tadasuke Tsunashima
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Eitaro Sawayama
- R&D Division, Marua Suisan Co., Ltd. Kamijima, Ehime, 794-2410, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugita
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Grandi LC, Di Giovanni G, Galati S. Animal models of early-stage Parkinson's disease and acute dopamine deficiency to study compensatory neurodegenerative mechanisms. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 308:205-218. [PMID: 30107207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by a widely variety of motor and non-motor symptoms. While the motor deficits are only visible following a severe dopamine depletion, neurodegenerative process and some non-motor symptoms are manifested years before the motor deficits. Importantly, chronic degeneration of dopaminergic neurons leads to the development of compensatory mechanisms that play roles in the progression of the disease and the response to anti-parkinsonian therapies. The identification of these mechanisms will be of great importance for improving our understanding of factors with important contributions to the disease course and the underlying adaptive process. To date, most of the data obtained from animal models reflect the late, chronic, dopamine-depleted states, when compensatory mechanisms have already been established. Thus, adequate animal models with which researchers are able to dissect early- and late-phase mechanisms are necessary. Here, we reviewed the literature related to animal models of early-stage PD and pharmacological treatments capable of inducing acute dopamine impairments and/or depletion, such as reserpine, haloperidol and tetrodotoxin. We highlighted the advantages, limitations and the future prospective uses of these models, as well as their applications in the identification of novel agents for treating this neurological disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Clara Grandi
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Salvatore Galati
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Detection of the Potential Inactivation of Tetrodotoxin by Lactic Acid Bacterial Exopolysaccharide. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070288. [PMID: 30002293 PMCID: PMC6071066 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening for compounds that can neutralize the toxicity of tetrodotoxin (TTX) or reduce its negative effects is necessary. Our study tested the TTX detoxification capacity of exopolysaccharide (EPS) extracted from lactic acid bacteria. EPS of Leuconostoc mesenteroides N3 isolated from the Vung Tau sea (Vietnam), Lactobacillus plantarum PN05, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus PN04 were used in the study. To more completely evaluate the importance of EPS in detoxification, EPS samples of Leuconostoc mesenteroides N3, Lactobacillus plantarum PN05 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus PN04 were also tested. The majority of EPS of these bacteria contained glucose; this was observed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. As observed with FTIR analysis, only EPS of Lactobacillus plantarum PN05 contained methyl groups. The results indicated that detoxification of TTX in mice could be obtained at an optimal dose of 248 µg EPS from Leuconostoc mesenteroides incubated with 54 µg cuprous oxide for 40 min or 148 µg EPS Lactobacillus rhamnosus incubated with 55 µg cuprous oxide for 40 min, while EPS from Lactobacillus plantarum showed TTX detoxification capacity without cuprous oxide combination. Consequently, EPS from Lactobacillus plantarum PN05 can be used in TTX prevention. This is the first report on the importance of lactic acid bacteria in TTX detoxification.
Collapse
|
44
|
Role of maternal tetrodotoxin in survival of larval pufferfish. Toxicon 2018; 148:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
45
|
Ueda H, Itoi S, Sugita H. TTX-Bearing Planocerid Flatworm (Platyhelminthes: Acotylea) in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E37. [PMID: 29351203 PMCID: PMC5793085 DOI: 10.3390/md16010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyclad flatworms comprise a highly diverse and cosmopolitan group of marine turbellarians. Although some species of the genera Planocera and Stylochoplana are known to be tetrodotoxin (TTX)-bearing, there are few new reports. In this study, planocerid-like flatworm specimens were found in the sea bottom off the waters around the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. The bodies were translucent with brown reticulate mottle, contained two conical tentacles with eye spots clustered at the base, and had a slightly frilled-body margin. Each specimen was subjected to TTX extraction followed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Mass chromatograms were found to be identical to those of the TTX standards. The TTX amounts in the two flatworm specimens were calculated to be 468 and 3634 μg. Their external morphology was found to be identical to that of Planocera heda. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of the 28S rRNA gene and cytochrome-c oxidase subunit I gene also showed that both specimens clustered with the flatworms of the genus Planocera (Planocera multitentaculata and Planocera reticulata). This fact suggests that there might be other Planocera species that also possess highly concentrated TTX, contributing to the toxification of TTX-bearing organisms, including fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ueda
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Haruo Sugita
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wang YH, Salam N, Liu Q, Yang ZW, Cao LX, Meng XL, Nie GX, Ju JH, Li WJ. Symbiotic bacteria associated with puffer fish Gastrophysus spadiceus and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:366. [PMID: 29051847 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study reports the diversity of culturable bacteria associated with the puffer fish Gastrophysus spadiceus. During the study, a total of 31 strains affiliated to the genera Pseudomonas, Janthinobacterium, Rahnella, and Psychrobacter were isolated from liver, intestines, and flesh of G. spadiceus. These strains exhibited a diverse range of metabolites as indicated by the HPLC and TLC profiles of the chemical extracts of their fermentation products. Some of these crude extracts showed strong antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacterial strains. In addition, few crude extracts exhibit insecticidal activity against Artemia salina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People's Republic of China
| | - Nimaichand Salam
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lin Meng
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007 People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Xing Nie
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yin X, Kiriake A, Ohta A, Kitani Y, Ishizaki S, Nagashima Y. A novel function of vitellogenin subdomain, vWF type D, as a toxin-binding protein in the pufferfish Takifugu pardalis ovary. Toxicon 2017; 136:56-66. [PMID: 28651990 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Marine pufferfish of the Tetraodontidae family contain high levels of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in the liver and ovary. TTX is suggested to transfer from the liver to the ovary in female pufferfish during maturation. TTX in pufferfish eggs may act as a repellent against predators and as a sexual pheromone to attract male pufferfish. The toxification mechanism of the pufferfish ovary is poorly understood. Here we evaluated the chemical form of TTX and its related substances in the ovary of the panther pufferfish Takifugu pardalis by LC-ESI/MS. TTX and its analogs 4-epi-TTX, 4, 9-anhydroTTX, deoxyTTX, dideoxyTTX, and trideoxyTTX were detected in a low molecular weight fraction by Sephacryl S-400 column chromatography. The finding of an unknown TTX-related substance in a high molecular weight fraction from the Sephacryl S-400 column suggested the occurrence of toxin-binding protein in the ovary. The toxin-binding protein in the ovary was purified by ion-exchange HPLC, gel filtration HPLC, and SDS-PAGE. Amino acid sequencing and cDNA cloning revealed that the toxin-binding protein, TPOBP-10 (Takifugu pardalis ovary toxin-binding protein with a molecular mass of 10 kDa) was homologous with the predicted vitellogenin-1-like protein [Takifugu rubripes] subdomain, a von Willebrand factor type D domain. TPOBP-10 mRNA was highly expressed in the ovary and liver and less in other organs of female individuals based on RT-PCR. These findings reveal a novel function of the vitellogenin subdomain as binding with TTX-related substances, and its involvement in the toxification of the pufferfish ovary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhe Yin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Aya Kiriake
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Akira Ohta
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kitani
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, NORD University, Bodø 8049, Norway
| | - Shoichiro Ishizaki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagashima
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Seasonal Changes in the Tetrodotoxin Content of the Flatworm Planocera multitentaculata. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15030056. [PMID: 28245608 PMCID: PMC5367013 DOI: 10.3390/md15030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin that acts specifically on voltage-gated sodium channels on excitable membranes of muscle and nerve tissues. The biosynthetic process for TTX is unclear, although marine bacteria are generally thought to be the primary producers. The marine flatworm Planocera multitentaculata is a known TTX-bearing organism, and is suspected to be a TTX supplier to pufferfish. In this study, flatworm specimens were collected from an intertidal zone in Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan, the TTX content of the flatworm was measured using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and seasonal changes in TTX content were investigated. No significant difference in TTX concentration of the flatworm body was found between the spawning period and other periods. However, the TTX content in individual flatworms was significantly higher in the spawning period than at other times. The TTX content rose in association with an increase in the body weight of the flatworm.
Collapse
|
49
|
Comparison of tetrodotoxin uptake and gene expression in the liver between juvenile and adult tiger pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes. Toxicon 2016; 111:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
50
|
Itoi S, Ishizuka K, Mitsuoka R, Takimoto N, Yokoyama N, Detake A, Takayanagi C, Yoshikawa S, Sugita H. Seasonal changes in the tetrodotoxin content of the pufferfish Takifugu niphobles. Toxicon 2016; 114:53-8. [PMID: 26923160 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate seasonal changes in the whole body content and tissue distribution of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in the pufferfish Takifugu niphobles, wild individuals were collected from the coastal waters around Miura Peninsula from November 2010 to May 2012, and their tissues were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis. Fish that were sexually mature were classified as being in the maturation period (April), the spawning period (May-July) or the "ordinary period" (i.e., other months). In both sexes, gonad somatic index rapidly increased during the maturation period and then decreased during the spawning period. Whole body TTX content was significantly higher during the maturation/spawning period than in the ordinary period. Through all seasons, TTX was localized in the skin or ovary in females and in the skin or liver in males: the difference in TTX localization between females and males was particularly evident during the spawning period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Kento Ishizuka
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ryoko Mitsuoka
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Narumi Takimoto
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Naoto Yokoyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ayumi Detake
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Chie Takayanagi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Saori Yoshikawa
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugita
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| |
Collapse
|