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VanSant-Webb C, Low HK, Kuramoto J, Stanley CE, Qiang H, Su AY, Ross AN, Cooper CG, Cox JE, Summers SA, Evason KJ, Ducker GS. Phospholipid isotope tracing suggests β-catenin-driven suppression of phosphatidylcholine metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159514. [PMID: 38795827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Activating mutations in the CTNNB1 gene encoding β-catenin are among the most frequently observed oncogenic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Profound alterations in lipid metabolism, including increases in fatty acid oxidation and transformation of the phospholipidome, occur in HCC with CTNNB1 mutations, but it is unclear what mechanisms give rise to these changes. We employed untargeted lipidomics and targeted isotope tracing to measure phospholipid synthesis activity in an inducible human liver cell line expressing mutant β-catenin, as well as in transgenic zebrafish with activated β-catenin-driven HCC. In both models, activated β-catenin expression was associated with large changes in the lipidome including conserved increases in acylcarnitines and ceramides and decreases in triglycerides. Lipid isotope tracing analysis in human cells revealed a reduction in phosphatidylcholine (PC) production rates as assayed by choline incorporation. We developed lipid isotope tracing analysis for zebrafish tumors and observed reductions in phosphatidylcholine synthesis by both the CDP-choline and PEMT pathways. The observed changes in the β-catenin-driven HCC phospholipidome suggest that zebrafish can recapitulate conserved features of HCC lipid metabolism and may serve as a model for identifying future HCC-specific lipid metabolic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad VanSant-Webb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Hayden K Low
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Junko Kuramoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Claire E Stanley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Hantao Qiang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Audrey Y Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Alexis N Ross
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chad G Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - James E Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Scott A Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kimberley J Evason
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Gregory S Ducker
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Zou Y, Xu L, Wang W, Zhu X, Lin J, Li H, Chen J, Xu W, Gao H, Wu X, Yin Z, Wang Q. Muscone restores anoikis sensitivity in TMZ-resistant glioblastoma cells by suppressing TOP2A via the EGFR/Integrin β1/FAK signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155714. [PMID: 38723526 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temozolomide (TMZ) resistance is the main obstacle faced by glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment. Muscone, one of the primary active pharmacological ingredients of Shexiang (Moschus), can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and is being investigated as an antineoplastic medication. However, muscone treatment for GBM has received little research, and its possible mechanisms are still unclear. PURPOSE This study aims to evaluate the effect and the potential molecular mechanism of muscone on TMZ-resistant GBM cells. METHODS The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between TMZ-resistant GBM cells and TMZ-sensitive GBM cells were screened using GEO2R. By progressively raising the TMZ concentration, a relatively stable TMZ-resistant human GBM cell line was established. The drug-resistance traits of U251-TR cells were assessed via the CCK-8 assay and Western Blot analysis of MGMT and TOP2A expression. Cell viability, cell proliferation, cell migration ability, and drug synergism were detected by the CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, wound healing assay, and drug interaction relationship test, respectively. Anoikis was quantified by Calcein-AM/EthD-1 staining, MTT assay, and flow cytometry. Measurements of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were performed using cell cycle staining, Annexin V-FITC/PI labeling, JC-1 assay, and ROS assay, respectively. DNA damage was measured by TUNEL assay, alkaline comet assay, and γ-H2AX foci assay. GEPIA was used to investigate the link between the anoikis marker (FAK)/drug resistance gene and critical proteins in the EGFR/Integrin β1 signaling pathway. Molecular docking was used to anticipate the probable targets of muscone. The intracellular co-localization and expression of EGFR and FAK were shown using immunofluorescence. The U251-TR cell line stably overexpressing EGFR was constructed using lentiviral transduction to assess the involvement of EGFR-related signaling in anoikis resistance. Western Blot was employed to detect the expression of migration-related proteins, cyclins, anoikis-related proteins, DNA damage/repair-related proteins, and associated pathway proteins. RESULTS DEGs analysis identified 97 deregulated chemotherapy-resistant genes and 3779 upregulated genes in TMZ-resistant GBM cells. Subsequent experiments verified TMZ resistance and the hyper-expression of DNA repair-related genes (TOP2A and MGMT) in continuously low-dose TMZ-induced U251-TR cells. Muscone exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of U251-TR cell migration and proliferation, and its co-administration with TMZ showed the potential for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. By downregulating FAK, muscone reduced anoikis resistance in anchorage-independent U251-TR cells. It also caused cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase by upregulating p21 and downregulating CDK1, CDK2, and Cyclin E1. Muscone-induced anoikis was accompanied by mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, ROS production, an increase in the BAX/Bcl-2 ratio, as well as elevated levels of Cytochrome c (Cyt c), cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3. These findings indicated that muscone might trigger mitochondrial-dependent anoikis via ROS generation. Moreover, significant DNA damage, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), the formation of γ-H2AX foci, and a reduction in TOP2A expression are also associated with muscone-induced anoikis. Overexpression of EGFR in U251-TR cells boosted the expression of Integrin β1, FAK, β-Catenin, and TOP2A, whereas muscone suppressed the expression levels of EGFR, Integrin β1, β-Catenin, FAK, and TOP2A. Muscone may influence the expression of the key DNA repair enzyme, TOP2A, by suppressing the EGFR/Integrin β1/FAK pathway. CONCLUSION We first demonstrated that muscone suppressed TOP2A expression through the EGFR/Integrin β1/FAK pathway, hence restoring anoikis sensitivity in TMZ-resistant GBM cells. These data suggest that muscone may be a promising co-therapeutic agent for enhancing GBM treatment, particularly in cases of TMZ-resistant GBM with elevated TOP2A expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Zou
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China; Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Lanyang Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Wanyu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jiaqi Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Huazhao Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Haiqiong Gao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xianghui Wu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhixin Yin
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Qirui Wang
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China; Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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Mazziotta C, Iaquinta MR, Tramarin ML, Badiale G, Cervellera CF, Tonnini G, Patergnani S, Pinton P, Lanza G, Gafà R, Tognon M, Martini F, De Mattei M, Rotondo JC. Hsa-microRNA-1249-3p/Homeobox A13 axis modulates the expression of β-catenin gene in human epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22872. [PMID: 38129477 PMCID: PMC10739948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49837-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion is a key function for epithelial cells. The fundamental mechanisms relying on epithelial cell adhesion have been partially uncovered. Hsa-microRNA-1249-3p (hsa-miR-1249-3p) plays a role in the epithelial mesenchymal transition in carcinoma cells, but its physiological function in epithelial cells is unknown. We aimed to investigate the role and molecular mechanisms of hsa-miR-1249-3p on epithelial cell functions. Hsa-miR-1249-3p was overexpressed in human epithelial cells and uterine cervical tissues, compared to cervical carcinoma cells and precancerous tissues, respectively. Hsa-miR-1249-3p was analyzed to verify its regulatory function on Homeobox A13 (HOXA13) target gene and its downstream cell adhesion gene β-catenin. Functional experiments indicated that hsa-miR-1249-3p inhibition prompted the mRNA and protein overexpression of HOXA13 which, in turn, led to the β-catenin protein expression. Moreover, hsa-miR-1249-3p inhibition induced a strong colony forming ability in epithelial cells, suggesting the miR involvement in cell adhesion machinery. These data indicate that hsa-miR-1249-3p regulates the expression of HOXA13 and its downstream cell adhesion gene β-catenin, possible resulting in cell adhesion modification in epithelial cells. This study will allow the set-up of further investigations aimed at exploring the relationship between the hsa-miR-1249-3p/HOXA13 axis and downstream cell adhesion genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mazziotta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Iaquinta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Tramarin
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giada Badiale
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Christian Felice Cervellera
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Tonnini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lanza
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberta Gafà
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica De Mattei
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - John Charles Rotondo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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Sobhi Amjad Z, Shojaeian A, Sadri Nahand J, Bayat M, Taghizadieh M, Rostamian M, Babaei F, Moghoofei M. Oncoviruses: Induction of cancer development and metastasis by increasing anoikis resistance. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22598. [PMID: 38144298 PMCID: PMC10746446 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of cell death is a vital aspect in the regulation of aberrant cells such as cancer cells. Anoikis is a kind of cell death that occurs when cells get separated from the extracellular matrix. Some cancer cells can inhibit anoikis in order to progress metastasis. One of the key variables that might be implicated in anoikis resistance (AR) is viral infections. The most important viruses involved in this process are Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus, hepatitis B virus, human herpes virus 8, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, and hepatitis C virus. A better understanding of how carcinogenic viruses suppress anoikis might be helpful in developing an effective treatment for virus-associated cancers. In the current study, we review the role of the mentioned viruses and their gene products in anoikis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sobhi Amjad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mobina Bayat
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghizadieh
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mosayeb Rostamian
- Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farhad Babaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Vujovic F, Shepherd CE, Witting PK, Hunter N, Farahani RM. Redox-Mediated Rewiring of Signalling Pathways: The Role of a Cellular Clock in Brain Health and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1873. [PMID: 37891951 PMCID: PMC10604469 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metazoan signalling pathways can be rewired to dampen or amplify the rate of events, such as those that occur in development and aging. Given that a linear network topology restricts the capacity to rewire signalling pathways, such scalability of the pace of biological events suggests the existence of programmable non-linear elements in the underlying signalling pathways. Here, we review the network topology of key signalling pathways with a focus on redox-sensitive proteins, including PTEN and Ras GTPase, that reshape the connectivity profile of signalling pathways in response to an altered redox state. While this network-level impact of redox is achieved by the modulation of individual redox-sensitive proteins, it is the population by these proteins of critical nodes in a network topology of signal transduction pathways that amplifies the impact of redox-mediated reprogramming. We propose that redox-mediated rewiring is essential to regulate the rate of transmission of biological signals, giving rise to a programmable cellular clock that orchestrates the pace of biological phenomena such as development and aging. We further review the evidence that an aberrant redox-mediated modulation of output of the cellular clock contributes to the emergence of pathological conditions affecting the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Vujovic
- IDR/Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; (F.V.); (N.H.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Paul K. Witting
- Redox Biology Group, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Neil Hunter
- IDR/Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; (F.V.); (N.H.)
| | - Ramin M. Farahani
- IDR/Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; (F.V.); (N.H.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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6
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VanSant-Webb C, Low HK, Kuramoto J, Stanley CE, Qiang H, Su A, Ross AN, Cooper CG, Cox JE, Summers SA, Evason KJ, Ducker GS. Phospholipid isotope tracing reveals β-catenin-driven suppression of phosphatidylcholine metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.12.562134. [PMID: 37904922 PMCID: PMC10614757 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Activating mutations in the CTNNB1 gene encoding β-catenin are among the most frequently observed oncogenic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC with CTNNB1 mutations show profound alterations in lipid metabolism including increases in fatty acid oxidation and transformation of the phospholipidome, but it is unclear how these changes arise and whether they contribute to the oncogenic program in HCC. Methods We employed untargeted lipidomics and targeted isotope tracing to quantify phospholipid production fluxes in an inducible human liver cell line expressing mutant β-catenin, as well as in transgenic zebrafish with activated β-catenin-driven HCC. Results In both models, activated β-catenin expression was associated with large changes in the lipidome including conserved increases in acylcarnitines and ceramides and decreases in triglycerides. Lipid flux analysis in human cells revealed a large reduction in phosphatidylcholine (PC) production rates as assayed by choline tracer incorporation. We developed isotope tracing lipid flux analysis for zebrafish and observed similar reductions in phosphatidylcholine synthesis flux accomplished by sex-specific mechanisms. Conclusions The integration of isotope tracing with lipid abundances highlights specific lipid class transformations downstream of β-catenin signaling in HCC and suggests future HCC-specific lipid metabolic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad VanSant-Webb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
| | - Hayden K Low
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
| | - Junko Kuramoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Claire E Stanley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
| | - Hantao Qiang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
| | - Audrey Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
| | - Alexis N Ross
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
| | - Chad G Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
| | - James E Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
| | - Scott A Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health. Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Kimberley J Evason
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah. Salt Lake City UT, 84112 USA
| | - Gregory S Ducker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah. Salt Lake City UT, 84112 USA
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Zhu Z, Fang C, Xu H, Yuan L, Du Y, Ni Y, Xu Y, Shao A, Zhang A, Lou M. Anoikis resistance in diffuse glioma: The potential therapeutic targets in the future. Front Oncol 2022; 12:976557. [PMID: 36046036 PMCID: PMC9423707 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.976557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common malignant intracranial tumor and exhibits diffuse metastasis and a high recurrence rate. The invasive property of glioma results from cell detachment. Anoikis is a special form of apoptosis that is activated upon cell detachment. Resistance to anoikis has proven to be a protumor factor. Therefore, it is suggested that anoikis resistance commonly occurs in glioma and promotes diffuse invasion. Several factors, such as integrin, E-cadherin, EGFR, IGFR, Trk, TGF-β, the Hippo pathway, NF-κB, eEF-2 kinase, MOB2, hypoxia, acidosis, ROS, Hsp and protective autophagy, have been shown to induce anoikis resistance in glioma. In our present review, we aim to summarize the underlying mechanism of resistance and the therapeutic potential of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyou Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Houshi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichao Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunjia Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanzhi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anke Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiqing Lou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ganier L, Betzi S, Derviaux C, Roche P, Dessaux C, Muller C, Hoffer L, Morelli X, Borg JP. Discovery of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the PTK7/β-Catenin Interaction Targeting the Wnt Signaling Pathway in Colorectal Cancer. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1061-1072. [PMID: 35483008 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), the second cause of death due to cancer worldwide, is a major public health issue. The discovery of new therapeutic targets is thus essential. Pseudokinase PTK7 intervenes in the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway signaling, in part, through a kinase domain-dependent interaction with the β-catenin protein. PTK7 is overexpressed in CRC, an event associated with metastatic development and reduced survival of nonmetastatic patients. In addition, numerous alterations have been identified in CRC inducing constitutive activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway signaling through β-catenin accumulation. Thus, targeting the PTK7/β-catenin interaction could be of interest for future drug development. We have developed a NanoBRET screening assay recapitulating the interaction between PTK7 and β-catenin to identify compounds able to disrupt this protein-protein interaction. A high-throughput screening allowed us to identify small-molecule inhibitors targeting the Wnt pathway signaling and inducing antiproliferative and antitumor effects in vitro in CRC cells harboring β-catenin or adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutations. Thus, inhibition of the PTK7/β-catenin interaction could represent a new therapeutic strategy to inhibit cell growth dependent on the Wnt signaling pathway. Moreover, despite a lack of enzymatic activity of its tyrosine kinase domain, targeting the PTK7 kinase domain-dependent functions appears to be of interest for further therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Ganier
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue “Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling and Cancer”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Team “Integrative Structural and Chemical Biology”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Stephane Betzi
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Team “Integrative Structural and Chemical Biology”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, “HiTS/IPCdd─High Throughput Screening Platform”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Carine Derviaux
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, “HiTS/IPCdd─High Throughput Screening Platform”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Philippe Roche
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Team “Integrative Structural and Chemical Biology”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, “HiTS/IPCdd─High Throughput Screening Platform”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Charlotte Dessaux
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue “Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling and Cancer”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Christophe Muller
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, “HiTS/IPCdd─High Throughput Screening Platform”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Laurent Hoffer
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Team “Integrative Structural and Chemical Biology”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Xavier Morelli
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Team “Integrative Structural and Chemical Biology”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, “HiTS/IPCdd─High Throughput Screening Platform”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue “Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling and Cancer”, 27 Blvd Lei Roure CS30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 17 Rue de France, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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9
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The Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor Spint2 is required for cellular cohesion, coordinated cell migration and cell survival during zebrafish hatching gland development. Dev Biol 2021; 476:148-170. [PMID: 33826923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor Spint1a, also named Hai1a, is required in the zebrafish embryonic epidermis to restrict the activity of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) Matriptase1a/St14a, thereby ensuring epidermal homeostasis. A closely related Kunitz-type inhibitor is Spint2/Hai2, which in mammals plays multiple developmental roles that are either redundant or non-redundant with those of Spint1. However, the molecular bases for these non-redundancies are not fully understood. Here, we study spint2 during zebrafish development. It is co-expressed with spint1a in multiple embryonic epithelia, including the outer/peridermal layer of the epidermis. However, unlike spint1a, spint2 expression is absent from the basal epidermal layer but present in hatching gland cells. Hatching gland cells derive from the mesendodermal prechordal plate, from where they undergo a thus far undescribed transit into, and coordinated sheet migration within, the interspace between the outer and basal layer of the epidermis to reach their final destination on the yolk sac. Hatching gland cells usually survive their degranulation that drives embryo hatching but die several days later. In spint2 mutants, cohesion among hatching gland cells and their collective intra-epidermal migration are disturbed, leading to a discontinuous organization of the gland. In addition, cells undergo precocious cell death before degranulation, so that embryos fail to hatch. Chimera analyses show that Spint2 is required in hatching gland cells, but not in the overlying periderm, their potential migration and adhesion substrate. Spint2 acts independently of all tested Matriptases, Prostasins and other described Spint1 and Spint2 mediators. However, it displays a tight genetic interaction with and acts at least partly via the cell-cell adhesion protein E-cadherin, promoting both hatching gland cell cohesiveness and survival, in line with formerly reported effects of E-cadherin during morphogenesis and cell death suppression. In contrast, no such genetic interaction was observed between Spint2 and the cell-cell adhesion molecule EpCAM, which instead interacts with Spint1a. Our data shed new light onto the mechanisms of hatching gland morphogenesis and hatching gland cell survival. In addition, they reveal developmental roles of Spint2 that are strikingly different from those of Spint1, most likely due to differences in the expression patterns and relevant target proteins.
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10
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Liu H, Liu X, Li Y, Zhou X, Tan X, Niu B, Cheng N, Liu H. Novel Peptide Inhibitors of β-Catenin Effectively Suppress the Tumorigenesis of Colorectal Cancer. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Lee HY, Son SW, Moeng S, Choi SY, Park JK. The Role of Noncoding RNAs in the Regulation of Anoikis and Anchorage-Independent Growth in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020627. [PMID: 33435156 PMCID: PMC7827914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a global health concern, and the prognosis of patients with cancer is associated with metastasis. Multistep processes are involved in cancer metastasis. Accumulating evidence has shown that cancer cells acquire the capacity of anoikis resistance and anchorage-independent cell growth, which are critical prerequisite features of metastatic cancer cells. Multiple cellular factors and events, such as apoptosis, survival factors, cell cycle, EMT, stemness, autophagy, and integrins influence the anoikis resistance and anchorage-independent cell growth in cancer. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), are dysregulated in cancer. They regulate cellular signaling pathways and events, eventually contributing to cancer aggressiveness. This review presents the role of miRNAs and lncRNAs in modulating anoikis resistance and anchorage-independent cell growth. We also discuss the feasibility of ncRNA-based therapy and the natural features of ncRNAs that need to be contemplated for more beneficial therapeutic strategies against cancer.
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12
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Ye G, Yang Q, Lei X, Zhu X, Li F, He J, Chen H, Ling R, Zhang H, Lin T, Liang Z, Liang Y, Huang H, Guo W, Deng H, Liu H, Hu Y, Yu J, Li G. Nuclear MYH9-induced CTNNB1 transcription, targeted by staurosporin, promotes gastric cancer cell anoikis resistance and metastasis. Theranostics 2020; 10:7545-7560. [PMID: 32685004 PMCID: PMC7359096 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Peritoneal metastasis predicts poor prognosis of gastric cancer (GC) patients, and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Methods: The 2-DIGE, MALDI-TOF/TOF MS and single-cell transcriptome were used to detect differentially expressed proteins among normal gastric mucosa, primary GC and peritoneal metastatic tissues. Lentiviruses carrying shRNA and transcription activator-like effector nuclease technology were used to knock down myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9) expression in GC cell lines. Immunofluorescence, immune transmission electron microscopy, chromatin fractionation, co-immunoprecipitation, and assays for chromatin immunoprecipitation, dual luciferase reporter, agarose-oligonucleotide pull-down, flow cytometry and cell anoikis were performed to uncover nuclear MYH9-induced β-catenin (CTNNB1) transcription in vitro. Nude mice and conditional transgenic mice were used to investigate the findings in vivo. Results: We observed that MYH9 was upregulated in metastatic GC tissues and was associated with a poor prognosis of GC patients. Mechanistically, we confirmed that MYH9 was mainly localized in the GC cell nuclei by four potential nuclear localization signals. Nuclear MYH9 bound to the CTNNB1 promoter through its DNA-binding domain, and interacted with myosin light chain 9, β-actin and RNA polymerase II to promote CTNNB1 transcription, which conferred resistance to anoikis in GC cells in vitro and in vivo. Staurosporine reduced nuclear MYH9 S1943 phosphorylation to inhibit CTNNB1 transcription, Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation and GC progression in both orthotropic xenograft GC nude mouse and transgenic GC mouse models. Conclusion: This study identified that nuclear MYH9-induced CTNNB1 expression promotes GC metastasis, which could be inhibited by staurosporine, indicating a novel therapy for GC peritoneal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengtai Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Qingbin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xuetao Lei
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Present address: Department of General Surgery, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, China
| | - Fengping Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jiayong He
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Ruoyu Ling
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Haisheng Zhang
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tian Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhiping Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yanrui Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Haipeng Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Weihong Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Haijun Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yanfeng Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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13
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Cool CD, Kuebler WM, Bogaard HJ, Spiekerkoetter E, Nicolls MR, Voelkel NF. The hallmarks of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension: the cancer hypothesis-ten years later. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L1115-L1130. [PMID: 32023082 PMCID: PMC9847334 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00476.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are most frequently the consequence of a lumen-obliterating angiopathy. One pathobiological model is that the initial pulmonary vascular endothelial cell injury and apoptosis is followed by the evolution of phenotypically altered, apoptosis-resistant, proliferating cells and an inflammatory vascular immune response. Although there may be a vasoconstrictive disease component, the increased pulmonary vascular shear stress in established PAH is caused largely by the vascular wall pathology. In this review, we revisit the "quasi-malignancy concept" of severe PAH and examine to what extent the hallmarks of PAH can be compared with the hallmarks of cancer. The cancer model of severe PAH, based on the growth of abnormal vascular and bone marrow-derived cells, may enable the emergence of novel cell-based PAH treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlyne D. Cool
- 1Department of Pathology, University of Colorado,
Anschuetz Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Harm Jan Bogaard
- 3Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edda Spiekerkoetter
- 4Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Mark R. Nicolls
- 4Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Norbert F. Voelkel
- 3Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Jamal MH, Nunes ACF, Vaziri ND, Ramchandran R, Bacallao RL, Nauli AM, Nauli SM. Rapamycin treatment correlates changes in primary cilia expression with cell cycle regulation in epithelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114056. [PMID: 32470549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are sensory organelles that regulate cell cycle and signaling pathways. In addition to its association with cancer, dysfunction of primary cilia is responsible for the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and other ciliopathies. Because the association between cilia formation or length and cell cycle or division is poorly understood, we here evaluated their correlation in this study. Using Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) technique, we showed that PKD and the cancer/tumorigenic epithelial cells PC3, DU145, and NL20-TA were associated with abnormal ploidy. We also showed that PKD and the cancer epithelia were highly proliferative. Importantly, the cancer epithelial cells had a reduction in the presence and/or length of primary cilia relative to the normal kidney (NK) cells. We then used rapamycin to restore the expression and length of primary cilia in these cells. Our subsequent analyses indicated that both the presence and length of primary cilia were inversely correlated with cell proliferation. Collectively, our data suggest that restoring the presence and/or length of primary cilia may serve as a novel approach to inhibit cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha H Jamal
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ane C F Nunes
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Physiology and Biophysics Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Physiology and Biophysics Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Ramani Ramchandran
- Department of Pediatrics, Developmental Vascular Biology Program, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert L Bacallao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andromeda M Nauli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Surya M Nauli
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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15
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Van Campenhout R, Cooreman A, Leroy K, Rusiecka OM, Van Brantegem P, Annaert P, Muyldermans S, Devoogdt N, Cogliati B, Kwak BR, Vinken M. Non-canonical roles of connexins. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 153:35-41. [PMID: 32220599 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions mediate cellular communication and homeostasis by controlling the intercellular exchange of small and hydrophilic molecules and ions. Gap junction channels are formed by the docking of 2 hemichannels of adjacent cells, which in turn are composed of 6 connexin subunits. Connexin proteins as such can also control the cellular life cycle independent of their channel activities. This has been most demonstrated in the context of cell growth and cell death. Different mechanisms are involved mainly related to direct interaction with cell growth or cell death regulators, but also implying effects on the expression of cell growth and cell death regulators. The present paper focuses on these atypical roles of connexin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raf Van Campenhout
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Cooreman
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kaat Leroy
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olga M Rusiecka
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pieter Van Brantegem
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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16
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Melnik D, Sahana J, Corydon TJ, Kopp S, Nassef MZ, Wehland M, Infanger M, Grimm D, Krüger M. Dexamethasone Inhibits Spheroid Formation of Thyroid Cancer Cells Exposed to Simulated Microgravity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020367. [PMID: 32033410 PMCID: PMC7072698 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Detachment and the formation of spheroids under microgravity conditions can be observed with various types of intrinsically adherent human cells. In particular, for cancer cells this process mimics metastasis and may provide insights into cancer biology and progression that can be used to identify new drug/target combinations for future therapies. By using the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX), we were able to suppress spheroid formation in a culture of follicular thyroid cancer (FTC)-133 cells that were exposed to altered gravity conditions on a random positioning machine. DEX inhibited the growth of three-dimensional cell aggregates in a dose-dependent manner. In the first approach, we analyzed the expression of several factors that are known to be involved in key processes of cancer progression such as autocrine signaling, proliferation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and anoikis. Wnt/β-catenin signaling and expression patterns of important genes in cancer cell growth and survival, which were further suggested to play a role in three-dimensional aggregation, such as NFKB2, VEGFA, CTGF, CAV1, BCL2(L1), or SNAI1, were clearly affected by DEX. Our data suggest the presence of a more complex regulation network of tumor spheroid formation involving additional signal pathways or individual key players that are also influenced by DEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Melnik
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (D.M.); (S.K.); (M.Z.N.); (M.W.); (M.I.)
| | - Jayashree Sahana
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (J.S.); (T.J.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Thomas J. Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (J.S.); (T.J.C.); (D.G.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Sascha Kopp
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (D.M.); (S.K.); (M.Z.N.); (M.W.); (M.I.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed Zakaria Nassef
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (D.M.); (S.K.); (M.Z.N.); (M.W.); (M.I.)
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (D.M.); (S.K.); (M.Z.N.); (M.W.); (M.I.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (D.M.); (S.K.); (M.Z.N.); (M.W.); (M.I.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (J.S.); (T.J.C.); (D.G.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Pfälzer Platz, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (D.M.); (S.K.); (M.Z.N.); (M.W.); (M.I.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-391-6721-267
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17
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Rezaei-Lotfi S, Farahani RM. Coupled cycling and regulation of metazoan morphogenesis. Cell Div 2020; 15:1. [PMID: 32002022 PMCID: PMC6986050 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-020-0059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metazoan animals are characterized by restricted phenotypic heterogeneity (i.e. morphological disparity) of organisms within various species, a feature that contrasts sharply with intra-species morphological diversity observed in the plant kingdom. Robust emergence of morphogenic blueprint in metazoan animals reflects restricted autonomy of individual cells in adoption of fate outcomes such as differentiation. Fates of individual cells are linked to and influenced by fates of neighboring cells at the population level. Such coupling is a common property of all self-organising systems and propels emergence of order from simple interactions between individual cells without supervision by external directing forces. As a consequence of coupling, expected functional relationship between the constituent cells of an organ system is robustly established concurrent with multiple rounds of cell division during morphogenesis. Notably, the molecular regulation of multicellular coupling during morphogenic self-organisation remains largely unexplored. Here, we review the existing literature on multicellular self-organisation with particular emphasis on recent discovery that β-catenin is the key coupling factor that programs emergence of multi-cellular self-organisation by regulating synchronised cycling of individual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramin M Farahani
- IDR/Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia.,2Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
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18
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Loss of cell-matrix contact increases hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent transcriptional activity in glioma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:77-84. [PMID: 31128911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In a variety of malignomas, the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype has been linked with anchorage-independent growth and invasiveness. To some extent, glioma cells are able to survive a loss of cell-matrix contact. We here describe that non-adherent culture of glioma cells was accompanied by an increase in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-dependent, but not β-catenin/TCF-induced transcription. Levels of reactive oxygen species decreased in suspension and knockdown of HIF-1α enhanced cell death following detachment. By promoting the adaptation to non-adherent conditions, mechanisms driven by HIF-1α may considerably contribute to the biology and aggressiveness of glioblastoma.
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19
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Kim JS, Kim HJ, Lee MY, Moon KC, Song SG, Kim HS, Han I, Kim IH. Survival outcomes after adjuvant radiotherapy for aggressive fibromatosis depend on time frame and nuclear β-catenin. Radiat Oncol J 2019; 37:37-42. [PMID: 30947479 PMCID: PMC6453810 DOI: 10.3857/roj.2018.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify prognostic factors influencing progression-free survival (PFS) of aggressive fibromatosis (AF) after postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) and assess correlations between immunohistochemistry (IHC) features of β-catenin/smooth muscle actin (SMA) and PFS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Records of 37 patients with AF treated by PORT from 1984 to 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Fifteen patients underwent wide excision for AF and 22 patients received debulking operation. The median total dose of PORT was 59.4 Gy. IHC staining results of β-catenin and SMA were available for 11 and 12 patients, respectively. RESULTS The median follow-up duration was 105.9 months. Five-year PFS rate was 70.9%. Tumor size or margin status was not related to PFS in univariate analysis (p = 0.197 and p = 0.716, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that increased interval from surgery to PORT (>5.7 weeks) was a marginal risk factor for PFS (p = 0.054). Administration of PORT at the initial diagnosis resulted in significantly improved PFS compared to deferring PORT after recurrence (p = 0.045). Patient with both risk factors of deferring PORT after recurrence and interval from surgery to PORT >5.7 weeks had significantly lower 5-year PFS than patients without risk factor (34.1% vs. 100.0%; p = 0.012). Nuclear β-catenin intensity tended to inversely correlate with 5-year PFS, although it did not reach statistical significance (62.5% at low vs. 100.0% at high; p = 0.260). SMA intensity was not related to PFS (p = 0.700). CONCLUSION PORT should be performed immediately after surgery irrespective of margin status or tumor size especially in recurrent case. Nuclear β-catenin staining intensity of IHC might correlate with local recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sik Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hak Jae Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Me-Yeon Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Geun Song
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Soo Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ilkyu Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il Han Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Maimouni S, Lee MH, Sung YM, Hall M, Roy A, Ouaari C, Hwang YS, Spivak J, Glasgow E, Swift M, Patel J, Cheema A, Kumar D, Byers S. Tumor suppressor RARRES1 links tubulin deglutamylation to mitochondrial metabolism and cell survival. Oncotarget 2019; 10:1606-1624. [PMID: 30899431 PMCID: PMC6422194 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RARRES1, a retinoic acid regulated carboxypeptidase inhibitor associated with fatty acid metabolism, stem cell differentiation and tumorigenesis is among the most commonly methylated loci in multiple cancers but has no known mechanism of action. Here we show that RARRES1 interaction with cytoplasmic carboxypeptidase 2 (CCP2) inhibits tubulin deglutamylation, which in turn regulates the mitochondrial voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC1), mitochondrial membrane potential, AMPK activation, energy balance and metabolically reprograms cells and zebrafish to a more energetic and anabolic phenotype. Depletion of RARRES1 also increases expression of stem cell markers, promotes anoikis, anchorage independent growth and insensitivity to multiple apoptotic stimuli. As depletion of CCP2 or inhibition of VDAC1 reverses the effects of RARRES1 depletion on energy balance and cell survival we conclude that RARRES1 modulation of CCP2-modulated tubulin-mitochondrial VDAC1 interactions is a fundamental regulator of cancer and stem cell metabolism and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maimouni
- Department of Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mi-Hye Lee
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - You-Me Sung
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael Hall
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Arpita Roy
- University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chokri Ouaari
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.,University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yoo-Seok Hwang
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Justin Spivak
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eric Glasgow
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matthew Swift
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jay Patel
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amrita Cheema
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stephen Byers
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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21
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The chemopreventive isothiocyanate sulforaphane reduces anoikis resistance and anchorage-independent growth in non-small cell human lung cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 362:116-124. [PMID: 30365975 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of cancer cells to resist detachment-induced apoptosis, i.e. anoikis, as well as anchorage-independent growth are crucial prerequisites for tumor metastasis. Therefore, agents interfering these properties may provide novel anti-metastatic strategies. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables, is known as a potent chemopreventive agent, but its effect on anoikis resistance has not been investigated. In this study, two non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, A549 and CL1-5 cells, were treated with SFN under either suspension or adhesion conditions. SFN exhibited more potent cytotoxicity against suspending rather than adherent cancer cells. The selective cytotoxicity was due to the induction of anoikis, as evident by chromatin condensation, Annexin V binding, and activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. SFN also inhibited NSCLC cell to form spherical colonies, suggesting that anchorage-independent growth was prevented by SFN. Consistently, SFN treatment led to inactivation of FAK and Akt, down-regulation of β-catenin, and up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Because A549 cells with wild-type p53 are more sensitive to SFN than p53-mutant CL1-5 cells, p53 dependency of SFN responses were determined in p53-knockdown A549 cells. Knockdown of p53 attenuated the ability of SNF to inhibit anoikis resistance and sphere formation in A549 cancer cells, suggesting that the presence of p53 in NSCLC cancer cells is involved in the sensitivity to SFN. These results provide new insight into mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive ability of SFN and suggest a potential benefit of SFN to interfere with tumor metastasis.
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22
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Rasmussen ML, Ortolano NA, Romero-Morales AI, Gama V. Wnt Signaling and Its Impact on Mitochondrial and Cell Cycle Dynamics in Pluripotent Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9020109. [PMID: 29463061 PMCID: PMC5852605 DOI: 10.3390/genes9020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The core transcriptional network regulating stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency remains an intense area of research. Increasing evidence indicates that modified regulation of basic cellular processes such as mitochondrial dynamics, apoptosis, and cell cycle are also essential for pluripotent stem cell identity and fate decisions. Here, we review evidence for Wnt regulation of pluripotency and self-renewal, and its connections to emerging features of pluripotent stem cells, including (1) increased mitochondrial fragmentation, (2) increased sensitivity to cell death, and (3) shortened cell cycle. We provide a general overview of the stem cell–specific mechanisms involved in the maintenance of these uncharacterized hallmarks of pluripotency and highlight potential links to the Wnt signaling pathway. Given the physiological importance of stem cells and their enormous potential for regenerative medicine, understanding fundamental mechanisms mediating the crosstalk between Wnt, organelle-dynamics, apoptosis, and cell cycle will be crucial to gain insight into the regulation of stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Rasmussen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232, United States.
| | - Natalya A Ortolano
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232, United States.
| | | | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232, United States.
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232, United States.
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232, United States.
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23
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Cao Z, Livas T, Kyprianou N. Anoikis and EMT: Lethal "Liaisons" during Cancer Progression. Crit Rev Oncog 2017; 21:155-168. [PMID: 27915969 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2016016955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anoikis is a unique mode of apoptotic cell death that occurs consequentially to insufficient cell-matrix interactions. Resistance to anoikis is a critical contributor to tumor invasion and metastasis. The phenomenon is regulated by integrins, which upon engagement with components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) form adhesion complexes and the actin cytoskeleton drives the formation of cell protrusions used to adhere to ECM, directing cell migration. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers stem cell properties and leads to acquisition of a migratory and invasive phenotype by causing adherens junction breakdown and circumventing anoikis in the tumor microenvironment. The investigation of drug discovery platforms for apoptosis-driven therapeutics identified several novel agents with antitumor action via reversing resistance to anoikis, inhibiting survival pathways and impacting the EMT landscape in human cancer. In this review, we discuss current evidence on the contribution of the anoikis phenomenon functionally linked to EMT to cancer metastasis and the therapeutic value of antitumor drugs that selectively reverse anoikis resistance and/or EMT to impair tumor progression toward the development/optimization of apoptosis-driven therapeutic targeting of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- Department of Urology, Molecular Biochemistry, Pathology, Toxicology & Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, U.S.A
| | - Theodore Livas
- Department of Urology, Molecular Biochemistry, Pathology, Toxicology & Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, U.S.A
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Urology, Molecular Biochemistry, Pathology, Toxicology & Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, U.S.A
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24
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Phillips CM, Zatarain JR, Nicholls ME, Porter C, Widen SG, Thanki K, Johnson P, Jawad MU, Moyer MP, Randall JW, Hellmich JL, Maskey M, Qiu S, Wood TG, Druzhyna N, Szczesny B, Módis K, Szabo C, Chao C, Hellmich MR. Upregulation of Cystathionine-β-Synthase in Colonic Epithelia Reprograms Metabolism and Promotes Carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5741-5754. [PMID: 28923859 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The trans-sulfuration enzyme cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and its product hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are aberrantly upregulated in colorectal cancers, where they contribute to tumor growth and progression by both autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. However, it is unknown whether the CBS/H2S axis plays a role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Here, we report upregulation of CBS in human biopsies of precancerous adenomatous polyps and show that forced upregulation of CBS in an adenoma-like colonic epithelial cell line is sufficient to induce metabolic and gene expression profiles characteristic of colorectal cancer cells. Differentially expressed metabolites (65 increased and 20 decreased) clustered into the glycolytic pathway, nucleotide sugars, intermediates of the pentose phosphate pathway, and lipogenesis, including primarily phospholipids, sphingolipids, and bile acids. CBS upregulation induced broad changes in the NCM356 cell transcriptome with over 350 differentially expressed genes. These genes overlapped significantly with gene sets related to glycolysis, hypoxia, and a colon cancer cell phenotype, including genes regulated by NF-κB, KRAS, p53, and Wnt signaling, genes downregulated after E-cadherin knockdown, and genes related to increased extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. The CBS-induced switch to an anabolic metabolism was associated with increased NCM356 cell bioenergetics, proliferation, invasion through Matrigel, resistance to anoikis, and CBS-dependent tumorigenesis in immunocompromised mice. Genetic ablation of CBS in CBS heterozygous mice (CBS+/- ) reduced the number of mutagen-induced aberrant colonic crypt foci. Taken together, these results establish that activation of the CBS/H2S axis promotes colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res; 77(21); 5741-54. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R Zatarain
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Michael E Nicholls
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Steve G Widen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Ketan Thanki
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Paul Johnson
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Muhammad U Jawad
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | | | - James W Randall
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Judith L Hellmich
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Manjit Maskey
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Suimin Qiu
- Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Thomas G Wood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Nadiya Druzhyna
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Katalin Módis
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Celia Chao
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas. .,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Mark R Hellmich
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas. .,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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25
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Balasubramaniam SL, Gopalakrishnapillai A, Petrelli NJ, Barwe SP. Knockdown of sodium-calcium exchanger 1 induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in kidney epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11388-11399. [PMID: 28550085 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.752352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are important processes in kidney development. Failure to undergo MET during development leads to the initiation of Wilms tumor, whereas EMT contributes to the development of renal cell carcinomas (RCC). The role of calcium regulators in governing these processes is becoming evident. We demonstrated earlier that Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1 (NCX1), a major calcium exporter in renal epithelial cells, regulates epithelial cell motility. Here, we show for the first time that NCX1 mRNA and protein expression was down-regulated in Wilms tumor and RCC. Knockdown of NCX1 in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells induced fibroblastic morphology, increased intercellular junctional distance, and induced paracellular permeability, loss of apico-basal polarity in 3D cultures, and anchorage-independent growth, accompanied by expression of mesenchymal markers. We also provide evidence that NCX1 interacts with and anchors E-cadherin to the cell surface independent of NCX1 ion transport activity. Consistent with destabilization of E-cadherin, NCX1 knockdown cells showed an increase in β-catenin nuclear localization, enhanced transcriptional activity, and up-regulation of downstream targets of the β-catenin signaling pathway. Taken together, knockdown of NCX1 in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells alters epithelial morphology and characteristics by destabilization of E-cadherin and induction of β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Lakshme Balasubramaniam
- From the Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware 19803.,the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, and
| | - Anilkumar Gopalakrishnapillai
- From the Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware 19803
| | - Nicholas J Petrelli
- the Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware 19718
| | - Sonali P Barwe
- From the Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, .,the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, and
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26
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Serebryannyy LA, Yemelyanov A, Gottardi CJ, de Lanerolle P. Nuclear α-catenin mediates the DNA damage response via β-catenin and nuclear actin. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1717-1729. [PMID: 28348105 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.199893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Catenin is an F-actin-binding protein widely recognized for its role in cell-cell adhesion. However, a growing body of literature indicates that α-catenin is also a nuclear protein. In this study, we show that α-catenin is able to modulate the sensitivity of cells to DNA damage and toxicity. Furthermore, nuclear α-catenin is actively recruited to sites of DNA damage. This recruitment occurs in a β-catenin-dependent manner and requires nuclear actin polymerization. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the WNT-mediated regulation of the DNA damage response and suggest a novel role for the α-catenin-β-catenin complex in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid A Serebryannyy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Alex Yemelyanov
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Cara J Gottardi
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Primal de Lanerolle
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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27
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López Fontana CM, Zyla LE, Santiano FE, Sasso CV, Cuello-Carrión FD, Pistone Creydt V, Fanelli MA, Carón RW. Hypothyroidism reduces mammary tumor progression via Β-catenin-activated intrinsic apoptotic pathway in rats. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:759-769. [PMID: 28191619 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Experimental hypothyroidism retards mammary carcinogenesis promoting apoptosis of tumor cells. β-catenin plays a critical role in cell adhesion and intracellular signaling pathways conditioning the prognosis of breast cancer. However, the mechanistic connections associated with the expression of β-catenin in thyroid status and breast cancer are not known. Therefore, we studied the relationship between the expression and localization of β-catenin and apoptosis in mammary tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in hypothyroid (Hypot) and euthyroid (EUT) rats. Female Sprague Dawley rats were treated with a dose of DMBA (15 mg/rat) at 55 days of age and were then divided into two groups: HypoT (0.01% 6-N-propyl-2-thiouracil in drinking water, n = 54) and EUT (untreated control, n = 43). Latency, incidence and progression of tumors were determined. At sacrifice, tumors were obtained for immunohistological studies and Western Blot. The latency was longer (p < 0.05), the incidence was lower (p < 0.0001) and tumor growth was slower (p < 0.01) in HypoT rats compared to EUT. The expression of Bax, cleaved caspase-9 and caspase-3 was significantly higher in tumors of HypoT than in EUT (p < 0.05) indicating the activation of the intrinsic pathway. In this group, β-catenin was expressed in the plasma membrane and with less intensity, while its expression was nuclear and with greater intensity in the EUT (p < 0.05). Moreover, the expression of survivin was reduced in tumors of HypoT rats (p < 0.05). In conclusion, decreased expression of β-catenin and its normal location in membrane of mammary tumors are associated with augmented apoptosis via activation of the intrinsic pathway in HypoT rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M López Fontana
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-Mendoza CONICET, Av. Adrián Ruiz-Leal s/n, CC855, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - L E Zyla
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-Mendoza CONICET, Av. Adrián Ruiz-Leal s/n, CC855, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - F E Santiano
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-Mendoza CONICET, Av. Adrián Ruiz-Leal s/n, CC855, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - C V Sasso
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-Mendoza CONICET, Av. Adrián Ruiz-Leal s/n, CC855, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - F D Cuello-Carrión
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-Mendoza CONICET, Av. Adrián Ruiz-Leal s/n, CC855, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - V Pistone Creydt
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-Mendoza CONICET, Av. Adrián Ruiz-Leal s/n, CC855, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - M A Fanelli
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-Mendoza CONICET, Av. Adrián Ruiz-Leal s/n, CC855, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - R W Carón
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-Mendoza CONICET, Av. Adrián Ruiz-Leal s/n, CC855, Mendoza, Argentina
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28
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Yang CX, Zhang SM, Li J, Yang B, Ouyang W, Mei ZJ, Chen J, Dai J, Ke S, Zhou FX, Zhou YF, Xie CH. MicroRNA-320 regulates the radiosensitivity of cervical cancer cells C33AR by targeting β-catenin. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:4983-4990. [PMID: 28105205 PMCID: PMC5228454 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common malignancy in women worldwide and always has recurrence owing to radioresistance. MicroRNA (miRNA or miR) has been identified to relate to the sensitivity of cancer radiotherapy. Here, we investigated the potential of miRNA-320 as a biomarker for radiosensitivity by targeting β-catenin in cervical cancer. A radioresistant cervical cancer cell line, C33AR, was established, and the radioresistance of C33AR cells was confirmed by a colony-formation assay. The expression of miRNA-320 was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and compared between C33A and C33AR. β-catenin, the target of miRNA-320, was determined at the protein level by western blotting after transfecting the inhibitor of miRNA-320. The expression of miRNA-320 was markedly decreased in C33AR cells, which appeared to be more radioresistant, compared with its parental cell line C33A. Target prediction suggested that miRNA-320 negatively regulated the expression of β-catenin. Knockdown of β-catenin increased C33AR radiosensitivity, which revealed that the inhibition of β-catenin could rescue the miRNA-320-mediated cell radioresistance. On the other hand, overexpressing miRNA-320 increased C33AR radiosensitivity. In conclusion, miRNA-320 regulated the radiosensitivity of C33AR cells by targeting β-catenin. This finding provides evidence that miRNA-320 may be a potential biomarker of radiosensitivity in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xu Yang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Min Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Wen Ouyang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Jie Mei
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jing Dai
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China; Department of Radio-Chemotherapy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Su Ke
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China; Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China; Department of Radio-Chemotherapy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Feng Zhou
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China; Department of Radio-Chemotherapy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Cong-Hua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China; Department of Radio-Chemotherapy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Benham-Pyle BW, Sim JY, Hart KC, Pruitt BL, Nelson WJ. Increasing β-catenin/Wnt3A activity levels drive mechanical strain-induced cell cycle progression through mitosis. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27782880 PMCID: PMC5104517 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical force and Wnt signaling activate β-catenin-mediated transcription to promote proliferation and tissue expansion. However, it is unknown whether mechanical force and Wnt signaling act independently or synergize to activate β-catenin signaling and cell division. We show that mechanical strain induced Src-dependent phosphorylation of Y654 β-catenin and increased β-catenin-mediated transcription in mammalian MDCK epithelial cells. Under these conditions, cells accumulated in S/G2 (independent of DNA damage) but did not divide. Activating β-catenin through Casein Kinase I inhibition or Wnt3A addition increased β-catenin-mediated transcription and strain-induced accumulation of cells in S/G2. Significantly, only the combination of mechanical strain and Wnt/β-catenin activation triggered cells in S/G2 to divide. These results indicate that strain-induced Src phosphorylation of β-catenin and Wnt-dependent β-catenin stabilization synergize to increase β-catenin-mediated transcription to levels required for mitosis. Thus, local Wnt signaling may fine-tune the effects of global mechanical strain to restrict cell divisions during tissue development and homeostasis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19799.001 Tissues and organs can both produce and respond to physical forces. For example, the lungs expand and contract; the heart pumps blood; and bones and muscles grow or shrink depending on how much they are used. These responses are possible because cells contain proteins that can respond to physical forces. One of the best studied of these is a protein called β-catenin, which increases the activity of genes that trigger cells to divide to promote the expansion of tissues. β-catenin is over-active in many types of cancer cells where it contributes to tumor growth. In addition to being switched on by mechanical force, β-catenin is also activated when cells detect a signal molecule called Wnt. Cells cycle through a series of stages known as the cell cycle to ensure that they only divide when they are fully prepared to do so. Benham-Pyle et al. investigated if physical force and Wnt activate β-catenin in the same way or if they have different effects on cell division. The experiments were conducted on dog kidney cells that had left the cell cycle and had therefore temporarily stopped dividing. Physical forces, such as stretching, resulted in β-catenin being modified by an enzyme called SRC kinase, which allowed the cells to re-enter the cell cycle. On the other hand, Wnt stabilized β-catenin and temporarily increased the number of cell divisions. When mechanical stretch and Wnt signaling were combined, the cells were more likely to re-enter the cell cycle and divide compared to either stimulus alone. These data suggest that physical force and Wnt signaling affect β-catenin differently and that they can therefore have a greater effect on cell or tissue growth when they act together than on their own. The findings of Benham-Pyle et al. show that β-catenin is not simply switched on or off, but can have different levels of activity depending on the input the cells are receiving. Future experiments will test whether these mechanisms also exist in three-dimensional tissues, which will help us understand how organs develop. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19799.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joo Yong Sim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Kevin C Hart
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Beth L Pruitt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - William James Nelson
- Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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Kim Y, Jin D, Lee BB, Cho EY, Han J, Shim YM, Kim HK, Kim DH. Overexpression of β-Catenin and Cyclin D1 is Associated with Poor Overall Survival in Patients with Stage IA-IIA Squamous Cell Lung Cancer Irrespective of Adjuvant Chemotherapy. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 11:2193-2201. [PMID: 27498289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study was aimed at understanding the effect of β-catenin and cyclin D1 on overall survival in patients with early-stage NSCLC and at evaluating if the prognostic effect can be modified by adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the expression of β-catenin and cyclin D1 using immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 576 patients with early-stage NSCLC. RESULTS The median duration of follow-up was 5.1 years. Overexpression of β-catenin and cyclin D1 was found in 56% and 50% of 576 cases, respectively. Overexpression of β-catenin and cyclin D1 was significantly associated with poor overall survival (p = 0.003 and p = 0.0009, respectively; log rank test) in squamous cell carcinomas, not in adenocarcinomas. The prognostic significance of each protein in the squamous cell carcinomas was limited to stages IA, IB, and IIA. In addition, simultaneous overexpression of β-catenin and cyclin D1 in the squamous cell carcinomas synergistically increased hazard ratios (HRs) 15.79 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09-51.23; p =0.04) for stage IA, 10.30 (95% CI = 2.29-46.41; p = 0.002) for stage 1B, and 3.55 (95% CI = 1.22-10.36; p = 0.02) times for stage 2A compared to those without overexpression of the two proteins, after adjusting for confounding factors. In addition, the effect was not dependent on adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that simultaneous overexpression of β-catenin and cyclin D1 may be associated with poor overall survival irrespective of platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy in stage IA-IIA squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - DongHao Jin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Bo Bin Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eun Yoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joungho Han
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mog Shim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Kwan Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk-Hwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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Liu Y, Chen W, Zhang P, Jin X, Liu X, Li P, Li F, Zhang H, Zou G, Li Q. Dynamically-enhanced retention of gold nanoclusters in HeLa cells following X-rays exposure: A cell cycle phase-dependent targeting approach. Radiother Oncol 2016; 119:544-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bordonaro M, Lazarova DL. Determination of the Role of CBP- and p300-Mediated Wnt Signaling on Colonic Cells. JMIR Res Protoc 2016; 5:e66. [PMID: 27177606 PMCID: PMC4884266 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.5495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wnt signaling pathway, mediated through active beta-catenin, is responsible for initiating the majority of cases of human colorectal cancer (CRC), and we have previously shown that hyperactivation of this pathway by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis), such as butyrate, can induce the death of CRC cells. An important cellular switch that mediates the effects of Wnt-signaling activation is variation in the association between beta-catenin and the transcriptional coactivators cAMP response element binding (CREB) binding protein (CBP) and p300. Association of CBP with beta-catenin is thought to activate a set of genes linked to cell proliferation, while the p300-mediated Wnt genetic program is believed to promote cell differentiation. Small molecule agents have been discovered that modulate CBP/p300 Wnt transcriptional programs by altering the association of CBP and p300 to beta-catenin. ICG-001 and ICG-427 inhibit CBP- and p300-mediated Wnt activity, respectively, while IQ-1 prevents the shift from CBP-mediated to a p300-mediated Wnt activity. OBJECTIVE Aim 1 of this proposal is designed to determine the role of CBP- and p300-mediated Wnt signaling in the response of CRC cells to HDACis. Aim 2 is to determine the role of CBP and p300 in the maintenance of high- and low-Wnt fractions in CRC cell line. Aim 3 will compare the effects of CBP- and p300-mediated Wnt activity on CRC initiation and progression. METHODS In Aim 1, cells will be cotreated with HDACis and ICG-001, ICG-427, or IQ-1 and the levels of Wnt activity, apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and CBP- or p300-beta-catenin binding measured. Aim 2 of this proposal may mirror similar heterogeneity observed in human tumors and which may be of clinical significance. Aim 3 will use CRC cell line model systems of initiation and progression: the normal colon cell lines CCD-841CoN, the adenoma line LT97, the primary colon carcinoma cell line SW480, and the lymph node metastasis cell line SW620. Cells will be treated with HDACis and the small molecule agents, and assayed as described above. RESULTS We will also attempt to use changes in CBP- and p300-mediated Wnt signaling to shift colonic cells between cell type, modifying CBP- and p300-mediated gene expression in the LT97 adenoma line to shift the adenoma phenotype to more characteristic of the CCD-841CoN normal cells, or the SW480 carcinoma cells. We will use microarray analyses to determine the patterns of gene expression responsible for these CBP- or p300-mediated changes in colonic neoplastic phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The findings generated from this study will lead to future, more in-depth projects to further dissect the action of CBP/p300 Wnt-mediated transcriptional programs in colonic neoplasia, with an emphasis on methods to modulate these genetic programs for chemopreventive effect.
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Abstract
Cell reprogramming to pluripotency is an inefficient process and various approaches have been devised to improve the yield of induced pluripotent stem cells. However, the effect of biophysical factors on cell reprogramming is not well understood. Here we showed that, for the first time, dynamic culture with orbital shaking significantly improved the reprogramming efficiency in adherent cells. Manipulating the viscosity of the culture medium suggested that the improved efficiency is mainly attributed to convective mixing rather than hydrodynamic shear stress. Temporal studies demonstrated that the enhancement of reprogramming efficiency required the dynamic culture in the middle but not early phase. In the early phase, fibroblasts had a high proliferation rate, but as the culture became over-confluent in the middle phase, expression of p57 was upregulated to inhibit cell proliferation and consequently, cell reprogramming. Subjecting the over confluent culture to orbital shaking prevented the upregulation of p57, thus improving reprogramming efficiency. Seeding cells at low densities to avoid over-confluency resulted in a lower efficiency, and optimal reprogramming efficiency was attained at a high seeding density with dynamic culture. Our findings provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of how dynamic culture condition regulate cell reprogramming, and will have broad impact on cell engineering for regenerative medicine and disease modeling.
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Wei X, Orjalo AV, Xin L. CD133 does not enrich for the stem cell activity in vivo in adult mouse prostates. Stem Cell Res 2016; 16:597-606. [PMID: 27010655 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD133 is widely used as a marker for stem/progenitor cells in many organ systems. Previous studies using in vitro stem cell assays have suggested that the CD133-expressing prostate basal cells may serve as the putative prostate stem cells. However, the precise localization of the CD133-expressing cells and their contributions to adult murine prostate homeostasis in vivo remain undetermined. We show that loss of function of CD133 does not impair murine prostate morphogenesis, homeostasis and regeneration, implying a dispensable role for CD133 in prostate stem cell function. Using a CD133-CreER(T2) model in conjunction with a fluorescent report line, we show that CD133 is not only expressed in a fraction of prostate basal cells, but also in some luminal cells and stromal cells. CD133(+) basal cells possess higher in vitro sphere-forming activities than CD133(-) basal cells. However, the in vivo lineage tracing study reveals that the two cell populations possess the same regenerative capacity and contribute equally to the maintenance of the basal cell lineage. Similarly, CD133(+) and CD133(-) luminal cells are functionally equivalent in maintaining the luminal cell lineage. Collectively, our study demonstrates that CD133 does not enrich for the stem cell activity in vivo in adult murine prostate. This study does not contradict previous reports showing CD133(+) cells as prostate stem cells in vitro. Instead, it highlights a substantial impact of biological contexts on cellular behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, United States; Graduate Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
| | - Arturo V Orjalo
- Biological Technologies, Analytical Development & Quality Control, Genentech Inc., United States
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, United States; Department of Pathology and Immunology, United States; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, United States.
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Abstract
Many cancers have similar aberrations in various signaling cascades with crucial roles in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Dysregulation of signal cascades that play integral roles during early cellular development is well known to be a central feature of many malignancies. One such signaling cascade is the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which has a profound effect on stem cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. This pathway is dysregulated in numerous cell types, underscoring its global oncogenetic potential. This review highlights regulators and downstream effectors of this receptor cascade and addresses the increasingly apparent crosstalk of Wnt with other tumorigenic signaling pathways. As understanding of the genetic and epigenetic changes unique to these malignancies increases, identifying the regulatory mechanisms unique to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and similarly aberrant receptor pathways will be imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saint-Aaron L Morris
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Suyun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Cancer Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Mitchell Building BSRB S3.8344, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Huang J, Zhang L, He C, Qu Y, Li J, Zhang J, Du T, Chen X, Yu Y, Liu B, Zhu Z. Claudin-1 enhances tumor proliferation and metastasis by regulating cell anoikis in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1652-65. [PMID: 25544763 PMCID: PMC4359322 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudin-1 (CLDN1) is overexpressed in gastric cancer and correlated with tumor invasion, metastasis and poor outcome. Here, we both down and up regulated CLDN1 expression in gastric cancer cells to elucidate its role in gastric carcinogenesis and tumor progression. We found that deficiency of CLDN1 inhibited cells migration, invasion, and colony formation in vitro and tumorigenicity, metastasis in vivo. Also, CLDN1 promoted cell aggregation and increased anoikis resistance. Down or up regulation of CLDN1 was accompanied with changes of membrane β-catenin expression as well as Akt and Src activities. When β-catenin was up-regulated in CLDN1-KD cells, cell aggregation and anoikis resistance were restored, and Akt and Src signal pathways were re-activated. Taken together, these findings suggest that CLDN1 is oncogenic in gastric cancer and its malignant potential may be attributed in part to regulation of anoikis, by mediating membrane β-catenin-regulated cell-cell adhesion and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changyu He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Qu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuehua Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyan Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingya Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenggang Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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The N-cadherin cytoplasmic domain confers anchorage-independent growth and the loss of contact inhibition. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15368. [PMID: 26481443 PMCID: PMC4612716 DOI: 10.1038/srep15368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth is characterized by anchorage independence and the loss of contact inhibition. Previously, we showed that either a red fluorescent protein (DsRed)-tagged N-cadherin or E-cadherin cytoplasmic domain (DNCT or DECT) could function as a dominant negative inhibitor by blocking the cell surface localization of endogenous E-cadherin and inducing cell dissociation. Here, we show that expression of DNCT abrogated contact inhibition of proliferation and conferred anchorage-independent growth. DNCT expression induced the relocation of the tumor suppressor Merlin from the cell surface to intracellular compartments. Although DNCT expression induced redistribution of TAZ from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, YAP/TAZ signaling was not activated. An E-cadherin–α-catenin chimera that functions as a β-catenin–independent cell adhesion molecule restored contact inhibition and anchorage-dependency of growth. Addition of the SV40 large T antigen nuclear localization signal reversed the effects of DNCT expression, indicating that DNCT functioned outside of the nucleus.
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Cytotoxicity of atropine to human corneal epithelial cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:517-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling triggering β-catenin-dependent gene expression contributes to cell cycle progression, in particular at the G1/S transition. Recently, however, it became clear that the cell cycle can also feed back on Wnt signaling at the G2/M transition. This is illustrated by the fact that mitosis-specific cyclin-dependent kinases can phosphorylate the Wnt co-receptor LRP6 to prime the pathway for incoming Wnt signals when cells enter mitosis. In addition, there is accumulating evidence that various Wnt pathway components might exert additional, Wnt-independent functions that are important for proper regulation of mitosis. The importance of Wnt pathways during mitosis was most recently enforced by the discovery of Wnt signaling contributing to the stabilization of proteins other than β-catenin, specifically at G2/M and during mitosis. This Wnt-mediated stabilization of proteins, now referred to as Wnt/STOP, might on one hand contribute to maintaining a critical cell size required for cell division and, on the other hand, for the faithful execution of mitosis itself. In fact, most recently we have shown that Wnt/STOP is required for ensuring proper microtubule dynamics within mitotic spindles, which is pivotal for accurate chromosome segregation and for the maintenance of euploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailine Stolz
- a Georg-August University Goettingen; Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences and University Medical Center Goettingen; Institute of Molecular Oncology; Section for Cellular Oncology ; Göttingen , Germany
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Wood S, Goldufsky J, Shafikhani SH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT Induces Atypical Anoikis Apoptosis in Target Host Cells by Transforming Crk Adaptor Protein into a Cytotoxin. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004934. [PMID: 26020630 PMCID: PMC4447348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT induces potent apoptosis in host epithelial cells in a manner that primarily depends on its ADP-ribosyltransferase domain (ADPRT) activity. However, the mechanism underlying ExoT/ADPRT-induced apoptosis remains undetermined. We now report that ExoT/ADPRT disrupts focal adhesion sites, activates p38β and JNK, and interferes with integrin-mediated survival signaling; causing atypical anoikis. We show that ExoT/ADPRT-induced anoikis is mediated by the Crk adaptor protein. We found that Crk-/- knockout cells are significantly more resistant to ExoT-induced apoptosis, while Crk-/- cells complemented with Crk are rendered sensitive to ExoT-induced apoptosis. Moreover, a dominant negative (DN) mutant form of Crk phenocopies ExoT-induced apoptosis both kinetically and mechanistically. Crk is generally believed to be a component of focal adhesion (FA) and its role in cellular survival remains controversial in that it has been found to be either pro-survival or pro-apoptosis. Our data demonstrate that although Crk is recruited to FA sites, its function is likely not required for FA assembly or for survival per se. However, when modified by ExoT or by mutagenesis, it can be transformed into a cytotoxin that induces anoikis by disrupting FA sites and interfering with integrin survival signaling. To our knowledge, this is the first example whereby a bacterial toxin exerts its cytotoxicity by subverting the function of an innocuous host cellular protein and turning it against the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wood
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Josef Goldufsky
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sasha H. Shafikhani
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Guo Y, Shu L, Zhang C, Su ZY, Kong ANT. Curcumin inhibits anchorage-independent growth of HT29 human colon cancer cells by targeting epigenetic restoration of the tumor suppressor gene DLEC1. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 94:69-78. [PMID: 25640947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer remains the most prevalent malignancy in humans. The impact of epigenetic alterations on the development of this complex disease is now being recognized. The dynamic and reversible nature of epigenetic modifications makes them a promising target in colorectal cancer chemoprevention and treatment. Curcumin (CUR), the major component in Curcuma longa, has been shown as a potent chemopreventive phytochemical that modulates various signaling pathways. Deleted in lung and esophageal cancer 1 (DLEC1) is a tumor suppressor gene with reduced transcriptional activity and promoter hypermethylation in various cancers, including colorectal cancer. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory role of DLEC1 in anchorage-independent growth of the human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29 cells and epigenetic regulation by CUR. Specifically, we found that CUR treatment inhibited colony formation of HT29 cells, whereas stable knockdown of DLEC1 using lentiviral short hairpin RNA vector increased cell proliferation and colony formation. Knockdown of DLEC1 in HT29 cells attenuated the ability of CUR to inhibit anchorage-independent growth. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP), bisulfite genomic sequencing, and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation revealed that CUR decreased CpG methylation of the DLEC1 promoter in HT29 cells after 5 days of treatment, corresponding to increased mRNA expression of DLEC1. Furthermore, CUR decreased the protein expression of DNA methyltransferases and subtypes of histone deacetylases (HDAC4, 5, 6, and 8). Taken together, our results suggest that the inhibitory effect of CUR on anchorage-independent growth of HT29 cells could, at least in part, involve the epigenetic demethylation and up-regulation of DLEC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Guo
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Room 228, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Limin Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Room 228, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Chengyue Zhang
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Room 228, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zheng-Yuan Su
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Room 228, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Tony Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Room 228, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Yoo BH, Masson O, Li Y, Khan IA, Gowda PS, Rosen KV. Anoikis of colon carcinoma cells triggered by β-catenin loss can be enhanced by tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 antagonists. Oncogene 2014; 34:4939-51. [PMID: 25531320 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Detachment of non-malignant epithelial cells from the extracellular matrix causes their apoptosis, a phenomenon called anoikis. By contrast, carcinoma cells are anoikis-resistant, and this resistance is thought to be critical for tumor progression. Many oncogenes trigger not only anti- but also pr-apoptotic signals. The proapoptotic events represent an aspect of a phenomenon called oncogenic stress, which acts as a safeguard mechanism blocking tumor initiation. In cells that become malignant, oncogene-induced antiapoptotic signals outbalance the proapoptotic ones. It is now thought that treatments blocking the antiapoptotic events but preserving the proapoptotic signals can be particularly effective in killing tumor cells. Whether or not oncogenes induce any proanoikis signals that can be used for enhancing the efficiency of approaches aimed at triggering anoikis of cancer cells has never been explored. β-Catenin is a major oncoprotein that is often activated in colorectal cancer and promotes tumor progression via mechanisms that are understood only in part. We found here that β-catenin triggers both anti- and proanoikis signals in colon cancer cells. We observed that the antianoikis signals prevail and the cells become anoikis-resistant. We further established that one proanoikis signal in these cells is triggered by β-catenin-induced downregulation of an apoptosis inhibitor tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and subsequent reduction of the activity of a transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB), a mediator of TNFR1 signaling. We also found that the effect of β-catenin on TNFR1 requires the presence of transcription factor TCF1, a β-catenin effector. We demonstrated that ablation of β-catenin in colon cancer cells triggers their anoikis and that this anoikis is enhanced even further if low TNFR1 or NF-κB activity is artificially preserved in the β-catenin-deprived cells. Thus, inhibition of TNFR1 or NF-κB activity can be expected to enhance the efficiency of approaches aimed at blocking β-catenin-driven anoikis resistance of colon carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Yoo
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Haifax, NS, Canada
| | - O Masson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Haifax, NS, Canada
| | - Y Li
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Haifax, NS, Canada
| | - I A Khan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Haifax, NS, Canada
| | - P S Gowda
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Haifax, NS, Canada
| | - K V Rosen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Haifax, NS, Canada
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Ding Y, Su S, Tang W, Zhang X, Chen S, Zhu G, Liang J, Wei W, Guo Y, Liu L, Chen YG, Wu W. Enrichment of the β-catenin-TCF complex at the S and G2 phases ensures cell survival and cell cycle progression. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4833-45. [PMID: 25236602 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.146977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt-β-catenin (β-catenin is also known as CTNNB1 in human) signaling through the β-catenin-TCF complex plays crucial roles in tissue homeostasis. Wnt-stimulated β-catenin-TCF complex accumulation in the nucleus regulates cell survival, proliferation and differentiation through the transcription of target genes. Compared with their levels in G1, activation of the receptor LRP6 and cytosolic β-catenin are both upregulated in G2 cells. However, accumulation of the Wnt pathway negative regulator AXIN2 also occurs in this phase. Therefore, it is unclear whether Wnt signaling is active in G2 phase cells. Here, we established a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) biosensor system for the direct visualization of the β-catenin-TCF interaction in living cells. Using the BiFC biosensor and co-immunoprecipitation experiments, we demonstrate that levels of the nucleus-localized β-catenin-TCF complex increase during the S and G2 phases, and declines in the next G1 phase. Accordingly, a subset of Wnt target genes is transcribed by the β-catenin-TCF complex during both the S and G2 phases. By contrast, transient inhibition of this complex disturbs both cell survival and G2/M progression. Our results suggest that in S and G2 phase cells, Wnt-β-catenin signaling is highly active and functions to ensure cell survival and cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shang Su
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weixin Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shengyao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guixin Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Juan Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wensheng Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ye Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Otani K, Dong Y, Li X, Lu J, Zhang N, Xu L, Go MYY, Ng EKW, Arakawa T, Chan FKL, Sung JJY, Yu J. Odd-skipped related 1 is a novel tumour suppressor gene and a potential prognostic biomarker in gastric cancer. J Pathol 2014; 234:302-15. [PMID: 24931004 PMCID: PMC4277686 DOI: 10.1002/path.4391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We report that the odd-skipped related 1 (OSR1) gene encoding a zinc-finger transcription factor was preferentially methylated in gastric cancer by genome-wide methylation screening. OSR1 expression was frequently silenced or down-regulated in gastric cancer cell lines. OSR1 expression was also significantly down-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels in primary gastric cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. The silencing or down-regulation of OSR1 was closely associated with promoter hypermethylation. Overexpression of OSR1 significantly inhibited cell growth, arrested the cell cycle, and induced apoptosis in the gastric cancer cell lines AGS, MKN28, and MGC803. Conversely, knockdown of OSR1 by OSR1-short hairpin RNA significantly enhanced cell growth, promoted the cell cycle, and inhibited apoptosis in the normal gastric epithelial cell line GES1. The dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that OSR1 activated p53 transcription and repressed the T-cell factor (TCF)/lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF). Complementary DNA expression array and western blotting showed that OSR1 increased the expression of nuclear p53, p21, Fas, and death receptor-5, and suppressed the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 in the p53 signalling pathway. In addition, OSR1 suppressed the expression of cytoplasmic β-catenin, TCF-1, and LEF1 in the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. OSR1 methylation was detected in 51.8% of primary gastric cancer patients (85 of 164) by bisulphite genomic sequencing. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that OSR1 methylation was an independent predictor of poor survival. Kaplan–Meier survival curves revealed that OSR1 methylation was associated with shortened survival in TNM stage I–III patients. In conclusion, OSR1 acts as a functional tumour suppressor through the transcriptional activation of p53 and repression of TCF/LEF in gastric cancer. Detection of OSR1 methylation may serve as a potential biomarker of the early stage of gastric cancer. © 2014 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Otani
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
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Genetic ablation of β-catenin inhibits the proliferative phenotype of mouse liver adenomas. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:132-8. [PMID: 24874479 PMCID: PMC4090738 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin has been implicated in various cancer-related processes, for example, proliferation or tumour cell survival. However, the exact mechanism by which β-catenin provides liver tumour cells with a selective advantage is still unclear. This study was aimed to analyse growth behaviour and survival of β-catenin-driven mouse liver tumours after β-catenin ablation. METHODS Transgenic mice with a controllable hepatocyte-specific knockout of Ctnnb1 (encoding β-catenin) were generated and liver tumours were induced by means of a N-nitrosodiethylamine/phenobarbital tumour initiation/promotion protocol, which leads to the outgrowth of hepatocellular tumours with activated β-catenin. Cre recombinase was activated and the effects of the knockout in the tumours were studied. RESULTS Activation of Cre recombinase led to the knockout of Ctnnb1 in a fraction of tumour cells, thus resulting in the formation of two different tumour cell subpopulations, with or without β-catenin. Comparative analysis of the two subpopulations revealed that cell proliferation was significantly decreased in Ctnnb1-deleted hepatoma cells, compared with the corresponding non-deleted cell population, whereas no increased rate of apoptosis after knockout of Ctnnb1 was observed. CONCLUSIONS β-catenin-dependent signalling is an important regulator of hepatoma cell growth in mice, but not a crucial factor in the regulation of tumour survival.
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Kanda Y, Kawaguchi T, Kuramitsu Y, Kitagawa T, Kobayashi T, Takahashi N, Tazawa H, Habelhah H, Hamada JI, Kobayashi M, Hirahata M, Onuma K, Osaki M, Nakamura K, Kitagawa T, Hosokawa M, Okada F. Fascin regulates chronic inflammation-related human colon carcinogenesis by inhibiting cell anoikis. Proteomics 2014; 14:1031-41. [PMID: 24574163 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
By a proteomics-based approach, we identified an overexpression of fascin in colon adenocarcinoma cells (FPCKpP-3) that developed from nontumorigenic human colonic adenoma cells (FPCK-1-1) and were converted to tumorigenic by foreign-body-induced chronic inflammation in nude mice. Fascin overexpression was also observed in the tumors arising from rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC 6) converted to tumorigenic in chronic inflammation which was induced in the same manner. Upregulation of fascin expression in FPCK-1-1 cells by transfection with sense fascin cDNA converted the cells tumorigenic, whereas antisense fascin-cDNA-transfected FPCKpP-3 cells reduced fascin expression and lost their tumor-forming ability in vivo. The tumorigenic potential by fascin expression was consistent with their ability to survive and grow in the three-dimensional multicellular spheroids. We found that resistance to anoikis (apoptotic cell death as a consequence of insufficient cell-to-substrate interactions), which is represented by the three-dimensional growth of solid tumors in vivo, was regulated by fascin expression through caspase-dependent apoptotic signals. From these, we demonstrate that fascin is a potent suppressor to caspase-associated anoikis and accelerator of the conversion of colonic adenoma cells into adenocarcinoma cells by chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kanda
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
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Sarkar S, Mandal C, Sangwan R, Mandal C. Coupling G2/M arrest to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway restrains pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:113-25. [PMID: 24402132 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
β-catenin plays a pivotal role in organogenesis and oncogenesis. Alterations in β-catenin expression are common in pancreatic cancer, which is an extremely aggressive malignancy with a notably poor prognosis. In this report, we analyzed the apoptotic activity of withanolide-D (witha-D), a steroidal lactone that was purified from an Indian medicinal plant, Withania somnifera, and its underlying mechanism of action. Witha-D induced apoptosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells by prompting cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. This lactone abrogated β-catenin signaling in these cells regardless of disease grade, mutational status, and gemcitabine sensitivity. Witha-D also upregulated E-cadherin in most cells, thereby supporting the inversion of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, the Akt/Gsk3β kinase cascade was identified as a critical mediator of G2/M regulation and β-catenin signaling. Witha-D deactivated Akt, which failed to promote Gsk3β deactivation phosphorylation. Consequently, activated Gsk3β facilitated β-catenin destruction in pancreatic carcinoma cells. The knockdown of Chk1 and Chk2 further activated Akt and reversed the molecular signal. Taken together, the results of the current study represent the first evidence of β-catenin signal crosstalk during the G2/M phase by functionally inactivating Akt via witha-D treatment in pancreatic cancer cells. In conclusion, this finding suggests the potential identification of a new lead molecule in the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Sarkar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India Bio-Processing Unit, Department of Bio-Technology, Govt. of India, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are serine/threonine kinases and their catalytic activities are modulated by interactions with cyclins and Cdk inhibitors (CKIs). Close cooperation between this trio is necessary for ensuring orderly progression through the cell cycle. In addition to their well-established function in cell cycle control, it is becoming increasingly apparent that mammalian Cdks, cyclins and CKIs play indispensable roles in processes such as transcription, epigenetic regulation, metabolism, stem cell self-renewal, neuronal functions and spermatogenesis. Even more remarkably, they can accomplish some of these tasks individually, without the need for Cdk/cyclin complex formation or kinase activity. In this Review, we discuss the latest revelations about Cdks, cyclins and CKIs with the goal of showcasing their functional diversity beyond cell cycle regulation and their impact on development and disease in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology IMCB, A*STAR Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
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Shen L, Zhang X, Hu D, Feng T, Li H, Lu Y, Huang J. Hepatitis B virus X (HBx) play an anti-apoptosis role in hepatic progenitor cells by activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 383:213-22. [PMID: 23934090 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that normal stem cells may act as cancer-initiating cells and contribute to the development and progression of cancer. HBx has a close relationship with hepatocellular carcinoma, however, the role of HBx in hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) is poorly understood. In this study, we sought to determine the role of HBx in regulating HPCs apoptosis and the underlying molecular mechanism(s) using HPCs derived from mouse fetal liver. The apoptotic ratio of HPCs infected with adenovirus-expressing HBx (Ad-HBx) was examined using flow cytometry. Results showed that the Ad-HBx treatment led to substantially decreased apoptotic ratio of HPCs, as confirmed by the Hoechst 33342 staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL). Possible alterations of relative proteins were examined using Western blot and real-time PCR assays. The HBx expression in HPCs increased the expression levels of Bcl2 and Mcl1 while decreasing the expression levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-9 and -3. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of β-catenin were both increased. The β-catenin protein were mainly accumulated in cytoplasm and tended to transfer into cell nucleus after Ad-HBx treatment. The over-expression of β-catenin decreased the apoptotic ratio of HPCs and inhibited the expression of cleaved caspase-9 and -3 while blocking β-catenin expression resulted in the opposite results. Taken together, our results strongly suggested that the HBx protein may inhibits apoptosis of hepatic progenitor cells, at least in part by activating the WNT/β-catenin pathway. This provided a new insight into the molecular mechanism of HBx-mediated live carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Shen
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
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Paoli P, Giannoni E, Chiarugi P. Anoikis molecular pathways and its role in cancer progression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3481-3498. [PMID: 23830918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 725] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anoikis is a programmed cell death induced upon cell detachment from extracellular matrix, behaving as a critical mechanism in preventing adherent-independent cell growth and attachment to an inappropriate matrix, thus avoiding colonizing of distant organs. As anchorage-independent growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, two features associated with anoikis resistance, are vital steps during cancer progression and metastatic colonization, the ability of cancer cells to resist anoikis has now attracted main attention from the scientific community. Cancer cells develop anoikis resistance due to several mechanisms, including change in integrins' repertoire allowing them to grow in different niches, activation of a plethora of inside-out pro-survival signals as over-activation of receptors due to sustained autocrine loops, oncogene activation, growth factor receptor overexpression, or mutation/upregulation of key enzymes involved in integrin or growth factor receptor signaling. In addition, tumor microenvironment has also been acknowledged to contribute to anoikis resistance of bystander cancer cells, by modulating matrix stiffness, enhancing oxidative stress, producing pro-survival soluble factors, triggering epithelial-mesenchymal transition and self-renewal ability, as well as leading to metabolic deregulations of cancer cells. All these events help cancer cells to inhibit the apoptosis machinery and sustain pro-survival signals after detachment, counteracting anoikis and constituting promising targets for anti-metastatic pharmacological therapy. This article is part of a Special Section entitled: Cell Death Pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Paoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Giannoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; Tuscany Tumor Institute and "Center for Research, Transfer and High Education, DENOTHE", 50134 Florence, Italy.
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