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Agostini F, Vicinanza C, Lombardi E, Da Ros F, Marangon M, Massarut S, Mazzucato M, Durante C. Ex vivo expansion in a clinical grade medium, containing growth factors from human platelets, enhances migration capacity of adipose stem cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1404228. [PMID: 38812519 PMCID: PMC11135042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adipose tissue mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (ASC) can be used as advanced therapy medicinal product in regenerative and cancer medicine. We previously demonstrated Supernatant Rich in Growth Factors (SRGF) can replace fetal bovine serum (FBS) to expand ASC by a clinical grade compliant protocol. The therapeutic potential of ASC is based also on their homing capacity toward inflammatory/cancer sites: oriented cell migration is a fundamental process in this scenario. We investigated the impact of SRGF on ASC migration properties. Methods The motility/migration potential of ASC expanded in 5% SRGF was analyzed, in comparison to 10% FBS, by standard wound healing, bidimensional chemotaxis and transwell assays, and by millifluidic transwell tests. Mechanisms involved in the migration process were investigated by transient protein overexpression. Results In comparison to standard 10% FBS, supplementation of the cell culture medium with 5% SRGF, strongly increased migration properties of ASC along the chemotactic gradient and toward cancer cell derived soluble factors, both in static and millifluidic conditions. We showed that, independently from applied migratory stimulus, SRGF expanded ASC were characterized by far lower expression of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), a protein involved in the cell migration machinery. Overexpression of αSMA induced a significant and marked decrease in migration capacity of SRGF expanded ASC. Discussion In conclusion, 5% SRGF addition in the cell culture medium increases the migration potential of ASC, reasonably through appropriate downregulation of αSMA. Thus, SRGF could potentially improve the therapeutic impact of ASC, both as modulators of the immune microenviroment or as targeted drug delivery vehicles in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Agostini
- Stem Cell Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Carla Vicinanza
- Stem Cell Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Da Ros
- Stem Cell Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Miriam Marangon
- Stem Cell Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Samuele Massarut
- Breast Cancer Surgery Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Mario Mazzucato
- Stem Cell Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Cristina Durante
- Stem Cell Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
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Tian Z, Zhao Z, Rausch MA, Behm C, Shokoohi-Tabrizi HA, Andrukhov O, Rausch-Fan X. In Vitro Investigation of Gelatin/Polycaprolactone Nanofibers in Modulating Human Gingival Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7508. [PMID: 38138649 PMCID: PMC10744501 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The aesthetic constancy and functional stability of periodontium largely depend on the presence of healthy mucogingival tissue. Soft tissue management is crucial to the success of periodontal surgery. Recently, synthetic substitute materials have been proposed to be used for soft tissue augmentation, but the tissue compatibility of these materials needs to be further investigated. This study aims to assess the in vitro responses of human gingival mesenchymal stromal cells (hG-MSCs) cultured on a Gelatin/Polycaprolactone prototype (GPP) and volume-stable collagen matrix (VSCM). hG-MSCs were cultured onto the GPP, VSCM, or plastic for 3, 7, and 14 days. The proliferation and/or viability were measured by cell counting kit-8 assay and resazurin-based toxicity assay. Cell morphology and adhesion were evaluated by microscopy. The gene expression of collagen type I, alpha1 (COL1A1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), integrin beta-1 (ITG-β1), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) was investigated by RT-qPCR. The levels of VEGF-A, TGF-β1, and IL-8 proteins in conditioned media were tested by ELISA. GPP improved both cell proliferation and viability compared to VSCM. The cells grown on GPP exhibited a distinct morphology and attachment performance. COL1A1, α-SMA, VEGF-A, FGF-2, and FAK were positively modulated in hG-MSCs on GPP at different investigation times. GPP increased the gene expression of TGF-β1 but had no effect on protein production. The level of ITG-β1 had no significant changes in cells seeded on GPP at 7 days. At 3 days, notable differences in VEGF-A, TGF-β1, and α-SMA expression levels were observed between cells seeded on GPP and those on VSCM. Meanwhile, GPP showed higher COL1A1 expression compared to VSCM after 14 days, whereas VSCM demonstrated a more significant upregulation in the production of IL-8. Taken together, our data suggest that GPP electrospun nanofibers have great potential as substitutes for soft tissue regeneration in successful periodontal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Tian
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria; (Z.T.); (Z.Z.); (M.A.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Zhongqi Zhao
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria; (Z.T.); (Z.Z.); (M.A.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Marco Aoqi Rausch
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria; (Z.T.); (Z.Z.); (M.A.R.); (C.B.)
- Clinical Division of Orthodontics, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Christian Behm
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria; (Z.T.); (Z.Z.); (M.A.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Hassan Ali Shokoohi-Tabrizi
- Core Facility Applied Physics, Laser and CAD/CAM Technology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria;
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria; (Z.T.); (Z.Z.); (M.A.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
- Center for Clinical Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria;
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
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Yan M, Xie Y, Yao J, Li X. The Dual-Mode Transition of Myofibroblasts Derived from Hepatic Stellate Cells in Liver Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15460. [PMID: 37895138 PMCID: PMC10607848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the key promoters of liver fibrosis. In response to liver-fibrosis-inducing factors, HSCs express alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and obtain myofibroblast phenotype. Collagen secretion and high expression of α-SMA with related high cell tension and migration limitation are the main characteristics of myofibroblasts. How these two characteristics define the role of myofibroblasts in the initiation and progression of liver fibrosis is worth exploring. From this perspective, we explored the correlation between α-SMA expression and collagen secretion in myofibroblasts and the characteristics of collagen deposition in liver fibrosis. Based on a reasonable hypothesis and experimental verification, we believe that the myofibroblast with the α-SMAhighcollagenhigh model do not effectively explain the initial stage and progression characteristics of liver fibrosis. Therefore, we propose a myofibroblast dual-mode transition model in fibrotic liver (DMTM model). In the DMTM model, myofibroblasts have dual modes. Myofibroblasts obtain enhanced α-SMA expression, accompanied by collagen expression inhibition in the high-concentration region of TGF-β. At the edge of the TGF-β positive region, myofibroblasts convert to a high-migration and high-collagen secretion phenotype. This model reasonably explains collagen deposition and expansion in the initial stage of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchao Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- The School of Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ye Xie
- The School of Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Yao
- The School of Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- The School of Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Li Y, Li C, Liu Q, Wang L, Bao AX, Jung JP, Dodlapati S, Sun J, Gao P, Zhang X, Francis J, Molkentin JD, Fu X. Loss of Acta2 in cardiac fibroblasts does not prevent the myofibroblast differentiation or affect the cardiac repair after myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 171:117-132. [PMID: 36007455 PMCID: PMC10478266 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In response to myocardial infarction (MI), quiescent cardiac fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts mediating tissue repair. One of the most widely accepted markers of myofibroblast differentiation is the expression of Acta2 which encodes smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMαA) that is assembled into stress fibers. However, the requirement of Acta2/SMαA in the myofibroblast differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts and its role in post-MI cardiac repair remained unknown. To answer these questions, we generated a tamoxifen-inducible cardiac fibroblast-specific Acta2 knockout mouse line. Surprisingly, mice that lacked Acta2 in cardiac fibroblasts had a normal post-MI survival rate. Moreover, Acta2 deletion did not affect the function or histology of infarcted hearts. No difference was detected in the proliferation, migration, or contractility between WT and Acta2-null cardiac myofibroblasts. Acta2-null cardiac myofibroblasts had a normal total filamentous actin level and total actin level. Acta2 deletion caused a significant compensatory increase in the transcription level of non-Acta2 actin isoforms, especially Actg2 and Acta1. Moreover, in myofibroblasts, the transcription levels of cytoplasmic actin isoforms were significantly higher than those of muscle actin isoforms. In addition, we found that myocardin-related transcription factor-A is critical for myofibroblast differentiation but is not required for the compensatory effects of non-Acta2 isoforms. In conclusion, the Acta2 deletion does not prevent the myofibroblast differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts or affect the post-MI cardiac repair, and the increased expression and stress fiber formation of non-SMαA actin isoforms and the functional redundancy between actin isoforms are able to compensate for the loss of Acta2 in cardiac myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Li
- School of Animal Sciences, AgCenter, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Chaoyang Li
- School of Animal Sciences, AgCenter, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Qianglin Liu
- School of Animal Sciences, AgCenter, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Leshan Wang
- School of Animal Sciences, AgCenter, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Adam X Bao
- Department of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jangwook P Jung
- Department of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Dodlapati
- Department of Computer Science, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Jiangwen Sun
- Department of Computer Science, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Peidong Gao
- School of Animal Sciences, AgCenter, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Xujia Zhang
- School of Animal Sciences, AgCenter, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Joseph Francis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xing Fu
- School of Animal Sciences, AgCenter, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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Damiani V, Cufaro MC, Fucito M, Dufrusine B, Rossi C, Del Boccio P, Federici L, Turco MC, Sallese M, Pieragostino D, De Laurenzi V. Proteomics Approach Highlights Early Changes in Human Fibroblasts-Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells Crosstalk. Cells 2022; 11:1160. [PMID: 35406724 PMCID: PMC8997741 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Non-specific symptoms, lack of biomarkers in the early stages, and drug resistance due to the presence of a dense fibrous stroma all contribute to the poor outcome of this disease. The extracellular matrix secreted by activated fibroblasts contributes to the desmoplastic tumor microenvironment formation. Given the importance of fibroblast activation in PDAC pathology, it is critical to recognize the mechanisms involved in the transformation of normal fibroblasts in the early stages of tumorigenesis. To this aim, we first identified the proteins released from the pancreatic cancer cell line MIA-PaCa2 by proteomic analysis of their conditioned medium (CM). Second, normal fibroblasts were treated with MIA-PaCa2 CM for 24 h and 48 h and their proteostatic changes were detected by proteomics. Pathway analysis indicated that treated fibroblasts undergo changes compatible with the activation of migration, vasculogenesis, cellular homeostasis and metabolism of amino acids and reduced apoptosis. These biological activities are possibly regulated by ITGB3 and TGFB1/2 followed by SMAD3, STAT3 and BAG3 activation. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the crosstalk between PDAC cells and associated fibroblasts. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD030974.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Damiani
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (V.D.); (M.F.); (B.D.); (C.R.); (L.F.); (M.S.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Maria Concetta Cufaro
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.D.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Maurine Fucito
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (V.D.); (M.F.); (B.D.); (C.R.); (L.F.); (M.S.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Beatrice Dufrusine
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (V.D.); (M.F.); (B.D.); (C.R.); (L.F.); (M.S.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Claudia Rossi
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (V.D.); (M.F.); (B.D.); (C.R.); (L.F.); (M.S.); (V.D.L.)
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territory Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Piero Del Boccio
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.D.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Luca Federici
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (V.D.); (M.F.); (B.D.); (C.R.); (L.F.); (M.S.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Maria Caterina Turco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry Schola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy;
- R&D Division, BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Michele Sallese
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (V.D.); (M.F.); (B.D.); (C.R.); (L.F.); (M.S.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Damiana Pieragostino
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (V.D.); (M.F.); (B.D.); (C.R.); (L.F.); (M.S.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Vincenzo De Laurenzi
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (V.D.); (M.F.); (B.D.); (C.R.); (L.F.); (M.S.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.D.B.)
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3D in vitro M2 macrophage model to mimic modulation of tissue repair. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:83. [PMID: 34848722 PMCID: PMC8633361 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct anti-inflammatory macrophage (M2) subtypes, namely M2a and M2c, are reported to modulate the tissue repair process tightly and chronologically by modulating fibroblast differentiation state and functions. To establish a well-defined three-dimensional (3D) cell culture model to mimic the tissue repair process, we utilized THP-1 human monocytic cells and a 3D collagen matrix as a biomimetic tissue model. THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages, and activated using IL-4/IL-13 (MIL-4/IL-13) and IL-10 (MIL-10). Both activated macrophages were characterized by both their cell surface marker expression and cytokine secretion profile. Our cell characterization suggested that MIL-4/IL-13 and MIL-10 demonstrate M2a- and M2c-like subtypes, respectively. To mimic the initial and resolution phases during the tissue repair, both activated macrophages were co-cultured with fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. We showed that MIL-4/IL-13 were able to promote matrix synthesis and remodeling by induction of myofibroblast differentiation via transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1). On the contrary, MIL-10 demonstrated the ability to resolve the tissue repair process by dedifferentiation of myofibroblast via IL-10 secretion. Overall, our study demonstrated the importance and the exact roles of M2a and M2c-like macrophage subtypes in coordinating tissue repair in a biomimetic model. The established model can be applied for high-throughput platforms for improving tissue healing and anti-fibrotic drugs testing, as well as other biomedical studies.
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Xie J, Ning Q, Zhang H, Ni S, Ye J. RhoA/ROCK Signaling Regulates TGF-β1-Induced Fibrotic Effects in Human Pterygium Fibroblasts through MRTF-A. Curr Eye Res 2021; 47:196-205. [PMID: 34323621 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1962363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) after surgical excision often leads to excessive fibrosis, indicating the recurrence of pterygium. The aims of the present in vitro study were to investigate the role of RhoA/ROCK signaling in regulating fibrotic effects of primary human pterygium fibroblasts (HPFs), as well as to explore the possible mechanisms of these effects. METHODS Pterygium samples were obtained from surgery, and profibrotic activation was induced by TGF-β1. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay; cell migration was detected by wound healing assay; quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot were used to detect the effects of TGF-β1 and the role of RhoA/ROCK signaling in the synthesis of alpha-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA), type I and III collagen (COL1 and COL3), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) in HPFs. The changes of signaling pathways were detected by Western blot; and pharmaceutical inhibition of RhoA/ROCK signaling and its downstream MRFT-A/SRF transcription pathway were used to assess their possible mechanism in HPFs fibrosis. RESULTS ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 decreased TGF-β1-induced cell proliferation and migration, reduced the TGF-β1-induced expression of profibrotic markers in HPFs, and suppressed TGF-β1-induced nuclear accumulation of Myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A) as well as accompanied elevation of F/G-actin ratio in HPFs. MRTF-A/Serum response factor (SRF) inhibitor CCG-100602 attenuated the TGF-β1-induced α-SMA expression and reduced myofibroblast activation in HPFs. CONCLUSIONS RhoA/ROCK signaling played a pivotal role in TGF-β1-induced fibrosis and myofibroblast activation in HPFs at least in part by inactivating the downstream MRTF-A/SRF transcriptional pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Xie
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingyao Ning
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huina Zhang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Ni
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Ye
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Salsano S, González-Martín R, Quiñonero A, Pérez-Debén S, Domínguez F. Deciphering the Role of PGRMC1 During Human Decidualization Using an In Vitro Approach. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2313-2327. [PMID: 33955452 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Non-classical membrane progesterone receptor (mPRs) and progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) expression have been detected in endometrium, but their role in decidualization had not yet been investigated. We previously demonstrated PGRMC1 downregulation in receptive endometrium and that its overexpression inhibits decidualization. Furthermore, during decidualization, PGRMC1 mainly interacts with proteins involved in biosynthesis, intracellular transport, and mitochondrial activity. OBJECTIVE To determine PGRMC1 and mPRs signaling role during decidualization. METHODS Isolated primary endometrial stromal cells (EnSC) were decidualized in vitro in the presence of classic stimuli (E2 + P4), PGRMC1 inhibitor (AG205), or membrane-impermeable P4 (P4-BSA). Endometrial biopsies were obtained from 19 fertile oocyte donors attending the IVI-Valencia in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinic. EnSC decidualization was evaluated by prolactin ELISA and F-actin immunostaining. Progesterone receptor localization was evaluated by immunofluorescence. EnSC transcriptomic profiles were analyzed by microarray technology. RESULTS PGRMC1 inhibition during EnSC decidualization (AG205dEnSC) does not interfere with EnSC cytoskeletal rearrangements and prolactin secretion. However, global transcriptional profiling revealed more differentially expressed genes in AG205dEnSC than in dEnSC, compared with nondecidualized EnSC (ndEnSC). In silico analysis showed that PGRMC1 inhibition upregulated more genes related to metabolism, molecular transport, and hormonal biosynthesis compared with control dEnSC. EnSC decidualized in the presence of P4-BSA showed a similar behavior as ndEnSC in terms of morphological features, absence of prolactin secretion, and transcriptomic pattern. CONCLUSION Our findings associate PGRMC1 to hormonal biosynthesis, metabolism, and vesicular transport-important cellular functions for dEnSC supporting pregnancy. Activation of membrane P4 receptor signaling alone was unable to induce downstream effects needed for proper decidualization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francisco Domínguez
- IVI Foundation-RMA Global, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- IIS La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain
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Vasiukov G, Menshikh A, Owens P, Novitskaya T, Hurley P, Blackwell T, Feoktistov I, Novitskiy SV. Adenosine/TGFβ axis in regulation of mammary fibroblast functions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252424. [PMID: 34101732 PMCID: PMC8186761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) play a key role in cancer progression and metastasis. Diminished TGFβ response on CAF correlates with poor outcome and recurrence in cancer patients. Mechanisms behind lost TGFβ signaling on CAF are poorly understood, but, utilizing MMTV-PyMT mouse model, we have previously demonstrated that in tumor microenvironment myeloid cells, producing adenosine, contribute to downregulated TGFβ signaling on CAFs. In the current work, we performed serial in vitro studies to investigate the role of adenosine/TGFβ axis in mouse mammary fibroblast functions, i.e., proliferation, protein expression, migration, and contractility. We found that adenosine analog NECA diminished TGFβ-induced CCL5 and MMP9 expression. Additionally, we discovered that NECA completely inhibited effect of TGFβ to upregulate αSMA, key protein of cytoskeletal rearrangements, necessary for migration and contractility of fibroblasts. Our results show that TGFβ increases contractility of mouse mammary fibroblasts and human fibroblast cell lines, and NECA attenuates theses effects. Using pharmacological approach and genetically modified animals, we determined that NECA effects on TGFβ pathway occur via A2A/A2B adenosine receptor—AC—PKA dependent manner. Using isolated CD11b+ cells from tumor tissue of CD73-KO and CD39-KO animals in co-culture experiments with ATP and AMP, we confirmed that myeloid cells can affect functions of mammary fibroblasts through adenosine signaling. Our data suggest a novel mechanism of interaction between adenosine and TGFβ signaling pathways that can impact phenotype of fibroblasts in a tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgii Vasiukov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Anna Menshikh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Philip Owens
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Boulder, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Novitskaya
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Paula Hurley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Timothy Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Igor Feoktistov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Sergey V. Novitskiy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Jia M', Li ZY, Xu K, Wang YH, Yu F, He XY. Biological effects of exosome derived from Cal27 on normal human gingival fibroblasts. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2021; 39:313-319. [PMID: 34041881 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The proliferation, migration capacity, and expression of activation-related proteins of NHGFs+Cal27-exo were determined by coculturing Cal27 exosome (Cal27-exo) with normal human gingival fibroblasts (NHGFs) to explore the effects of Cal27-exo on the activation and biological behavior of NHGFs. METHODS Cal27-exo was extracted using supercentrifugation, and exosomes were identified using Western blot, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and particle size detection. Cal27-exo was cocultured with NHGFs to detect the uptake of Cal27-exo by NHGFs, and the proliferation and migration capacity of NHGFs+Cal27-exo were detected using CCK8 and wound healing tests, respectively. The expression levels of NHGF activation-related proteins, i.e., matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), fibroblast-activating protein (FAP), alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), were detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Cal27-exo was extracted u-sing supercentrifugation, and Western blot showed the positive expression levels of Alix and CD63. TEM showed that Cal27-exo had a circular double-layer vesicle. The particle size was between 30 and 150 nm. Cal27-exo labeled with PKH67 entered NHGFs after the coculture method. The wound healing test showed that the migration capacity of NHGFs+Cal27-exo was stronger after the scratch compared with that of NHGFs. CCK8 results showed that the proliferation activity of NHGFs+Cal27-exo was enhanced. qRT-PCR results showed that the MMP-9 levels of NHGFs+Cal27-exo were upregulated, whereas the TGF-β and αSMA mRNA levels of NHGFs+Cal27-exo were downregulated (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The proliferation and migration ability of NHGFs+Cal27-exo are enhanced, and the mRNA expression of related proteins is changed. Cal27-exo can activate NHGFs, which suggests that Cal27-exo has potential significance in tumor invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-'e Jia
- Dept. of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Li
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Dept. of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yi-Heng Wang
- Dept. of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Dept. of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiang-Yi He
- Dept. of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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11
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Prasad S, Chandra A, Cavo M, Parasido E, Fricke S, Lee Y, D'Amone E, Gigli G, Albanese C, Rodriguez O, Del Mercato LL. Optical and magnetic resonance imaging approaches for investigating the tumour microenvironment: state-of-the-art review and future trends. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:062001. [PMID: 33065554 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abc208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) strongly influences tumorigenesis and metastasis. Two of the most characterized properties of the TME are acidosis and hypoxia, both of which are considered hallmarks of tumours as well as critical factors in response to anticancer treatments. Currently, various imaging approaches exist to measure acidosis and hypoxia in the TME, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography and optical imaging. In this review, we will focus on the latest fluorescent-based methods for optical sensing of cell metabolism and MRI as diagnostic imaging tools applied both in vitro and in vivo. The primary emphasis will be on describing the current and future uses of systems that can measure intra- and extra-cellular pH and oxygen changes at high spatial and temporal resolution. In addition, the suitability of these approaches for mapping tumour heterogeneity, and assessing response or failure to therapeutics will also be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Prasad
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Anil Chandra
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marta Cavo
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Erika Parasido
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Translational Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Stanley Fricke
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Translational Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Yichien Lee
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Eliana D'Amone
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics 'Ennio De Giorgi', University of Salento, via Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Chris Albanese
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Translational Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Olga Rodriguez
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Translational Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Loretta L Del Mercato
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
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12
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Immune Tolerance of the Human Decidua. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10020351. [PMID: 33477602 PMCID: PMC7831321 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endometrium is necessary for implantation, complete development of the placenta, and a successful pregnancy. The endometrium undergoes repeated cycles of proliferation, decidualization (differentiation), and shedding during each menstrual cycle. The endometrium—including stromal, epithelial, vascular endothelial, and immune cells—is both functionally and morphologically altered in response to progesterone, causing changes in the number and types of immune cells. Immune cells make up half of the total number of endometrial cells during implantation and menstruation. Surprisingly, immune tolerant cells in the endometrium (uterine natural killer cells, T cells, and macrophages) have two conflicting functions: to protect the body by eliminating pathogenic microorganisms and other pathogens and to foster immunological change to tolerate the embryo during pregnancy. One of the key molecules involved in this control is the cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15), which is secreted by endometrial stromal cells. Recently, it has been reported that IL-15 is directly regulated by the transcription factor heart- and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 2 in endometrial stromal cells. In this review, we outline the significance of the endometrium and immune cell population during menstruation and early pregnancy and describe the factors involved in immune tolerance and their involvement in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy.
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13
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Pakshir P, Noskovicova N, Lodyga M, Son DO, Schuster R, Goodwin A, Karvonen H, Hinz B. The myofibroblast at a glance. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/13/jcs227900. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.227900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
In 1971, Gabbiani and co-workers discovered and characterized the “modification of fibroblasts into cells which are capable of an active spasm” (contraction) in rat wound granulation tissue and, accordingly, named these cells ‘myofibroblasts’. Now, myofibroblasts are not only recognized for their physiological role in tissue repair but also as cells that are key in promoting the development of fibrosis in all organs. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we provide an overview of the current understanding of central aspects of myofibroblast biology, such as their definition, activation from different precursors, the involved signaling pathways and most widely used models to study their function. Myofibroblasts will be placed into context with their extracellular matrix and with other cell types communicating in the fibrotic environment. Furthermore, the challenges and strategies to target myofibroblasts in anti-fibrotic therapies are summarized to emphasize their crucial role in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Pakshir
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Nina Noskovicova
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Monika Lodyga
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Dong Ok Son
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Ronen Schuster
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Amanda Goodwin
- Nottingham NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Henna Karvonen
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
- Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, POB 20, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
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14
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Singh S, Ray LA, Shahi Thakuri P, Tran S, Konopka MC, Luker GD, Tavana H. Organotypic breast tumor model elucidates dynamic remodeling of tumor microenvironment. Biomaterials 2020; 238:119853. [PMID: 32062146 PMCID: PMC8165649 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are a critical component of tumor microenvironments and associate with cancer cells physically and biochemically during different stages of the disease. Existing cell culture models to study interactions between fibroblasts and cancer cells lack native tumor architecture or scalability. We developed a scalable organotypic model by robotically encapsulating a triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell spheroid within a natural extracellular matrix containing dispersed fibroblasts. We utilized an established CXCL12 - CXCR4 chemokine-receptor signaling in breast tumors to validate our model. Using imaging techniques and molecular analyses, we demonstrated that CXCL12-secreting fibroblasts have elevated activity of RhoA/ROCK/myosin light chain-2 pathway and rapidly and significantly contract collagen matrices. Signaling between TNBC cells and CXCL12-producing fibroblasts promoted matrix invasion of cancer cells by activating oncogenic mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, whereas normal fibroblasts significantly diminished TNBC cell invasiveness. We demonstrated that disrupting CXCL12 - CXCR4 signaling using a molecular inhibitor significantly inhibited invasiveness of cancer cells, suggesting blocking of tumor-stromal interactions as a therapeutic strategy especially for cancers such as TNBC that lack targeted therapies. Our organotypic tumor model mimics native solid tumors, enables modular addition of different stromal cells and extracellular matrix proteins, and allows high throughput compound screening against tumor-stromal interactions to identify novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Lucille A Ray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Pradip Shahi Thakuri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Sydnie Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Michael C Konopka
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Gary D Luker
- Department of Radiology, Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hossein Tavana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
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Development of a Stromal Microenvironment Experimental Model Containing Proto-Myofibroblast Like Cells and Analysis of Its Crosstalk with Melanoma Cells: A New Tool to Potentiate and Stabilize Tumor Suppressor Phenotype of Dermal Myofibroblasts. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111435. [PMID: 31739477 PMCID: PMC6912587 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive solid tumors and includes a stromal microenvironment that regulates cancer growth and progression. The components of stromal microenvironment such as fibroblasts, fibroblast aggregates and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can differently influence the melanoma growth during its distinct stages. In this work, we have developed and studied a stromal microenvironment model, represented by fibroblasts, proto-myofibroblasts, myofibroblasts and aggregates of inactivated myofibroblasts, such as spheroids. In particular, we have generated proto-myofibroblasts from primary cutaneous myofibroblasts. The phenotype of proto-myofibroblasts is characterized by a dramatic reduction of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein levels, as well as an enhancement of cell viability and migratory capability compared with myofibroblasts. Furthermore, proto-myofibroblasts display the mesenchymal marker vimentin and less developed stress fibers, with respect to myofibroblasts. The analysis of crosstalk between the stromal microenvironment and A375 or A2058 melanoma cells has shown that the conditioned medium of proto-myofibroblasts is cytotoxic, mainly for A2058 cells, and dramatically reduces the migratory capability of both cell lines compared with the melanoma-control conditioned medium. An array analysis of proto-myofibroblast and melanoma cell-conditioned media suggests that lower levels of some cytokines and growth factors in the conditioned medium of proto-myofibroblasts could be associated with their anti-tumor activity. Conversely, the conditioned media of melanoma cells do not influence the cell viability, outgrowth, and migration of proto-myofibroblasts from spheroids. Interestingly, the conditioned medium of proto-myofibroblasts does not alter the cell viability of both BJ-5ta fibroblast cells and myofibroblasts. Hence, proto-myofibroblasts could be useful in the study of new therapeutic strategies targeting melanoma.
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16
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Impact of the actin cytoskeleton on cell development and function mediated via tropomyosin isoforms. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:122-131. [PMID: 31630997 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The physiological function of actin filaments is challenging to dissect because of the pleiotropic impact of global disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. Tropomyosin isoforms have provided a unique opportunity to address this issue. A substantial fraction of actin filaments in animal cells consist of co-polymers of actin with specific tropomyosin isoforms which determine the functional capacity of the filament. Genetic manipulation of the tropomyosins has revealed isoform specific roles and identified the physiological function of the different actin filament types based on their tropomyosin isoform composition. Surprisingly, there is remarkably little redundancy between the tropomyosins resulting in highly penetrant impacts of both ectopic overexpression and knockout of isoforms. The physiological roles of the tropomyosins cover a broad range from development and morphogenesis to cell migration and specialised tissue function and human diseases.
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17
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Regeneration of Dermis: Scarring and Cells Involved. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060607. [PMID: 31216669 PMCID: PMC6627856 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many studies on certain skin cell specifications and their contribution to wound healing. In this review, we provide an overview of dermal cell heterogeneity and their participation in skin repair, scar formation, and in the composition of skin substitutes. The papillary, reticular, and hair follicle associated fibroblasts differ not only topographically, but also functionally. Human skin has a number of particular characteristics that are different from murine skin. This should be taken into account in experimental procedures. Dermal cells react differently to skin wounding, remodel the extracellular matrix in their own manner, and convert to myofibroblasts to different extents. Recent studies indicate a special role of papillary fibroblasts in the favorable outcome of wound healing and epithelial-mesenchyme interactions. Neofolliculogenesis can substantially reduce scarring. The role of hair follicle mesenchyme cells in skin repair and possible therapeutic applications is discussed. Participation of dermal cell types in wound healing is described, with the addition of possible mechanisms underlying different outcomes in embryonic and adult tissues in the context of cell population characteristics and extracellular matrix composition and properties. Dermal white adipose tissue involvement in wound healing is also overviewed. Characteristics of myofibroblasts and their activity in scar formation is extensively discussed. Cellular mechanisms of scarring and possible ways for its prevention are highlighted. Data on keloid cells are provided with emphasis on their specific characteristics. We also discuss the contribution of tissue tension to the scar formation as well as the criteria and effectiveness of skin substitutes in skin reconstruction. Special attention is given to the properties of skin substitutes in terms of cell composition and the ability to prevent scarring.
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18
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Liu J, Chuah YJ, Fu J, Zhu W, Wang DA. Co-culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human bone marrow stromal cells into a micro-cavitary gelatin-methacrylate hydrogel system to enhance angiogenesis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 102:906-916. [PMID: 31147062 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vascular tissue engineering seeks to develop functional blood vessels that comprise of both endothelial cells and pericytes for translational medicine and is often faced with numerous challenges such as nutrients and wastes diffusion problem in the centre of the scaffolds. Various strategies have been adopted to solve the diffusion problem in thick engineered scaffolds. Typically, microchannels or dissolvable microspheres are introduced into three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds as an alternative way to improve the infiltration of scaffolds and endothelial cells are usually incorporated into the biomaterials. While some research groups now focus on finding supporting cells to build further vascularized structures in the scaffolds. In this study, a bioinspired 3D gelatin-methacrylate (Gel-MA) hydrogel with dissolvable microspheres was created to encapsulate human bone marrow stromal cells (HMSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) which was used to investigate whether HMSCs could play a pericytes-like role and enhance vascularization within the engineered scaffolds. The results showed co-culture of HMSCs and HUVECs demonstrated significantly improved vascularization when compared to either HUVECs or HMSCs monoculture. Angiogenic genes were expressed significantly higher in co-culture group. Moreover, when implanting the pre-vascularized scaffolds in vivo, co-culture system integrated more successfully with host tissue and showed higher host tissue invasion than any other groups. More importantly, both the qPCR and immunofluorescence results indicated MSCs differentiated towards pericytes to enhance vascularization in this study. This paper highlights the enhanced capability of 3D micro-cavitary Gel-MA hydrogel for co-culturing HUVECs and HMSCs to promote vascularization which presents a potential strategy for future tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Yon Jin Chuah
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Jiayin Fu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Wenzhen Zhu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Dong-An Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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19
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Fernández-Pérez J, Ahearne M. Influence of Biochemical Cues in Human Corneal Stromal Cell Phenotype. Curr Eye Res 2018; 44:135-146. [PMID: 30335528 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1536216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify biochemical cues that could promote a keratocyte-like phenotype in human corneal stromal cells that had become fibroblastic when expanded in serum-supplemented media while also examining the effect on cell proliferation and migration. METHODS Proliferation was assessed by PrestoBlue™, morphology was monitored by phase contrast microscopy, phenotype was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunochemistry and flow cytometry, and migration was studied with a scratch assay. RESULTS Ascorbic Acid (AA), Retinoic Acid (RA), Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium (ITS), Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) promoted a dendritic morphology, increased the expression of keratocyte markers, such as keratocan, aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A1 (ALDH3A1) and CD34, and prevented myofibroblast differentiation, while in some cases increasing proliferation. Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and 3 (TGF-β3) promoted the differentiation toward myofibroblasts, with increased expression of α-SMA. Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF-2) supported a fibroblastic phenotype while Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Homodimer B (PDGF-BB) induced a pro-migratory fibroblastic phenotype. A combination of all the pro-keratocyte factors was also compared to the serum-free only, which significantly increased CD34 and keratocan expression. CONCLUSIONS Partially recovery towards a quiescent keratocyte-like phenotype was achieved by the removal of serum and the addition of AA, IGF-1, RA, ITS and IBMX to a basal medium. These findings can be used to develop cell-based corneal therapies and to study corneal diseases in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fernández-Pérez
- a Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin , University of Dublin , Dublin , Ireland.,b Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin , University of Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Mark Ahearne
- a Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin , University of Dublin , Dublin , Ireland.,b Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin , University of Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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20
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Pakshir P, Hinz B. The big five in fibrosis: Macrophages, myofibroblasts, matrix, mechanics, and miscommunication. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:81-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Viji Babu PK, Rianna C, Belge G, Mirastschijski U, Radmacher M. Mechanical and migratory properties of normal, scar, and Dupuytren's fibroblasts. J Mol Recognit 2018; 31:e2719. [PMID: 29701269 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of myofibroblasts play a key role in Dupuytren's disease. Here, we used atomic force microscopy to measure the viscoelastic properties of 3 different types of human primary fibroblasts derived from a same patient: normal and scar dermal fibroblasts and palmar fascial fibroblasts from Dupuytren's nodules. Different stiffness hydrogels (soft ~1 kPa and stiff ~ 50 kPa) were used as cell culture matrix to mimic the mechanical properties of the natural tissues, and atomic force microscopy step response force curves were used to discriminate between elastic and viscous properties of cells. Since transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is known to induce expression of α-smooth muscle actin positive stress fibers in myofibroblasts, we investigated the behavior of these fibroblasts before and after applying TGF-β1. Finally, we performed an in vitro cell motility test, the wound healing or scratch assay, to evaluate the migratory properties of these fibroblasts. We found that (1) Dupuytren's fibroblasts are stiffer than normal and scar fibroblasts, the elastic modulus E ranging from 4.4, 2.1, to 1.8 kPa, for Dupuytren's, normal and scar fibroblasts, respectively; (2) TGF-β1 enhances the level of α-smooth muscle actin expression and thus cell stiffness in Dupuytren's fibroblasts (E, ~6.2 kPa); (3) matrix stiffness influences cell mechanical properties most prominently in Dupuytren's fibroblasts; and (4) Dupuytren's fibroblasts migrate slower than the other fibroblasts by a factor of 3. Taking together, our results showed that mechanical and migratory properties of fibroblasts might help to discriminate between different pathological conditions, helping to identify and recognize specific cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmela Rianna
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Gazanfer Belge
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ursula Mirastschijski
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, and Wound Repair Unit, CBIB, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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22
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Sapudom J, Wu X, Chkolnikov M, Ansorge M, Anderegg U, Pompe T. Fibroblast fate regulation by time dependent TGF-β1 and IL-10 stimulation in biomimetic 3D matrices. Biomater Sci 2018; 5:1858-1867. [PMID: 28676875 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00286f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The presentation of TGF-β1 during the early stage of wound healing is a prerequisite for extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and remodeling by activated fibroblasts, called myofibroblasts. At later stages, clearance of myofibroblasts is needed to avoid overshooting ECM production. Apoptosis of myofibroblasts and the macrophage-released anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 are controversially discussed as regulating cues in this context. To reveal the regulating cues, defined biomaterial scaffolds are needed to conduct in-depth in vitro studies in a physiologically relevant context. In this work, we used an in vitro biomimetic wound healing model. It consists of a 3D fibrillar matrix from collagen I and fibronectin and different temporal stimuli by TGF-β1 and IL-10. Human dermal fibroblast behavior was investigated in terms of myofibroblast differentiation (αSMA expression), matrix remodeling, proliferation and migration in the permanent or sequential presence of TGF-β1 and IL-10 over 4 days. We could show that removal of TGF-β1 after initial stimulation resulted in an increase of apoptosis of myofibroblasts. In contrast, TGF-β1 stimulation followed by IL-10 treatment did not result in increased cell apoptosis but instead led to a significant increase of cell motility and reduction of myofibroblasts. The findings suggest that myofibroblasts are a transiently "activated" fibroblastic phenotype and can be de-differentiated to fibroblasts in the presence of IL-10. Overall, our 3D ECM model allows mimicking the early and late stages of wound healing and highlights the temporal sequence of TGF-β1 and IL-10 as an important cue for completion of tissue formation and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiranuwat Sapudom
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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23
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Yao J, Dai Q, Liu Z, Zhou L, Xu J. Circular RNAs in Organ Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1087:259-273. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1426-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Hyperglycemia Augments the Adipogenic Transdifferentiation Potential of Tenocytes and Is Alleviated by Cyclic Mechanical Stretch. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010090. [PMID: 29283422 PMCID: PMC5796040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with damage to tendons, which may result from cellular dysfunction in response to a hyperglycemic environment. Tenocytes express diminished levels of tendon-associated genes under hyperglycemic conditions. In contrast, mechanical stretch enhances tenogenic differentiation. However, whether hyperglycemia increases the non-tenogenic differentiation potential of tenocytes and whether this can be mitigated by mechanical stretch remains elusive. We explored the in vitro effects of high glucose and mechanical stretch on rat primary tenocytes. Specifically, non-tenogenic gene expression, adipogenic potential, cell migration rate, filamentous actin expression, and the activation of signaling pathways were analyzed in tenocytes treated with high glucose, followed by the presence or absence of mechanical stretch. We analyzed tenocyte phenotype in vivo by immunohistochemistry using an STZ (streptozotocin)-induced long-term diabetic mouse model. High glucose-treated tenocytes expressed higher levels of the adipogenic transcription factors PPARγ and C/EBPs. PPARγ was also highly expressed in diabetic tendons. In addition, increased adipogenic differentiation and decreased cell migration induced by high glucose implicated a fibroblast-to-adipocyte phenotypic change. By applying mechanical stretch to tenocytes in high-glucose conditions, adipogenic differentiation was repressed, while cell motility was enhanced, and fibroblastic morphology and gene expression profiles were strengthened. In part, these effects resulted from a stretch-induced activation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinases) and a concomitant inactivation of Akt. Our results show that mechanical stretch alleviates the augmented adipogenic transdifferentiation potential of high glucose-treated tenocytes and helps maintain their fibroblastic characteristics. The alterations induced by high glucose highlight possible pathological mechanisms for diabetic tendinopathy. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of mechanical stretch on tenocytes suggest that an appropriate physical load possesses therapeutic potential for diabetic tendinopathy.
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25
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Defective decidualization during and after severe preeclampsia reveals a possible maternal contribution to the etiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8468-E8477. [PMID: 28923940 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706546114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In preeclampsia (PE), cytotrophoblast (CTB) invasion of the uterus and spiral arteries is often shallow. Thus, the placenta's role has been a focus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that decidual defects are an important determinant of the placental phenotype. We isolated human endometrial stromal cells from nonpregnant donors with a previous pregnancy that was complicated by severe PE (sPE). Compared with control cells, they failed to decidualize in vitro as demonstrated by morphological criteria and the analysis of stage-specific antigens (i.e., IGFBP1, PRL). These results were bolstered by global transcriptional profiling data that showed they were transcriptionally inert. Additionally, we used laser microdissection to isolate the decidua from tissue sections of the maternal-fetal interface in sPE. Global transcriptional profiling revealed defects in gene expression. Also, decidual cells from patients with sPE, which dedifferentiated in vitro, failed to redecidualize in culture. Conditioned medium from these cells failed to support CTB invasion. To mimic aspects of the uterine environment in normal pregnancy, we added PRL and IGFBP1, which enhanced invasion. These data suggested that failed decidualization is an important contributor to down-regulated CTB invasion in sPE. Future studies will be aimed at determining whether this discovery has translational potential with regard to assessing a woman's risk of developing this pregnancy complication.
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26
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Hill BS, Pelagalli A, Passaro N, Zannetti A. Tumor-educated mesenchymal stem cells promote pro-metastatic phenotype. Oncotarget 2017; 8:73296-73311. [PMID: 29069870 PMCID: PMC5641213 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are recruited into tumor microenvironment in response to multiple signals produced by cancer cells. Molecules involved in their homing to tumors are the same inflammatory mediators produced by injured tissues: chemokines, cytokines and growth factors. When MSCs arrive into the tumor microenvironment these are “educated” to have pro-metastatic behaviour. Firstly, they promote cancer immunosuppression modulating both innate and adaptive immune systems. Moreover, tumor associated-MSCs trans-differentiating into cancer-associated fibroblasts can induce epithelial-mesenchymal-transition program in tumor cells. This process determinates a more aggressive phenotype of cancer cells by increasing their motility and invasiveness and favoring their dissemination to distant sites. In addition, MSCs are involved in the formation and modelling of pre-metastatic niches creating a supportive environment for colonization of circulating tumor cells. The development of novel therapeutic approaches targeting the different functions of MSCs in promoting tumor progression as well as the mechanisms underlying their activities could enhance the efficacy of conventional and immune anti-cancer therapies. Furthermore, many studies report the use of MSCs engineered to express different genes or as vehicle to specifically deliver novel drugs to tumors exploiting their strong tropism. Importantly, this approach can enhance local therapeutic efficacy and reduce the risk of systemic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Samuel Hill
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.,Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia Passaro
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Zannetti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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27
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Vascular disease-causing mutation, smooth muscle α-actin R258C, dominantly suppresses functions of α-actin in human patient fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5569-E5578. [PMID: 28652363 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703506114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common genetic alterations for familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (TAAD) are missense mutations in vascular smooth muscle (SM) α-actin encoded by ACTA2 We focus here on ACTA2-R258C, a recurrent mutation associated with early onset of TAAD and occlusive moyamoya-like cerebrovascular disease. Recent biochemical results with SM α-actin-R258C predicted that this variant will compromise multiple actin-dependent functions in intact cells and tissues, but a model system to measure R258C-induced effects was lacking. We describe the development of an approach to interrogate functional consequences of actin mutations in affected patient-derived cells. Primary dermal fibroblasts from R258C patients exhibited increased proliferative capacity compared with controls, consistent with inhibition of growth suppression attributed to SM α-actin. Telomerase-immortalized lines of control and R258C human dermal fibroblasts were established and SM α-actin expression induced with adenovirus encoding myocardin-related transcription factor A, a potent coactivator of ACTA2 Two-dimensional Western blotting confirmed induction of both wild-type and mutant SM α-actin in heterozygous ACTA2-R258C cells. Expression of mutant SM α-actin in heterozygous ACTA2-R258C fibroblasts abrogated the significant effects of SM α-actin induction on formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions, filamentous to soluble actin ratio, matrix contraction, and cell migration. These results demonstrate that R258C dominantly disrupts cytoskeletal functions attributed to SM α-actin in fibroblasts and are consistent with deficiencies in multiple cytoskeletal functions. Thus, cellular defects due to this ACTA2 mutation in both aortic smooth muscle cells and adventitial fibroblasts may contribute to development of TAAD and proliferative occlusive vascular disease.
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28
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Asano S, Ito S, Takahashi K, Furuya K, Kondo M, Sokabe M, Hasegawa Y. Matrix stiffness regulates migration of human lung fibroblasts. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/9/e13281. [PMID: 28507166 PMCID: PMC5430127 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with pulmonary diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, progressive pulmonary fibrosis is caused by dysregulated wound healing via activation of fibroblasts after lung inflammation or severe damage. Migration of fibroblasts toward the fibrotic lesions plays an important role in pulmonary fibrosis. Fibrotic tissue in the lung is much stiffer than normal lung tissue. Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that the stiffness of the matrix is not only a consequence of fibrosis, but also can induce fibroblast activation. Nevertheless, the effects of substrate rigidity on migration of lung fibroblasts have not been fully elucidated. We evaluated the effects of substrate stiffness on the morphology, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, and cell migration of primary human lung fibroblasts by using polyacrylamide hydrogels with stiffnesses ranging from 1 to 50 kPa. Cell motility was assessed by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced chemotaxis and random walk migration assays. As the stiffness of substrates increased, fibroblasts became spindle-shaped and spread. Expression of α-SMA proteins was higher on the stiffer substrates (25 kPa gel and plastic dishes) than on the soft 2 kPa gel. Both PDGF-induced chemotaxis and random walk migration of fibroblasts precultured on stiff substrates (25 kPa gel and plastic dishes) were significantly higher than those of cells precultured on 2 kPa gel. Transfection of the fibroblasts with short interfering RNA for α-SMA inhibited cell migration. These findings suggest that fibroblast activation induced by a stiff matrix is involved in mechanisms of the pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Asano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan .,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Kota Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kishio Furuya
- Mechanobiology Laboratory, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masashi Kondo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sokabe
- Mechanobiology Laboratory, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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29
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Shinde AV, Humeres C, Frangogiannis NG. The role of α-smooth muscle actin in fibroblast-mediated matrix contraction and remodeling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:298-309. [PMID: 27825850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac myofibroblasts play an important role in myocardial remodeling. Although α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression is the hallmark of mature myofibroblasts, its role in regulating fibroblast function remains poorly understood. We explore the effects of the matrix environment in modulating cardiac fibroblast phenotype, and we investigate the role of α-SMA in fibroblast function using loss- and gain-of-function approaches. In murine myocardial infarction, infiltration of the infarct border zone with abundant α-SMA-positive myofibroblasts was associated with scar contraction. Isolated cardiac fibroblasts cultured in plates showed high α-SMA expression localized in stress fibers, exhibited activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and synthesized large amounts of extracellular matrix proteins. In contrast, when these cells were cultured in collagen lattices, they exhibited marked reduction of α-SMA expression, negligible FAK activation, attenuated collagen synthesis, and increased transcription of genes associated with matrix metabolism. Transforming Growth Factor-β1-mediated contraction of fibroblast-populated collagen pads was associated with accentuated α-SMA synthesis. In contrast, serum- and basic Fibroblast Growth Factor-induced collagen pad contraction was associated with reduced α-SMA expression. α-SMA siRNA knockdown attenuated contraction of collagen pads populated with serum-stimulated cells. Surprisingly, α-SMA overexpression also reduced collagen pad contraction, suggesting that α-SMA is not sufficient to promote contraction of the matrix. Reduced contraction by α-SMA-overexpressing cells was associated with attenuated proliferative activity, in the absence of any effects on apoptosis. α-SMA may be implicated in contraction and remodeling of the extracellular matrix, but is not sufficient to induce contraction. α-SMA expression may modulate cellular functions, beyond its effects on contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti V Shinde
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Claudio Humeres
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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30
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Chan CK, Pan Y, Nyberg K, Marra MA, Lim EL, Jones SJM, Maar D, Gibb EA, Gunaratne PH, Robertson AG, Rowat AC. Tumour-suppressor microRNAs regulate ovarian cancer cell physical properties and invasive behaviour. Open Biol 2016; 6:160275. [PMID: 27906134 PMCID: PMC5133448 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activities of pathways that regulate malignant transformation can be influenced by microRNAs (miRs). Recently, we showed that increased expression of five tumour-suppressor miRs, miR-508-3p, miR-508-5p, miR-509-3p, miR-509-5p and miR-130b-3p, correlate with improved clinical outcomes in human ovarian cancer patients, and that miR-509-3p attenuates invasion of ovarian cancer cell lines. Here, we investigate the mechanism underlying this reduced invasive potential by assessing the impact of these five miRs on the physical properties of cells. Human ovarian cancer cells (HEYA8, OVCAR8) that are transfected with miR mimics representing these five miRs exhibit decreased invasion through collagen matrices, increased cell size and reduced deformability as measured by microfiltration and microfluidic assays. To understand the molecular basis of altered invasion and deformability induced by these miRs, we use predicted and validated mRNA targets that encode structural and signalling proteins that regulate cell mechanical properties. Combined with analysis of gene transcripts by real-time PCR and image analysis of F-actin in single cells, our results suggest that these tumour-suppressor miRs may alter cell physical properties by regulating the actin cytoskeleton. Our findings provide biophysical insights into how tumour-suppressor miRs can regulate the invasive behaviour of ovarian cancer cells, and identify potential therapeutic targets that may be implicated in ovarian cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara K Chan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yinghong Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kendra Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marco A Marra
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emilia L Lim
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven J M Jones
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dianna Maar
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, The Digital Biology Center, Pleasanton, CA, USA
| | - Ewan A Gibb
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Preethi H Gunaratne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Gordon Robertson
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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31
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Hutter-Schmid B, Humpel C. Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin mRNA and Protein Are Increased in Isolated Brain Vessel Extracts of Alzheimer Mice. Pharmacology 2016; 98:251-260. [PMID: 27463512 DOI: 10.1159/000448007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder of the brain, characterized by extracellular beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, intracellular tau pathology, neurodegeneration and inflammation. There is clear evidence that the blood-brain barrier is damaged in AD and that vessel function is impaired. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) is a prominent protein expressed on brain vessels, especially in cells located closer to the arteriole end of the capillaries, which possibly influences the blood vessel contraction. The aim of the present study was to observe αSMA protein and mRNA expression in isolated brain vessel extracts and cortex in an Alzheimer mouse model with strong Aβ plaque deposition. Our data revealed a prominent expression of αSMA protein in isolated brain vessel extracts of AD mice by Western blot analysis. Immunostaining showed that these vessels were associated with Aβ plaques. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed this increase at the mRNA expression level and showed a significant increase of transforming growth factor beta-1 mRNA expression in AD mice. In situ hybridization demonstrated a strong expression pattern of αSMA mRNA in the whole cortex and hippocampus. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that αSMA protein and mRNA are enhanced in vessels in an AD mouse model, possibly counteracting vessel malfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Hutter-Schmid
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimer's Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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32
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Chen L, DeWispelaere A, Dastvan F, Osborne WRA, Blechner C, Windhorst S, Daum G. Smooth Muscle-Alpha Actin Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Migration by Inhibiting Rac1 Activity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155726. [PMID: 27176050 PMCID: PMC4866761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA) is a marker for the contractile, non-proliferative phenotype of adult smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Upon arterial injury, expression of SMA and other structural proteins decreases and SMCs acquire a pro-migratory and proliferative phenotype. To what extent SMA regulates migration and proliferation of SMCs is unclear and putative signaling pathways involved remain to be elucidated. Here, we used lentiviral-mediated gene transfer and siRNA technology to manipulate expression of SMA in carotid mouse SMCs and studied effects of SMA. Overexpression of SMA results in decreased proliferation and migration and blunts serum-induced activation of the small GTPase Rac, but not RhoA. All inhibitory effects of SMA are rescued by expression of a constitutively active Rac1 mutant (V12rac1). Moreover, reduction of SMA expression by siRNA technology results in an increased activation of Rac. Taken together, this study identifies Rac1 as a downstream target for SMA to inhibit SMC proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- Department of Surgery and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Allison DeWispelaere
- Department of Surgery and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Frank Dastvan
- Department of Surgery and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - William R. A. Osborne
- Department of Pediatrics and Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Christine Blechner
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Sabine Windhorst
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Guenter Daum
- Department of Surgery and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Mittal P, Klingler-Hoffmann M, Arentz G, Winderbaum L, Lokman NA, Zhang C, Anderson L, Scurry J, Leung Y, Stewart CJ, Carter J, Kaur G, Oehler MK, Hoffmann P. Lymph node metastasis of primary endometrial cancers: Associated proteins revealed by MALDI imaging. Proteomics 2016; 16:1793-801. [PMID: 27061135 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a crucial step of malignant progression and is the primary cause of death from endometrial cancer. However, clinicians presently face the challenge that conventional surgical-pathological variables, such as tumour size, depth of myometrial invasion, histological grade, lymphovascular space invasion or radiological imaging are unable to predict with accuracy if the primary tumour has metastasized. In the current retrospective study, we have used primary tumour samples of endometrial cancer patients diagnosed with (n = 16) and without (n = 27) lymph node metastasis to identify potential discriminators. Using peptide matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), we have identified m/z values which can classify 88% of all tumours correctly. The top discriminative m/z values were identified using a combination of in situ sequencing and LC-MS/MS from digested tumour samples. Two of the proteins identified, plectin and α-Actin-2, were used for validation studies using LC-MS/MS data independent analysis (DIA) and immunohistochemistry. In summary, MALDI-MSI has the potential to identify discriminators of metastasis using primary tumour samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Mittal
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila
| | - Manuela Klingler-Hoffmann
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila
| | - Georgia Arentz
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila
| | - Lyron Winderbaum
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila
| | - Noor A Lokman
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila.,Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Research Centre for Reproductive Health, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila
| | - Chao Zhang
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila
| | - Lyndal Anderson
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Scurry
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of New South Wales, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yee Leung
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Austraila
| | - Colin Jr Stewart
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Austraila
| | - Jonathan Carter
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gurjeet Kaur
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Martin K Oehler
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Research Centre for Reproductive Health, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila.,Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila
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Rinella L, Marano F, Berta L, Bosco O, Fraccalvieri M, Fortunati N, Frairia R, Catalano MG. Extracorporeal shock waves modulate myofibroblast differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:275-86. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ornella Bosco
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin; Italy
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35
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Allan IU, Tolhurst BA, Shevchenko RV, Dainiak MB, Illsley M, Ivanov A, Jungvid H, Galaev IY, James SL, Mikhalovsky SV, James SE. An in vitro evaluation of fibrinogen and gelatin containing cryogels as dermal regeneration scaffolds. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:1007-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00133e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Macroporous cryogels containing mixtures of two key components of the dermal extracellular matrix, fibrinogen and collagen-derived gelatin, were evaluated for use as dermal tissue regeneration scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. U Allan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Brighton
- Brighton
- UK
| | - B. A. Tolhurst
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Brighton
- Brighton
- UK
| | | | - M. B. Dainiak
- Dept. of Protein Purification
- Novo Nordisk A/S
- 2760 Maaloev
- Denmark
| | - M. Illsley
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Brighton
- Brighton
- UK
| | | | | | | | - S. L. James
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Brighton
- Brighton
- UK
| | - S. V. Mikhalovsky
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Brighton
- Brighton
- UK
- Nazarbayev University
| | - S. E. James
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Brighton
- Brighton
- UK
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Bargagna-Mohan P, Lei L, Thompson A, Shaw C, Kasahara K, Inagaki M, Mohan R. Vimentin Phosphorylation Underlies Myofibroblast Sensitivity to Withaferin A In Vitro and during Corneal Fibrosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133399. [PMID: 26186445 PMCID: PMC4506086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin is a newly recognized target for corneal fibrosis. Using primary rabbit corneal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts we show that myofibroblasts, unlike fibroblasts, display impaired cell spreading and cell polarization, which is associated with increased levels of soluble serine-38 phosphorylated vimentin (pSer38Vim). This pSer38Vim isoform is inefficiently incorporated into growing vimentin intermediate filaments (IFs) of myofibroblasts during cell spreading, and as a result, myofibroblasts maintain higher soluble pSer38Vim levels compared to fibroblasts. Moreover, the soluble vimentin-targeting small molecule and fibrotic inhibitor withaferin A (WFA) causes a potent blockade of cell spreading selectively in myofibroblasts by targeting soluble pSer38Vim for hyperphosphorylation. WFA treatment does not induce vimentin hyperphosphorylation in fibroblasts. This hyperphosphorylated pSer38Vim species in WFA-treated myofibroblasts becomes complexed with adaptor protein filamin A (FlnA), and these complexes appear as short squiggles when displaced from focal adhesions. The extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) is also phosphorylated (pERK) in response to WFA, but surprisingly, pERK does not enter the nucleus but remains bound to pSer38Vim in cytoplasmic complexes. Using a model of corneal alkali injury, we show that fibrotic corneas of wild type mice possess high levels of pERK, whereas injured corneas of vimentin-deficient (Vim KO) mice that heal with reduced fibrosis have highly reduced pERK expression. Finally, WFA treatment causes a decrease in pERK and pSer38Vim expression in healing corneas of wild type mice. Taken together, these findings identify a hereto-unappreciated role for pSer38Vim as an important determinant of myofibroblast sensitivity to WFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bargagna-Mohan
- From the Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ling Lei
- From the Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Alexis Thompson
- From the Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Camille Shaw
- From the Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kousuke Kasahara
- Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Royce Mohan
- From the Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
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37
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Abstract
Myofibroblasts are activated in response to tissue injury with the primary task to repair lost or damaged extracellular matrix. Enhanced collagen secretion and subsequent contraction - scarring - are part of the normal wound healing response and crucial to restore tissue integrity. Due to myofibroblasts ability to repair but not regenerate, accumulation of scar tissue is always associated with reduced organ performance. This is a fair price to pay by the body for not falling apart. Whereas myofibroblasts typically vanish after successful repair, dysregulation of the normal repair process can lead to persistent myofibroblast activation, for instance by chronic inflammation or mechanical stress in the tissue. Excessive repair leads to the accumulation of stiff collagenous ECM contractures - fibrosis - with dramatic consequences for organ function. The clinical need to terminate detrimental myofibroblast activities has stimulated researchers to answer a number of essential questions: where do myofibroblasts come from, what are the factors leading to their activation, how do we discriminate myofibroblasts from other cells, what is the molecular basis for their contractile activity, and how can we stop or at least control them? This article reviews the current state of the myofibroblast literature by emphasizing their role in ocular repair and fibrosis. It appears that although the eye is quite an extraordinary organ, ocular myofibroblasts behave or misbehave just like their siblings in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, FitzGerald Building, Room 234, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada.
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Lejmi E, Perriraz N, Clément S, Morel P, Baertschiger R, Christofilopoulos P, Meier R, Bosco D, Bühler LH, Gonelle-Gispert C. Inflammatory Chemokines MIP-1δ and MIP-3α Are Involved in the Migration of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Induced by Hepatoma Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1223-35. [PMID: 25579056 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo, bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been identified at sites of tumors, suggesting that specific signals mobilize and activate MSC to migrate to areas surrounding tumors. The signals and migratory mechanisms that guide MSC are not well understood. Here, we investigated the migration of human MSC induced by conditioned medium of Huh-7 hepatoma cells (Huh-7 CM). Using a transwell migration system, we showed that human MSC migration was increased in the presence of Huh-7 CM. Using a human cytokine antibody array, we detected increased levels of MIP-1δ and MIP-3α in Huh-7 CM. Recombinant chemokines MIP-1δ and MIP-3α induced MSC migration. Anti-MIP-1δ and anti-MIP-3α antibodies added to Huh-7 CM decreased MSC migration, further suggesting that MIP-1δ and MIP-3α were implicated in the Huh-7 CM-induced MSC migration. By real-time polymerase chain reaction, we observed an absence of chemokine receptors CCR2 and CXCR2 and low expression of CCR1, CCR5, and CCR6 in MSC. Expression of these chemokine receptors was not regulated by Huh-7 CM. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) expression was strongly increased in MSC after incubation with Huh-7 CM, suggesting that MSC migration depends on MMP-1 activity. The signaling pathway MAPK/ERK was activated by Huh-7 CM but its inhibition by PD98059 did not impair Huh-7 CM-induced MSC migration. Further, long-term incubation of MSC with MIP-1δ increased α-smooth muscle actin expression, suggesting its implication in the Huh-7 CM-induced evolvement of MSC into myofibroblasts. In conclusion, we report that two inflammatory cytokines, MIP-1δ and MIP-3α, are able to increase MSC migration in vitro. These cytokines might be responsible for migration and evolvement of MSC into myofibroblasts around tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Lejmi
- 1 Surgical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
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39
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Xiao L, Kim DJ, Davis CL, McCann JV, Dunleavey JM, Vanderlinden AK, Xu N, Pattenden SG, Frye SV, Xu X, Onaitis M, Monaghan-Benson E, Burridge K, Dudley AC. Tumor Endothelial Cells with Distinct Patterns of TGFβ-Driven Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1244-54. [PMID: 25634211 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) occurs during development and underlies the pathophysiology of multiple diseases. In tumors, unscheduled EndMT generates cancer-associated myofibroblasts that fuel inflammation and fibrosis, and may contribute to vascular dysfunction that promotes tumor progression. We report that freshly isolated subpopulations of tumor-specific endothelial cells (TEC) from a spontaneous mammary tumor model undergo distinct forms of EndMT in response to TGFβ stimulation. Although some TECs strikingly upregulate α smooth muscle actin (SMA), a principal marker of EndMT and activated myofibroblasts, counterpart normal mammary gland endothelial cells (NEC) showed little change in SMA expression after TGFβ treatment. Compared with NECs, SMA(+) TECs were 40% less motile in wound-healing assays and formed more stable vascular-like networks in vitro when challenged with TGFβ. Lineage tracing using ZsGreen(Cdh5-Cre) reporter mice confirmed that only a fraction of vessels in breast tumors contain SMA(+) TECs, suggesting that not all endothelial cells (EC) respond identically to TGFβ in vivo. Indeed, examination of 84 TGFβ-regulated target genes revealed entirely different genetic signatures in TGFβ-stimulated NEC and TEC cultures. Finally, we found that basic FGF (bFGF) exerts potent inhibitory effects on many TGFβ-regulated genes but operates in tandem with TGFβ to upregulate others. ECs challenged with TGFβ secrete bFGF, which blocks SMA expression in secondary cultures, suggesting a cell-autonomous or lateral-inhibitory mechanism for impeding mesenchymal differentiation. Together, our results suggest that TGFβ-driven EndMT produces a spectrum of EC phenotypes with different functions that could underlie the plasticity and heterogeneity of the tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dae Joong Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Clayton L Davis
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James V McCann
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James M Dunleavey
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alissa K Vanderlinden
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nuo Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Samantha G Pattenden
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephen V Frye
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xia Xu
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mark Onaitis
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth Monaghan-Benson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Keith Burridge
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. McAllister Heart Institute, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrew C Dudley
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. McAllister Heart Institute, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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40
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Kuppan P, Sethuraman S, Krishnan UM. Interaction of human smooth muscle cells with nanofibrous scaffolds: Effect of fiber orientation on cell adhesion, proliferation, and functional gene expression. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:2236-50. [PMID: 25345836 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) and PCL-gelatin random and aligned nanofibers with diameters in the range of 200-400 nm were developed through electrospinning. Mechanical properties of aligned PCL and PCL-gelatin nanofibers were compared, and it was found that aligned PCL nanofibers showed significantly higher tensile strength and Young's modulus than the PCL-gelatin nanofiber system (p < 0.05). The in vitro degradation of aligned nanofibers showed that PCL-gelatin nanofibers degrade faster than aligned PCL nanofibers. Further, human smooth muscle cells were cultured on the random and aligned PCL-gelatin nanofibers and evaluated for adhesion, orientation, morphology, viability, proliferation and gene expression. Our results demonstrate that PCL-gelatin promotes higher cell adhesion and proliferation than the PCL nanofibers after 3, 7, and 10 days of culture. Aligned topography favored orientation of the cells along their directions and cell stretching was better in aligned nanofibers than the random nanofibers. The upregulation of α-actin, myosin heavy chain, collagen type I, and elastin genes demonstrate good cell-matrix interactions in both random and aligned scaffolds. Therefore, the present study concludes that aligned PCL-gelatin nanofibers could serve as potential scaffolding for culture of smooth muscle cells and may promote functional regeneration of tubular organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushothaman Kuppan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
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41
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Evennett N, Cerigioni E, Hall NJ, Pierro A, Eaton S. Smooth muscle actin as a novel serologic marker of severe intestinal damage in rat intestinal ischemia–reperfusion and human necrotising enterocolitis. J Surg Res 2014; 191:323-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Dr. Tuveson and colleagues provide a comprehensive review on the fundamental role of cancer-associated fibroblasts in shaping the tumor microenvironment and promoting tumor initiation and progression. Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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43
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Kucerova L, Zmajkovic J, Toro L, Skolekova S, Demkova L, Matuskova M. Tumor-driven Molecular Changes in Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2014; 8:1-14. [PMID: 25169041 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-014-0151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) exert either tumor-stimulatory or tumor-inhibitory effect. The outcome of the tumor-MSC interaction is dictated by the tumor-specific activating signals. We analyzed the alterations in MSC phenotype in response to stimulation by tumor-secreted paracrine factors. Paracrine factors from human melanoma A375 and glioblastoma 8MGBA cells were used for prolonged culture of MSC to produce derived cells designated DIFF(A)-MSC or DIFF(G)-MSC, respectively. Derived cells were analyzed for the specific surface markers, the expression pattern of MSC markers and fibroblast-specific proteins. Changes in the cell phenotype were evaluated using scratch wound assay and tube formation in vitro; and xenotransplant growth in vivo. Our data show induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor 2, CD146, fibroblast-specific protein, vimentin and endosialin in DIFF(A)-MSC cells. This indicates their differentiation towards the cells with features of tumor-associated fibroblasts upon stimulation with melanoma-secreted cytokines. Paracrine stimulation in DIFF(G)-MSC led to up-regulation of the genes involved in the MSC differentiation. MSC-specific surface marker characteristics were preserved in derived DIFF(A)-MSC and DIFF(G)-MSC cells. However, we observed increased proportion of CD146 and GD2 (neural ganglioside) positive cells and decreased expression of marker NG2 in the MSC exposed to tumor-conditioned medium. Melanoma-CM increased MSC migration, glioblastoma-CM compromised angiogenic capacity of MSC in vitro and the protumorigenic effect in vivo. Our data directly compare the pleiotropic effects mediated by the malignant cells on the MSC. Secreted paracrine factors from melanoma or glioblastoma differently changed molecular traits in MSC, which explains the dual role of MSC in tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Kucerova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 7, 833 91, Bratislava, Slovakia,
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44
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Zhu H, Hou CC, Luo LF, Hu YJ, Yang WX. Endometrial stromal cells and decidualized stromal cells: origins, transformation and functions. Gene 2014; 551:1-14. [PMID: 25168894 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Decidualization of endometrium, which is characterized by endometrial stromal cell (ESC) decidualization, vascular reconstruction, immune cell recruitment, and plentiful molecule production, is a crucial step for uterus to become receptive for embryo. When implantation takes place, ESCs surround and directly interact with embryo. Decidualized stromal cells (DSCs) are of great importance in endometrial decidualization, having a broad function in regulating immune activity and vascular remodeling of uterus. DSCs are shown to have a higher metabolic level and looser cytoskeleton than ESCs. What's the origin of ESCs and how ESCs successfully transform into DSCs had puzzled scientists in the last decades. Breakthrough had been achieved recently, and many studies had elucidated some of the characters and functions of DSCs. However, several questions still remain unclear. This paper reviews current understanding of where ESCs come from and how ESCs differentiate into DSCs, summarizes some characters and functions of DSCs, analyzes current studies and their limitations and points out research areas that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Zhu
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cong-Cong Hou
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ling-Feng Luo
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan-Jun Hu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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45
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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46
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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47
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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48
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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49
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Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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50
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Öhlund D, Elyada E, Tuveson D. Fibroblast heterogeneity in the cancer wound. J Exp Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140692 order by 1-- dyrj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts regulate the structure and function of healthy tissues, participate transiently in tissue repair after acute inflammation, and assume an aberrant stimulatory role during chronic inflammatory states including cancer. Such cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) modulate the tumor microenvironment and influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. These pleiotropic functions highlight the inherent plasticity of fibroblasts and may provide new avenues to understand and therapeutically intervene in malignancies. We discuss the emerging themes of CAF biology in the context of tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Öhlund
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Ela Elyada
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - David Tuveson
- D. Öhlund, E. Elyada, and D. Tuveson are at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
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