1
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Leckband D, Schwartz DK, Wu Y. Computational and experimental approaches to quantify protein binding interactions under confinement. Biophys J 2024; 123:424-434. [PMID: 38245831 PMCID: PMC10912910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Crowded environments and confinement alter the interactions of adhesion proteins confined to membranes or narrow, crowded gaps at adhesive contacts. Experimental approaches and theoretical frameworks were developed to quantify protein binding constants in these environments. However, recent predictions and the complexity of some protein interactions proved challenging to address with prior experimental or theoretical approaches. This perspective highlights new methods developed by these authors that address these challenges. Specifically, single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer and single-molecule tracking measurements were developed to directly image the binding/unbinding rates of membrane-tethered cadherins. Results identified predicted cis (lateral) interactions, which control cadherin clustering on membranes but were not detected in solution. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, based on a realistic model of cis cadherin interactions, were developed to extract binding/unbinding rate constants from heterogeneous single-molecule data. The extension of single-molecule fluorescence measurements to cis and trans (adhesive) cadherin interactions at membrane junctions identified unexpected cooperativity between cis and trans binding that appears to enhance intercellular binding kinetics. Comparisons of intercellular binding kinetics, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, and single-molecule fluorescence data suggest a strategy to bridge protein binding kinetics across length scales. Although cadherin is the focus of these studies, the approaches can be extended to other intercellular adhesion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Leckband
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Yinghao Wu
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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2
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Parent SE, Luu O, Bruce AEE, Winklbauer R. Two-phase kinetics and cell cortex elastic behavior in Xenopus gastrula cell-cell adhesion. Dev Cell 2024; 59:141-155.e6. [PMID: 38091998 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Morphogenetic movements during animal development involve repeated making and breaking of cell-cell contacts. Recent biophysical models of cell-cell adhesion integrate adhesion molecule interactions and cortical cytoskeletal tension modulation, describing equilibrium states for established contacts. We extend this emerging unified concept of adhesion to contact formation kinetics, showing that aggregating Xenopus embryonic cells rapidly achieve Ca2+-independent low-contact states. Subsequent transitions to cadherin-dependent high-contact states show rapid decreases in contact cortical F-actin levels but slow contact area growth. We developed a biophysical model that predicted contact growth quantitatively from known cellular and cytoskeletal parameters, revealing that elastic resistance to deformation and cytoskeletal network turnover are essential determinants of adhesion kinetics. Characteristic time scales of contact growth to low and high states differ by an order of magnitude, being at a few minutes and tens of minutes, respectively, thus providing insight into the timescales of cell-rearrangement-dependent tissue movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge E Parent
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Olivia Luu
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Ashley E E Bruce
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
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3
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Mukherjee S, Goswami S, Dash S, Samanta D. Structural basis of molecular recognition among classical cadherins mediating cell adhesion. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:2103-2115. [PMID: 37970977 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cadherins are type-I membrane glycoproteins that primarily participate in calcium-dependent cell adhesion and homotypic cell sorting in various stages of embryonic development. Besides their crucial role in cellular and physiological processes, increasing studies highlight their involvement in pathophysiological functions ranging from cancer progression and metastasis to being entry receptors for pathogens. Cadherins mediate these cellular processes through homophilic, as well as heterophilic interactions (within and outside the superfamily) by their membrane distal ectodomains. This review provides an in-depth structural perspective of molecular recognition among type-I and type-II classical cadherins. Furthermore, this review offers structural insights into different dimeric assemblies like the 'strand-swap dimer' and 'X-dimer' as well as mechanisms relating these dimer forms like 'two-step adhesion' and 'encounter complex'. Alongside providing structural details, this review connects structural studies to bond mechanics merging crystallographic and single-molecule force spectroscopic findings. Finally, the review discusses the recent discoveries on dimeric intermediates that uncover prospects of further research beyond two-step adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbartha Mukherjee
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Saumyadeep Goswami
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sagarika Dash
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Dibyendu Samanta
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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4
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Troyanovsky SM. Adherens junction: the ensemble of specialized cadherin clusters. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:374-387. [PMID: 36127186 PMCID: PMC10020127 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cell-cell connections in adherens junctions (AJs) are mediated by transmembrane receptors, type I cadherins (referred to here as cadherins). These cadherin-based connections (or trans bonds) are weak. To upregulate their strength, cadherins exploit avidity, the increased affinity of binding between cadherin clusters compared with isolated monomers. Formation of such clusters is a unique molecular process that is driven by a synergy of direct and indirect cis interactions between cadherins located at the same cell. In addition to their role in adhesion, cadherin clusters provide structural scaffolds for cytosolic proteins, which implicate cadherin into different cellular activities and signaling pathways. The cluster lifetime, which depends on the actin cytoskeleton, and on the mechanical forces it generates, determines the strength of AJs and their plasticity. The key aspects of cadherin adhesion, therefore, cannot be understood at the level of isolated cadherin molecules, but should be discussed in the context of cadherin clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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5
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Minikes AM, Song Y, Feng Y, Yoon C, Yoon SS, Jiang X. E-cadherin is a biomarker for ferroptosis sensitivity in diffuse gastric cancer. Oncogene 2023; 42:848-857. [PMID: 36717701 PMCID: PMC10291936 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Diffuse-type gastric cancer (DGC) is a particularly aggressive subtype that is both difficult to detect and treat. DGC is distinguished by weak cell-cell cohesion, most often due to loss of the cell adhesion protein E-cadherin, a common occurrence in highly invasive, metastatic cancer cells. In this study, we demonstrate that loss-of-function mutation of E-cadherin in DGC cells results in their increased sensitivity to the non-apoptotic, iron-dependent form of cell death, ferroptosis. Homophilic contacts between E-cadherin molecules on adjacent cells suppress ferroptosis through activation of the Hippo pathway. Furthermore, single nucleotide mutations observed in DGC patients that ablate the homophilic binding capacity of E-cadherin reverse the ability of E-cadherin to suppress ferroptosis in both cell culture and xenograft models. Importantly, although E-cadherin loss in cancer cells is considered an essential event for epithelial-mesenchymal transition and subsequent metastasis, we found that circulating DGC cells lacking E-cadherin expression possess lower metastatic ability, due to their increased susceptibility to ferroptosis. Together, this study suggests that E-cadherin is a biomarker predicting the sensitivity to ferroptosis of DGC cells, both in primary tumor tissue and in circulation, thus guiding the usage of future ferroptosis-inducing therapeutics for the treatment of DGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Minikes
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yu Song
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Yan Feng
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Changhwan Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sam S Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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6
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Wang Y, Li X, Liu Y, Wang J, Huang X. Effect of MC3T3 cell density on osteoclastic differentiation of mouse bone marrow cells. Tissue Cell 2022; 75:101724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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To Stick or Not to Stick: Adhesions in Orofacial Clefts. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020153. [PMID: 35205020 PMCID: PMC8869391 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis requires a tight coordination between mechanical forces and biochemical signals to inform individual cellular behavior. For these developmental processes to happen correctly the organism requires precise spatial and temporal coordination of the adhesion, migration, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis of cells originating from the three key embryonic layers, namely the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The cytoskeleton and its remodeling are essential to organize and amplify many of the signaling pathways required for proper morphogenesis. In particular, the interaction of the cell junctions with the cytoskeleton functions to amplify the behavior of individual cells into collective events that are critical for development. In this review we summarize the key morphogenic events that occur during the formation of the face and the palate, as well as the protein complexes required for cell-to-cell adhesions. We then integrate the current knowledge into a comprehensive review of how mutations in cell-to-cell adhesion genes lead to abnormal craniofacial development, with a particular focus on cleft lip with or without cleft palate.
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8
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P120 catenin potentiates constitutive E-cadherin dimerization at the plasma membrane and regulates trans binding. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3017-3027.e7. [PMID: 34019823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins are essential adhesion proteins that regulate tissue cohesion and paracellular permeability by assembling dense adhesion plaques at cell-to-cell contacts. Adherens junctions are central to a wide range of tissue functions; identifying protein interactions that potentiate their assembly and regulation has been the focus of research for over 2 decades. Here, we present evidence for a new, unexpected mechanism of cadherin oligomerization on cells. Fully quantified spectral imaging fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FSI-FRET) and fluorescence intensity fluctuation (FIF) measurements directly demonstrate that E-cadherin forms constitutive lateral (cis) dimers at the plasma membrane. Results further show that binding of the cytosolic protein p120ctn binding to the intracellular region is required for constitutive E-cadherin dimerization. This finding differs from a model that attributes lateral (cis) cadherin oligomerization solely to extracellular domain interactions. The present, novel findings are further supported by studies of E-cadherin mutants that uncouple p120ctn binding or with cells in which p120ctn was knocked out using CRISPR-Cas9. Quantitative affinity measurements further demonstrate that uncoupling p120ctn binding reduces the cadherin trans binding affinity and cell adhesion. These findings transform the current model of cadherin assembly at cell surfaces and identify the core building blocks of cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesions. They also identify a new role for p120ctn and reconcile findings that implicate both the extracellular and intracellular cadherin domains in cadherin clustering and intercellular cohesion.
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9
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Chen X, Yan H, Liu D, Xu Q, Duan H, Feng J, Yan X, Xie C. Structure basis for AA98 inhibition on the activation of endothelial cells mediated by CD146. iScience 2021; 24:102417. [PMID: 33997697 PMCID: PMC8093899 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD146 is an adhesion molecule that plays important roles in angiogenesis, cancer metastasis, and immune response. It exists as a monomer or dimer on the cell surface. AA98 is a monoclonal antibody that binds to CD146, which abrogates the activation of CD146-mediated signaling pathways and shows inhibitory effects on tumor growth. However, how AA98 inhibits the function of CD146 remains unclear. Here, we describe a crystal structure of the CD146/AA98 Fab complex at a resolution of 2.8 Å. Monomeric CD146 is stabilized by AA98 Fab binding to the junction region of CD146 domains 4 and 5. A higher-affinity AA98 variant (here named HA98) was thus rationally designed. Better binding to CD146 and prominent inhibition on cell migration were achieved with HA98. Further experiments on xenografted melanoma in mice with HA98 revealed superior inhibitory effects on tumor growth to those of AA98, which suggested future applications of this antibody in cancer therapy. Structural analysis elucidated how mAb AA98 inhibited CD146-mediated EC activation AA98-stabilized CD146 in monomer thus inhibited activation of EC Higher affinity monoclonal antibody HA98 was rationally designed for cancer treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huiwen Yan
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qingji Xu
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongxia Duan
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Can Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Science Island, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China.,International Magnetobiology Frontier Research Center, Science Island, Hefei 230031, China
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10
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Thompson CJ, Vu VH, Leckband DE, Schwartz DK. Cadherin cis and trans interactions are mutually cooperative. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019845118. [PMID: 33658369 PMCID: PMC7958404 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019845118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin transmembrane proteins are responsible for intercellular adhesion in all biological tissues and modulate tissue morphogenesis, cell motility, force transduction, and macromolecular transport. The protein-mediated adhesions consist of adhesive trans interactions and lateral cis interactions. Although theory suggests cooperativity between cis and trans bonds, direct experimental evidence of such cooperativity has not been demonstrated. Here, the use of superresolution microscopy, in conjunction with intermolecular single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer, demonstrated the mutual cooperativity of cis and trans interactions. Results further demonstrate the consequent assembly of large intermembrane junctions, using a biomimetic lipid bilayer cell adhesion model. Notably, the presence of cis interactions resulted in a nearly 30-fold increase in trans-binding lifetimes between epithelial-cadherin extracellular domains. In turn, the presence of trans interactions increased the lifetime of cis bonds. Importantly, comparison of trans-binding lifetimes of small and large cadherin clusters suggests that this cooperativity is primarily due to allostery. The direct quantitative demonstration of strong mutual cooperativity between cis and trans interactions at intermembrane adhesions provides insights into the long-standing controversy of how weak cis and trans interactions act in concert to create strong macroscopic cell adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Thompson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Vinh H Vu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309;
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11
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Thompson CJ, Su Z, Vu VH, Wu Y, Leckband DE, Schwartz DK. Cadherin clusters stabilized by a combination of specific and nonspecific cis-interactions. eLife 2020; 9:e59035. [PMID: 32876051 PMCID: PMC7505656 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a combined experimental and computational approach for the quantitative characterization of lateral interactions between membrane-associated proteins. In particular, weak, lateral (cis) interactions between E-cadherin extracellular domains tethered to supported lipid bilayers, were studied using a combination of dynamic single-molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations. Cadherins are intercellular adhesion proteins that assemble into clusters at cell-cell contacts through cis- and trans- (adhesive) interactions. A detailed and quantitative understanding of cis-clustering has been hindered by a lack of experimental approaches capable of detecting and quantifying lateral interactions between proteins on membranes. Here single-molecule intermolecular FRET measurements of wild-type E-cadherin and cis-interaction mutants combined with simulations demonstrate that both nonspecific and specific cis-interactions contribute to lateral clustering on lipid bilayers. Moreover, the intermolecular binding and dissociation rate constants are quantitatively and independently determined, demonstrating an approach that is generalizable for other interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Thompson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Zhaoqian Su
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Vinh H Vu
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Yinghao Wu
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
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12
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Actin protrusions push at apical junctions to maintain E-cadherin adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:432-438. [PMID: 31871203 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908654117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion is actin-dependent, but the precise role of actin in maintaining cell-cell adhesion is not fully understood. Actin polymerization-dependent protrusive activity is required to push distally separated cells close enough to initiate contact. Whether protrusive activity is required to maintain adhesion in confluent sheets of epithelial cells is not known. By electron microscopy as well as live cell imaging, we have identified a population of protruding actin microspikes that operate continuously near apical junctions of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Live imaging shows that microspikes containing E-cadherin extend into gaps between E-cadherin clusters on neighboring cells, while reformation of cadherin clusters across the cell-cell boundary correlates with microspike withdrawal. We identify Arp2/3, EVL, and CRMP-1 as 3 actin assembly factors necessary for microspike formation. Depleting these factors from cells using RNA interference (RNAi) results in myosin II-dependent unzipping of cadherin adhesive bonds. Therefore, actin polymerization-dependent protrusive activity operates continuously at cadherin cell-cell junctions to keep them shut and to prevent myosin II-dependent contractility from tearing cadherin adhesive contacts apart.
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13
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Tan J, Zhang X, Xiao W, Liu X, Li C, Guo Y, Xiong W, Li Y. N3ICD with the transmembrane domain can effectively inhibit EMT by correcting the position of tight/adherens junctions. Cell Adh Migr 2019; 13:203-218. [PMID: 31096822 PMCID: PMC6550553 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2019.1619958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
EMT allows a polarized epithelium to lose epithelial integrity and acquire mesenchymal characteristics. Previously, we found that overexpression of the intracellular domain of Notch3 (N3ICD) can inhibit EMT in breast cancer cells. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the influence of N3ICD or N3ICD combined with the transmembrane domain (TD+N3ICD) on the expression and distribution of TJs/AJs and polar molecules. We found that although N3ICD can upregulate the expression levels of the above-mentioned molecules, TD+N3ICD can inhibit EMT more effectively than N3ICD alone. TD+N3ICD overexpression upregulated the expression of endogenous full-length Notch3 and contributed to correcting the position of TJs/AJs molecules and better acinar structures formation. Co-immunoprecipitation results showed that the upregulated endogenous full-length Notch3 could physically interact with E-ca in MDA-MB-231/pCMV-(TD+N3ICD) cells. Collectively, our data indicate that overexpression of TD+N3ICD can effectively inhibit EMT, resulting in better positioning of TJs/AJs molecules and cell-cell adhesion in breast cancer cells. Abbreviations: EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; TJs: Tight junctions; AJs: Adherens junctions; aPKC: Atypical protein kinase C; Crb: Crumbs; Lgl: Lethal (2) giant larvae; LLGL2: lethal giant larvae homolog 2; PAR: Partitioning defective; PATJ: Pals1-associated TJ protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Tan
- The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xixun Zhang
- The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wenjun Xiao
- The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chun Li
- The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yuxian Guo
- The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yaochen Li
- The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- CONTACT Yaochen Li The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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14
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Thompson CJ, Vu VH, Leckband DE, Schwartz DK. Cadherin Extracellular Domain Clustering in the Absence of Trans-Interactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4528-4534. [PMID: 31335147 PMCID: PMC6815682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While both cis and trans (adhesive)-interactions cooperate in the assembly of intercellular adhesions, computational simulations have predicted that two-dimensional confinement may promote cis-oligomerization, in the absence of trans-interactions. Here, single-molecule tracking of cadherin extracellular domains on supported lipid bilayers revealed the density-dependent formation of oligomers and cis-clusters in the absence of trans-interactions. Lateral oligomers were virtually eliminated by mutating a putative cis (lateral) binding interface. At low cadherin surface coverage, wild-type and mutant cadherin diffused rapidly, consistent with the motion of a lipid molecule within a cadherin-free supported bilayer and with cadherins diffusing as monomers. Although the diffusion of mutant cadherin did not change appreciably with increasing surface coverage, the average short-time diffusion coefficient of wild-type cadherin slowed significantly above a fractional surface coverage of ∼0.01 (∼1100 molecules/μm2). A detailed analysis of molecular trajectories suggested the presence of a broad size distribution of cis-cadherin oligomers. These findings verify predictions that two-dimensional confinement promotes cis-oligomerization, in the absence of trans-interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J. Thompson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
| | - Vinh H. Vu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
| | - Deborah E. Leckband
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
| | - Daniel K. Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
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15
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Singh DR, Ahmed F, Sarabipour S, Hristova K. Intracellular Domain Contacts Contribute to Ecadherin Constitutive Dimerization in the Plasma Membrane. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2231-2245. [PMID: 28549925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cadherin (Ecadherin) is responsible for the intercellular cohesion of epithelial tissues. It forms lateral clusters within adherens cell-cell junctions, but its association state outside these clusters is unknown. Here, we use a quantitative Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) approach to show that Ecadherin forms constitutive dimers and that these dimers exist independently of the actin cytoskeleton or cytoplasmic proteins. The dimers are stabilized by intermolecular contacts that occur along the entire length of Ecadherin, with the intracellular domains having a surprisingly strong favorable contribution. We further show that Ecadherin mutations and calcium depletion induce structural alterations that propagate from the N terminus all the way to the C terminus, without destabilizing the dimeric state. These findings provide context for the interpretation of Ecadherin adhesion experiments. They also suggest that early events of adherens junction assembly involve interactions between from preformed Ecadherin dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deo R Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sarvenaz Sarabipour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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16
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Shashikanth N, Kisting MA, Leckband DE. Kinetic Measurements Reveal Enhanced Protein-Protein Interactions at Intercellular Junctions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23623. [PMID: 27009566 PMCID: PMC4806357 DOI: 10.1038/srep23623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding properties of adhesion proteins are typically quantified from measurements with soluble fragments, under conditions that differ radically from the confined microenvironment of membrane bound proteins in adhesion zones. Using classical cadherin as a model adhesion protein, we tested the postulate that confinement within quasi two-dimensional intercellular gaps exposes weak protein interactions that are not detected in solution binding assays. Micropipette-based measurements of cadherin-mediated, cell-cell binding kinetics identified a unique kinetic signature that reflects both adhesive (trans) bonds between cadherins on opposing cells and lateral (cis) interactions between cadherins on the same cell. In solution, proposed lateral interactions were not detected, even at high cadherin concentrations. Mutations postulated to disrupt lateral cadherin association altered the kinetic signatures, but did not affect the adhesive (trans) binding affinity. Perturbed kinetics further coincided with altered cadherin distributions at junctions, wound healing dynamics, and paracellular permeability. Intercellular binding kinetics thus revealed cadherin interactions that occur within confined, intermembrane gaps but not in solution. Findings further demonstrate the impact of these revealed interactions on the organization and function of intercellular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Shashikanth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois- 61801, USA
| | - Meridith A Kisting
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois- 61801, USA
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois- 61801, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois- 61801, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois- 61801, USA
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17
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Di Zenzo G, Amber KT, Sayar BS, Müller EJ, Borradori L. Immune response in pemphigus and beyond: progresses and emerging concepts. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:57-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Yesildag B, Bock T, Herrmanns K, Wollscheid B, Stoffel M. Kin of IRRE-like Protein 2 Is a Phosphorylated Glycoprotein That Regulates Basal Insulin Secretion. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25891-906. [PMID: 26324709 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.684704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct interactions among pancreatic β-cells via cell surface proteins inhibit basal and enhance stimulated insulin secretion. Here, we functionally and biochemically characterized Kirrel2, an immunoglobulin superfamily protein with β-cell-specific expression in the pancreas. Our results show that Kirrel2 is a phosphorylated glycoprotein that co-localizes and interacts with the adherens junction proteins E-cadherin and β-catenin in MIN6 cells. We further demonstrate that the phosphosites Tyr(595-596) are functionally relevant for the regulation of Kirrel2 stability and localization. Analysis of the extracellular and intracellular domains of Kirrel2 revealed that it is cleaved and shed from MIN6 cells and that the remaining membrane spanning cytoplasmic domain is processed by γ-secretase complex. Kirrel2 knockdown with RNA interference in MIN6 cells and ablation of Kirrel2 from mice with genetic deletion resulted in increased basal insulin secretion from β-cells, with no immediate influence on stimulated insulin secretion, total insulin content, or whole body glucose metabolism. Our results show that in pancreatic β-cells Kirrel2 localizes to adherens junctions, is regulated by multiple post-translational events, including glycosylation, extracellular cleavage, and phosphorylation, and engages in the regulation of basal insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcak Yesildag
- From the Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich
| | - Thomas Bock
- the Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Auguste-Piccard-Hof 1, 8093 Zurich, and
| | - Karolin Herrmanns
- From the Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- the Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Auguste-Piccard-Hof 1, 8093 Zurich, and
| | - Markus Stoffel
- From the Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, the Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Auguste-Piccard-Hof 1, 8093 Zurich, and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Shashikanth N, Petrova YI, Park S, Chekan J, Maiden S, Spano M, Ha T, Gumbiner BM, Leckband DE. Allosteric Regulation of E-Cadherin Adhesion. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21749-61. [PMID: 26175155 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.657098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins are transmembrane adhesion proteins that maintain intercellular cohesion in all tissues, and their rapid regulation is essential for organized tissue remodeling. Despite some evidence that cadherin adhesion might be allosterically regulated, testing of this has been hindered by the difficulty of quantifying altered E-cadherin binding affinity caused by perturbations outside the ectodomain binding site. Here, measured kinetics of cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesion demonstrated quantitatively that treatment with activating, anti-E-cadherin antibodies or the dephosphorylation of a cytoplasmic binding partner, p120(ctn), increased the homophilic binding affinity of E-cadherin. Results obtained with Colo 205 cells, which express inactive E-cadherin and do not aggregate, demonstrated that four treatments, which induced Colo 205 aggregation and p120(ctn) dephosphorylation, triggered quantitatively similar increases in E-cadherin affinity. Several processes can alter cell aggregation, but these results directly demonstrated the allosteric regulation of cell surface E-cadherin by p120(ctn) dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuliya I Petrova
- the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and
| | | | - Jillian Chekan
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801
| | - Stephanie Maiden
- the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and
| | - Martha Spano
- the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and
| | - Taekjip Ha
- From the Departments of Biochemistry, Physics, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Barry M Gumbiner
- the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- From the Departments of Biochemistry, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801,
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20
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Abstract
Cell-cell adhesions are necessary for structural integrity and barrier formation of the epidermis. Here, we discuss insights from genetic and cell biological studies into the roles of individual cell-cell junctions and their composite proteins in regulating epidermal development and function. In addition to individual adhesive functions, we will discuss emerging ideas on mechanosensation/transduction of junctions in the epidermis, noncanonical roles for adhesion proteins, and crosstalk/interdependencies between the junctional systems. These studies have revealed that cell adhesion proteins are connected to many aspects of tissue physiology including growth control, differentiation, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaelyn D Sumigray
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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21
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Kumar A, Gupta T, Berzsenyi S, Giangrande A. N-cadherin negatively regulates collective Drosophila glial migration via actin cytoskeleton remodeling. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:900-12. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.157974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is an essential and highly regulated process. During development, glia and neurons migrate over long distances, in most cases collectively, to reach their final destination and build the sophisticated architecture of the nervous system, the most complex tissue of the body. Collective migration is highly stereotyped and efficient, defects in the process leading to severe human diseases that include mental retardation. This dynamic process entails extensive cell communication and coordination, hence the real challenge is to analyze it in the whole organism and at cellular resolution. We here investigate the impact of the N-cadherin adhesion molecule on collective glial migration using the Drosophila developing wing and cell-type specific manipulation of gene expression. We show that N-cadherin timely accumulates in glial cells and that its levels affect migration efficiency. N-cadherin works as a molecular brake in a dosage dependent manner by negatively controlling actin nucleation and cytoskeleton remodeling through α/β catenins. This is the first in vivo evidence for N-cadherin negatively and cell autonomously controlling collective migration.
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22
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Asad M, Wong MK, Tan TZ, Choolani M, Low J, Mori S, Virshup D, Thiery JP, Huang RYJ. FZD7 drives in vitro aggressiveness in Stem-A subtype of ovarian cancer via regulation of non-canonical Wnt/PCP pathway. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1346. [PMID: 25032869 PMCID: PMC4123093 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) can be classified into five biologically distinct molecular subgroups: epithelial-A (Epi-A), Epi-B, mesenchymal (Mes), Stem-A and Stem-B. Among them, Stem-A expresses genes relating to stemness and is correlated with poor clinical prognosis. In this study, we show that frizzled family receptor 7 (FZD7), a receptor for Wnt signalling, is overexpressed in the Stem-A subgroup. To elucidate the functional roles of FZD7, we used an RNA interference gene knockdown approach in three Stem-A cell lines: CH1, PA1 and OV-17R. Si-FZD7 OC cells showed reduced cell proliferation with an increase in the G0/G1 sub-population, with no effect on apoptosis. The cells also displayed a distinctive morphologic change by colony compaction to become more epithelial-like and polarised with smaller internuclear distances and increased z-axis height. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining patterns of pan-cadherin and β-catenin suggested an increase in cadherin-based cell–cell adhesion in si-FZD7 cells. We also observed a significant rearrangement in the actin cytoskeleton and an increase in tensile contractility in si-FZD7 OC cells, as evident by the loss of stress fibres and the redistribution of phospho-myosin light chain (pMLC) from the sites of cell–cell contacts to the periphery of cell colonies. Furthermore, there was reciprocal regulation of RhoA (Ras homolog family member A) and Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rho family, small GTP-binding protein Rac1)) activities upon FZD7 knockdown, with a significant reduction in RhoA activity and a concomitant upregulation in Rac1 activity. These changes in pMLC and RhoA, as well as the increased TopFlash reporter activities in si-FZD7 cells, suggested involvement of the non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Selected PCP pathway genes (cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 3 (CELSR3), prickle homolog 4 (Drosophila) (PRICKLE4), dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis 1 (DAAM1), profilin 2 (PFN2), protocadherin 9 (PCDH9), protocadherin α1 (PCDHA1), protocadherin β17 pseudogene (PCDHB17), protocadherin β3 (PCDHB3), sprouty homolog 1 (SPRY1) and protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7)) were found to be more highly expressed in Stem-A than non Stem-A subgroup of OC. Taken together, our results suggest that FZD7 might drive aggressiveness in Stem-A OC by regulating cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, maintenance of the Mes phenotype and cell migration via casein kinase 1ɛ-mediated non-canonical Wnt/PCP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Asad
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M K Wong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - T Z Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M Choolani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Low
- 1] Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore [2] National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Mori
- Division of Cancer Genomics, Cancer Institute of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - D Virshup
- Duke NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J P Thiery
- 1] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore [2] National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore [3] Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore [4] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - R Y-J Huang
- 1] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore [2] Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore [3] National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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23
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Baumgartner W. Possible roles of LI-Cadherin in the formation and maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Tissue Barriers 2014; 1:e23815. [PMID: 24665380 PMCID: PMC3879124 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.23815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
LI-cadherin belongs to the so called 7D-cadherins, exceptional members of the cadherin superfamily which are characterized by seven extracellular cadherin repeats and a small cytosolic domain. Under physiological conditions LI-cadherin is expressed in the intestine and colon in human and mouse and in the rat also in hepatocytes. LI-cadherin was shown to act as a functional Ca2+-dependent adhesion molecule, linking neighboring cells and a lot of biophysical and biochemical parameters were determined in the last time. It is also known that dysregulated LI-cadherin expression can be found in a variety of diseases. Although there are several hypothesis and theoretical models concerning the function of LI-cadherin, the physiological role of LI-cadherin is still enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Baumgartner
- Department of Cellular Neurobionics; RWTH-Aachen University; Aachen; Germany
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24
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Sotomayor M, Gaudet R, Corey DP. Sorting out a promiscuous superfamily: towards cadherin connectomics. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 24:524-36. [PMID: 24794279 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Members of the cadherin superfamily of proteins are involved in diverse biological processes such as morphogenesis, sound transduction, and neuronal connectivity. Key to cadherin function is their extracellular domain containing cadherin repeats, which can mediate interactions involved in adhesion and cell signaling. Recent cellular, biochemical, and structural studies have revealed that physical interaction among cadherins is more complex than originally thought. Here we review work on new cadherin complexes and discuss how the classification of the mammalian family can be used to search for additional cadherin-interacting partners. We also highlight some of the challenges in cadherin research; namely, the characterization of a cadherin connectome in biochemical and structural terms, as well as the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying the functional diversity of nonclassical cadherins in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA.
| | - Rachelle Gaudet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - David P Corey
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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25
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Monteiro AC, Luissint AC, Sumagin R, Lai C, Vielmuth F, Wolf MF, Laur O, Reiss K, Spindler V, Stehle T, Dermody TS, Nusrat A, Parkos CA. Trans-dimerization of JAM-A regulates Rap2 and is mediated by a domain that is distinct from the cis-dimerization interface. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1574-85. [PMID: 24672055 PMCID: PMC4019489 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-01-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) is a tight junction–associated signaling protein that homodimerizes across cells at a unique motif to activate the small GTPase Rap2, previously implicated in the regulation of barrier function. JAM-A may therefore act as a barrier-inducing molecular switch that is activated when cells become confluent. Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) is a tight junction–associated signaling protein that regulates epithelial cell proliferation, migration, and barrier function. JAM-A dimerization on a common cell surface (in cis) has been shown to regulate cell migration, and evidence suggests that JAM-A may form homodimers between cells (in trans). Indeed, transfection experiments revealed accumulation of JAM-A at sites between transfected cells, which was lost in cells expressing cis- or predicted trans-dimerization null mutants. Of importance, microspheres coated with JAM-A containing alanine substitutions to residues 43NNP45 (NNP-JAM-A) within the predicted trans-dimerization site did not aggregate. In contrast, beads coated with cis-null JAM-A demonstrated enhanced clustering similar to that observed with wild-type (WT) JAM-A. In addition, atomic force microscopy revealed decreased association forces in NNP-JAM-A compared with WT and cis-null JAM-A. Assessment of effects of JAM-A dimerization on cell signaling revealed that expression of trans- but not cis-null JAM-A mutants decreased Rap2 activity. Furthermore, confluent cells, which enable trans-dimerization, had enhanced Rap2 activity. Taken together, these results suggest that trans-dimerization of JAM-A occurs at a unique site and with different affinity compared with dimerization in cis. Trans-dimerization of JAM-A may thus act as a barrier-inducing molecular switch that is activated when cells become confluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Monteiro
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Anny-Claude Luissint
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ronen Sumagin
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Caroline Lai
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Mattie F Wolf
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Oskar Laur
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Kerstin Reiss
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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26
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Yang W, Yan L, Wu C, Zhao X, Tang J. Fungal invasion of epithelial cells. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:803-10. [PMID: 24670964 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interaction between host cells and invasive Candida plays a large role in the pathogenicity of Candida species. Fungal-induced endocytosis and active penetration are the two distinct, yet complementary invasion mechanisms of invasive candidiasis. Induced endocytosis is a microorganism-triggered, epithelial-driven, clathrin-mediated and actin-dependent process. During the fundamental pathological process of induced endocytosis, invasins (Als3 and Ssa1), which mediate the binding of host epithelial surface proteins, are expressed by Candida species on the hyphal surface. Sequentially, the interaction between invasins and host epithelial surface proteins stimulates the recruitment of clathrin, dynamin and cortactin to the sites where Candida enters epithelial cells, which in turn induce the actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Actin cytoskeleton provides the force required for fungal internalization. Parallely, active penetration of Candida can directly pass through epithelial cells possibly due to progressive elongation of hyphae and physical forces. Several molecules, such as secreted hydrolases and Als3, can affect the protective barrier of the epithelium and make Candida actively penetrate into epithelial cells through intercellular gaps of epithelial layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Yang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Lei Yan
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Chunrong Wu
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xiangwang Zhao
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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27
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Takeda H. Effects of Cd2+ on cis-dimer structure of E-cadherin in living cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:467-72. [PMID: 24480437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin, a calcium (Ca(2+))-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule, plays a key role in the maintenance of tissue integrity. We have previously demonstrated that E-cadherin functions in vivo as a cis-dimer through chemical cross-linking reagents. Ca(2+) plays an important role in the cis-dimer formation of cadherin. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Ca(2+) interacts with the binding sites that regulate cis-dimer structures have not been completely elucidated. As expected for a Ca(2+) antagonist, cadmium (Cd(2+)) disrupts cadherin function by displacing Ca(2+) from its binding sites on the cadherin molecules. We used Cd(2+) as a probe for investigating the role of Ca(2+) in the dynamics of the E-cadherin extracellular region that involve cis-dimer formation and adhesion. While cell-cell adhesion assembly was completely disrupted in the presence of Cd(2+), the amount of cis-dimers of E-cadherin that formed at the cell surface was not affected. In our "Cd(2+)-switch" experiments, we did not find that Cd(2+)-induced E-cadherin cis-dimer formation in EL cells when they were incubated in low-Ca(2+) medium. In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time the effects of Cd(2+) on the cis-dimer structure of E-cadherin in living cells using a chemical cross-link analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takeda
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1, W-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Mechanobiology Institute Singapore and Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411.
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29
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Tokuo H, Coluccio LM. Myosin-1c regulates the dynamic stability of E-cadherin-based cell-cell contacts in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:2820-33. [PMID: 23864705 PMCID: PMC3771945 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-12-0884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myo1c knockdown causes defects in E-cadherin localization, E-cadherin binding, and cell–cell contact of Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. Expression of wild-type Myo1c, but not motor-dead mutants or those unable to bind membrane, reverses the phenotype, evidence that Myo1c modulates the assembly/maintenance of adherens junctions. Cooperation between cadherins and the actin cytoskeleton controls the formation and maintenance of cell–cell adhesions in epithelia. We find that the molecular motor protein myosin-1c (Myo1c) regulates the dynamic stability of E-cadherin–based cell–cell contacts. In Myo1c-depleted Madin–Darby canine kidney cells, E-cadherin localization was disorganized and lateral membranes appeared less vertical with convoluted edges versus control cells. In polarized monolayers, Myo1c-knockdown (KD) cells were more sensitive to reduced calcium concentration. Myo1c separated in the same plasma membrane fractions as E-cadherin, and Myo1c KD caused a significant reduction in the amount of E-cadherin recovered in one peak fraction. Expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)–Myo1c mutants revealed that the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate–binding site is necessary for its localization to cell–cell adhesions, and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching assays with GFP-Myo1c mutants revealed that motor function was important for Myo1c dynamics at these sites. At 18°C, which inhibits vesicle recycling, Myo1c-KD cells accumulated more E-cadherin–positive vesicles in their cytoplasm, suggesting that Myo1c affects E-cadherin endocytosis. Studies with photoactivatable GFP–E-cadherin showed that Myo1c KD reduced the stability of E-cadherin at cell–cell adhesions. We conclude that Myo1c stabilizes E-cadherin at adherens junctions in polarized epithelial cells and that the motor function and ability of Myo1c to bind membrane are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tokuo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118-2518
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Sivasankar S. Tuning the kinetics of cadherin adhesion. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2318-2323. [PMID: 23812234 PMCID: PMC3773255 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins are Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion proteins that maintain the structural integrity of the epidermis; their principle function is to resist mechanical force. This review summarizes the biophysical mechanisms by which classical cadherins tune adhesion and withstand mechanical stress. We first relate the structure of classical cadherins to their equilibrium binding properties. We then review the role of mechanical perturbations in tuning the kinetics of cadherin adhesion. In particular, we highlight recent studies that show that cadherins form three types of adhesive bonds: catch bonds, which become longer lived and lock in the presence of tensile force; slip bonds, which become shorter lived when pulled; and ideal bonds, which are insensitive to tugging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeevi Sivasankar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA; Ames Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa, USA.
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Lohia M, Qin Y, Macara IG. The Scribble polarity protein stabilizes E-cadherin/p120-catenin binding and blocks retrieval of E-cadherin to the Golgi. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51130. [PMID: 23226478 PMCID: PMC3511384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several polarity proteins, including Scribble (Scrb) have been implicated in control of vesicle traffic, and in particular the endocytosis of E-cadherin, but through unknown mechanisms. We now show that depletion of Scrb enhances endocytosis of E-cadherin by weakening the E-cadherin-p120catenin interaction. Unexpectedly, however, the internalized E-cadherin is not degraded but accumulates in the Golgi apparatus. Silencing p120-catenin causes degradation of E-cadherin in lysosomes, but degradation is blocked by the co-depletion of Scrb, which diverts the internalized E-cadherin to the Golgi. Loss of Scrb also enhances E-cadherin binding to retromer components, and retromer is required for Golgi accumulation of Scrb, and E-cadherin stability. These data identify a novel and unanticipated function for Scrb in blocking retromer-mediated diversion of E-cadherin to the Golgi. They provide evidence that polarity proteins can modify the intracellular itinerary for endocytosed membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Lohia
- Department of Microbiology, Ctr for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Ctr for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ian G. Macara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
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32
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Levayer R. [Regulation of intercellular adhesion during epithelial morphogenesis]. Biol Aujourdhui 2012; 206:219-36. [PMID: 23171844 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2012021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium is one of the most abundant tissues in metazoans. It is required to generate stable chemical and mechanical barriers between physiological compartments (fluid matrix/external environment). This function is based on multiple intercellular junctions, which insulate and stabilize cell-cell contacts in the tissue. Despite this apparent robustness, epithelia can be extensively remodeled during wound healing, embryogenesis and tumor progression. The capacity to be remodeled while keeping tissue cohesion requires a perfect balance between stability and plasticity of intercellular junctions. The balance is partially regulated by intercellular adhesion, which is mostly based on adherens junctions and the transmembrane protein E-cadherin. The aim of this review is to report the molecular basis of the balance between plasticity and robustness in the epithelium. We will first present the minimal physical framework used to describe epithelial cell shape. We will then describe the main processes involved in intercellular adhesion regulation and their functions during epithelial morphogenesis. Eventually, we will analyze the relationship and the coupling between adhesive forces and cortical tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Levayer
- Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille Luminy, Marseille, France.
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Kraft B, Berger CD, Wallkamm V, Steinbeisser H, Wedlich D. Wnt-11 and Fz7 reduce cell adhesion in convergent extension by sequestration of PAPC and C-cadherin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 198:695-709. [PMID: 22908314 PMCID: PMC3514027 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201110076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Wnt-11/frizzled-7 reduces the lateral clustering of C-cadherin by capturing the
protocadherin PAPC and C-cadherin into distinct adhesion-modulating
complexes. Wnt-11/planar cell polarity signaling polarizes mesodermal cells undergoing
convergent extension during Xenopus laevis gastrulation. These
shape changes associated with lateral intercalation behavior require a dynamic
modulation of cell adhesion. In this paper, we report that Wnt-11/frizzled-7
(Fz7) controls cell adhesion by forming separate adhesion-modulating complexes
(AMCs) with the paraxial protocadherin (PAPC; denoted as AMCP) and C-cadherin
(denoted as AMCC) via distinct Fz7 interaction domains. When PAPC was part of a
Wnt-11–Fz7 complex, its Dynamin1- and clathrin-dependent internalization
was blocked. This membrane stabilization of AMCP (Fz7/PAPC) by Wnt-11 prevented
C-cadherin clustering, resulting in reduced cell adhesion and modified cell
sorting activity. Importantly, Wnt-11 did not influence C-cadherin
internalization; instead, it promoted the formation of AMCC (Fz7/Cadherin),
which competed with cis-dimerization of C-cadherin. Because PAPC and C-cadherin
did not directly interact and did not form a joint complex with Fz7, we suggest
that Wnt-11 triggers the formation of two distinct complexes, AMCC and AMCP,
that act in parallel to reduce cell adhesion by hampering lateral clustering of
C-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Kraft
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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McClatchey AI, Yap AS. Contact inhibition (of proliferation) redux. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:685-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kohan-Ghadr HR, Smith LC, Arnold DR, Murphy BD, Lefebvre RC. Aberrant expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin proteins in placenta of bovine embryos derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012; 24:588-98. [PMID: 22541547 DOI: 10.1071/rd11162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal placental development is common in the bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)-derived fetus. In the present study, we characterised the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin, structural proteins of adherens junctions, in SCNT gestations as a model for impaired placentation. Cotyledonary tissues were separated from pregnant uteri of SCNT (n = 6) and control pregnancies (n = 8) obtained by artificial insemination. Samples were analysed by western blot, quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Bovine trophectoderm cell lines derived from SCNT and control embryos were analysed to compare with the in utero condition. Although no differences in E-cadherin or β-catenin mRNA abundance were observed in fetal tissues between the two groups, proteins encoded by these genes were markedly under-expressed in SCNT trophoblast cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed a different pattern of E-cadherin and total β-catenin localisation in SCNT placentas compared with controls. No difference was observed in subcellular localisation of dephosphorylated active-β-catenin protein in SCNT tissues compared with controls. However, qRT-PCR confirmed that the wingless (WNT)/β-catenin signalling pathway target genes CCND1, CLDN1 and MSX1 were downregulated in SCNT placentas. No differences were detected between two groups of bovine trophectoderm cell lines. Our results suggest that impaired expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin proteins, along with defective β-catenin signalling during embryo attachment, specifically during placentation, is a molecular mechanism explaining insufficient placentation in the bovine SCNT-derived fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Kohan-Ghadr
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
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Di Zenzo G, Di Lullo G, Corti D, Calabresi V, Sinistro A, Vanzetta F, Didona B, Cianchini G, Hertl M, Eming R, Amagai M, Ohyama B, Hashimoto T, Sloostra J, Sallusto F, Zambruno G, Lanzavecchia A. Pemphigus autoantibodies generated through somatic mutations target the desmoglein-3 cis-interface. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3781-90. [PMID: 22996451 DOI: 10.1172/jci64413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune blistering disease of skin and mucous membranes caused by autoantibodies to the desmoglein (DSG) family proteins DSG3 and DSG1, leading to loss of keratinocyte cell adhesion. To learn more about pathogenic PV autoantibodies, we isolated 15 IgG antibodies specific for DSG3 from 2 PV patients. Three antibodies disrupted keratinocyte monolayers in vitro, and 2 were pathogenic in a passive transfer model in neonatal mice. The epitopes recognized by the pathogenic antibodies were mapped to the DSG3 extracellular 1 (EC1) and EC2 subdomains, regions involved in cis-adhesive interactions. Using a site-specific serological assay, we found that the cis-adhesive interface on EC1 recognized by the pathogenic antibody PVA224 is the primary target of the autoantibodies present in the serum of PV patients. The autoantibodies isolated used different heavy- and light-chain variable region genes and carried high levels of somatic mutations in complementary-determining regions, consistent with antigenic selection. Remarkably, binding to DSG3 was lost when somatic mutations were reverted to the germline sequence. These findings identify the cis-adhesive interface of DSG3 as the immunodominant region targeted by pathogenic antibodies in PV and indicate that autoreactivity relies on somatic mutations generated in the response to an antigen unrelated to DSG3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Zenzo
- Molecular and cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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LI-cadherin cis-dimerizes in the plasma membrane Ca(2+) independently and forms highly dynamic trans-contacts. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3851-62. [PMID: 22842778 PMCID: PMC3478510 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
LI-cadherin belongs to the family of 7D-cadherins that is characterized by a low sequence similarity to classical cadherins, seven extracellular cadherin repeats (ECs), and a short cytoplasmic domain. Nevertheless, LI-cadherins mediates Ca2+-dependent cell–cell adhesion and induces an epitheloid cellular phenotype in non-polarized CHO cells. Whereas several studies suggest that classical cadherins cis-dimerize in a Ca2+-dependent manner and interact in trans by strand-swapping tryptophan 2 of EC1, little is known about the molecular interactions of LI-cadherin, which lacks tryptophan 2. We thus expressed fluorescent LI-cadherin fusion proteins in HEK293 and CHO cells, analyzed their cell–cell adhesive properties and studied their cellular distribution, cis-interaction, and lateral diffusion in the presence and absence of Ca2+. LI-cadherin highly concentrates in cell contact areas but rapidly leaves those sites upon Ca2+ depletion and redistributes evenly on the cell surface, indicating that it is only kept in the contact areas by trans-interactions. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis of LI-cadherin-CFP and -YFP revealed that LI-cadherin forms cis-dimers that resist Ca2+ depletion. As determined by fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching, LI-cadherin freely diffuses in the plasma membrane as a cis-dimer (D = 0.42 ± 0.03 μm2/s). When trapped by trans-binding in cell contact areas, its diffusion coefficient decreases only threefold to D = 0.12 ± 0.01 μm2/s, revealing that, in contrast to classical and desmosomal cadherins, trans-contacts formed by LI-cadherin are highly dynamic.
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Tabdili H, Barry AK, Langer MD, Chien YH, Shi Q, Lee KJ, Lu S, Leckband DE. Cadherin point mutations alter cell sorting and modulate GTPase signaling. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3299-309. [PMID: 22505612 PMCID: PMC3516376 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.087395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of cadherin binding differences on both cell sorting and GTPase activation. The use of N-terminal domain point mutants of Xenopus C-cadherin enabled us to quantify binding differences and determine their effects on cadherin-dependent functions without any potential complications arising as a result of differences in cytodomain interactions. Dynamic cell-cell binding measurements carried out with the micropipette manipulation technique quantified the impact of these mutations on the two-dimensional binding affinities and dissociation rates of cadherins in the native context of the cell membrane. Pairwise binding affinities were compared with in vitro cell-sorting specificity and ligation-dependent GTPase signaling. Two-dimensional affinity differences greater than five-fold correlated with cadherin-dependent in vitro cell segregation, but smaller differences failed to induce cell sorting. Comparison of the binding affinities with GTPase signaling amplitudes further demonstrated that differential binding also proportionally modulates intracellular signaling. These results show that differential cadherin affinities have broader functional consequences than merely controlling cell-cell cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Tabdili
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Adrienne K. Barry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Matthew D. Langer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yuan-Hung Chien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Quanming Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Keng Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shaoying Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Deborah E. Leckband
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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Biswas S, Emond MR, Jontes JD. The clustered protocadherins Pcdhα and Pcdhγ form a heteromeric complex in zebrafish. Neuroscience 2012; 219:280-9. [PMID: 22659564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The clustered protocadherin genes encode a diverse collection of neuronal cell surface receptors. These genes have been proposed to play roles in axon targeting, synaptic development and neuronal survival, although their specific cellular roles remain poorly defined. In zebrafish there are four clustered protocadherin genes, two pcdhα clusters and two pcdhγ clusters, that give rise to over 100 distinct proteins, each with a distinct ectodomain (EC). The zebrafish is an excellent model in which to address the function of protocadherins during neural development, as the embryos are transparent, develop rapidly, and are amenable to experimental manipulation. As a first step to investigating the clustered protocadherins during zebrafish development, we have generated antibodies against the common cytodomains of zebrafish Pcdhγ. We compare the distribution of Pcdhγ with Pcdhα and find a similar pan-neuronal pattern, with strong labeling of neurons within all major regions of the central nervous system. Pcdhα and Pcdhγ are particularly enriched in the developing visual system, with strong labeling found in the synaptic layers of the retina, as well as the optic tectum. Consistent with studies in mouse, we find that Pcdhα and Pcdhγ are present in a complex, as they can be co-immunoprecipitated from zebrafish larval extracts. This interaction is direct and occurs through the ECs of these proteins. Using standard bead aggregation assays, we find no evidence for intrinsic adhesive ability by either Pcdhγ or Pcdhα, suggesting that they do not function as cell adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Biswas
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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40
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Ninomiya H, David R, Damm EW, Fagotto F, Niessen CM, Winklbauer R. Cadherin-dependent differential cell adhesion in Xenopus causes cell sorting in vitro but not in the embryo. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:1877-83. [PMID: 22328523 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.095315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion differences between cell populations are in principle a source of strong morphogenetic forces promoting cell sorting, boundary formation and tissue positioning, and cadherins are main mediators of cell adhesion. However, a direct link between cadherin expression, differential adhesion and morphogenesis has not yet been determined for a specific process in vivo. To identify such a connection, we modulated the expression of C-cadherin in the Xenopus laevis gastrula, and combined this with direct measurements of cell adhesion-related parameters. Our results show that gastrulation is surprisingly tolerant of overall changes in adhesion. Also, as expected, experimentally generated, cadherin-based adhesion differences promote cell sorting in vitro. Importantly, however, such differences do not lead to the sorting of cells in the embryo, showing that differential adhesion is not sufficient to drive morphogenesis in this system. Compensatory recruitment of cadherin protein to contacts between cadherin-deprived and -overexpressing cells could contribute to the prevention of sorting in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Ninomiya
- University of Toronto, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Toronto, M5S 3G5 Canada
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41
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Abstract
Xenopus gastrulation consists of the orderly deformation of a single, multilayered cell sheet that resembles a multilayered epithelium, and flexible cell-cell adhesion has to provide tissue cohesion while allowing for cell rearrangements that drive gastrulation. A few classic cadherins are expressed in the Xenopus early embryo. The prominent C-cadherin is essential for the cohesion of the animal part of the gastrula including ectoderm and chordamesoderm, and it contributes to the adhesion of endoderm and anterior mesoderm in the vegetal moiety. The cadherin/catenin complex is expressed in a graded pattern which is stable during early development. Regional differences in cell adhesion conform to the graded cadherin/catenin expression pattern. However, although the cadherin/catenin pattern seems to be actively maintained, and cadherin function is modulated to reinforce differential adhesiveness, it is not clear how regional differences in tissue cohesion affect gastrulation. Manipulating cadherin expression or function does not induce cell sorting or boundary formation in the embryo. Moreover, known boundary formation mechanisms in the gastrula are based on active cell repulsion. Cell rearrangement is also compatible with variable tissue cohesion. Thus, identifying roles for differential adhesion in the Xenopus gastrula remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,
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Langer MD, Guo H, Shashikanth N, Pierce JM, Leckband DE. N-Glycosylation Alters Cadherin-Mediated Intercellular Binding Kinetics. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2478-85. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
These results present direct evidence that the N-glycosylation state of neural cadherin impacts the intrinsic kinetics of cadherin-mediated intercellular binding. Micropipette manipulation measurements quantified the effect of N-glycosylation mutations intercellular binding dynamics. The wild type protein exhibits a two-stage binding process in which a fast, initial binding step is followed by a short lag and second, slower transition to the final binding stage. Mutations that ablate N-glycosylation at three sites on the extracellular domains 2 and 3 (EC2-3) of neural cadherin alter this kinetic fingerprint. Glycosylation does not affect the affinities between the adhesive N-terminal domains, but instead modulates additional cadherin interactions, which govern the dynamics of intercellular binding. These results, together with prior findings that these hypo-glycosylation mutations increase the prevalence of cis dimers on cell membranes, suggest a binding mechanism in which initial adhesion is followed by additional cadherin interactions, which enhance binding but are modulated by N-glycosylation. Given that oncogene expression drives specific changes in N-glycosylation, these results provide insight into possible mechanisms altering cadherin function during tumor progression.
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Abstract
Since the identification of cadherins and the publication of the first crystal structures, the mechanism of cadherin adhesion, and the underlying structural basis have been studied with a number of different experimental techniques, different classical cadherin subtypes, and cadherin fragments. Earlier studies based on biophysical measurements and structure determinations resulted in seemingly contradictory findings regarding cadherin adhesion. However, recent experimental data increasingly reveal parallels between structures, solution binding data, and adhesion-based biophysical measurements that are beginning to both reconcile apparent differences and generate a more comprehensive model of cadherin-mediated cell adhesion. This chapter summarizes the functional, structural, and biophysical findings relevant to cadherin junction assembly and adhesion. We emphasize emerging parallels between findings obtained with different experimental approaches. Although none of the current models accounts for all of the available experimental and structural data, this chapter discusses possible origins of apparent discrepancies, highlights remaining gaps in current knowledge, and proposes challenges for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Leckband
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Ave, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA,
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Abstract
The cadherin-catenin complex is the major building block of the adherens junction. It is responsible for coupling Ca(2+)-dependent intercellular junctions with various intracellular events, including actin dynamics and signaling pathways. Determination of three-dimensional structures of cadherins, p120 catenin, β-catenin and α-catenin at atomic-level resolution has allowed us to examine how the structure and function of cell adhesion molecules are further modulated by protein-protein interactions. Structural studies of cadherins revealed the strand-swap-dependent and -independent trans-dimerization mechanisms, as well as a potential mechanism for lateral clustering of cadherin trans-dimers. Crystallographic and NMR analyses of p120 catenin revealed that it regulates the stability of cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion by associating with the majority of the E-cadherin juxtamembrane domain, including residues implicated in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and Hakai-dependent ubiquitination. Crystal structures of the β-catenin/E-cadherin complex and the β-/α-catenin chimera revealed extensive interactions necessary to form the cadherin/β-catenin/α-catenin ternary complex. Structural characterization of α-catenin has revealed conformational changes within the N-terminal and modulatory domains that are crucial for its role as a mechanosensor of cell-cell adhesion. Further insights into the connection between the cadherin-catenin complex and the actin cytoskeleton are integral to better understand how adjoining cells communicate through cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Ishiyama
- Ontario Cancer Institute, 610 University Avenue, M5G 2M9, Toronto, ON, Canada
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45
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Chtcheglova LA, Hinterdorfer P. Atomic force microscopy functional imaging on vascular endothelial cells. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 931:331-44. [PMID: 23027010 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-056-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the challenging tasks in molecular cell biology is to identify and localize specific binding sites on biological samples with high spatial accuracy (in order of several nm). During the past 5 years, simultaneous topography and recognition imaging (TREC) has become a powerful AFM-based technique for quick and easy high-resolution receptor mapping. In this chapter, we provide a flavor of TREC application on vascular endothelial cells by describing the detailed procedures for all stages of the experiment from tip and sample preparations through the operating principles and visualization.
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46
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Rambaruth NDS, Dwek MV. Cell surface glycan-lectin interactions in tumor metastasis. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:591-600. [PMID: 21501858 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of secondary cancers, metastases, requires that a multitude of events are completed in an ordered and sequential manner. This review focuses on the role of cell surface glycans and their binding partners in the metastatic process. A common feature of metastasis is that the steps require adhesive interactions; many of these are mediated by cell surface glycans and their interactions with endogenous carbohydrate binding proteins (lectins). Aberrant glycosylation is a key feature of malignant transformation and the glycans involved influence the adhesive interactions of cancer cells often providing favorable conditions for tumor dissemination. This review focuses on glycans on the cancer cell surface and their association with endogenous lectins. In particular, E-cadherin and siglec-mediated disaggregation of tumor cells from the primary tumor mass; integrins, laminin and CD44-mediated invasion and migration of tumor cells through the connective tissue; the involvement of heparan sulphate in tumor angiogenesis and C-/S-type lectin interactions with the vasculature. The potential role of glycans in cancer cell evasion of immune surveillance is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neela D S Rambaruth
- Department of Molecular and Applied Biosciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
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Niessen CM, Leckband D, Yap AS. Tissue organization by cadherin adhesion molecules: dynamic molecular and cellular mechanisms of morphogenetic regulation. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:691-731. [PMID: 21527735 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cadherin-based tissue morphogenesis. Tissue physiology is profoundly influenced by the distinctive organizations of cells in organs and tissues. In metazoa, adhesion receptors of the classical cadherin family play important roles in establishing and maintaining such tissue organization. Indeed, it is apparent that cadherins participate in a range of morphogenetic events that range from support of tissue integrity to dynamic cellular rearrangements. A comprehensive understanding of cadherin-based morphogenesis must then define the molecular and cellular mechanisms that support these distinct cadherin biologies. Here we focus on four key mechanistic elements: the molecular basis for adhesion through cadherin ectodomains, the regulation of cadherin expression at the cell surface, cooperation between cadherins and the actin cytoskeleton, and regulation by cell signaling. We discuss current progress and outline issues for further research in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carien M Niessen
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Canel M, Serrels A, Anderson KI, Frame MC, Brunton VG. Use of photoactivation and photobleaching to monitor the dynamic regulation of E-cadherin at the plasma membrane. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 4:491-501. [PMID: 20595808 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.4.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic control of E-cadherin is critical for establishing and maintaining cell-cell junctions in epithelial cells. The concentration of E-cadherin molecules at adherens junctions (AJs) is regulated by lateral movement of E-cadherin within the plasma membrane and endocytosis. Here we set out to study the interplay between these processes and their contribution to E-cadherin dynamics. Using photoactivation (PA) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) we were able to monitor the fate of E-cadherin molecules within the plasma membrane. Our results suggest that the motility of E-cadherin within, and away from, the cell surface are not exclusive or independent mechanisms and there is a fine balance between the two which when perturbed can have dramatic effects on the regulation of AJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canel
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Chtcheglova LA, Hinterdorfer P. Simultaneous topography and recognition imaging on endothelial cells. J Mol Recognit 2011; 24:788-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Oroz J, Valbuena A, Vera AM, Mendieta J, Gómez-Puertas P, Carrión-Vázquez M. Nanomechanics of the cadherin ectodomain: "canalization" by Ca2+ binding results in a new mechanical element. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9405-18. [PMID: 21177864 PMCID: PMC3058956 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.170399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins form a large family of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion receptors involved in development, morphogenesis, synaptogenesis, differentiation, and carcinogenesis through signal mechanotransduction using an adaptor complex that connects them to the cytoskeleton. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying mechanotransduction through cadherins remain unknown, although their extracellular region (ectodomain) is thought to be critical in this process. By single molecule force spectroscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and protein engineering, here we have directly examined the nanomechanics of the C-cadherin ectodomain and found it to be strongly dependent on the calcium concentration. In the presence of calcium, the ectodomain extends through a defined ("canalized") pathway that involves two mechanical resistance elements: a mechanical clamp from the cadherin domains and a novel mechanostable component from the interdomain calcium-binding regions ("calcium rivet") that is abolished by magnesium replacement and in a mutant intended to impede calcium coordination. By contrast, in the absence of calcium, the mechanical response of the ectodomain becomes largely "decanalized" and destabilized. The cadherin ectodomain may therefore behave as a calcium-switched "mechanical antenna" with very different mechanical responses depending on calcium concentration (which would affect its mechanical integrity and force transmission capability). The versatile mechanical design of the cadherin ectodomain and its dependence on extracellular calcium facilitate a variety of mechanical responses that, we hypothesize, could influence the various adhesive properties mediated by cadherins in tissue morphogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and disease. Our work represents the first step toward the mechanical characterization of the cadherin system, opening the door to understanding the mechanical bases of its mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Oroz
- From the Instituto Cajal/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), and Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Nanociencia, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, E-28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Valbuena
- From the Instituto Cajal/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), and Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Nanociencia, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, E-28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Manuel Vera
- From the Instituto Cajal/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), and Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Nanociencia, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, E-28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Mendieta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain, and
- Biomol-Informatics SL, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulino Gómez-Puertas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain, and
| | - Mariano Carrión-Vázquez
- From the Instituto Cajal/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), and Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Nanociencia, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, E-28002 Madrid, Spain
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