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Bhuria V, Franz T, Baldauf C, Böttcher M, Chatain N, Koschmieder S, Brümmendorf TH, Mougiakakos D, Schraven B, Kahlfuß S, Fischer T. Activating mutations in JAK2 and CALR differentially affect intracellular calcium flux in store operated calcium entry. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:186. [PMID: 38509561 PMCID: PMC10956330 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium (Ca2+) signaling regulates various vital cellular functions, including integrin activation and cell migration. Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) via calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels represents a major pathway for Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space in multiple cell types. The impact of JAK2-V617F and CALR mutations which are disease initiating in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) on SOCE, calcium flux from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytosol, and related key signaling pathways in the presence or absence of erythropoietin (EPO) or thrombopoietin (TPO) is poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the effects of these mutations on the aforementioned calcium dynamics, in cellular models of MPN. METHODS Intracellular Ca2+ levels were measured over a time frame of 0-1080 s in Fura-2 AM labeled myeloid progenitor 32D cells expressing various mutations (JAK2-WT/EpoR, JAK2-V617F/EpoR; CALR-WT/MPL, CALR-ins5/MPL, and del52/MPL). Basal Ca2+ concentrations were assessed from 0-108 s. Subsequently, cells were stimulated with EPO/TPO in Ca2+-free Ringer solution, measuring Ca2+ levels from 109-594 s (store depletion). Then, 2 mM of Ca2+ buffer resembling physiological concentrations was added to induce SOCE, and Ca2+ levels were measured from 595-1080 s. Fura-2 AM emission ratios (F340/380) were used to quantify the integrated Ca2+ signal. Statistical significance was assessed by unpaired Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney-U-test, one-way or two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. RESULTS Following EPO stimulation, the area under the curve (AUC) representing SOCE significantly increased in 32D-JAK2-V617F cells compared to JAK2-WT cells. In TPO-stimulated CALR cells, we observed elevated Ca2+ levels during store depletion and SOCE in CALR-WT cells compared to CALR-ins5 and del52 cells. Notably, upon stimulation, key components of the Ca2+ signaling pathways, including PLCγ-1 and IP3R, were differentially affected in these cell lines. Hyper-activated PLCγ-1 and IP3R were observed in JAK2-V617F but not in CALR mutated cells. Inhibition of calcium regulatory mechanisms suppressed cellular growth and induced apoptosis in JAK2-V617F cells. CONCLUSIONS This report highlights the impact of JAK2 and CALR mutations on Ca2+ flux (store depletion and SOCE) in response to stimulation with EPO and TPO. The study shows that the JAK2-V617F mutation strongly alters the regulatory mechanism of EpoR/JAK2-dependent intracellular calcium balance, affecting baseline calcium levels, EPO-induced calcium entry, and PLCγ-1 signaling pathways. Our results reveal an important role of calcium flux in the homeostasis of JAK2-V617F positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Bhuria
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention - CHaMP, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Tobias Franz
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Conny Baldauf
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Böttcher
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Chatain
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim H Brümmendorf
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention - CHaMP, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Kahlfuß
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention - CHaMP, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention - CHaMP, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Bharadwaj AG, Okura GC, Woods JW, Allen EA, Miller VA, Kempster E, Hancock MA, Gujar S, Slibinskas R, Waisman DM. Identification and characterization of calreticulin as a novel plasminogen receptor. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105465. [PMID: 37979915 PMCID: PMC10770727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) was originally identified as a key calcium-binding protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. Subsequently, CRT was shown to possess multiple intracellular functions, including roles in calcium homeostasis and protein folding. Recently, several extracellular functions have been identified for CRT, including roles in cancer cell invasion and phagocytosis of apoptotic and cancer cells by macrophages. In the current report, we uncover a novel function for extracellular CRT and report that CRT functions as a plasminogen-binding receptor that regulates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. We show that human recombinant or bovine tissue-derived CRT dramatically stimulated the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator or urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that CRT-bound plasminogen (KD = 1.8 μM) with moderate affinity. Plasminogen binding and activation by CRT were inhibited by ε-aminocaproic acid, suggesting that an internal lysine residue of CRT interacts with plasminogen. We subsequently show that clinically relevant CRT variants (lacking four or eight lysines in carboxyl-terminal region) exhibited decreased plasminogen activation. Furthermore, CRT-deficient fibroblasts generated 90% less plasmin and CRT-depleted MDA MB 231 cells also demonstrated a significant reduction in plasmin generation. Moreover, treatment of fibroblasts with mitoxantrone dramatically stimulated plasmin generation by WT but not CRT-deficient fibroblasts. Our results suggest that CRT is an important cellular plasminogen regulatory protein. Given that CRT can empower cells with plasmin proteolytic activity, this discovery may provide new mechanistic insight into the established role of CRT in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamelu G Bharadwaj
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gillian C Okura
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - John W Woods
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Erica A Allen
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Victoria A Miller
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Emma Kempster
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mark A Hancock
- McGill SPR-MS Facility, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Rimantas Slibinskas
- Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - David M Waisman
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Buffer Proteins: A Focus on the Yet-To-Be-Explored Role of Sarcalumenin in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050715. [PMID: 36899851 PMCID: PMC10000884 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcalumenin (SAR) is a luminal Ca2+ buffer protein with high capacity but low affinity for calcium binding found predominantly in the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscles and the heart. Together with other luminal Ca2+ buffer proteins, SAR plays a critical role in modulation of Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+ release during excitation-contraction coupling in muscle fibers. SAR appears to be important in a wide range of other physiological functions, such as Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase (SERCA) stabilization, Store-Operated-Calcium-Entry (SOCE) mechanisms, muscle fatigue resistance and muscle development. The function and structural features of SAR are very similar to those of calsequestrin (CSQ), the most abundant and well-characterized Ca2+ buffer protein of junctional SR. Despite the structural and functional similarity, very few targeted studies are available in the literature. The present review provides an overview of the role of SAR in skeletal muscle physiology, as well as of its possible involvement and dysfunction in muscle wasting disorders, in order to summarize the current knowledge on SAR and drive attention to this important but still underinvestigated/neglected protein.
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Guo Q, Zheng J, Ba H, Sun H, Zhai J, Wang W, Li C. Calreticulin Identified as One of the Androgen Response Genes That Trigger Full Regeneration of the Only Capable Mammalian Organ, the Deer Antler. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:862841. [PMID: 35769266 PMCID: PMC9235033 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.862841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deer antlers are male secondary sexual characters that develop to become bone; they are unique appendages that, once lost, can fully regenerate from the permanent bony protuberances or pedicles. Pedicle periosteum (PP) is the tissue that gives rise to the regenerating antlers with three differentiation stages, namely, dormant (DoPP), potentiated (PoPP), and activated (AcPP). Thus far, the transition from the PoPP to the AcPP has not been studied. Our results showed that the AcPP cells maintained their original stem cell features by expressing mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers CD73, CD90, and CD105, although they had entered the proliferation mode. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the AcPP compared with those of the PoPP were mainly involved in protein processing, cell cycle, and calcium signaling pathways. Calreticulin (CALR), an androgen response gene, was significantly differentially upregulated in the AcPP cells, and its expression level was negatively regulated by androgens, in contrast to the currently known model systems where all regulation is positive. The downregulation of CALR expression in the AcPP cells in vitro inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and inhibited cell cycle progression at G1-S transition. Therefore, CALR is likely a downstream mediator of androgen hormones for triggering initiation of antler regeneration. We believe that the identification of CALR has not only discovered “one critical piece” of the “jigsaw puzzle” in the initiation of antler regeneration but also helps in revealing the mechanism underlying this unique mammalian epimorphic regeneration and has also opened a new avenue for the study of the nature of CALR regulation by androgen (putative binding partners), thus facilitating the identification of potential molecule(s) for investigation as targets for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Guo
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Jilin, China
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, China
| | - Junjun Zheng
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, China
| | - Hengxing Ba
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Jilin, China
| | - Hongmei Sun
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, China
| | - Jingjie Zhai
- Department of Oral Implantology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Sciences and Technology for Stomatology Nanoengineering, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Wenying Wang
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Jilin, China
| | - Chunyi Li
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyi Li,
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Tayyeb A, Dihazi GH, Tampe B, Zeisberg M, Tampe D, Hakroush S, Bührig C, Frese J, Serin N, Eltoweissy M, Müller GA, Dihazi H. Calreticulin Shortage Results in Disturbance of Calcium Storage, Mitochondrial Disease, and Kidney Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081329. [PMID: 35456008 PMCID: PMC9025518 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal Ca2+ reabsorption plays a central role in the fine-tuning of whole-body Ca2+ homeostasis. Here, we identified calreticulin (Calr) as a missing link in Ca2+ handling in the kidney and showed that a shortage of Calr results in mitochondrial disease and kidney pathogenesis. We demonstrated that Calr+/− mice displayed a chronic physiological low level of Calr and that this was associated with progressive renal injury manifested in glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial damage. We found that Calr+/− kidney cells suffer from a disturbance in functionally active calcium stores and decrease in Ca2+ storage capacity. Consequently, the kidney cells displayed an abnormal activation of Ca2+ signaling and NF-κB pathways, resulting in inflammation and wide progressive kidney injury. Interestingly, the disturbance in the Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling in Calr+/− kidney mice cells triggered severe mitochondrial disease and aberrant mitophagy, resulting in a high level of oxidative stress and energy shortage. These findings provide novel mechanistic insight into the role of Calr in kidney calcium handling, function, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asima Tayyeb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan;
| | - Gry H. Dihazi
- UMG-Laboratories, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Björn Tampe
- Clinic for Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (B.T.); (M.Z.); (D.T.); (C.B.); (N.S.); (G.A.M.)
| | - Michael Zeisberg
- Clinic for Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (B.T.); (M.Z.); (D.T.); (C.B.); (N.S.); (G.A.M.)
| | - Desiree Tampe
- Clinic for Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (B.T.); (M.Z.); (D.T.); (C.B.); (N.S.); (G.A.M.)
| | - Samy Hakroush
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Charlotte Bührig
- Clinic for Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (B.T.); (M.Z.); (D.T.); (C.B.); (N.S.); (G.A.M.)
| | - Jenny Frese
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Health Safety, Deutsche Post AG, Kölnische Strasse 81, 34117 Kassel, Germany;
| | - Nazli Serin
- Clinic for Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (B.T.); (M.Z.); (D.T.); (C.B.); (N.S.); (G.A.M.)
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marwa Eltoweissy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21568, Egypt;
| | - Gerhard A. Müller
- Clinic for Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (B.T.); (M.Z.); (D.T.); (C.B.); (N.S.); (G.A.M.)
| | - Hassan Dihazi
- Clinic for Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (B.T.); (M.Z.); (D.T.); (C.B.); (N.S.); (G.A.M.)
- Centre for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-551-3960350
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Roles of Calreticulin in Protein Folding, Immunity, Calcium Signaling and Cell Transformation. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:145-162. [PMID: 34050865 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that mediates the proper folding and assembly of proteins destined for the cell surface, the extracellular space and subcellular compartments such as the lysosomes. The ER contains a wide range of molecular chaperones to handle the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment. The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are well-studied and provide many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin. Calreticulin is also detectable on the cell surface under some conditions, where it induces the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, mutations of calreticulin induce cell transformation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Studies of the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity have provided many insights into the normal biology of calreticulin, which are discussed.
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Calreticulin promotes EMT in pancreatic cancer via mediating Ca 2+ dependent acute and chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:209. [PMID: 33028359 PMCID: PMC7542892 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Our previous study showed that calreticulin (CRT) promoted EGF-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in pancreatic cancer (PC) via Integrin/EGFR-ERK/MAPK signaling. We next investigated the novel signal pathway and molecular mechanism involving the oncogenic role of CRT in PC. Methods We investigated the potential role and mechanism of CRT in regulating intracellular free Ca2+ dependent acute and chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-induced EMT in PC in vitro and vivo. Results Thapsigargin (TG) induced acute ERS via increasing intracellular free Ca2+ in PC cells, which was reversed by CRT silencing. Additionally, CRT silencing inhibited TG-induced EMT in vitro by reversing TG-induced changes of the key proteins in EMT signaling (ZO-1, E-cadherin and Slug) and ERK/MAPK signaling (pERK). TG-promoted cell invasion and migration was also rescued by CRT silencing but enhanced by IRE1α silencing (one of the key stressors in unfolded protein response). Meanwhile, CRT was co-immunoprecipitated and co-localized with IRE1α in vitro and its silencing led to the chronic ERS via upregulating IRE1α independent of IRE1-XBP1 axis. Moreover, CRT silencing inhibited IRE1α silencing-promoted EMT, including inhibiting the activation of EMT and ERK/MAPK signaling and the promotion of cell mobility. In vivo, CRT silencing decreased subcutaneous tumor size and distant liver metastasis following with the increase of IRE1α expression. A negative relationship between CRT and IRE1α was also observed in clinical PC samples, which coordinately promoted the advanced clinical stages and poor prognosis of PC patients. Conclusions CRT promotes EMT in PC via mediating intracellular free Ca2+ dependent TG-induced acute ERS and IRE1α-mediated chronic ERS via Slug and ERK/MAPK signaling.
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Defective interaction of mutant calreticulin and SOCE in megakaryocytes from patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood 2020; 135:133-144. [PMID: 31697806 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-fourth of patients with essential thrombocythemia or primary myelofibrosis carry a somatic mutation of the calreticulin gene (CALR), the gene encoding for calreticulin. A 52-bp deletion (type I mutation) and a 5-bp insertion (type II mutation) are the most frequent genetic lesions. The mechanism(s) by which a CALR mutation leads to a myeloproliferative phenotype has been clarified only in part. We studied the interaction between calreticulin and store-operated calcium (Ca2+) entry (SOCE) machinery in megakaryocytes (Mks) from healthy individuals and from patients with CALR-mutated myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). In Mks from healthy subjects, binding of recombinant human thrombopoietin to c-Mpl induced the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, AKT, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, determining inositol triphosphate-dependent Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This resulted in the dissociation of the ER protein 57 (ERp57)-mediated complex between calreticulin and stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), a protein of the SOCE machinery that leads to Ca2+ mobilization. In Mks from patients with CALR-mutated MPNs, defective interactions between mutant calreticulin, ERp57, and STIM1 activated SOCE and generated spontaneous cytosolic Ca2+ flows. In turn, this resulted in abnormal Mk proliferation that was reverted using a specific SOCE inhibitor. In summary, the abnormal SOCE regulation of Ca2+ flows in Mks contributes to the pathophysiology of CALR-mutated MPNs. In perspective, SOCE may represent a new therapeutic target to counteract Mk proliferation and its clinical consequences in MPNs.
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Zhang IX, Raghavan M, Satin LS. The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Calcium Homeostasis in Pancreatic Beta Cells. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqz028. [PMID: 31796960 PMCID: PMC7028010 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) mediates the first steps of protein assembly within the secretory pathway and is the site where protein folding and quality control are initiated. The storage and release of Ca2+ are critical physiological functions of the ER. Disrupted ER homeostasis activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), a pathway which attempts to restore cellular equilibrium in the face of ER stress. Unremitting ER stress, and insufficient compensation for it results in beta-cell apoptosis, a process that has been linked to both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Both types are characterized by progressive beta-cell failure and a loss of beta-cell mass, although the underlying causes are different. The reduction of mass occurs secondary to apoptosis in the case of T2D, while beta cells undergo autoimmune destruction in T1D. In this review, we examine recent findings that link the UPR pathway and ER Ca2+ to beta cell dysfunction. We also discuss how UPR activation in beta cells favors cell survival versus apoptosis and death, and how ER protein chaperones are involved in regulating ER Ca2+ levels. Abbreviations: BiP, Binding immunoglobulin Protein ER; endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD, ER-associated protein degradation; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; KHE, proton-K+ exchanger; MODY, maturity-onset diabetes of young; PERK, PRKR-like ER kinase; SERCA, Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPases; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; UPR, unfolded protein response; WRS, Wolcott-Rallison syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina X Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Brehm Diabetes Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Malini Raghavan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Leslie S Satin
- Department of Pharmacology and Brehm Diabetes Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Type 3 Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor is a Crucial Regulator of Calcium Dynamics Mediated by Endoplasmic Reticulum in HEK Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020275. [PMID: 31979185 PMCID: PMC7072192 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Being the largest the Ca2+ store in mammalian cells, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mediated Ca2+ signalling often involves both Ca2+ release via inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) and store operated Ca2+ entries (SOCE) through Ca2+ release activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels on plasma membrane (PM). IP3Rs are functionally coupled with CRAC channels and other Ca2+ handling proteins. However, it still remains less well defined as to whether IP3Rs could regulate ER-mediated Ca2+ signals independent of their Ca2+ releasing ability. To address this, we generated IP3Rs triple and double knockout human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell lines (IP3Rs-TKO, IP3Rs-DKO), and systemically examined ER Ca2+ dynamics and CRAC channel activity in these cells. The results showed that the rate of ER Ca2+ leakage and refilling, as well as SOCE were all significantly reduced in IP3Rs-TKO cells. And these TKO effects could be rescued by over-expression of IP3R3. Further, results showed that the diminished SOCE was caused by NEDD4L-mediated ubiquitination of Orai1 protein. Together, our findings indicate that IP3R3 is one crucial player in coordinating ER-mediated Ca2+ signalling.
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Vallese F, Barazzuol L, Maso L, Brini M, Calì T. ER-Mitochondria Calcium Transfer, Organelle Contacts and Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1131:719-746. [PMID: 31646532 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that interorganellar contacts are central to the control of cellular physiology. Virtually, any intracellular organelle can come into proximity with each other and, by establishing physical protein-mediated contacts within a selected fraction of the membrane surface, novel specific functions are acquired. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts with mitochondria are among the best studied and have a major role in Ca2+ and lipid transfer, signaling, and membrane dynamics.Their functional (and structural) diversity, their dynamic nature as well as the growing number of new players involved in the tethering concurred to make their monitoring difficult especially in living cells. This review focuses on the most established examples of tethers/modulators of the ER-mitochondria interface and on the roles of these contacts in health and disease by specifically dissecting how Ca2+ transfer occurs and how mishandling eventually leads to disease. Additional functions of the ER-mitochondria interface and an overview of the currently available methods to measure/quantify the ER-mitochondria interface will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vallese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Lucia Barazzuol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maso
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marisa Brini
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Tito Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. .,Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Padua, Italy.
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12
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Wang WA, Agellon LB, Michalak M. Organellar Calcium Handling in the Cellular Reticular Network. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a038265. [PMID: 31358518 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ is an important intracellular messenger affecting diverse cellular processes. In eukaryotic cells, Ca2+ is handled by a myriad of Ca2+-binding proteins found in organelles that are organized into the cellular reticular network (CRN). The network is comprised of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, membranous components of the endocytic and exocytic pathways, peroxisomes, and the nuclear envelope. Membrane contact sites between the different components of the CRN enable the rapid movement of Ca2+, and communication of Ca2+ status, within the network. Ca2+-handling proteins that reside in the CRN facilitate Ca2+ sensing, buffering, and cellular signaling to coordinate the many processes that operate within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-An Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S7, Canada
| | - Luis B Agellon
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S7, Canada
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13
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Filadi R, Basso E, Lefkimmiatis K, Pozzan T. Beyond Intracellular Signaling: The Ins and Outs of Second Messengers Microdomains. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 981:279-322. [PMID: 29594866 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55858-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A typical characteristic of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotes is represented by the spatial heterogeneity of the different structural and functional components: for example, most of the genetic material is surrounded by a highly specific membrane structure (the nuclear membrane), continuous with, yet largely different from, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); oxidative phosphorylation is carried out by organelles enclosed by a double membrane, the mitochondria; in addition, distinct domains, enriched in specific proteins, are present in the plasma membrane (PM) of most cells. Less obvious, but now generally accepted, is the notion that even the concentration of small molecules such as second messengers (Ca2+ and cAMP in particular) can be highly heterogeneous within cells. In the case of most organelles, the differences in the luminal levels of second messengers depend either on the existence on their membrane of proteins that allow the accumulation/release of the second messenger (e.g., in the case of Ca2+, pumps, exchangers or channels), or on the synthesis and degradation of the specific molecule within the lumen (the autonomous intramitochondrial cAMP system). It needs stressing that the existence of a surrounding membrane does not necessarily imply the existence of a gradient between the cytosol and the organelle lumen. For example, the nuclear membrane is highly permeable to both Ca2+ and cAMP (nuclear pores are permeable to solutes up to 50 kDa) and differences in [Ca2+] or [cAMP] between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm are not seen in steady state and only very transiently during cell activation. A similar situation has been observed, as far as Ca2+ is concerned, in peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Emy Basso
- Institute of Neuroscience, Padova Section, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Lefkimmiatis
- Institute of Neuroscience, Padova Section, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Padova Section, National Research Council, Padova, Italy.
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
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14
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Lin YC, Chen CC, Chen WM, Lu KY, Shen TL, Jou YC, Shen CH, Ohbayashi N, Kanaho Y, Huang YL, Lee H. LPA 1/3 signaling mediates tumor lymphangiogenesis through promoting CRT expression in prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1305-1315. [PMID: 30053596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid growth factor which is present in high levels in serum and platelets. LPA binds to its specific G-protein-coupled receptors, including LPA1 to LPA6, thereby regulating various physiological functions, including cancer growth, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. Our previous study showed that LPA promotes the expression of the lymphangiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Interestingly, LPA has been shown to regulate the expression of calreticulin (CRT), a multifunctional chaperone protein, but the roles of CRT in PCa progression remain unclear. Here we investigated the involvement of CRT in LPA-mediated VEGF-C expression and lymphangiogenesis in PCa. Knockdown of CRT significantly reduced LPA-induced VEGF-C expression in PC-3 cells. Moreover, LPA promoted CRT expression through LPA receptors LPA1 and LPA3, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). Tumor-xenografted mouse experiments further showed that CRT knockdown suppressed tumor growth and lymphangiogenesis. Notably, clinical evidence indicated that the LPA-producing enzyme autotaxin (ATX) is related to CRT and that CRT level is highly associated with lymphatic vessel density and VEGF-C expression. Interestingly, the pharmacological antagonist of LPA receptors significantly reduced the lymphatic vessel density in tumor and lymph node metastasis in tumor-bearing nude mice. Together, our results demonstrated that CRT is critical in PCa progression through the mediation of LPA-induced VEGF-C expression, implying that targeting the LPA signaling axis is a potential therapeutic strategy for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Chien Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan; Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ying Lu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Long Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Chin Jou
- Department of Urology, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Huang Shen
- Department of Urology, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Norihiko Ohbayashi
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kanaho
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuan-Li Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hsinyu Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Electronic and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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15
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Gadomska G, Bartoszewska-Kubiak A, Boinska J, Matiakowska K, Ziołkowska K, Haus O, Rość D. Selected Parameters of Angiogenesis and the JAK2, CALR, and MPL Mutations in Patients With Essential Thrombocythemia. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2018; 24:1056-1060. [PMID: 29390868 PMCID: PMC6714737 DOI: 10.1177/1076029617740222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate selected angiogenic factors in patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) depending on JAK2V617F, calreticulin gene (CALR) and myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene (MPL) mutations. Sixty ET patients and 20 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. The following tests were performed: vascular endothelial growth factor- A (VEGF-A), soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1),soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (sVEGFR-2), platelet-derived growth factor( PDGF-BB), and stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α). We observed an increased PDGF-BB level in patients with ET compared to the controls. Patients with CALR mutation had significantly higher concentration of PDGF-BB and lower concentration of SDF-1α than patients with JAK2V617F mutation. High concentration of PDGF-BB and low concentration of SDF-1α in patients with CALR(+) ET may indicate a contribution of these chemokines in disturbed Ca2+ metabolism in platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Gadomska
- 1 Department of Hematology and Malignant Diseases of Hematopoietic System, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alicja Bartoszewska-Kubiak
- 2 Department of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Joanna Boinska
- 3 Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Karolina Matiakowska
- 2 Department of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ziołkowska
- 3 Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Olga Haus
- 2 Department of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Danuta Rość
- 3 Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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16
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Biwer LA, Good ME, Hong K, Patel RK, Agrawal N, Looft-Wilson R, Sonkusare SK, Isakson BE. Non-Endoplasmic Reticulum-Based Calr (Calreticulin) Can Coordinate Heterocellular Calcium Signaling and Vascular Function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:120-130. [PMID: 29122814 PMCID: PMC5746467 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In resistance arteries, endothelial cell (EC) extensions can make contact with smooth muscle cells, forming myoendothelial junction at holes in the internal elastic lamina (HIEL). At these HIEL, calcium signaling is tightly regulated. Because Calr (calreticulin) can buffer ≈50% of endoplasmic reticulum calcium and is expressed throughout IEL holes in small arteries, the only place where myoendothelial junctions form, we investigated the effect of EC-specific Calr deletion on calcium signaling and vascular function. APPROACH AND RESULTS We found Calr expressed in nearly every IEL hole in third-order mesenteric arteries, but not other ER markers. Because of this, we generated an EC-specific, tamoxifen inducible, Calr knockout mouse (EC Calr Δ/Δ). Using this mouse, we tested third-order mesenteric arteries for changes in calcium events at HIEL and vascular reactivity after application of CCh (carbachol) or PE (phenylephrine). We found that arteries from EC Calr Δ/Δ mice stimulated with CCh had unchanged activity of calcium signals and vasodilation; however, the same arteries were unable to increase calcium events at HIEL in response to PE. This resulted in significantly increased vasoconstriction to PE, presumably because of inhibited negative feedback. In line with these observations, the EC Calr Δ/Δ had increased blood pressure. Comparison of ER calcium in arteries and use of an ER-specific GCaMP indicator in vitro revealed no observable difference in ER calcium with Calr knockout. Using selective detergent permeabilization of the artery and inhibition of Calr translocation, we found that the observed Calr at HIEL may not be within the ER. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Calr specifically at HIEL may act in a non-ER dependent manner to regulate arteriolar heterocellular communication and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Biwer
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., M.E.G., K.H., R.K.P., S.K.S., B.E.I.) and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (L.A.B., S.K.S., B.E.I.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Department of Kinesiology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA (N.A., R.L.-W.)
| | - Miranda E Good
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., M.E.G., K.H., R.K.P., S.K.S., B.E.I.) and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (L.A.B., S.K.S., B.E.I.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Department of Kinesiology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA (N.A., R.L.-W.)
| | - Kwangseok Hong
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., M.E.G., K.H., R.K.P., S.K.S., B.E.I.) and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (L.A.B., S.K.S., B.E.I.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Department of Kinesiology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA (N.A., R.L.-W.)
| | - Rahul K Patel
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., M.E.G., K.H., R.K.P., S.K.S., B.E.I.) and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (L.A.B., S.K.S., B.E.I.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Department of Kinesiology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA (N.A., R.L.-W.)
| | - Neha Agrawal
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., M.E.G., K.H., R.K.P., S.K.S., B.E.I.) and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (L.A.B., S.K.S., B.E.I.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Department of Kinesiology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA (N.A., R.L.-W.)
| | - Robin Looft-Wilson
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., M.E.G., K.H., R.K.P., S.K.S., B.E.I.) and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (L.A.B., S.K.S., B.E.I.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Department of Kinesiology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA (N.A., R.L.-W.)
| | - Swapnil K Sonkusare
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., M.E.G., K.H., R.K.P., S.K.S., B.E.I.) and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (L.A.B., S.K.S., B.E.I.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Department of Kinesiology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA (N.A., R.L.-W.)
| | - Brant E Isakson
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., M.E.G., K.H., R.K.P., S.K.S., B.E.I.) and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (L.A.B., S.K.S., B.E.I.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Department of Kinesiology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA (N.A., R.L.-W.).
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17
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Jiang M, Karasawa T, Steyger PS. Aminoglycoside-Induced Cochleotoxicity: A Review. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:308. [PMID: 29062271 PMCID: PMC5640705 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotics are used as prophylaxis, or urgent treatment, for many life-threatening bacterial infections, including tuberculosis, sepsis, respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis, complex urinary tract infections and endocarditis. Although aminoglycosides are clinically-essential antibiotics, the mechanisms underlying their selective toxicity to the kidney and inner ear continue to be unraveled despite more than 70 years of investigation. The following mechanisms each contribute to aminoglycoside-induced toxicity after systemic administration: (1) drug trafficking across endothelial and epithelial barrier layers; (2) sensory cell uptake of these drugs; and (3) disruption of intracellular physiological pathways. Specific factors can increase the risk of drug-induced toxicity, including sustained exposure to higher levels of ambient sound, and selected therapeutic agents such as loop diuretics and glycopeptides. Serious bacterial infections (requiring life-saving aminoglycoside treatment) induce systemic inflammatory responses that also potentiate the degree of ototoxicity and permanent hearing loss. We discuss prospective clinical strategies to protect auditory and vestibular function from aminoglycoside ototoxicity, including reduced cochlear or sensory cell uptake of aminoglycosides, and otoprotection by ameliorating intracellular cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Jiang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Takatoshi Karasawa
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Peter S Steyger
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research, Portland VA Medical Center (VHA), Portland, OR, United States
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18
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Pathophysiological Significance of Store-Operated Calcium Entry in Megakaryocyte Function: Opening New Paths for Understanding the Role of Calcium in Thrombopoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122055. [PMID: 27941645 PMCID: PMC5187855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE) is a universal calcium (Ca2+) influx mechanism expressed by several different cell types. It is now known that Stromal Interaction Molecule (STIM), the Ca2+ sensor of the intracellular compartments, together with Orai and Transient Receptor Potential Canonical (TRPC), the subunits of Ca2+ permeable channels on the plasma membrane, cooperate in regulating multiple cellular functions as diverse as proliferation, differentiation, migration, gene expression, and many others, depending on the cell type. In particular, a growing body of evidences suggests that a tight control of SOCE expression and function is achieved by megakaryocytes along their route from hematopoietic stem cells to platelet production. This review attempts to provide an overview about the SOCE dynamics in megakaryocyte development, with a focus on most recent findings related to its involvement in physiological and pathological thrombopoiesis.
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Reuther GW. Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Molecular Drivers and Therapeutics. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 144:437-484. [PMID: 27865464 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations in genes that drive neoplastic cell growth are numerous and widespread in cancer, and specific genetic alterations are associated with certain types of cancer. For example, classic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are hematopoietic stem cell disorders that affect cells of the myeloid lineage, including erythrocytes, platelets, and granulocytes. An activating mutation in the JAK2 tyrosine kinase is prevalent in these diseases. In MPN patients that lack such a mutation, other genetic changes that lead to activation of the JAK2 signaling pathway are present, indicating deregulation of JAK2 signaling plays an etiological driving role in MPNs, a concept supported by significant evidence from in vivo experimental MPN systems. Thus, small molecules that inhibit JAK2 activity are ideal drugs to impede the progression of disease in MPN patients. However, even though JAK inhibitors provide significant symptomatic relief, they have failed as a remission-inducing therapy. Nonetheless, the progress made understanding the molecular etiology of MPNs since 2005 is significant and has provided insight for the development and testing of novel molecular targeted therapeutic approaches. The current understanding of driver mutations in MPNs and an overview of current and potential therapeutic strategies for MPN patients will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Reuther
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States; University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.
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20
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Groenendyk J, Lee D, Jung J, Dyck JRB, Lopaschuk GD, Agellon LB, Michalak M. Inhibition of the Unfolded Protein Response Mechanism Prevents Cardiac Fibrosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159682. [PMID: 27441395 PMCID: PMC4956237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac fibrosis attributed to excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins is a major cause of heart failure and death. Cardiac fibrosis is extremely difficult and challenging to treat in a clinical setting due to lack of understanding of molecular mechanisms leading to cardiac fibrosis and effective anti-fibrotic therapies. The objective in this study was to examine whether unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway mediates cardiac fibrosis and whether a pharmacological intervention to modulate UPR can prevent cardiac fibrosis and preserve heart function. Methodology/Principal Findings We demonstrate here that the mechanism leading to development of fibrosis in a mouse with increased expression of calreticulin, a model of heart failure, stems from impairment of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, transient activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway and stimulation of the TGFβ1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. Remarkably, sustained pharmacologic inhibition of the UPR pathway by tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is sufficient to prevent cardiac fibrosis, and improved exercise tolerance. Conclusions We show that the mechanism leading to development of fibrosis in a mouse model of heart failure stems from transient activation of UPR pathway leading to persistent remodelling of cardiac tissue. Blocking the activation of the transiently activated UPR pathway by TUDCA prevented cardiac fibrosis, and improved prognosis. These findings offer a window for additional interventions that can preserve heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Groenendyk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Dukgyu Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Joanna Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Jason R. B. Dyck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Gary D. Lopaschuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Luis B. Agellon
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
- * E-mail: (MM); (LBA)
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
- * E-mail: (MM); (LBA)
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21
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Kuang XL, Liu Y, Chang Y, Zhou J, Zhang H, Li Y, Qu J, Wu S. Inhibition of store-operated calcium entry by sub-lethal levels of proteasome inhibition is associated with STIM1/STIM2 degradation. Cell Calcium 2016; 59:172-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Song YF, Luo Z, Zhang LH, Hogstrand C, Pan YX. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and disturbed calcium homeostasis are involved in copper-induced alteration in hepatic lipid metabolism in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:2443-2453. [PMID: 26615493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Cu exposure on ER stress and Ca(2+) homeostasis, and explore the underlying mechanism of the ER stress and disturbed Ca(2+) homeostasis in the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. To this end, three experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, P. fulvidraco were exposed to three waterborne Cu concentrations for 56 days. Waterborne Cu exposure evoked ER stress and SREBP-1c activation and resulted in dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism in liver of P. fulvidraco in a time-dependent manner. In experiment 2, specific inhibitors 2-APB (IP3 receptor inhibitor) and dantrolene (RyR receptor inhibitor) were used to explore whether Ca(2+) release from ER was involved in the Cu-induced ER stress change. Dantrolene and 2-APB prevented Cu-induced intracellular Ca(2+) elevation, demonstrating that the release of Ca(2+) from the ER, mediated by both RyR and IP3R, contributed to dysregulation of lipid metabolism. In experiment 3, a chemical chaperone (PBA) was used to demonstrate whether Cu-induced alteration in lipid metabolism was suppressed through the attenuation of ER stress. PBA attenuated the Cu-induced elevation of mRNA expression of SREBP-1c, SCAP, ACC, FAS, GRP78/BiP, GRP94, CRT, eIF2α and XBP-1, and alleviated the Cu-induced downregulation of Insig-1. Based on these observations, these results reveal a link between ER stress and the change of lipid metabolism induced by Cu, which will help to understand the Cu-induced toxicity on cellular and molecular level, and provide some novel insights into the regulation of lipid metabolism in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Song
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; China and Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; China and Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| | - Li-Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; China and Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Ya-Xiong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; China and Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
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Functional roles of calreticulin in cancer biology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:526524. [PMID: 25918716 PMCID: PMC4396016 DOI: 10.1155/2015/526524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin is a highly conserved endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein which participates in various cellular processes. It was first identified as a Ca2+-binding protein in 1974. Accumulated evidences indicate that calreticulin has great impacts for the development of different cancers and the effect of calreticulin on tumor formation and progression may depend on cell types and clinical stages. Cell surface calreticulin is considered as an “eat-me” signal and promotes phagocytic uptake of cancer cells by immune system. Moreover, several reports reveal that manipulation of calreticulin levels profoundly affects cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis as well as differentiation. In addition to immunogenicity and tumorigenesis, interactions between calreticulin and integrins have been described during cell adhesion, which is an essential process for cancer metastasis. Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane receptors which connect extracellular matrix and intracellular cytoskeleton and trigger inside-out or outside-in signaling transduction. More and more evidences reveal that proteins binding to integrins might affect integrin-cytoskeleton interaction and therefore influence ability of cell adhesion. Here, we reviewed the biological roles of calreticulin and summarized the potential mechanisms of calreticulin in regulating mRNA stability and therefore contributed to cancer metastasis.
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24
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Filadi R, Pozzan T. Generation and functions of second messengers microdomains. Cell Calcium 2015; 58:405-14. [PMID: 25861743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A compelling example of the mechanisms by which the cells can organize and decipher complex and different functional activities is the convergence of a multitude of stimuli into signalling cascades, involving only few intracellular second messengers. The possibility of restricting these signalling events in distinct microdomains allows a fine and selective tuning of very different tasks. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms that control the formation and the spatial distribution of Ca(2+) and cAMP microdomains, providing some examples of their functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy; CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova Section, Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy.
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25
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Kuang XL, Liu F, Chen H, Li Y, Liu Y, Xiao J, Shan G, Li M, Snider BJ, Qu J, Barger SW, Wu S. Reductions of the components of the calreticulin/calnexin quality-control system by proteasome inhibitors and their relevance in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1319-29. [PMID: 24860980 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the endoplasmic retculum (ER) quality-control system work in concert to ensure that proteins are correctly folded in the ER and that misfolded proteins are retrotransported to the cytosol for degradation by proteasomes. Dysfunction of either system results in developmental abnormalities and even death in animals. This study investigates whether and how proteasome inhibition impacts the components of the calreticulin (CRT)/calnexin (CNX) glycoprotein folding machinery, a typical ER protein quality-control system, in the context of early neuronal injury. Here we report that proteasome inhibitor treatments, at nonlethal levels, reduced protein levels of CRT and ERp57 but not of CNX. These treatments increased protein levels of CRT in culture media, an effect blocked by brefeldin A, an inhibitor of protein trafficking; by contrast, ERp57 was not detected in culture media. Knockdown of CRT levels alone increased the vulnerability of SH-SY5Y, a neuronal cell line, to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) toxicity. In a rat model of Parkinson's disease, intrastriatal 6-OHDA lesions resulted in decreased levels of CRT and ERp57 in the midbrain. These findings suggest that reduction of the components of CRT/CNX glycoprotein quality-control system may play a role in neuronal injury in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders associated with dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Li Kuang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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26
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Halperin L, Jung J, Michalak M. The many functions of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperones and folding enzymes. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:318-26. [PMID: 24839203 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential sub-cellular compartment of the eukaryotic cell performing many diverse functions essential for the cell and the whole organism. ER molecular chaperones and folding enzymes are multidomain proteins that are designed to support nascent proteins entering ER lumen to achieve their native conformation, mediate post-translational modification, prevent misfolded protein aggregation, and facilitate exit from the ER. Typically the role of ER chaperones expands beyond protein folding. Here, we illustrate the multifunctional nature of many ER associated molecular chaperones and folding enzymes and unique functional overlap of these proteins all designed to support the many functions of the ER membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Halperin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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27
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Wu W, Wang G, Tan C, Zou X, Wang Y, Liu C. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of calreticulin in human serum. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 32:366-70. [PMID: 24111870 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a 46 kDa Ca(2+) binding chaperone protein that is mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum luminal and has various biological functions. It is important to establish a specific and sensitive CRT enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the study of CRT functions. Therefore, we prepared a polyclonal antibody (PAb) in rabbits immunized with a recombinant CRT protein. Based on the PAb and our previously prepared monoclonal antibody (MAb), a highly specific and sensitive ELISA was developed. In the present study, we describe a sandwich ELISA for the determination of CRT protein in human serum. It was found that soluble CRT (sCRT) concentration in serum samples from 49 lung cancer patients was significantly higher than that from 53 healthy individuals (p=0.004). This result demonstrates that sCRT concentration in sera of lung cancer patients is higher than that in sera of healthy individuals. In conclusion, the prepared CRT antibodies and developed ELISA is a potential tool for CRT research and offers an alternative, simple, rapid technique for detecting CRT, especially in large ongoing and future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- 1 Institute of Molecular Biology, Three Gorges University , Yichang, China
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28
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Prell T, Lautenschläger J, Grosskreutz J. Calcium-dependent protein folding in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Calcium 2013; 54:132-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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29
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Calreticulin for better or for worse, in sickness and in health, until death do us part. Cell Calcium 2013; 54:126-31. [PMID: 23768815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Zimmerman KA, Graham LV, Pallero MA, Murphy-Ullrich JE. Calreticulin regulates transforming growth factor-β-stimulated extracellular matrix production. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14584-14598. [PMID: 23564462 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.447243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an emerging factor in fibrotic disease, although precise mechanisms are not clear. Calreticulin (CRT) is an ER chaperone and regulator of Ca(2+) signaling up-regulated by ER stress and in fibrotic tissues. Previously, we showed that ER CRT regulates type I collagen transcript, trafficking, secretion, and processing into the extracellular matrix (ECM). To determine the role of CRT in ECM regulation under fibrotic conditions, we asked whether CRT modified cellular responses to the pro-fibrotic cytokine, TGF-β. These studies show that CRT-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and rat and human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lung fibroblasts with siRNA CRT knockdown had impaired TGF-β stimulation of type I collagen and fibronectin. In contrast, fibroblasts with increased CRT expression had enhanced responses to TGF-β. The lack of CRT does not impact canonical TGF-β signaling as TGF-β was able to stimulate Smad reporter activity in CRT-/- MEFs. CRT regulation of TGF-β-stimulated Ca(2+) signaling is important for induction of ECM. CRT-/- MEFs failed to increase intracellular Ca(2+) levels in response to TGF-β. NFAT activity is required for ECM stimulation by TGF-β. In CRT-/- MEFs, TGF-β stimulation of NFAT nuclear translocation and reporter activity is impaired. Importantly, CRT is required for TGF-β stimulation of ECM under conditions of ER stress, as tunicamycin-induced ER stress was insufficient to induce ECM production in TGF-β stimulated CRT-/- MEFs. Together, these data identify CRT-regulated Ca(2+)-dependent pathways as a critical molecular link between ER stress and TGF-β fibrotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Zimmerman
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019
| | - Lauren V Graham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019
| | - Manuel A Pallero
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019
| | - Joanne E Murphy-Ullrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019.
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31
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Calì T, Ottolini D, Brini M. Calcium and Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Tethering in Neurodegeneration. DNA Cell Biol 2013; 32:140-6. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tito Calì
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Denis Ottolini
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marisa Brini
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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32
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Ottolini D, Calì T, Brini M. Measurements of Ca²⁺ concentration with recombinant targeted luminescent probes. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 937:273-91. [PMID: 23007593 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-086-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades the study of Ca(2+) homeostasis in living cells has been enhanced by the explosive development of genetically encoded Ca(2+)-indicators. The cloning of the Ca(2+)-sensitive photoprotein aequorin and of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria has been enormously advantageous. As polypeptides, aequorin and GFP allow their endogenous production in cell systems as diverse as bacteria, yeast, slime molds, plants, and mammalian cells. Moreover, it is possible to specifically localize them within the cell by including defined targeting signals in the amino acid sequence. These two proteins have been extensively engineered to obtain several recombinant probes for different biological parameters, among which Ca(2+) concentration reporters are probably the most relevant. The GFP-based Ca(2+) probes and aequorin are widely employed in the study of intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. The new generation of bioluminescent probes that couple the Ca(2+) sensitivity of aequorin to GFP fluorescence emission allows real-time measurements of subcellular Ca(2+) changes in single cell imaging experiments and the video-imaging of Ca(2+) concentrations changes in live transgenic animals that express GFP-aequorin bifunctional probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Ottolini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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33
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Zampese E, Pizzo P. Intracellular organelles in the saga of Ca2+ homeostasis: different molecules for different purposes? Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1077-104. [PMID: 21968921 PMCID: PMC11114864 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An increase in the concentration of cytosolic free Ca(2+) is a key component regulating different cellular processes ranging from egg fertilization, active secretion and movement, to cell differentiation and death. The multitude of phenomena modulated by Ca(2+), however, do not simply rely on increases/decreases in its concentration, but also on specific timing, shape and sub-cellular localization of its signals that, combined together, provide a huge versatility in Ca(2+) signaling. Intracellular organelles and their Ca(2+) handling machineries exert key roles in this complex and precise mechanism, and this review will try to depict a map of Ca(2+) routes inside cells, highlighting the uniqueness of the different Ca(2+) toolkit components and the complexity of the interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Zampese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
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34
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Tsou PL, Lee SY, Allen NS, Winter-Sederoff H, Robertson D. An ER-targeted calcium-binding peptide confers salt and drought tolerance mediated by CIPK6 in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2012; 235:539-52. [PMID: 21971994 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Different plant organelles have high internal stores of Ca(2+) compared to the cytoplasm and could play independent roles in stress responses or signal transduction. We used a GFP fusion with the C-domain of calreticulin, which shows low-affinity, high capacity Ca(2+) binding in the ER, as a calcium-binding peptide (CBP) to specifically increase stores in the ER and nucleus. Despite the presence of a signal sequence and KDEL retention sequence, our work and previous studies (Brandizzi et al. Plant Journal 34:269-281, 2003) demonstrated both ER and nuclear localization of GFP-CBP. Under normal conditions, GFP-CBP-expressing lines had ~25% more total Ca(2+) and higher levels of chlorophyll and seed yield than wild type and GFP controls. CBP-expressing plants also had better survival under intermittent drought or high salt treatments and increased root growth. One member of the CIPK (calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase) gene family, CIPK6, was up-regulated in CBP-expressing plants, even under non-stress conditions. A null mutation in cipk6 abolished the increased stress tolerance of CBP-transgenic plants, as well as the CBP-mediated induction of two stress-associated genes, DREB1A and RD29A, under non-stress conditions. Although this suggested that it was the induction of CIPK6, rather than localized changes in Ca(2+), that resulted in increased survival under adverse conditions, CIPK6 induction still required Ca(2+). This work demonstrates that ER (or nuclear) Ca(2+) can directly participate in signal transduction to alter gene expression. The discovery of a method for increasing Ca(2+) levels without deleterious effects on plant growth may have practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lan Tsou
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
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35
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Vasiljevic M, Heisler FF, Hausrat TJ, Fehr S, Milenkovic I, Kneussel M, Sieghart W. Spatio-temporal expression analysis of the calcium-binding protein calumenin in the rodent brain. Neuroscience 2011; 202:29-41. [PMID: 22178608 PMCID: PMC3270221 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Calumenin is a Ca2+-binding protein that belongs to the CREC superfamily. It contains six EF-hand domains that exhibit a low affinity for Ca2+ as well as an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal. Calumenin exhibits a broad and relatively high expression in various brain regions during development as demonstrated by in situ hybridization. Signal intensity of calumenin is highest during the early development and then declines over time to reach a relatively low expression in adult animals. Immunohistochemistry indicates that at the P0 stage, calumenin expression is most abundant in migrating neurons in the zones around the lateral ventricle. In the brain of adult animals, it is expressed in various glial and neuronal cell types, including immature neurons in subgranular zone of hippocampal dentate gyrus. At the subcellular level, calumenin is identified in punctuate and diffuse distribution mostly in somatic regions where it co-localizes with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and partially Golgi apparatus. Upon subcellular fractionation, calumenin is enriched in fractions containing membranes and is only weakly present in soluble fractions. This study points to a possible important role of calumenin in migration and differentiation of neurons, and/or in Ca2+ signaling between glial cells and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vasiljevic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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36
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Bibi A, Agarwal NK, Dihazi GH, Eltoweissy M, Van Nguyen P, Mueller GA, Dihazi H. Calreticulin is crucial for calcium homeostasis mediated adaptation and survival of thick ascending limb of Henle's loop cells under osmotic stress. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1187-97. [PMID: 21554974 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TALH) is normally exposed to variable and often very high osmotic stress and involves different mechanisms to counteract this stress. ER resident calcium binding proteins especially calreticulin (CALR) play an important role in different stress balance mechanisms. To investigate the role of CALR in renal epithelial cells adaptation and survival under osmotic stress, two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry and functional proteomics were performed. CALR expression was significantly altered in TALH cells exposed to osmotic stress, whereas renal inner medullary collecting duct cells and interstitial cells exposed to hyperosmotic stress showed no significant changes in CALR expression. Moreover, a time dependent downregulation of CALR was accompanied with continuous change in the level of free intracellular calcium. Inhibition of the calcium release, through IP3R antagonist, prevented CALR expression alteration under hyperosmotic stress, whereas the cell viability was significantly impaired. Overexpression of wild type CALR in TALH cells resulted in significant decrease in cell viability under hyperosmotic stress. In contrast, the hyperosmotic stress did not have any effect on cells overexpressing the CALR mutant, lacking the calcium-binding domain. Silencing CALR with siRNA significantly improved the cell survival under osmotic stress conditions. Taken together, our data clearly highlight the crucial role of CALR and its calcium-binding role in TALH adaptation and survival under osmotic stress.
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37
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Karasawa T, Wang Q, David LL, Steyger PS. Calreticulin binds to gentamicin and reduces drug-induced ototoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2011; 124:378-87. [PMID: 21785162 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycosides like gentamicin are among the most commonly used antibiotics in clinical practice and are essential for treating life-threatening tuberculosis and Gram-negative bacterial infections. However, aminoglycosides are also nephrotoxic and ototoxic. Although a number of mechanisms have been proposed, it is still unclear how aminoglycosides induce cell death in auditory sensory epithelia and subsequent deafness. Aminoglycosides bind to various intracellular molecules, such as RNA and phosphoinositides. We hypothesized that aminoglycosides, based on their tissue-specific susceptibility, also bind to intracellular proteins that play a role in drug-induced ototoxicity. By conjugating an aminoglycoside, gentamicin, to agarose beads and conducting a gentamicin-agarose pull-down assay, we have isolated gentamicin-binding proteins (GBPs) from immortalized cells of mouse organ of Corti, HEI-OC1. Mass spectrometry identified calreticulin (CRT) as a GBP. Immunofluorescence revealed that CRT expression is concentrated in strial marginal cells and hair cell stereocilia, primary locations of drug uptake and cytotoxicity in the cochlea. In HEI-OC1 cells treated with gentamicin, reduction of CRT expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced intracellular drug levels. CRT-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells as well as CRT siRNA-transfected wild-type MEFs also had reduced cell viability after gentamicin treatment. A pull-down assay using deletion mutants of CRT determined that the carboxyl C-domain of CRT binds to gentamicin. HeLa cells transfected with CRT C-domain deletion mutant construct were more susceptible to gentamicin-induced cytotoxicity compared with cells transfected with full-length CRT or other deletion mutants. Therefore, we conclude that CRT binding to gentamicin is protective against gentamicin-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Karasawa
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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38
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Calreticulin-2 is localized in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum but is not a Ca2+ -binding protein. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 135:531-8. [PMID: 21590275 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT)-1 is a major Ca(2+)-buffering protein in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Human and murine CRT-2 was isolated in 2002, but the subcellular localization and function is still unclear. Here, we studied the intracellular localization and function of CRT-2 with hemagglutinin-tagged (HA-) human CRT-2. Western blotting revealed HA-CRT-2 as a single band at 50 kDa. Using immunofluorescence microscopy of cultured fibroblasts and epithelial cells transfected with HA-CRT-2 cDNA, labeling for HA-CRT-2 was seen as a reticular network with a nuclear envelope pattern that colocalized with calnexin and protein disulfide isomerase. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that HA-CRT-2 was localized in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Stains-all staining, a method to detect Ca(2+)-binding proteins, could not stain the immunoprecipitate of HA-CRT-2, although HA-CRT-1 immunoprecipitate was stained blue. These results indicate that the molecular weight of the non-tagged CRT-2 on SDS-PAGE is 49 kDa, and that CRT-2, as well as CRT-1, is localized in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, but that CRT-2 capacity for Ca(2+)-binding may be absent or much lower than that of CRT-1.
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39
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Ogunbayo OA, Zhu Y, Rossi D, Sorrentino V, Ma J, Zhu MX, Evans AM. Cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose activates ryanodine receptors, whereas NAADP activates two-pore domain channels. J Biol Chem 2011. [PMID: 21216967 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.2020002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) mobilize intracellular Ca(2+) stores remains controversial. It is open to question whether cADPR regulates ryanodine receptors (RyRs) directly, as originally proposed, or indirectly by promoting Ca(2+) uptake into the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum by sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPases. Conversely, although we have proposed that NAADP mobilizes endolysosomal Ca(2+) stores by activating two-pore domain channels (TPCs), others suggest that NAADP directly activates RyRs. We therefore assessed Ca(2+) signals evoked by intracellular dialysis from a patch pipette of cADPR and NAADP into HEK293 cells that stably overexpress either TPC1, TPC2, RyR1, or RyR3. No change in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration was triggered by cADPR in either wild-type HEK293 cells (which are devoid of RyRs) or in cells that stably overexpress TPC1 and TPC2, respectively. By contrast, a marked Ca(2+) transient was triggered by cADPR in HEK293 cells that stably expressed RyR1 and RyR3. The Ca(2+) transient was abolished following depletion of endoplasmic reticulum stores by thapsigargin and block of RyRs by dantrolene but not following depletion of acidic Ca(2+) stores by bafilomycin. By contrast, NAADP failed to evoke a Ca(2+) transient in HEK293 cells that expressed RyR1 or RyR3, but it induced robust Ca(2+) transients in cells that stably overexpressed TPC1 or TPC2 and in a manner that was blocked following depletion of acidic stores by bafilomycin. We conclude that cADPR triggers Ca(2+) release by activating RyRs but not TPCs, whereas NAADP activates TPCs but not RyRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluseye A Ogunbayo
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Ogunbayo OA, Zhu Y, Rossi D, Sorrentino V, Ma J, Zhu MX, Evans AM. Cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose activates ryanodine receptors, whereas NAADP activates two-pore domain channels. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9136-40. [PMID: 21216967 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.202002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) mobilize intracellular Ca(2+) stores remains controversial. It is open to question whether cADPR regulates ryanodine receptors (RyRs) directly, as originally proposed, or indirectly by promoting Ca(2+) uptake into the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum by sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPases. Conversely, although we have proposed that NAADP mobilizes endolysosomal Ca(2+) stores by activating two-pore domain channels (TPCs), others suggest that NAADP directly activates RyRs. We therefore assessed Ca(2+) signals evoked by intracellular dialysis from a patch pipette of cADPR and NAADP into HEK293 cells that stably overexpress either TPC1, TPC2, RyR1, or RyR3. No change in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration was triggered by cADPR in either wild-type HEK293 cells (which are devoid of RyRs) or in cells that stably overexpress TPC1 and TPC2, respectively. By contrast, a marked Ca(2+) transient was triggered by cADPR in HEK293 cells that stably expressed RyR1 and RyR3. The Ca(2+) transient was abolished following depletion of endoplasmic reticulum stores by thapsigargin and block of RyRs by dantrolene but not following depletion of acidic Ca(2+) stores by bafilomycin. By contrast, NAADP failed to evoke a Ca(2+) transient in HEK293 cells that expressed RyR1 or RyR3, but it induced robust Ca(2+) transients in cells that stably overexpressed TPC1 or TPC2 and in a manner that was blocked following depletion of acidic stores by bafilomycin. We conclude that cADPR triggers Ca(2+) release by activating RyRs but not TPCs, whereas NAADP activates TPCs but not RyRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluseye A Ogunbayo
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Morita M, Kudo Y. Growth factors upregulate astrocyte [Ca2+]i oscillation by increasing SERCA2b expression. Glia 2010; 58:1988-95. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.21067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
Ca2+ is a universal signalling molecule that affects a variety of cellular processes including cardiac development. The majority of intracellular Ca2+ is stored in the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle and non-muscle cells. Calreticulin is a well studied Ca2+-buffering protein in the endoplasmic reticulum, and calreticulin deficiency is embryonic lethal due to impaired cardiac development. Despite calsequestrin being the most abundant Ca2+-buffering protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, viability is maintained in embryos without calsequestrin and normal Ca2+ release and contractile function is observed. The Ca2+ homeostasis regulated by the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum is critical for the development and proper function of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dukgyu Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Systems Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G2H7
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Van Duyn Graham L, Sweetwyne MT, Pallero MA, Murphy-Ullrich JE. Intracellular calreticulin regulates multiple steps in fibrillar collagen expression, trafficking, and processing into the extracellular matrix. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:7067-78. [PMID: 20044481 PMCID: PMC2844156 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.006841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT), a chaperone and Ca(2+) regulator, enhances wound healing, and its expression correlates with fibrosis in animal models, suggesting that CRT regulates production of the extracellular matrix. However, direct regulation of collagen matrix by CRT has not been previously demonstrated. We investigated the role of CRT in the regulation of fibrillar collagen expression, secretion, processing, and deposition in the extracellular matrix by fibroblasts. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient in CRT (CRT(-/-) MEFs) have reduced transcript levels of fibrillar collagen I and III and less soluble collagen as compared with wild type MEFs. Correspondingly, fibroblasts engineered to overexpress CRT have increased collagen type I transcript and protein. Collagen expression appears to be regulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium levels and intracellular CRT, because thapsigargin treatment reduced collagen expression, whereas addition of exogenous recombinant CRT had no effect. CRT(-/-) MEFs exhibited increased ER retention of collagen, and collagen and CRT were co-immunoprecipitated from isolated cell lysates, suggesting that CRT is important for trafficking of collagen through the ER. CRT(-/-) MEFs also have reduced type I procollagen processing and deposition into the extracellular matrix. The reduced collagen matrix deposition is partly a consequence of reduced fibronectin matrix formation in the CRT-deficient cells. Together, these data show that CRT complexes with collagen in cells and that CRT plays critical roles at multiple stages of collagen expression and processing. These data identify CRT as an important regulator of collagen and suggest that intracellular CRT signaling plays an important role in tissue remodeling and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariya T. Sweetwyne
- Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019
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Cristina Castañeda-Patlán M, Razo-Paredes R, Carrisoza-Gaytán R, González-Mariscal L, Robles-Flores M. Protein kinase C is involved in the regulation of several calreticulin posttranslational modifications. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:120-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhu MX, Ma J, Parrington J, Calcraft PJ, Galione A, Evans AM. Calcium signaling via two-pore channels: local or global, that is the question. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 298:C430-41. [PMID: 20018950 PMCID: PMC2838574 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00475.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we identified, for the first time, two-pore channels (TPCs, TPCN for gene name) as a novel family of nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP)-gated, endolysosome-targeted calcium release channels. Significantly, three subtypes of TPCs have been characterized, TPC1-3, with each being targeted to discrete acidic calcium stores, namely lysosomes (TPC2) and endosomes (TPC1 and TPC3). That TPCs act as NAADP-gated calcium release channels is clear, given that NAADP binds to high- and low-affinity sites associated with TPC2 and thereby induces calcium release and homologous desensitization, as observed in the case of endogenous NAADP receptors. Moreover, NAADP-evoked calcium signals via TPC2 are ablated by short hairpin RNA knockdown of TPC2 and by depletion of acidic calcium stores with bafilomycin. Importantly, however, NAADP-evoked calcium signals were biphasic in nature, with an initial phase of calcium release from lysosomes via TPC2, being subsequently amplified by calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In marked contrast, calcium release via endosome-targeted TPC1 induced only spatially restricted calcium signals that were not amplified by CICR from the ER. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms that cells may utilize to "filter" calcium signals via junctional complexes to determine whether a given signal remains local or is converted into a propagating global signal. Essentially, endosomes and lysosomes represent vesicular calcium stores, quite unlike the ER network, and TPCs do not themselves support CICR or, therefore, propagating regenerative calcium waves. Thus "quantal" vesicular calcium release via TPCs must subsequently recruit inositol 1,4,5-trisphoshpate receptors and/or ryanodine receptors on the ER by CICR to evoke a propagating calcium wave. This may call for a revision of current views on the mechanisms of intracellular calcium signaling. The purpose of this review is, therefore, to provide an appropriate framework for future studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael X Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Neurobiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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Villagomez M, Szabo E, Podcheko A, Feng T, Papp S, Opas M. Calreticulin and focal-contact-dependent adhesion. Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 87:545-56. [PMID: 19767819 DOI: 10.1139/o09-016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion is regulated by a variety of Ca2+-regulated pathways that depend on Ca2+-binding proteins. One such protein is calreticulin, an ER-resident protein. Calreticulin signalling from within the ER can affect processes outside the ER, such as expression of several adhesion-related genes, most notably vinculin and fibronectin. In addition, changes in the expression level of calreticulin strongly affect tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins, which is known to affect many adhesion-related functions. While calreticulin has been localized to cellular compartments other than the ER, it appears that only the ER-resident calreticulin affects focal-contact-dependent adhesion. In contrast, calreticulin residing outside the ER may be involved in contact disassembly and other adhesion phenomena. Here, we review the role of calreticulin in focal contact initiation, stabilization, and turnover. We propose that calreticulin may regulate cell-substratum adhesion by participating in an "ER-to-nucleus" signalling and in parallel "ER-to-cell surface" signalling based on posttranslational events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Villagomez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Depletion of calcium stores in injured sensory neurons: anatomic and functional correlates. Anesthesiology 2009; 111:393-405. [PMID: 19602957 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e3181ae63b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Painful nerve injury leads to disrupted Ca signaling in primary sensory neurons, including decreased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca storage. This study examines potential causes and functional consequences of Ca store limitation after injury. METHODS Neurons were dissociated from axotomized fifth lumbar (L5) and the adjacent L4 dorsal root ganglia after L5 spinal nerve ligation that produced hyperalgesia, and they were compared to neurons from control animals. Intracellular Ca levels were measured with Fura-2 microfluorometry, and ER was labeled with probes or antibodies. Ultrastructural morphology was analyzed by electron microscopy of nondissociated dorsal root ganglia, and intracellular electrophysiological recordings were obtained from intact ganglia. RESULTS Live neuron staining with BODIPY FL-X thapsigargin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) revealed a 40% decrease in sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase binding in axotomized L5 neurons and a 34% decrease in L4 neurons. Immunocytochemical labeling for the ER Ca-binding protein calreticulin was unaffected by injury. Total length of ER profiles in electron micrographs was reduced by 53% in small axotomized L5 neurons, but it was increased in L4 neurons. Cisternal stacks of ER and aggregation of ribosomes occurred less frequently in axotomized neurons. Ca-induced Ca release, examined by microfluorometry with dantrolene, was eliminated in axotomized neurons. Pharmacologic blockade of Ca-induced Ca release with dantrolene produced hyperexcitability in control neurons, confirming its functional importance. CONCLUSIONS After axotomy, ER Ca stores are reduced by anatomic loss and possibly diminished sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase. The resulting disruption of Ca-induced Ca release and protein synthesis may contribute to the generation of neuropathic pain.
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Alur M, Nguyen MM, Eggener SE, Jiang F, Dadras SS, Stern J, Kimm S, Roehl K, Kozlowski J, Pins M, Michalak M, Dhir R, Wang Z. Suppressive roles of calreticulin in prostate cancer growth and metastasis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:882-90. [PMID: 19608864 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin is an essential, multifunctional Ca(2+)-binding protein that participates in the regulation of intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis, cell adhesion, and chaperoning. Calreticulin is abundantly expressed and regulated by androgens in prostate epithelial cells. Given the importance of both calreticulin in multiple essential cellular activities and androgens in prostate cancer, we investigated the possibility of a role for calreticulin in prostate cancer progression. Immunohistochemistry revealed the down-regulation of calreticulin in a subset of human prostate cancer specimens. Prostate cancer cells overexpressing exogenous calreticulin produced fewer colonies in both monolayer culture and soft agar. Furthermore, calreticulin overexpression also inhibited tumor growth in the orthotopic PC3 xenograft tumor model and macroscopic lung metastasis in the rat Dunning AT3.1 prostate tumor model. To address the potential mechanism of calreticulin suppression of prostate cancer, we generated calreticulin mutants with different functional domains deleted. The calreticulin mutants containing the P-domain, which binds to other endoplasmic reticulum chaperone proteins, were sufficient for the suppression of PC3 growth in colony formation assays. Overall, our data support the hypothesis that calreticulin inhibits growth and/or metastasis of prostate cancer cells and that this suppression requires the P-domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Alur
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, 5200 Centre Ave., Shadyside Medical Center, Suite G40, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Novel function of perforin in negatively regulating CD4(+) T cell activation by affecting calcium signaling. Cell Res 2009; 19:816-27. [PMID: 19290021 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Perforin is a pore-forming protein engaged mainly in mediating target T cell death and is employed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer cells. However, whether it also plays a role in conventional CD4(+) T cell function remains unclear. Here we report that in perforin-deficient (PKO) mice, CD4(+) T cells are hyperproliferative in response to T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. This feature of hyperproliferation is accompanied by the enhancement both in cell division and in IL-2 secretion. It seems that the perforin deficiency does not influence T cell development in thymus spleen and lymph node. In vivo, perforin deficiency results in increased antigen-specific T cell proliferation and antibody production. Furthermore, PKO mice are more susceptible to experimental autoimmune uveitis. To address the molecular mechanism, we found that after TCR stimulation, CD4(+) T cells from PKO mice display an increased intracellular calcium flux and subsequently enhance activation of transcription factor NFAT1. Our results indicate that perforin plays a negative role in regulating CD4(+) T cell activation and immune response by affecting TCR-dependent Ca(2+) signaling.
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Transcriptional control of the calreticulin gene in health and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:531-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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