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Jiang X, Ogawa T, Yonezawa K, Shimizu N, Ichinose S, Uchihashi T, Nagaike W, Moriya T, Adachi N, Kawasaki M, Dohmae N, Senda T, Hirokawa N. The two-step cargo recognition mechanism of heterotrimeric kinesin. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56864. [PMID: 37575008 PMCID: PMC10626431 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202356864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-driven intracellular transport is essential for various cell biological events and thus plays a crucial role in many pathological processes. However, little is known about the molecular basis of the specific and dynamic cargo-binding mechanism of kinesins. Here, an integrated structural analysis of the KIF3/KAP3 and KIF3/KAP3-APC complexes unveils the mechanism by which KIF3/KAP3 can dynamically grasp APC in a two-step manner, which suggests kinesin-cargo recognition dynamics composed of cargo loading, locking, and release. Our finding is the first demonstration of the two-step cargo recognition and stabilization mechanism of kinesins, which provides novel insights into the intracellular trafficking machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tadayuki Ogawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Research Center for Advanced Medical ScienceDokkyo Medical UniversityTochigiJapan
- Biomolecular Characterization UnitRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceWakoJapan
| | - Kento Yonezawa
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon FactoryInstitute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)TsukubaJapan
- Center for Digital Green‐InnovationNara Institute of Science and TechnologyNaraJapan
| | - Nobutaka Shimizu
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon FactoryInstitute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)TsukubaJapan
| | - Sotaro Ichinose
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of MedicineGunma UniversityGunmaJapan
| | - Takayuki Uchihashi
- Department of PhysicsNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS)National Institutes of Natural SciencesOkazakiJapan
| | | | - Toshio Moriya
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon FactoryInstitute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)TsukubaJapan
| | - Naruhiko Adachi
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon FactoryInstitute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)TsukubaJapan
| | - Masato Kawasaki
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon FactoryInstitute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)TsukubaJapan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization UnitRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceWakoJapan
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon FactoryInstitute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)TsukubaJapan
| | - Nobutaka Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Juntendo Advanced Research Institute for Health ScienceJuntendo UniversityTokyoJapan
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2
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Christman DA, Curry HN, Rouhana L. Heterotrimeric Kinesin II is required for flagellar assembly and elongation of nuclear morphology during spermiogenesis in Schmidtea mediterranea. Dev Biol 2021; 477:191-204. [PMID: 34090925 PMCID: PMC8277772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of sperm requires microtubule-based movements that drive assembly of a compact head and flagellated tails. Much is known about how flagella are built given their shared molecular core with motile cilia, but less is known about the mechanisms that shape the sperm head. The Kinesin Superfamily Protein 3A (KIF3A) pairs off with a second motor protein (KIF3B) and the Kinesin Associated Protein 3 (KAP3) to form Heterotrimeric Kinesin II. This complex drives intraflagellar transport (IFT) along microtubules during ciliary assembly. We show that KIF3A and KAP3 orthologs in Schmidtea mediterranea are required for axonemal assembly and nuclear elongation during spermiogenesis. Expression of Smed-KAP3 is enriched during planarian spermatogenesis with transcript abundance peaking in spermatocyte and spermatid cells. Disruption of Smed-kif3A or Smed-KAP3 expression by RNA-interference results in loss of spermatozoa and accumulation of unelongated spermatids. Confocal microscopy of planarian testis lobes stained with alpha-tubulin antibodies revealed that spermatids with disrupted Kinesin II function fail to assemble flagella, and visualization with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) revealed reduced nuclear elongation. Disruption of Smed-kif3A or Smed-KAP3 expression also resulted in edema, reduced locomotion, and loss of epidermal cilia, which corroborates with somatic phenotypes previously reported for Smed-kif3B. These findings demonstrate that heterotrimeric Kinesin II drives assembly of cilia and flagella, as well as rearrangements of nuclear morphology in developing sperm. Prolonged activity of heterotrimeric Kinesin II in manchette-like structures with extended presence during spermiogenesis is hypothesized to result in the exaggerated nuclear elongation observed in sperm of turbellarians and other lophotrochozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan A Christman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH, 45435-0001, USA
| | - Haley N Curry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH, 45435-0001, USA
| | - Labib Rouhana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH, 45435-0001, USA.
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Luu VZ, Chowdhury B, Al-Omran M, Hess DA, Verma S. Role of endothelial primary cilia as fluid mechanosensors on vascular health. Atherosclerosis 2018; 275:196-204. [PMID: 29945035 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the cell surface of many mammalian cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells, osteoblasts, and neurons. These antennal-like projections enable cells to detect extracellular stimuli and elicit responses via intracellular signaling mechanisms. Primary cilia on endothelial cells lining blood vessels function as calcium-dependent mechanosensors that sense blood flow. In doing so, they facilitate the regulation of hemodynamic parameters within the vascular system. Defects in endothelial primary cilia result in inappropriate blood flow-induced responses and contribute to the development of vascular dysfunctions, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and aneurysms. This review examines the current understanding of vascular endothelial cilia structure and function and their role in the vascular system. Future directions for primary cilia research and treatments for ciliary-based pathologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Z Luu
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Biswajit Chowdhury
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammed Al-Omran
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - David A Hess
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subodh Verma
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Pleuger C, Fietz D, Hartmann K, Schuppe HC, Weidner W, Kliesch S, Baker M, O'Bryan MK, Bergmann M. Expression of ciliated bronchial epithelium 1 during human spermatogenesis. Fertil Steril 2017; 108:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wen Q, Tang EI, Xiao X, Gao Y, Chu DS, Mruk DD, Silvestrini B, Cheng CY. Transport of germ cells across the seminiferous epithelium during spermatogenesis-the involvement of both actin- and microtubule-based cytoskeletons. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1265042. [PMID: 28123928 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1265042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of germ cells from the base of the seminiferous epithelium toward the luminal edge of the tubule lumen in the adluminal compartment during the epithelial cycle is an essential cellular event to support spermatogenesis. Thus, fully developed elongated spermatids (i.e., spermatozoa) can be released at spermiation in late stage VIII in rodents versus late stage II in humans. Earlier studies to examine the molecular mechanism(s) that support germ cell transport, most notably the transport of preleptotene spermatocytes across the blood-testis barrier (BTB), and the transport of elongating spermatids across the adluminal compartment during spermiogenesis, is focused on the adhesion protein complexes at the cell-cell interface. It is generally accepted that cell junctions at the Sertoli cell-cell interface at the BTB, including the actin-based tight junction (TJ), basal ectoplasmic specialization (basal ES, a testis-specific adherens junction) and gap junction (GJ), as well as the intermediate filament-based desmosome undergo constant remodeling to accommodate the transport of preleptotene spermatocytes across the barrier. On the other hand, similar junction dynamics (i.e., disassembly, reassembly and stabilization/maintenance) take place at the Sertoli-spermatid interface. Emerging evidence has shown that junction dynamics at the Sertoli cell-cell vs. Sertoli-germ cell interface are supported by the 2 intriguingly coordinated cytoskeletons, namely the F-actin- and microtubule (MT)-based cytoskeletons. Herein, we provide a brief summary and critically evaluate the recent findings. We also provide an updated hypothetical concept regarding germ cell transport in the testis utilizing the MT-conferred tracks and the MT-specific motor proteins. Furthermore, this cellular event is also supported by the F-actin-based cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wen
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council , New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth I Tang
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council , New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiang Xiao
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA; Department of Reproductive Physiology, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Gao
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council , New York, NY, USA
| | - Darren S Chu
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council , New York, NY, USA
| | - Dolores D Mruk
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council , New York, NY, USA
| | | | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council , New York, NY, USA
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San Agustin JT, Pazour GJ, Witman GB. Intraflagellar transport is essential for mammalian spermiogenesis but is absent in mature sperm. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4358-72. [PMID: 26424803 PMCID: PMC4666132 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-08-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is necessary for the assembly and maintenance of most cilia, with the exception of gametic flagella in some organisms. IFT is required for assembly of mouse sperm flagella, and defects in IFT lead to male infertility. However, mature sperm lack IFT proteins and thus do not require IFT for maintenance of the axoneme. Drosophila sperm are unusual in that they do not require the intraflagellar transport (IFT) system for assembly of their flagella. In the mouse, the IFT proteins are very abundant in testis, but we here show that mature sperm are completely devoid of them, making the importance of IFT to mammalian sperm development unclear. To address this question, we characterized spermiogenesis and fertility in the Ift88Tg737Rpw mouse. This mouse has a hypomorphic mutation in the gene encoding the IFT88 subunit of the IFT particle. This mutation is highly disruptive to ciliary assembly in other organs. Ift88−/− mice are completely sterile. They produce ∼350-fold fewer sperm than wild-type mice, and the remaining sperm completely lack or have very short flagella. The short flagella rarely have axonemes but assemble ectopic microtubules and outer dense fibers and accumulate improperly assembled fibrous sheath proteins. Thus IFT is essential for the formation but not the maintenance of mammalian sperm flagella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovenal T San Agustin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - George B Witman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
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7
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Scholey JM. Kinesin-2: a family of heterotrimeric and homodimeric motors with diverse intracellular transport functions. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2013; 29:443-69. [PMID: 23750925 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101512-122335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin-2 was first purified as a heterotrimeric, anterograde, microtubule-based motor consisting of two distinct kinesin-related subunits and a novel associated protein (KAP) that is currently best known for its role in intraflagellar transport and ciliogenesis. Subsequent work, however, has revealed diversity in the oligomeric state of different kinesin-2 motors owing to the combinatorial heterodimerization of its subunits and the coexistence of both heterotrimeric and homodimeric kinesin-2 motors in some cells. Although the functional significance of the homo- versus heteromeric organization of kinesin-2 motor subunits and the role of KAP remain uncertain, functional studies suggest that cooperation between different types of kinesin-2 motors or between kinesin-2 and a member of a different motor family can generate diverse patterns of anterograde intracellular transport. Moreover, despite being restricted to ciliated eukaryotes, kinesin-2 motors are now known to drive diverse transport events outside cilia. Here, I review the organization, assembly, phylogeny, biological functions, and motility mechanism of this diverse family of intracellular transport motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Scholey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
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8
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D'Amico E, Gayral S, Massart C, Van Sande J, Reiter JF, Dumont JE, Robaye B, Schurmans S. Thyroid-specific inactivation of KIF3A alters the TSH signaling pathway and leads to hypothyroidism. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 50:375-87. [PMID: 23511952 PMCID: PMC4404413 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Kinesins, including the kinesin 2/KIF3 molecular motor, play an important role in intracellular traffic and can deliver vesicles to distal axon terminals, to cilia, to nonpolarized cell surfaces or to epithelial cell basolateral membranes, thus taking part in the establishment of cellular polarity. We report here the consequences of kinesin 2 motor inactivation in the thyroid of 3-week-old Kif3a(Δ)(/flox) Pax8(Cre/)(+) mutant mice. Our results indicate first that 3-week-old Pax8(Cre/)(+) mice used in these experiments present minor thyroid functional defects resulting in a slight increase in circulating bioactive TSH and intracellular cAMP levels, sufficient to maintain blood thyroxine levels in the normal range. Second, Kif3a inactivation in thyrocytes markedly amplified the phenotype observed in Pax8(Cre/)(+) mice, resulting in altered TSH signaling upstream of the second messenger cAMP and mild hypothyroidism. Finally, our results in mouse embryonic fibroblasts indicate that Kif3a inactivation in the absence of any Pax8 gene alteration leads to altered G protein-coupled receptor plasma membrane expression, as shown for the β2 adrenergic receptor, and we suggest that a similar mechanism may explain the altered TSH signaling and mild hypothyroidism detected in Kif3a(Δ)(/flox) Pax8(Cre/)(+) mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva D'Amico
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041-Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Gayral
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041-Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Claude Massart
- IRIBHM, ULB, Campus Erasme, route de Lennik 808, 1070-Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Jeremy F. Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Smith Cardiovascular Research Building, Mission Bay Blvd South 555, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, USA
| | - Jacques E. Dumont
- IRIBHM, ULB, Campus Erasme, route de Lennik 808, 1070-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Robaye
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041-Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Schurmans
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041-Gosselies, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Génétique Fonctionnelle, GIGA-Research Centre, Université de Liège (ULg), rue de 1'Hôpital 1, 4000-Liège, Belgium
- Welbio, ULg
- Secteur de Biochimie Métabolique, Département des Sciences Fonctionnelles, ULg, Boulevard de Colonster 20, 4000-Liège, Belgium
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9
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Are coiled-coils of dimeric kinesins unwound during their walking on microtubule? PLoS One 2012; 7:e36071. [PMID: 22558333 PMCID: PMC3338639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimeric kinesin motor proteins such as homodimeric kinesin-1, homodimeric Ncd and heterodimeric Kar3/Vik1are composed of two head domains which are connected together by a rod-shaped, coiled-coil stalk. Despite the extensive and intensive studies on structures, kinetics, dynamics and walking mechanism of the dimers, whether their coiled-coils are unwound or not during their walking on the microtubule is still an unclear issue. Here, we try to clarify this issue by using molecular dynamics simulations. Our simulation results showed that, for Ncd, a large change in potential of mean force is required to unwind the coiled-coil by only several pairs of residues. For both Ncd and kinesin-1, the force required to initiate the coiled-coil unwinding is larger than that required for unfolding of the single -helix that forms the coiled-coil or is larger than that required to unwind the DNA duplex, which is higher than the unbinding force of the kinesin head from the microtubule in strong microtubule-binding states. Based on these results and the comparison of the sequence between the coiled-coil of Kar3/Vik1 and those of Ncd and kinesin-1, it was deduced that the coiled-coil of the Kar3/Vik1 should also be very stable. Thus, we concluded that the coiled-coils of kinesin-1, Ncd and Kar3/Vik1 are almost impossible to unwind during their walking on the microtubule.
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10
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Alexandre BM, Charro N, Blonder J, Lopes C, Azevedo P, Bugalho de Almeida A, Chan KC, Prieto DA, Issaq H, Veenstra TD, Penque D. Profiling the erythrocyte membrane proteome isolated from patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Proteomics 2012; 76 Spec No.:259-69. [PMID: 22538302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structural and metabolic alterations in erythrocytes play an important role in the pathophysiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Whether these dysfunctions are related to the modulation of erythrocyte membrane proteins in patients diagnosed with COPD remains to be determined. Herein, a comparative proteomic profiling of the erythrocyte membrane fraction isolated from peripheral blood of smokers diagnosed with COPD and smokers with no COPD was performed using differential (16)O/(18)O stable isotope labeling. A total of 219 proteins were quantified as being significantly differentially expressed within the erythrocyte membrane proteomes of smokers with COPD and healthy smokers. Functional pathway analysis showed that the most enriched biofunctions were related to cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, hematological system development, immune response, oxidative stress and cytoskeleton. Chorein (VPS13A), a cytoskeleton related protein whose defects had been associated with the presence of cell membrane deformation of circulating erythrocytes was found to be down-regulated in the membrane fraction of erythrocytes obtained from COPD patients. Methemoglobin reductase (CYB5R3) was also found to be underexpressed in these cells, suggesting that COPD patients may be at higher risk for developing methemoglobinemia. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Integrated omics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Alexandre
- Laboratório de Proteómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA-IP), Lisboa, Portugal
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11
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Ghannad-Rezaie M, Wang X, Mishra B, Collins C, Chronis N. Microfluidic chips for in vivo imaging of cellular responses to neural injury in Drosophila larvae. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29869. [PMID: 22291895 PMCID: PMC3264548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With powerful genetics and a translucent cuticle, the Drosophila larva is an ideal model system for live imaging studies of neuronal cell biology and function. Here, we present an easy-to-use approach for high resolution live imaging in Drosophila using microfluidic chips. Two different designs allow for non-invasive and chemical-free immobilization of 3rd instar larvae over short (up to 1 hour) and long (up to 10 hours) time periods. We utilized these ‘larva chips’ to characterize several sub-cellular responses to axotomy which occur over a range of time scales in intact, unanaesthetized animals. These include waves of calcium which are induced within seconds of axotomy, and the intracellular transport of vesicles whose rate and flux within axons changes dramatically within 3 hours of axotomy. Axonal transport halts throughout the entire distal stump, but increases in the proximal stump. These responses precede the degeneration of the distal stump and regenerative sprouting of the proximal stump, which is initiated after a 7 hour period of dormancy and is associated with a dramatic increase in F-actin dynamics. In addition to allowing for the study of axonal regeneration in vivo, the larva chips can be utilized for a wide variety of in vivo imaging applications in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Ghannad-Rezaie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Bibhudatta Mishra
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Catherine Collins
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NC); (CC)
| | - Nikos Chronis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NC); (CC)
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12
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Pan X, Acar S, Scholey JM. Torque generation by one of the motor subunits of heterotrimeric kinesin-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 401:53-7. [PMID: 20833139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric kinesin-2 motors transport intraflagellar transport (IFT)-particles from the base to the tip of the axoneme to assemble and maintain cilia. These motors are distinct in containing two non-identical motor subunits together with an accessory subunit. We evaluated the significance of this organization by comparing purified wild type kinesin-2 holoenzymes that support IFT in vivo, with mutant trimers containing only one type of motor domain that do not support IFT in vivo. In motility assays, wild type kinesin-2 moved microtubules (MTs) at a rate intermediate between the rates supported by the two mutants. Interestingly, one of the mutants, but not the other mutant or the wild type protein, was observed to drive a persistent counter-clock-wise rotation of the gliding MTs. Thus one of the two motor domains of heterotrimeric kinesin-2 exerts torque as well as axial force as it moves along a MT, which may allow kinesin-2 to control its circumferential position around a MT doublet within the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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13
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Goetz SC, Ocbina PJR, Anderson KV. The primary cilium as a Hedgehog signal transduction machine. Methods Cell Biol 2009; 94:199-222. [PMID: 20362092 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)94010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction pathway is essential for the development and patterning of numerous organ systems, and has important roles in a variety of human cancers. Genetic screens for mouse embryonic patterning mutants first showed a connection between mammalian Hh signaling and intraflagellar transport (IFT), a process required for construction of the primary cilium, a small cellular projection found on most vertebrate cells. Additional genetic and cell biological studies have provided very strong evidence that mammalian Hh signaling depends on the primary cilium. Here, we review the evidence that defines the integral roles that IFT proteins and cilia play in the regulation of the Hh signal transduction pathway in vertebrates. We discuss the mechanisms that control localization of Hh pathway proteins to the cilium, focusing on the transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo), which moves into the cilium in response to Hh ligand. The phenotypes caused by loss of cilia-associated proteins are complex, which suggests that cilia and IFT play active roles in mediating Hh signaling rather than serving simply as a compartment in which pathway components are concentrated. Hh signaling in Drosophila does not depend on cilia, but there appear to be ancient links between cilia and components of the Hh pathway that may reveal how this fundamental difference between the Drosophila and mammalian Hh pathways arose in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Goetz
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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14
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Cope J, Gilbert S, Rayment I, Mastronarde D, Hoenger A. Cryo-electron tomography of microtubule-kinesin motor complexes. J Struct Biol 2009; 170:257-65. [PMID: 20025975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules complexed with molecular motors of the kinesin family or non-motor microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) such as tau or EB1 have been the subject of cryo-electron microcopy based 3-D studies for several years. Most of these studies that targeted complexes with intact microtubules have been carried out by helical 3-D reconstruction, while few were analyzed by single particle approaches or from 2-D crystalline arrays. Helical reconstruction of microtubule-MAP or motor complexes has been extremely successful but by definition, all helical 3-D reconstruction attempts require perfectly helical assemblies, which presents a serious limitation and confines the attempts to 15- or 16-protofilament microtubules, microtubule configurations that are very rare in nature. The rise of cryo-electron tomography within the last few years has now opened a new avenue towards solving 3-D structures of microtubule-MAP complexes that do not form helical assemblies, most importantly for the subject here, all microtubules that exhibit a lattice seam. In addition, not all motor domains or MAPs decorate the microtubule surface regularly enough to match the underlying microtubule lattice, or they adopt conformations that deviate from helical symmetry. Here we demonstrate the power and limitation of cryo-electron tomography using two kinesin motor domains, the monomeric Eg5 motor domain, and the heterodimeric Kar3Vik1 motor. We show here that tomography does not exclude the possibility of post-tomographic averaging when identical sub-volumes can be extracted from tomograms and in both cases we were able to reconstruct 3-D maps of conformations that are not possible to obtain using helical or other averaging-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cope
- The Boulder Laboratory for 3-D Microscopy of Cells, University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
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15
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Chang CH, Peng CH, Chen KC, Huang HB, Chiu WT, Peng RY. Shock membrane electropotential drops and limited diffusive distance of β-amyloids in cerebral neurons are detrimental enhancement to Alzheimer's diseases. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 73:339-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Pedersen LB, Veland IR, Schrøder JM, Christensen ST. Assembly of primary cilia. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:1993-2006. [PMID: 18393310 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based, hair-like sensory organelles present on the surface of most growth-arrested cells in our body. Recent research has demonstrated a crucial role for primary cilia in regulating vertebrate developmental pathways and tissue homeostasis, and defects in genes involved in primary cilia assembly or function have been associated with a panoply of disorders and diseases, including polycystic kidney disease, left-right asymmetry defects, hydrocephalus, and Bardet Biedl Syndrome. Here we provide an up-to-date review focused on the molecular mechanisms involved in the assembly of primary cilia in vertebrate cells. We present an overview of the early stages of the cilia assembly process, as well as a description of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) system. IFT is a highly conserved process required for assembly of almost all eukaryotic cilia and flagella, and much of our current knowledge about IFT is based on studies performed in Chlamydomonas and Caenorhabditis elegans. Therefore, our review of the IFT literature includes studies performed in these two model organisms. The role of several non-IFT proteins (e.g., centrosomal proteins) in the ciliary assembly process is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte B Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Abstract
The yeast kinesin motor protein Kar3 forms a heterodimer with a nonmotor protein Vik1. A study in this issue by Allingham et al. (2007) reveals that Vik1 unexpectedly has a structure similar to a kinesin motor domain yet lacks a nucleotide-binding site and is thus catalytically inactive. However, this does not hinder movement of the heterodimer because other features of the remarkably divergent Vik1 motor domain are retained, including the ability to bind microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Woehlke
- Department of Physics E22, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany.
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18
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Kural C, Serpinskaya AS, Chou YH, Goldman RD, Gelfand VI, Selvin PR. Tracking melanosomes inside a cell to study molecular motors and their interaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5378-82. [PMID: 17369356 PMCID: PMC1838505 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700145104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells known as melanophores contain melanosomes, which are membrane organelles filled with melanin, a dark, nonfluorescent pigment. Melanophores aggregate or disperse their melanosomes when the host needs to change its color in response to the environment (e.g., camouflage or social interactions). Melanosome transport in cultured Xenopus melanophores is mediated by myosin V, heterotrimeric kinesin-2, and cytoplasmic dynein. Here, we describe a technique for tracking individual motors of each type, both individually and in their interaction, with high spatial (approximately 2 nm) and temporal (approximately 1 msec) localization accuracy. This method enabled us to observe (i) stepwise movement of kinesin-2 with an average step size of 8 nm; (ii) smoother melanosome transport (with fewer pauses), in the absence of intermediate filaments (IFs); and (iii) motors of actin filaments and microtubules working on the same cargo nearly simultaneously, indicating that a diffusive step is not needed between the two systems of transport. In concert with our previous report, our results also show that dynein-driven retrograde movement occurs in 8-nm steps. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that melanosomes carried by myosin V move 35 nm in a stepwise fashion in which the step rise-times can be as long as 80 msec. We observed 35-nm myosin V steps in melanophores containing no IFs. We find that myosin V steps occur faster in the absence of IFs, indicating that the IF network physically hinders organelle transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Comert Kural
- *Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology and
| | - Anna S. Serpinskaya
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Ying-Hao Chou
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Robert D. Goldman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Vladimir I. Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. E-mail:
| | - Paul R. Selvin
- *Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology and
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Loomis Laboratory of Physics, 1110 West Green Street, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801. E-mail:
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19
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Abstract
The tumour suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is mutated in sporadic and familial colorectal tumours. APC binds to beta-catenin, a key component of the Wnt signalling pathway, and induces its degradation. In addition to this role, there is increasing evidence for additional roles of APC, including the organization of cytoskeletal networks. APC interacts with microtubules and accumulates at their plus ends in membrane protrusions. Also, it has been reported that APC is associated with the plasma membrane in an actin-dependent manner. Moreover, APC interacts with IQGAP1, an effector of Rac1 and Cdc42, and APC-stimulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Asef), a Rac1-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). IQGAP1 mediates association of APC with cortical actin in the leading edge of migrating cell and both proteins are required for cell polarization and directional migration. APC interacts with Asef and stimulates its activity, thereby regulating the actin cytoskeletal network, cell morphology, adhesion and migration. Truncated mutant APCs present in colorectal tumour cells activate Asef constitutively and contribute to their aberrant migratory properties, which may be important for adenoma formation as well as tumour progression to invasive malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Akiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hoenger
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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21
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Jimeno D, Lillo C, Roberts EA, Goldstein LSB, Williams DS. Kinesin-2 and photoreceptor cell death: requirement of motor subunits. Exp Eye Res 2005; 82:351-3. [PMID: 16337628 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 10/09/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin-2 function is essential for photoreceptor cell viability. The removal of one of the kinesin-2 motor proteins, KIF3A, by photoreceptor-specific conditional mutagenesis, has been shown to cause rapid photoreceptor cell degeneration. We have explored the possibility that the genes encoding the kinesin-2 motor proteins (KIF3A, KIF3B, and KIF3C)are linked to retinal disease, by examining retinas of knockout mice. We conclude that the reduced KIF3A and KIF3B in heterozygous animals, or the complete absence of KIF3C in homozygous animals does not affect photoreceptor cell survival. Photoreceptor cell death seems to be limited to conditions that, if systemic, are embryonic lethal, indicating that reduced function of the kinesin-2 motor genes is unlikely to underlie inherited retinal degeneration.
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22
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23
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Abstract
The primary cilium, an organelle largely ignored by physiologists, functions both as a mechano-sensor and a chemo-sensor in renal tubular epithelia. This forgotten structure is critically involved in the determination of left-right sidedness during development and is a key factor in the development of polycystic kidney disease, as well as a number of other abnormalities. This review provides an update of our current understanding about the function of primary cilia. Much new information obtained in the past five years has been stimulated, in part, by discoveries of the primary cilium's key role in the genesis of polycystic kidney disease as well as its involvement in determination of left-right axis asymmetry. Here we focus on the various functions of the primary cilium rather than on its role in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle A Praetorius
- The Water and Salt Research Center, Clinical Institute, University of Aarhus, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
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24
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25
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Zhang Y, Oko R, van der Hoorn FA. Rat kinesin light chain 3 associates with spermatid mitochondria. Dev Biol 2004; 275:23-33. [PMID: 15464570 PMCID: PMC3138780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Revised: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We recently discovered that in rat spermatids, kinesin light chain KLC3 can associate with outer dense fibers, major sperm tail components, and accumulates in the sperm midpiece. Here, we show that mitochondria isolated from rat-elongating spermatids have bound KLC3. Immunoelectron microscopy indicates that the association of KLC3 with mitochondria coincides with the stage in spermatogenesis when mitochondria move from the plasma membrane to the developing midpiece. KLC3 is able to bind in vitro to mitochondria from spermatids as well as somatic cells employing a conserved kinesin light chain motif, the tetratrico-peptide repeats. Expression of KLC3 in fibroblasts results in formation of large KLC3 clusters close to the nucleus, which also contain mitochondria: no other organelles were present in these clusters. Mitochondria are not present in KLC3 clusters after deletion of KLC3's tetratrico-peptide repeats. Our results indicate that the rat spermatid kinesin light chain KLC3 can associate with mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Richard Oko
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Frans A. van der Hoorn
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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26
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Lawrence CJ, Dawe RK, Christie KR, Cleveland DW, Dawson SC, Endow SA, Goldstein LSB, Goodson HV, Hirokawa N, Howard J, Malmberg RL, McIntosh JR, Miki H, Mitchison TJ, Okada Y, Reddy ASN, Saxton WM, Schliwa M, Scholey JM, Vale RD, Walczak CE, Wordeman L. A standardized kinesin nomenclature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 167:19-22. [PMID: 15479732 PMCID: PMC2041940 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200408113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years the kinesin superfamily has become so large that several different naming schemes have emerged, leading to confusion and miscommunication. Here, we set forth a standardized kinesin nomenclature based on 14 family designations. The scheme unifies all previous phylogenies and nomenclature proposals, while allowing individual sequence names to remain the same, and for expansion to occur as new sequences are discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Lawrence
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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27
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Nascimento AA, Roland JT, Gelfand VI. Pigment cells: a model for the study of organelle transport. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2004; 19:469-91. [PMID: 14570578 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.19.111401.092937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms rely on intracellular transport to position organelles and other components within their cells. Pigment cells provide an excellent model to study organelle transport as they specialize in the translocation of pigment granules in response to defined chemical signals. Pigment cells of lower vertebrates have traditionally been used as a model for these studies because these cells transport pigment organelles in a highly coordinated fashion, are easily cultured and transfected, are ideal for microsurgery, and are good for biochemical experiments, including in vitro analysis of organelle motility. Many important properties of organelle transport, for example, the requirement of two cytoskeletal filaments (actin and microtubules), the motor proteins involved, and the mechanisms of their regulation and interactions, have been studied using pigment cells of lower vertebrates. Genetic studies of mouse melanocytes allowed the discovery of essential elements involved in organelle transport including the myosin-Va motor and its receptor and adaptor molecules on the organelle surface. Future studies of pigment cells will contribute to our understanding of issues such as the cooperation among multiple motor proteins and the mechanisms of regulation of microtubule motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Nascimento
- Department of Cell and Structural Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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28
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Abstract
It has been a decade since a novel form of microtubule (MT)-based motility, i.e., intraflagellar transport (IFT), was discovered in Chlamydomonas flagella. Subsequent research has supported the hypothesis that IFT is required for the assembly and maintenance of all cilia and flagella and that its underlying mechanism involves the transport of nonmembrane-bound macromolecular protein complexes (IFT particles) along axonemal MTs beneath the ciliary membrane. IFT requires the action of the anterograde kinesin-II motors and the retrograde IFT-dynein motors to transport IFT particles in opposite directions along the MT polymer lattice from the basal body to the tip of the axoneme and back again. A rich diversity of biological processes has been shown to depend upon IFT, including flagellar length control, cell swimming, mating and feeding, photoreception, animal development, sensory perception, chemosensory behavior, and lifespan control. These processes reflect the varied roles of cilia and flagella in motility and sensory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Scholey
- Center for Genetics and Development, Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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29
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Marrari Y, Clarke EJ, Rouvière C, Houliston E. Analysis of microtubule movement on isolated Xenopus egg cortices provides evidence that the cortical rotation involves dynein as well as Kinesin Related Proteins and is regulated by local microtubule polymerisation. Dev Biol 2003; 257:55-70. [PMID: 12710957 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In amphibians, the cortical rotation, a translocation of the egg cortex relative to the cytoplasm, specifies the dorsoventral axis. The cortical rotation involves an array of subcortical microtubules whose alignment is mediated by Kinesin-related proteins (KRPs), and stops as M-phase promoting factor (MPF) activation propagates across the egg. To dissect the role of different motor proteins in the cortical rotation and to analyse their regulation, we have developed an open cell assay system involving reactivation of microtubule movement on isolated cortices. Microtubule movements were dependent on ATP and consisted mainly of wriggling and flailing without net displacement, consistent with a tethering of microtubules to the cortex. Reactivated movements were inhibited by anti-KRP and anti-dynein antibodies perfused together but not separately, the KRP antibody alone becoming fixed to the cortex. Neither antibody could inhibit movement in the presence of MPF, indicating that arrest of the cortical rotation is not due to MPF-dependent inhibition of motor molecules. In contrast, D(2)O treatment of live eggs to protect microtubules from progressive depolymerisation prolonged the cortical rotation. We conclude that the cortical rotation probably involves cytoplasmic dynein as well as cortical KRPs and terminates as a result of local MPF-dependent microtubule depolymerisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Marrari
- Unité de Biologie du Développement, UMR 7009 CNRS/Université Paris VI, Observatoire Océanologique, 06230, Villefranche-Sur-Mer, France.
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30
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Abstract
Eukaryotic cilia and flagella, including primary cilia and sensory cilia, are highly conserved organelles that project from the surfaces of many cells. The assembly and maintenance of these nearly ubiquitous structures are dependent on a transport system--known as 'intraflagellar transport' (IFT)--which moves non-membrane-bound particles from the cell body out to the tip of the cilium or flagellum, and then returns them to the cell body. Recent results indicate that defects in IFT might be a primary cause of some human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L Rosenbaum
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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31
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Matsuura K, Lefebvre PA, Kamiya R, Hirono M. Kinesin-II is not essential for mitosis and cell growth in Chlamydomonas. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2002; 52:195-201. [PMID: 12112134 DOI: 10.1002/cm.10051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The FLA10 gene product (Fla10p) in Chlamydomonas, a heterotrimeric kinesin-II, plays a crucial role in flagellar assembly as a motor protein driving intraflagellar transport. This protein has also been suggested to play a role in mitosis based on its localization to mitotic spindle. A role for Fla10p in mitosis has been difficult to test because to date only conditional (temperature-sensitive) mutant alleles were available, and it is not known whether these retain residual function for mitosis at the non-permissive temperature. In this report, we describe a null allele of fla10 produced by insertional mutagenesis. This mutant does not assemble flagella, but proliferates at a rate identical to that of wild type cells. Observation of microtubule organization in the cell body revealed that normal mitotic spindles are formed in dividing mutant cells. Thus, we conclude that FLA10 kinesin plays no significant roles in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Matsuura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Pan J, Snell WJ. Kinesin-II is required for flagellar sensory transduction during fertilization in Chlamydomonas. Mol Biol Cell 2002; 13:1417-26. [PMID: 11950949 PMCID: PMC102279 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.01-11-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly and maintenance of eucaryotic flagella and cilia depend on the microtubule motor, kinesin-II. This plus end-directed motor carries intraflagellar transport particles from the base to the tip of the organelle, where structural components of the axoneme are assembled. Here we test the idea that kinesin-II also is essential for signal transduction. When mating-type plus (mt+) and mating-type minus (mt-) gametes of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas are mixed together, binding interactions between mt+ and mt- flagellar adhesion molecules, the agglutinins, initiate a signaling pathway that leads to increases in intracellular cAMP, gamete activation, and zygote formation. A critical question in Chlamydomonas fertilization has been how agglutinin interactions are coupled to increases in intracellular cAMP. Recently, fla10 gametes with a temperature-sensitive defect in FLA10 kinesin-II were found to not form zygotes at the restrictive temperature (32 degrees C). We found that, although the rates and extents of flagellar adhesion in fla10 gametes at 32 degrees C are indistinguishable from wild-type gametes, the cells do not undergo gamete activation. On the other hand, fla10 gametes at 32 degrees C regulated agglutinin location and underwent gamete fusion when the cells were incubated in dibutyryl cAMP, indicating that their capacity to respond to the cAMP signal was intact. We show that the cellular defect in the fla10 gametes at 32 degrees C is a failure to undergo increases in cAMP during flagella adhesion. Thus, in addition to being essential for assembly and maintenance of the structural components of flagella, kinesin-II/intraflagellar transport plays a role in sensory transduction in these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Pan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA
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33
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Abstract
This paper reviews our studies in which we have used mutant mice to investigate the roles of myosin VIIa and kinesin II in the transport of proteins to the photoreceptor outer segment. These studies suggest that both motors participate in moving opsin along the connecting cilium. Given the velocities measured for these motors in vitro, it is predicted that the resulting concentration of opsin in the plasma membrane of the connecting cilium is surprisingly low.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, School of Medicine, Mail Code 0983, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0983, USA.
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34
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Abstract
In eukaryotic cells members of the kinesin family mediate intracellular transport by carrying cellular cargo on microtubule tracks. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans genome encodes 21 members of the kinesin family, which show significant homology to their mammalian orthologs. Based on motor domain sequence homology and placement of the motor domain in the protein, the C. elegans kinesins have been placed in eight distinct groups; members of which participate in embryonic development, protein transport, synaptic membrane vesicles movement and in the axonal growth. Among 21 kinesins, at least 11 play a central role in spindle movement and chromosomal segregation. Understanding the function of C. elegans kinesins and related proteins may help navigate through the intricacies of intracellular traffic in a simple animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid S Siddiqui
- Pharmacology Department, M/C 867, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Members of the kinesin II family are thought to play essential roles in many types of intracellular transport. One distinguishing feature of kinesin II is that it generally contains two different motor subunits from the Kif3 family. Three Kif3 family members (Kif3A, Kif3B, and Kif3C) have been identified and characterized in mice. Intracellular localization and biochemical studies previously suggested that Kif3C is an anterograde motor involved in anterograde axonal transport. To understand the in vivo function of the Kif3C gene, we used homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to construct two different knockout mouse strains for the Kif3C gene. Both homozygous Kif3C mutants are viable, reproduce normally, and apparently develop normally. These results suggest that Kif3C is dispensable for normal neural development and behavior in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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36
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De Marco V, Burkhard P, Le Bot N, Vernos I, Hoenger A. Analysis of heterodimer formation by Xklp3A/B, a newly cloned kinesin-II from Xenopus laevis. EMBO J 2001; 20:3370-9. [PMID: 11432825 PMCID: PMC125519 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.13.3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
kinesin-II motor proteins are composed of two different kinesin-like motor proteins and one cargo binding subunit. Here we report the cloning of a new member of the kinesin-II superfamily, Xklp3A from Xenopus laevis, which forms a heterodimeric complex with Xklp3B. The heterodimer formation properties between Xklp3A and B have been tested in vitro using reticulocyte lysate expression and immunoprecipitation. To this end we produced a series of Xklp3A and B constructs of varying length and tested their propensity for heterodimer formation. We could demonstrate that, in contrast to conventional kinesin, the critical domains for heterodimer formation in Xklp3A/B are located at the C-terminal end of the stalk. Neither the neck nor the highly charged stretches after the neck region, which are typical of kinesins-II, are required for heterodimer formation, nor do they prevent homodimer formation. Dimerization is controlled by a cooperative mechanism between the C-terminal coiled-coil segments. Classical trigger sites were not identified. The critical regions for dimerization exhibit a very high degree of sequence conservation among equivalent members of the kinesin-II family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Burkhard
- EMBL Structural and Computational Biology Programme and
EMBL Cell Biology and Cell Biophysics Programme, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Abteilung Strukturbiologie, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Nathalie Le Bot
- EMBL Structural and Computational Biology Programme and
EMBL Cell Biology and Cell Biophysics Programme, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Abteilung Strukturbiologie, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Isabelle Vernos
- EMBL Structural and Computational Biology Programme and
EMBL Cell Biology and Cell Biophysics Programme, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Abteilung Strukturbiologie, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Andreas Hoenger
- EMBL Structural and Computational Biology Programme and
EMBL Cell Biology and Cell Biophysics Programme, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Abteilung Strukturbiologie, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland Corresponding author e-mail:
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37
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Navone F, Consalez GG, Sardella M, Caspani E, Pozzoli O, Frassoni C, Morlacchi E, Sitia R, Sprocati T, Cabibbo A. Expression of KIF3C kinesin during neural development and in vitro neuronal differentiation. J Neurochem 2001; 77:741-53. [PMID: 11331403 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
KIF3A, KIF3B and KIF3C are kinesin-related motor subunits of the KIF3 family that associate to form the kinesin-II motor complex in which KIF3C and KIF3B are alternative partners of KIF3A. We have analysed the expression of Kif3 mRNAs during prenatal murine development. Kif3c transcripts are detectable from embryonic day 12.5 and persist throughout development both in the CNS and in some peripheral ganglia. Comparison of the expression patterns of the Kif3 genes revealed that Kif3c and Kif3a mRNAs colocalize in the CNS, while only Kif3a is also present outside the CNS. In contrast, Kif3b is detectable in several non-neural tissues. We have also performed immunocytochemical analyses of the developing rat brain and have found the presence of the KIF3C protein in selected brain regions and in several fibre systems. Using neuroblastoma cells as an in vitro model for neuronal differentiation, we found that retinoic acid stimulated the expression of the three Kif3 and the kinesin-associated protein genes, although with different time courses. The selective expression of Kif3c in the nervous system during embryonic development and its up-regulation during neuroblastoma differentiation suggest a role for this motor during maturation of neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Navone
- CNR Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Center, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Milano, Italy DIBIT-HSR, Milano, Italy.
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38
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Iomini C, Babaev-Khaimov V, Sassaroli M, Piperno G. Protein particles in Chlamydomonas flagella undergo a transport cycle consisting of four phases. J Cell Biol 2001; 153:13-24. [PMID: 11285270 PMCID: PMC2185522 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.153.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We used an improved procedure to analyze the intraflagellar transport (IFT) of protein particles in Chlamydomonas and found that the frequency of the particles, not only the velocity, changes at each end of the flagella. Thus, particles undergo structural remodeling at both flagellar locations. Therefore, we propose that the IFT consists of a cycle composed of at least four phases: phases II and IV, in which particles undergo anterograde and retrograde transport, respectively, and phases I and III, in which particles are remodeled/exchanged at the proximal and distal end of the flagellum, respectively. In support of our model, we also identified 13 distinct mutants of flagellar assembly (fla), each defective in one or two consecutive phases of the IFT cycle. The phase I-II mutant fla10-1 revealed that cytoplasmic dynein requires the function of kinesin II to participate in the cycle. Phase I and II mutants accumulate complex A, a particle component, near the basal bodies. In contrast, phase III and IV mutants accumulate complex B, a second particle component, in flagellar bulges. Thus, fla mutations affect the function of each complex at different phases of the cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Iomini
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Veronica Babaev-Khaimov
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Massimo Sassaroli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Gianni Piperno
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
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39
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Ma S, Fey P, Chisholm RL. Molecular motors and membrane traffic in Dictyostelium. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1525:234-44. [PMID: 11257437 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis and membrane traffic in general are largely dependent on the cytoskeleton and their associated molecular motors. The myosin family of motors, especially the unconventional myosins, interact with the actin cortex to facilitate the internalization of external materials during the early steps of phagocytosis. Members of the kinesin and dynein motor families, which mediate transport along microtubules (MTs), facilitate the intracellular processing of the internalized materials and the movement of membrane. Recent studies indicate that some unconventional myosins are also involved in membrane transport, and that the MT- and actin-dependent transport systems might interact with each other. Studies in Dictyostelium have led to the discovery of many motors involved in critical steps of phagocytosis and membrane transport. With the ease of genetic and biochemical approaches, the established functional analysis to test phagocytosis and vesicle transport, and the effort of the Dictyostelium cDNA and Genome Projects, Dictyostelium will continue to be a superb model system to study phagocytosis in particular and cytoskeleton and motors in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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40
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Signor D, Rose LS, Scholey JM. Analysis of the roles of kinesin and dynein motors in microtubule-based transport in the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system. Methods 2000; 22:317-25. [PMID: 11133238 DOI: 10.1006/meth.2000.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The heteromeric kinesins constitute a subfamily of kinesin-related motor complexes that function in several distinct intracellular transport events. The founding member of this subfamily, heterotrimeric kinesin II, has been purified and characterized from early sea urchin embryos, where it was shown using antibody perturbation to be required for the synthesis of motile cilia, presumably by driving the anterograde transport of raft complexes. To further characterize heteromeric kinesin transport pathways, and to attempt to identify cargo molecules, we are using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to exploit its well-characterized nervous system and simple genetics. Here we describe methods for large-scale nematode growth and partial purification of kinesin-related holoenzymes from C. elegans, and an in vivo transport assay that allows the direct labeling and visualization of motor complexes and putative cargo molecules moving in living C. elegans neurons. This transport assay is being used to characterize the in vivo transport properties of motor enzymes in living cells, and to exploit a number of existing mutations in C. elegans that may represent constituents of heteromeric kinesin-driven transport pathways, for example, the retrograde intraflagellar transport motor CHE-3 dynein, as well as cargo molecules and/or regulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Signor
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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41
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deCastro MJ, Fondecave RM, Clarke LA, Schmidt CF, Stewart RJ. Working strokes by single molecules of the kinesin-related microtubule motor ncd. Nat Cell Biol 2000; 2:724-9. [PMID: 11025663 DOI: 10.1038/35036357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ncd protein is a dimeric, ATP-powered motor that belongs to the kinesin family of microtubule motor proteins. Here we resolve single mechanochemical cycles of recombinant, dimeric, full-length ncd, using optical-tweezers-based instrumentation and a three-bead, suspended-microtubule assay. Under conditions of limiting ATP, isolated and transient microtubule-binding events exhibit exponentially distributed and ATP-concentration-dependent lifetimes. These events do not involve consecutive steps along the microtubule, quantitatively confirming that ncd is non-processive. At low loads, a single motor molecule produces ATP-triggered working strokes of about 9 nm, which occur at the ends of binding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J deCastro
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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42
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Goldstein LS, Yang Z. Microtubule-based transport systems in neurons: the roles of kinesins and dyneins. Annu Rev Neurosci 2000; 23:39-71. [PMID: 10845058 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The large size and extreme polarization of neurons is crucial to their ability to communicate at long distances and to form the complex cellular networks of the nervous system. The size, shape, and compartmentalization of these specialized cells must be generated and supported by the cytoskeletal systems of intracellular transport. One of the major systems is the microtubule-based transport system along which kinesin and dynein motor proteins generate force and drive the traffic of many cellular components. This review describes our current understanding of the functions of kinesins and dyneins and how these motor proteins may be harnessed to generate some of the unique properties of neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Goldstein
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0683, USA.
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43
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Barrett JG, Manning BD, Snyder M. The Kar3p kinesin-related protein forms a novel heterodimeric structure with its associated protein Cik1p. Mol Biol Cell 2000; 11:2373-85. [PMID: 10888675 PMCID: PMC14926 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.11.7.2373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins that physically associate with members of the kinesin superfamily are critical for the functional diversity observed for these microtubule motor proteins. However, quaternary structures of complexes between kinesins and kinesin-associated proteins are poorly defined. We have analyzed the nature of the interaction between the Kar3 motor protein, a minus-end-directed kinesin from yeast, and its associated protein Cik1. Extraction experiments demonstrate that Kar3p and Cik1p are tightly associated. Mapping of the interaction domains of the two proteins by two-hybrid analyses indicates that Kar3p and Cik1p associate in a highly specific manner along the lengths of their respective coiled-coil domains. Sucrose gradient velocity centrifugation and gel filtration experiments were used to determine the size of the Kar3-Cik1 complex from both mating pheromone-treated cells and vegetatively growing cells. These experiments predict a size for this complex that is consistent with that of a heterodimer containing one Kar3p subunit and one Cik1p subunit. Finally, immunoprecipitation of epitope-tagged and untagged proteins confirms that only one subunit of Kar3p and Cik1p are present in the Kar3-Cik1 complex. These findings demonstrate that the Kar3-Cik1 complex has a novel heterodimeric structure not observed previously for kinesin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Barrett
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
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44
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Henson JH, Cole DG, Roesener CD, Capuano S, Mendola RJ, Scholey JM. The heterotrimeric motor protein kinesin-II localizes to the midpiece and flagellum of sea urchin and sand dollar sperm. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2000; 38:29-37. [PMID: 9295139 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0169(1997)38:1<29::aid-cm4>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have utilized immunoblotting and light microscopic immunofluorescent staining methods to examine the expression and localization of sea urchin kinesin-II, a heterotrimeric plus end-directed microtubule motor protein (previously referred to as KRP(85/95)), in sea urchin and sand dollar sperm. We demonstrate the presence of the 85 K and 115 K subunits of kinesin-II in sperm and localize these proteins to the sperm flagella and midpiece. The kinesin-II localization pattern is punctate and discontinuous, and in the flagella it is quite distinct from the continuous labeling present in sperm labeled with anti-flagellar dynein. The kinesin-II staining is largely insensitive to prefixation detergent extraction, suggesting that it is not associated with membranous elements in the sperm. In the midpiece the kinesin-II staining is similar to the pattern present in sperm labeled with an anti-centrosomal antibody. To our knowledge, this is the first localization of kinesin-like proteins in mature sperm and corroborates the recent identification and localization of kinesin-like proteins in the flagella and basal body of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas. We hypothesize that kinesin-II in the sperm may play functional roles in intraflagellar transport and/or the formation of flagella during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Henson
- Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania 17013, USA.
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45
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Marszalek JR, Goldstein LS. Understanding the functions of kinesin-II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1496:142-50. [PMID: 10722883 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(00)00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Species ranging from Chlamydomonas to humans possess the heterotrimeric kinesin-II holoenzyme composed of two different motor subunits and one non-motor accessory subunit. An important function of kinesin-II is that it transports the components needed for the construction and maintenance of cilia and flagella from the site of synthesis in the cell body to the site of growth at the distal tip. Recent work suggests that kinesin-II does not directly interact with these components, but rather via a large protein complex, which has been termed a raft (intraflagellar transport (IFT)). While ciliary transport is the best-established function for kinesin-II, evidence has been reported for possible roles in neuronal transport, melanosome transport, the secretory pathway and during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Marszalek
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Rm. 334, Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0683, USA
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46
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Sharp DJ, Rogers GC, Scholey JM. Roles of motor proteins in building microtubule-based structures: a basic principle of cellular design. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1496:128-41. [PMID: 10722882 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(00)00014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells must build a complex infrastructure of microtubules (MTs) and associated proteins to carry out a variety of functions. A growing body of evidence indicates that a major function of MT-associated motor proteins is to assemble and maintain this infrastructure. In this context, we examine the mechanisms utilized by motors to construct the arrays of MTs and associated proteins contained within the mitotic spindle, neuronal processes, and ciliary axonemes. We focus on the capacity of motors to drive the 'sliding filament mechanism' that is involved in the construction and maintenance of spindles, axons and dendrites, and on a type of particle transport called 'intraflagellar transport' which contributes to the assembly and maintenance of axonemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Sharp
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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47
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Abstract
KIF3 is a heterotrimeric member of the kinesin superfamily of microtubule associated motors. This functionally diverse family of motor is involved in anterograde transport of membrane bound organelles in neurons and melanosomes, mediates transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi, and transports protein complexes within cilia and flagella required for their morphogenesis. Interestingly, a mutation of KIF3, which impairs ciliogenesis in nodal cells, prevents the unidirectional leftward flow (nodal flow) of putative morphogens during embryogenesis, thereby altering the development of left-right asymmetry in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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48
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Dorner C, Ullrich A, Häring HU, Lammers R. The kinesin-like motor protein KIF1C occurs in intact cells as a dimer and associates with proteins of the 14-3-3 family. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:33654-60. [PMID: 10559254 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.47.33654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the kinesin superfamily are regulated in their motor activity as well as in their ability to bind to their cargo by carboxyl-terminal associating proteins and phosphorylation. KIF1C, a recently identified member of the KIF1/Unc104 family, was shown to be involved in the retrograde vesicle transport from the Golgi-apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum. In a yeast two-hybrid screen using the carboxyl-terminal 350 amino acids of KIF1C as a bait, we identified as binding proteins 14-3-3 beta, gamma, epsilon, and zeta. In addition, a clone encoding the carboxyl-terminal 290 amino acids of KIF1C was found, indicating a potential for KIF1C to dimerize. Subsequent transient overexpression experiments showed that KIF1C can dimerize efficiently. However, in untransfected cells, only a small portion of KIF1C was detected as a dimer. The association of 14-3-3 proteins with KIF1C could be confirmed in transient expression systems and in untransfected cells and was dependent on the phosphorylation of serine 1092 located in a consensus binding sequence for 14-3-3 ligands. Serine 1092 was a substrate for the protein kinase casein kinase II in vitro, and inhibition of casein kinase II in cells diminished the association of KIF1C with 14-3-3gamma. Our data thus suggest that KIF1C can form dimers and is associated with proteins of the 14-3-3 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dorner
- Medical Clinic IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
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49
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Rogers GC, Hart CL, Wedaman KP, Scholey JM. Identification of kinesin-C, a calmodulin-binding carboxy-terminal kinesin in animal (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) cells. J Mol Biol 1999; 294:1-8. [PMID: 10556023 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several novel members of the kinesin superfamily, until now identified only in plants, are unique in their ability to bind calmodulin in the presence of Ca(2+). Here, we identify the first such kinesin in an animal system. Sequence analysis of this new motor, called kinesin-C, predicts that it is a large carboxy-terminal kinesin, 1624 amino acid residues in length, with a predicted molecular mass of 181 kDa. Kinesin-C is predicted to contain a kinesin motor domain at its carboxy terminus, linked to a segment of alpha-helical coiled-coil 950 amino acid residues long, ending with an amino-terminal proline-rich tail domain. A putative calmodulin-binding domain resides at the extreme carboxy terminus of the motor polypeptide, and recombinant kinesin-C binds to a calmodulin-affinity column in a Ca(2+)-dependent fashion. The presence of this novel calmodulin-binding motor in sea urchin embryos suggests that it plays a critical role in Ca(2+)-dependent events during early sea urchin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Rogers
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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50
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Whitehead JL, Wang SY, Bost-Usinger L, Hoang E, Frazer KA, Burnside B. Photoreceptor localization of the KIF3A and KIF3B subunits of the heterotrimeric microtubule motor kinesin II in vertebrate retina. Exp Eye Res 1999; 69:491-503. [PMID: 10548469 DOI: 10.1006/exer.1999.0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The heterotrimeric microtubule motor kinesin II has been shown to be required for morphogenesis and maintenance of both motile flagella and immotile sensory cilia. Recently, we showed that the KIF3A subunit of kinesin II is concentrated in the inner segment and connecting cilium of fish photoreceptors. Here we report the gene structure of human KIF3A (HsKIF3A) and describe its localization in human and monkey retina. We also describe the localization of both KIF3A and KIF3B kinesin II subunits in Xenopus retina. Using a portion of HsKIF3A we had amplified from adult human retinal cDNA, we found by a GenBank database search that an identical sequence had already been obtained by the Human Genome Center at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories in a direct sequencing analysis of 680 kb of human chromosome 5q31. By comparing the genomic sequence of HsKIF3A to the open reading frame (ORF) of the highly homologous mouse Kif3A, we determined that the HsKIF3A gene has 17 exons and an ORF of approximately 2.1 kb, predicting a protein of 80.3 kDa. Antibodies against sea urchin KRP85, a KIF3A homologue, bound to a single band of approximately 85 kDa in immunoblots of total retina protein from human, monkey and Xenopus. In these same samples, a single band of approximately 95 kDa is recognized by antibodies against Xklp3, a Xenopus KIF3B homologue. In sections of Xenopus retina, both antibodies strongly labelled photoreceptor inner segments and the outer limiting membrane. Both antibodies also labelled photoreceptor axonemes. The axonemal localization of kinesin II subunits suggests that kinesin II may play a role in transport of materials from the photoreceptor cell body to the outer segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Whitehead
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, 335 Life Sciences Addition, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3200, USA
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