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Yang L, Jiang L. The seven rice vacuolar sorting receptors localize to prevacuolar compartments. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 291:154137. [PMID: 37984048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar sorting is critically important in plants as it regulates the mobilization of proteins and plays a major role in important agricultural traits like yield and seed protein content. Vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) are integral membrane proteins that mediate protein trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the vacuole via the intermediate membrane-bound prevacuolar compartment (PVC)/multivesicular body (MVB). VSR proteins, such as an 80 kD (BP-80) from pea, also serve as markers for PVC/MVB. Dissecting VSR-mediated protein trafficking pathways may provide ways to enhance agronomic traits and crop yield. Green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusions with the seven Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) VSRs were previously shown to localize to PVCs in transgenic tobacco BY-2 cells. The Rice (Oryza sativa) genome contains seven VSRs (OsVSR1-7), but little is known about their subcellular localizations. Here we studied the subcellular localization of OsVSR1-7 b y using a reporter approach, in which GFP-OsVSR1-7 fusions containing the transmembrane domain (TMD) and cytoplasmic tail (CT) of individual OsVSR were expressed in the protoplasts of rice, transgenic tobacco BY-2 cells and transgenic rice plants. Immunofluorescent labelling studies and confocal laser scanning microscope observation demonstrated that the seven OsVSRs are localized to PVCs and form ring-like structures upon wortmannin treatment. Therefore, we have verified the subcellular localization of OsVSR1-7 in this study. The OsVSRs tagged with GFP can serve as PVCs/MVBs markers in rice for the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China; School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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A Novel Senescence-Specific Gene ( ZmSAG39) Negatively Regulates Darkness and Drought Responses in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415984. [PMID: 36555622 PMCID: PMC9785699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) is a subfamily of cysteine proteases that plays an important role in leaf senescence, and some of its members are involved in the regulation of plant growth and development under stress. In this study, we cloned a new gene, ZmSAG39, from maize. Expression profile analysis showed that ZmSAG39 was induced by darkness and drought treatments. In addition, the ZmSAG39 overexpression in maize accelerated the senescence of maize leaves under darkness and drought treatments. However, the knockout of ZmSAG39 in maize enhanced the resistance of maize to darkness and drought stresses and reduced the degree of senescence of maize leaves. Under drought stress, compared with WT plants, the knockout lines had a higher seed germination rate, seedling survival rate and chlorophyll content, and lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that ZmSAG39 negatively regulated some stress-related genes but positively regulated senescence-related genes under darkness and drought stress conditions. To summarize, these results indicate that ZmSAG39 is a senescence-related gene and plays a negative role in response to darkness and drought stresses. This study laid a theoretical foundation for the innovation of maize germplasm resources with high quality, high yield and strong stress resistance.
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Chaudhry N, Sica M, Surabhi S, Hernandez DS, Mesquita A, Selimovic A, Riaz A, Lescat L, Bai H, MacIntosh GC, Jenny A. Lamp1 mediates lipid transport, but is dispensable for autophagy in Drosophila. Autophagy 2022; 18:2443-2458. [PMID: 35266854 PMCID: PMC9542896 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2038999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The endolysosomal system not only is an integral part of the cellular catabolic machinery that processes and recycles nutrients for synthesis of biomaterials, but also acts as signaling hub to sense and coordinate the energy state of cells with growth and differentiation. Lysosomal dysfunction adversely influences vesicular transport-dependent macromolecular degradation and thus causes serious problems for human health. In mammalian cells, loss of the lysosome associated membrane proteins LAMP1 and LAMP2 strongly affects autophagy and cholesterol trafficking. Here we show that the previously uncharacterized Drosophila Lamp1 is a bona fide ortholog of vertebrate LAMP1 and LAMP2. Surprisingly and in contrast to lamp1 lamp2 double-mutant mice, Drosophila Lamp1 is not required for viability or autophagy, suggesting that fly and vertebrate LAMP proteins acquired distinct functions, or that autophagy defects in lamp1 lamp2 mutants may have indirect causes. However, Lamp1 deficiency results in an increase in the number of acidic organelles in flies. Furthermore, we find that Lamp1 mutant larvae have defects in lipid metabolism as they show elevated levels of sterols and diacylglycerols (DAGs). Because DAGs are the main lipid species used for transport through the hemolymph (blood) in insects, our results indicate broader functions of Lamp1 in lipid transport. Our findings make Drosophila an ideal model to study the role of LAMP proteins in lipid assimilation without the confounding effects of their storage and without interfering with autophagic processes.Abbreviations: aa: amino acid; AL: autolysosome; AP: autophagosome; APGL: autophagolysosome; AV: autophagic vacuole (i.e. AP and APGL/AL); AVi: early/initial autophagic vacuoles; AVd: late/degradative autophagic vacuoles; Atg: autophagy-related; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; Cnx99A: Calnexin 99A; DAG: diacylglycerol; eMI: endosomal microautophagy; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complexes required for transport; FB: fat body; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; Hrs: Hepatocyte growth factor regulated tyrosine kinase substrate; LAMP: lysosomal associated membrane protein; LD: lipid droplet; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; Lpp: lipophorin; LTP: Lipid transfer particle; LTR: LysoTracker Red; MA: macroautophagy; MCC: Manders colocalization coefficient; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast MTORC: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex; PV: parasitophorous vacuole; SNARE: soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor; Snap: Synaptosomal-associated protein; st: starved; TAG: triacylglycerol; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TFEB/Mitf: transcription factor EB; TM: transmembrane domain; tub: tubulin; UTR: untranslated region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norin Chaudhry
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Margaux Sica
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA
| | - Satya Surabhi
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Ana Mesquita
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA
| | - Adem Selimovic
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ayesha Riaz
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Laury Lescat
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gustavo C. MacIntosh
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
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Structural insights into how vacuolar sorting receptors recognize the sorting determinants of seed storage proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2111281119. [PMID: 34983843 PMCID: PMC8740768 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111281119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Seeds such as rice and soybean are major food staples in the human diet. During seed development, storage proteins are deposited in a specialized organelle called the protein storage vacuole and are mobilized to provide nutrients during germination. Storage proteins are transported as cargoes via specific protein–protein interactions with the vacuolar sorting receptors. Supported by structural and mutagenesis studies, our work provides insights into how the sequence-specific information, or the vacuolar sorting determinant, on the storage proteins is recognized by the vacuolar sorting receptors for their targeting to the vacuoles. Insights gained into the rules of receptor–cargo recognition will be useful in engineering recombinant proteins for biotechnological applications of the protein storage vacuoles in seeds. In Arabidopsis, vacuolar sorting receptor isoform 1 (VSR1) sorts 12S globulins to the protein storage vacuoles during seed development. Vacuolar sorting is mediated by specific protein–protein interactions between VSR1 and the vacuolar sorting determinant located at the C terminus (ctVSD) on the cargo proteins. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the protease-associated domain of VSR1 (VSR1-PA) in complex with the C-terminal pentapeptide (468RVAAA472) of cruciferin 1, an isoform of 12S globulins. The 468RVA470 motif forms a parallel β-sheet with the switch III residues (127TMD129) of VSR1-PA, and the 471AA472 motif docks to a cradle formed by the cargo-binding loop (95RGDCYF100), making a hydrophobic interaction with Tyr99. The C-terminal carboxyl group of the ctVSD is recognized by forming salt bridges with Arg95. The C-terminal sequences of cruciferin 1 and vicilin-like storage protein 22 were sufficient to redirect the secretory red fluorescent protein (spRFP) to the vacuoles in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Adding a proline residue to the C terminus of the ctVSD and R95M substitution of VSR1 disrupted receptor–cargo interactions in vitro and led to increased secretion of spRFP in Arabidopsis protoplasts. How VSR1-PA recognizes ctVSDs of other storage proteins was modeled. The last three residues of ctVSD prefer hydrophobic residues because they form a hydrophobic cluster with Tyr99 of VSR1-PA. Due to charge–charge interactions, conserved acidic residues, Asp129 and Glu132, around the cargo-binding site should prefer basic residues over acidic ones in the ctVSD. The structural insights gained may be useful in targeting recombinant proteins to the protein storage vacuoles in seeds.
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Kang J, Gong P, Ge M, Sadeghnezhad E, Liu Z, Zhang M, Shangguan L, Fang J. "The PLCP gene family of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.): characterization and differential expression in response to Plasmopara Viticola". BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:499. [PMID: 34717550 PMCID: PMC8556938 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs), a large group of cysteine proteases, are structurally related to papain. The members belonging to PLCPs family contribute to plant immunity, senescence, and defense responses in plants. The PLCP gene family has been identified in Arabidopsis, rice, soybean, and cotton. However, no systematic analysis of PLCP genes has been undertaken in grapevine. Since Plasmopara viticola as a destructive pathogen could affect immunity of grapes in the field, we considered that the members belonged to PLCPs family could play a crucial role in defensive mechanisms or programmed cell death. We aimed to evaluate the role of PLCPs in 2 different varieties of grapevines and compared the changes of their expressions with the transcriptional data in response to P. viticola. RESULTS In this study, 23 grapevine PLCP (VvPLCP) genes were identified by comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. Subsequently, the chromosomal localizations, gene structure, conserved domains, phylogenetic relationship, gene duplication, and cis-acting elements were analyzed. Numerous cis-acting elements related to plant development, hormone, and stress responses were identified in the promoter of the VvPLCP genes. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the VvPLCP genes into nine subgroups. The transcription of VvPLCP in different inoculation time points and varieties indicated that VvPLCP may have vital functions in grapevine defense against Plasmopara viticola. According to transcriptome data and qPCR analysis, we observed the increasing expression levels of VvRD21-1 at 72 h after inoculation in resistant variety, inferring that it was related to grape downy mildew resistance. Meanwhile, 3 genes including VvXBCP1, VvSAG12-1, and VvALP1 showed higher expression at 24 h after pathogen inoculation in the susceptible variety and might be related to the downy mildew phenotype. We nominated these four genes to function during hypersensitive response (HR) process, inferring that these genes could be associated with downy mildew resistance in grapes. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the reference for functional studies of PLCP gene family, and highlight its functions in grapevine defense against P. viticola. The results help us to better understand the complexity of the PLCP gene family in plant immunity and provide valuable information for future functional characterization of specific genes in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peijie Gong
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Mengqing Ge
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ehsan Sadeghnezhad
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhongjie Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lingfei Shangguan
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Wang H, Zhang H, Liang F, Cong L, Song L, Li X, Zhai R, Yang C, Wang Z, Ma F, Xu L. PbEIL1 acts upstream of PbCysp1 to regulate ovule senescence in seedless pear. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:59. [PMID: 33750791 PMCID: PMC7943805 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous environmental and endogenous signals control the highly orchestrated and intricate process of plant senescence. Ethylene, a well-known inducer of senescence, has long been considered a key endogenous regulator of leaf and flower senescence, but the molecular mechanism of ethylene-induced ovule senescence has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we found that blockage of fertilization caused ovule abortion in the pear cultivar '1913'. According to transcriptome and phytohormone content data, ethylene biosynthesis was activated by pollination. At the same time, ethylene overaccumulated in ovules, where cells were sensitive to ethylene signals in the absence of fertilization. We identified a transcription factor in the ethylene signal response, ethylene-insensitive 3-like (EIL1), as a likely participant in ovule senescence. Overexpression of PbEIL1 in tomato caused precocious onset of ovule senescence. We further found that EIL1 could directly bind to the promoter of the SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED CYSTEINE PROTEINASE 1 (PbCysp1) gene and act upstream of senescence. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays revealed the interaction of the transcription factor and the promoter DNA sequence and demonstrated that PbEIL1 enhanced the action of PbCysp1. Collectively, our results provide new insights into how ethylene promotes the progression of unfertilized ovule senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Haiqi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fangfang Liang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Liu Cong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Linyan Song
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xieyu Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rui Zhai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chengquan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Fengwang Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lingfei Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China.
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McGovern OL, Rivera-Cuevas Y, Carruthers VB. Emerging Mechanisms of Endocytosis in Toxoplasma gondii. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020084. [PMID: 33503859 PMCID: PMC7911406 DOI: 10.3390/life11020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotes critically rely on endocytosis of autologous and heterologous material to maintain homeostasis and to proliferate. Although mechanisms of endocytosis have been extensively identified in mammalian and plant systems along with model systems including budding yeast, relatively little is known about endocytosis in protozoan parasites including those belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. Whereas it has been long established that the apicomplexan agents of malaria (Plasmodium spp.) internalize and degrade hemoglobin from infected red blood cells to acquire amino acids for growth, that the related and pervasive parasite Toxoplasma gondii has a functional and active endocytic system was only recently discovered. Here we discuss emerging and hypothesized mechanisms of endocytosis in Toxoplasma gondii with reference to model systems and malaria parasites. Establishing a framework for potential mechanisms of endocytosis in Toxoplasma gondii will help guide future research aimed at defining the molecular basis and biological relevance of endocytosis in this tractable and versatile parasite.
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MTV proteins unveil ER- and microtubule-associated compartments in the plant vacuolar trafficking pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9884-9895. [PMID: 32321832 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919820117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors and mechanisms involved in vacuolar transport in plants, and in particular those directing vesicles to their target endomembrane compartment, remain largely unknown. To identify components of the vacuolar trafficking machinery, we searched for Arabidopsis modified transport to the vacuole (mtv) mutants that abnormally secrete the synthetic vacuolar cargo VAC2. We report here on the identification of 17 mtv mutations, corresponding to mutant alleles of MTV2/VSR4, MTV3/PTEN2A MTV7/EREL1, MTV8/ARFC1, MTV9/PUF2, MTV10/VPS3, MTV11/VPS15, MTV12/GRV2, MTV14/GFS10, MTV15/BET11, MTV16/VPS51, MTV17/VPS54, and MTV18/VSR1 Eight of the MTV proteins localize at the interface between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the multivesicular bodies (MVBs), supporting that the trafficking step between these compartments is essential for segregating vacuolar proteins from those destined for secretion. Importantly, the GARP tethering complex subunits MTV16/VPS51 and MTV17/VPS54 were found at endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- and microtubule-associated compartments (EMACs). Moreover, MTV16/VPS51 interacts with the motor domain of kinesins, suggesting that, in addition to tethering vesicles, the GARP complex may regulate the motors that transport them. Our findings unveil a previously uncharacterized compartment of the plant vacuolar trafficking pathway and support a role for microtubules and kinesins in GARP-dependent transport of soluble vacuolar cargo in plants.
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Collins CA, LaMontagne ED, Anderson JC, Ekanayake G, Clarke AS, Bond LN, Salamango DJ, Cornish PV, Peck SC, Heese A. EPSIN1 Modulates the Plasma Membrane Abundance of FLAGELLIN SENSING2 for Effective Immune Responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1762-1775. [PMID: 32094305 PMCID: PMC7140936 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) provides a critical interface between plant cells and their environment to control cellular responses. To perceive the bacterial flagellin peptide flg22 for effective defense signaling, the immune receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) needs to be at its site of function, the PM, in the correct abundance. However, the intracellular machinery that controls PM accumulation of FLS2 remains largely undefined. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) clathrin adaptor EPSIN1 (EPS1) is implicated in clathrin-coated vesicle formation at the trans-Golgi network (TGN), likely aiding the transport of cargo proteins from the TGN for proper location; but EPS1's impact on physiological responses remains elusive. Here, we identify EPS1 as a positive regulator of flg22 signaling and pattern-triggered immunity against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. We provide evidence that EPS1 contributes to modulating the PM abundance of defense proteins for effective immune signaling because in eps1, impaired flg22 signaling correlated with reduced PM accumulation of FLS2 and its coreceptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE1 (BAK1). The eps1 mutant also exhibited reduced responses to the pathogen/damage-associated molecular patterns elf26 and AtPep1, which are perceived by the coreceptor BAK1 and cognate PM receptors. Furthermore, quantitative proteomics of enriched PM fractions revealed that EPS1 was required for proper PM abundance of a discrete subset of proteins with different cellular functions. In conclusion, our study expands the limited understanding of the physiological roles of EPSIN family members in plants and provides novel insight into the TGN-associated clathrin-coated vesicle trafficking machinery that impacts plant PM-derived defense processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina A Collins
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Erica D LaMontagne
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Jeffrey C Anderson
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Gayani Ekanayake
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Alexander S Clarke
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Lauren N Bond
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Daniel J Salamango
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Peter V Cornish
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Scott C Peck
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Antje Heese
- University of Missouri, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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10
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Zhu D, Zhang M, Gao C, Shen J. Protein trafficking in plant cells: Tools and markers. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 63:343-363. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-9598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Yang X, Liao CY, Tang J, Bassham DC. Overexpression of trans-Golgi network t-SNAREs rescues vacuolar trafficking and TGN morphology defects in a putative tethering factor mutant. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:703-716. [PMID: 31009161 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The trans-Golgi network (TGN) is a major site for sorting of cargo to either the vacuole or apoplast. The TGN-localized coiled-coil protein TNO1 is a putative tethering factor that interacts with the TGN t-SNARE SYP41 and is required for correct localization of the SYP61 t-SNARE. An Arabidopsis thaliana tno1 mutant is hypersensitive to salt stress and partially mislocalizes vacuolar proteins to the apoplast, indicating a role in vacuolar trafficking. Here, we show that overexpression of SYP41 or SYP61 significantly increases SYP41-SYP61 complex formation in a tno1 mutant, and rescues the salt sensitivity and defective vacuolar trafficking of the tno1 mutant. The TGN is disrupted and vesicle budding from Golgi cisternae is reduced in the tno1 mutant, and these defects are also rescued by overexpression of SYP41 or SYP61. Our results suggest that the trafficking and Golgi morphology defects caused by loss of TNO1 can be rescued by increasing SYP41-SYP61 t-SNARE complex formation, implicating TNO1 as a tethering factor mediating efficient vesicle fusion at the TGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Yang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Ching-Yi Liao
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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12
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Clark K, Franco JY, Schwizer S, Pang Z, Hawara E, Liebrand TWH, Pagliaccia D, Zeng L, Gurung FB, Wang P, Shi J, Wang Y, Ancona V, van der Hoorn RAL, Wang N, Coaker G, Ma W. An effector from the Huanglongbing-associated pathogen targets citrus proteases. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1718. [PMID: 29712915 PMCID: PMC5928222 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The citrus industry is facing an unprecedented challenge from Huanglongbing (HLB). All cultivars can be affected by the HLB-associated bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) and there is no known resistance. Insight into HLB pathogenesis is urgently needed in order to develop effective management strategies. Here, we use Sec-delivered effector 1 (SDE1), which is conserved in all CLas isolates, as a molecular probe to understand CLas virulence. We show that SDE1 directly interacts with citrus papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) and inhibits protease activity. PLCPs are defense-inducible and exhibit increased protein accumulation in CLas-infected trees, suggesting a role in citrus defense responses. We analyzed PLCP activity in field samples, revealing specific members that increase in abundance but remain unchanged in activity during infection. SDE1-expressing transgenic citrus also exhibit reduced PLCP activity. These data demonstrate that SDE1 inhibits citrus PLCPs, which are immune-related proteases that enhance defense responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA
| | | | - Simon Schwizer
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA.,Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, 33850, FL, USA
| | - Eva Hawara
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA
| | - Thomas W H Liebrand
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Deborah Pagliaccia
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA
| | - Liping Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA.,Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA
| | - Fatta B Gurung
- Citrus Center, Texas A&M University, Weslaco, 78599, TX, USA
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA
| | - Jinxia Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA
| | - Veronica Ancona
- Citrus Center, Texas A&M University, Weslaco, 78599, TX, USA
| | | | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, 33850, FL, USA
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA.
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA. .,Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA.
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13
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Zou Z, Huang Q, Xie G, Yang L. Genome-wide comparative analysis of papain-like cysteine protease family genes in castor bean and physic nut. Sci Rep 2018; 8:331. [PMID: 29321580 PMCID: PMC5762910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) are a class of proteolytic enzymes involved in many plant processes. Compared with the extensive research in Arabidopsis thaliana, little is known in castor bean (Ricinus communis) and physic nut (Jatropha curcas), two Euphorbiaceous plants without any recent whole-genome duplication. In this study, a total of 26 or 23 PLCP genes were identified from the genomes of castor bean and physic nut respectively, which can be divided into nine subfamilies based on the phylogenetic analysis: RD21, CEP, XCP, XBCP3, THI, SAG12, RD19, ALP and CTB. Although most of them harbor orthologs in Arabidopsis, several members in subfamilies RD21, CEP, XBCP3 and SAG12 form new groups or subgroups as observed in other species, suggesting specific gene loss occurred in Arabidopsis. Recent gene duplicates were also identified in these two species, but they are limited to the SAG12 subfamily and were all derived from local duplication. Expression profiling revealed diverse patterns of different family members over various tissues. Furthermore, the evolution characteristics of PLCP genes were also compared and discussed. Our findings provide a useful reference to characterize PLCP genes and investigate the family evolution in Euphorbiaceae and species beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Baodaoxincun, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan Province, China.
| | - Qixing Huang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou, 570100, Hainan Province, China
| | - Guishui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Baodaoxincun, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan Province, China
| | - Lifu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Baodaoxincun, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan Province, China
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14
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Occhialini A, Marc-Martin S, Gouzerh G, Hillmer S, Neuhaus JM. RMR (Receptor Membrane RING-H2) type 1 and 2 show different promoter activities and subcellular localizations in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 266:9-18. [PMID: 29241571 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Soluble vacuolar proteins reach their compartments of final accumulation through the binding with specific transmembrane cargo receptors. In Arabidopsis thaliana two different families of receptors have been characterized. The AtVSRs (Vacuolar Sorting Receptor), which are known to be involved in the protein sorting to lytic vacuoles (LV), and the AtRMRs (Receptor Membrane RING-H2), for which there is less evidence for a role in the traffic to the protein storage vacuole (PSV). In this study we investigated the localization and tissue expression of two RMRs (AtRMR1 and 2) in their species of origin, A. thaliana. Our experiments using leaf protoplasts and transgenic plants supported previous results of subcellular localization in Nicotiana benthamiana that visualized AtRMR1 and 2 in the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), respectively. The promoter activities of AtRMR1 and AtRMR2 detected in transgenic A. thaliana lines suggest that the expression of these two receptors only partially overlap in some organs and tissues. These results suggest that AtRMR1 and 2 are not functionally redundant, but could also interact and participate in the same cellular process in tissues with an overlapping expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Occhialini
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Food Safety and Processing Building, 2600 River Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Sophie Marc-Martin
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Gouzerh
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Hillmer
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Neuhaus
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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15
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Di Sansebastiano GP, Barozzi F, Piro G, Denecke J, de Marcos Lousa C. Trafficking routes to the plant vacuole: connecting alternative and classical pathways. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 69:79-90. [PMID: 29096031 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to the numerous roles plant vacuoles play in cell homeostasis, detoxification, and protein storage, the trafficking pathways to this organelle have been extensively studied. Recent evidence, however, suggests that our vision of transport to the vacuole is not as simple as previously imagined. Alternative routes have been identified and are being characterized. Intricate interconnections between routes seem to occur in various cases, complicating the interpretation of data. In this review, we aim to summarize the published evidence and link the emerging data with previous findings. We discuss the current state of information on alternative and classical trafficking routes to the plant vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- DiSTeBA (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali), University of Salento, Campus ECOTEKNE, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Barozzi
- DiSTeBA (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali), University of Salento, Campus ECOTEKNE, Italy
| | - Gabriella Piro
- DiSTeBA (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali), University of Salento, Campus ECOTEKNE, Italy
| | | | - Carine de Marcos Lousa
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Leeds University, UK
- Leeds Beckett University, School of Applied and Clinical Sciences, UK
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16
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Zou Z, Xie G, Yang L. Papain-like cysteine protease encoding genes in rubber (Hevea brasiliensis): comparative genomics, phylogenetic, and transcriptional profiling analysis. PLANTA 2017; 246:999-1018. [PMID: 28752264 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2739-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
43 HbPLCPs representing nine subfamilies or 20 orthologous groups were found in rubber, where paralogs were resulted from the recent WGD and local duplication. Several senescence-associated genes were also identified. Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) comprise a large family of proteolytic enzymes involved in plant growth and development, seed germination, organ senescence, immunity, and stress response. Despite their importance and the extensive research in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, little information is available on rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), a rubber-producing plant of the Euphorbiaceae family. This study performed a genome-wide identification of PLCP family genes in rubber, resulting in a relatively high number of 43 members. The phylogenetic analysis assigned these genes into nine subfamilies, i.e., RD21 (6), CEP (4), XCP (4), XBCP3 (2), THI (1), SAG12 (18), RD19 (4), ALP (2), and CTB (2). Most of them were shown to have orthologs in Arabidopsis; however, several members in SAG12, CEP and XBCP3 subfamilies form new groups as observed in other core eudicots such as Manihot esculenta, Ricinus communis, Populus trichocarpa, and Vitis vinifera. Based on an expert sequence comparison, 20 orthologous groups (OGs) were proposed for core eudicots, and rubber paralogs were shown to be resulted from the recent whole-genome duplication (WGD) as well as local duplication. Transcriptional profiling showed distinct expression pattern of different members across various tissues, e.g., root, leaf, bark, laticifer, flower, and seed. By using the senescence-specific HbSAG12H1 as the indicator, the transcriptome of senescent rubber leaves was deeply sequenced and several senescence-associated PLCP genes were identified. Results obtained from this study provide valuable information for future functional analysis and utilization of PLCP genes in Hevea and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zou
- Danzhou Investigation and Experiment Station of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guishui Xie
- Danzhou Investigation and Experiment Station of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifu Yang
- Danzhou Investigation and Experiment Station of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
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17
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Barozzi F, Di Sansebastiano GP, Sabella E, Aprile A, Piro G, De Bellis L, Nutricati E. Glutathione S-transferase related detoxification processes are correlated with receptor-mediated vacuolar sorting mechanisms. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1361-1373. [PMID: 28577236 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Triticum durum Glutathione S-transferase Z1 is specifically responsive to glyphosate. Its expression influences the receptor-mediated vacuolar sorting mechanisms involved in tolerance mechanisms. A zeta subfamily glutathione S-transferase gene from Triticum durum (cv Cappelli) (TdGSTZ1) was characterized as part of a complex detoxification mechanism. The effect of different abiotic stresses on TdGSTZ1 revealed that the gene is unexpectedly responsive to glyphosate (GLY) herbicide despite it should not be part of tolerance mechanisms. Its role in the non-target-site mechanism of GLY resistance was then investigated. To analyze the GLY and the TdGSTZ1 overexpression effects on vacuolar sorting mechanisms, we performed transient transformation experiments in Nicotiana tabacum protoplasts using two vacuolar markers, AleuGFPgl133 and GFPgl133Chi, labeling the Sar1 dependent or independent sorting, respectively. We observed that the adaptive reaction of tobacco protoplasts vacuolar system to the treatment with GLY could be partially mimicked by the overexpression of TdGSTZ1 gene. To confirm the influence of GLY on the two vacuolar markers accumulation and the potential involvement of the secretion pathway activity in detoxification events, Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic plants overexpressing the non-glycosylated versions of the two markers were analyzed. The results suggested that GLY treatment specifically altered different vacuolar sorting characteristics, suggesting an involvement of the receptor-mediated AleuGFP sorting mechanism in GLY resistance. Finally, the expression analysis of selected genes confirmed that the non-target-site GLY resistance mechanisms are related to vacuolar sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Barozzi
- DISTEBA, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Gian-Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- DISTEBA, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Erika Sabella
- DISTEBA, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessio Aprile
- DISTEBA, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Gabriella Piro
- DISTEBA, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- DISTEBA, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Eliana Nutricati
- DISTEBA, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
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18
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Floyd BE, Mugume Y, Morriss SC, MacIntosh GC, Bassham DC. Localization of RNS2 ribonuclease to the vacuole is required for its role in cellular homeostasis. PLANTA 2017; 245:779-792. [PMID: 28025674 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Localization of the RNase RNS2 to the vacuole via a C-terminal targeting signal is essential for its function in rRNA degradation and homeostasis. RNase T2 ribonucleases are highly conserved enzymes present in the genomes of nearly all eukaryotes and many microorganisms. Their constitutive expression in different tissues and cell types of many organisms suggests a housekeeping role in RNA homeostasis. The Arabidopsis thaliana class II RNase T2, RNS2, is encoded by a single gene and functions in rRNA degradation. Loss of RNS2 results in RNA accumulation and constitutive activation of autophagy, possibly as a compensatory mechanism. While the majority of RNase T2 enzymes is secreted, RNS2 is located within the vacuole and in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), possibly within ER bodies. As RNS2 has a neutral pH optimum, and the endomembrane organelles are connected by vesicle transport, the site within the endomembrane system at which RNS2 functions is unclear. Here we demonstrate that localization to the vacuole is essential for the physiological function of RNS2. A mutant allele of RNS2, rns2-1, results in production of an active RNS2 RNase but with a mutation that removes a putative C-terminal vacuolar targeting signal. The mutant protein is, therefore, secreted from the cell. This results in a constitutive autophagy phenotype similar to that observed in rns2 null mutants. These findings illustrate that the intracellular retention of RNS2 and localization within the vacuole are critical for its cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice E Floyd
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Yosia Mugume
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Stephanie C Morriss
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Gustavo C MacIntosh
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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19
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Liu Z, Gao X, Zhou L, Cui W, Tian Y, Zhou Z. An extracellular aminopeptidase encoded by the ywaD gene plays an important role in supplying nitrogen nutrition for the growth of Bacillus subtilis 168. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:516-524. [PMID: 28257579 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the physiological role of an extracellular aminopeptidase (BSAP168) encoded by the ywaD gene in Bacillus subtilis 168, we constructed the ywaD-deletion mutant (BS-AP-K). Compared with that of the wild-type strain, the maximum growth rate of BS-AP-K was reduced by 28% when grown in soybean protein medium at 37 °C, but not in Luria-Bertani medium. The impaired growth rate was more marked at higher temperature and could be compensated by supplementation of amino acid to the culture media. Further studies showed that in regards to the amino acid compositions and peptide distribution in the culture supernatants, there was an obvious difference between the culture supernatants of wild-type and BS-AP-K strains. In addition, another mutant strain (BS-AP-R) was constructed by replacing ywaD with ywaD-ΔPA to evaluate the effect of a protease-associated domain in BSAP168 on growth. All these findings indicated that BSAP168 played an important role in supplying the amino acids required for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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20
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Papadia P, Barozzi F, Hoeschele JD, Piro G, Margiotta N, Di Sansebastiano GP. Cisplatin, Oxaliplatin, and Kiteplatin Subcellular Effects Compared in a Plant Model. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020306. [PMID: 28146116 PMCID: PMC5343842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The immediate visual comparison of platinum chemotherapeutics’ effects in eukaryotic cells using accessible plant models of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana is reported. The leading anticancer drug cisplatin, a third generation drug used for colon cancer, oxaliplatin and kiteplatin, promising Pt-based anticancer drugs effective against resistant lines, were administered to transgenic A. thaliana plants monitoring their effects on cells from different tissues. The transgenic plants’ cell cytoskeletons were labelled by the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged microtubule-protein TUA6 (TUA6-GFP), while the vacuolar organization was evidenced by two soluble chimerical GFPs (GFPChi and AleuGFP) and one transmembrane GFP-tagged tonoplast intrinsic protein 1-1 (TIP1.1-GFP). The three drugs showed easily recognizable effects on plant subcellular organization, thereby providing evidence for a differentiated drug targeting. Genetically modified A. thaliana are confirmed as a possible rapid and low-cost screening tool for better understanding the mechanism of action of human anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paride Papadia
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, University of Salento, via Monteroni-Centro Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Barozzi
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, University of Salento, via Monteroni-Centro Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - James D Hoeschele
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA.
| | - Gabriella Piro
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, University of Salento, via Monteroni-Centro Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Nicola Margiotta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Gian-Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, University of Salento, via Monteroni-Centro Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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21
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Pružinská A, Shindo T, Niessen S, Kaschani F, Tóth R, Millar AH, van der Hoorn RAL. Major Cys protease activities are not essential for senescence in individually darkened Arabidopsis leaves. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:4. [PMID: 28061816 PMCID: PMC5217659 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papain-like Cys Proteases (PLCPs) and Vacuolar Processing Enzymes (VPEs) are amongst the most highly expressed proteases during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), a method that enables detection of active enzymes within a complex sample using chemical probes, the activities of PLCPs and VPEs were investigated in individually darkened leaves of Arabidopsis, and their role in senescence was tested in null mutants. RESULTS ABPP and mass spectrometry revealed an increased activity of several PLCPs, particularly RD21A and AALP. By contrast, despite increased VPE transcript levels, active VPE decreased in individually darkened leaves. Eight protease knock-out lines and two protease over expressing lines were subjected to senescence phenotype analysis to determine the importance of individual protease activities to senescence. Unexpectedly, despite the absence of dominating PLCP activities in these plants, the rubisco and chlorophyll decline in individually darkened leaves and the onset of whole plant senescence were unaltered. However, a significant delay in progression of whole plant senescence was observed in aalp-1 and rd21A-1/aalp-1 mutants, visible in the reduced number of senescent leaves. CONCLUSIONS Major Cys protease activities are not essential for dark-induced and developmental senescence and only a knock out line lacking AALP shows a slight but significant delay in plant senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pružinská
- The Plant Chemetics laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Takayuki Shindo
- The Plant Chemetics laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sherry Niessen
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Center for Physiological Proteomics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- The Plant Chemetics laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Réka Tóth
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - A. Harvey Millar
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Renier A. L. van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
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22
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Floyd BE, Morriss SC, MacIntosh GC, Bassham DC. Evidence for autophagy-dependent pathways of rRNA turnover in Arabidopsis. Autophagy 2016; 11:2199-212. [PMID: 26735434 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1106664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomes account for a majority of the cell's RNA and much of its protein and represent a significant investment of cellular resources. The turnover and degradation of ribosomes has been proposed to play a role in homeostasis and during stress conditions. Mechanisms for the turnover of rRNA and ribosomal proteins have not been fully elucidated. We show here that the RNS2 ribonuclease and autophagy participate in RNA turnover in Arabidopsis thaliana under normal growth conditions. An increase in autophagosome formation was seen in an rns2-2 mutant, and this increase was dependent on the core autophagy genes ATG9 and ATG5. Autophagosomes and autophagic bodies in rns2-2 mutants contain RNA and ribosomes, suggesting that autophagy is activated as an attempt to compensate for loss of rRNA degradation. Total RNA accumulates in rns2-2, atg9-4, atg5-1, rns2-2 atg9-4, and rns2-2 atg5-1 mutants, suggesting a parallel role for autophagy and RNS2 in RNA turnover. rRNA accumulates in the vacuole in rns2-2 mutants. Vacuolar accumulation of rRNA was blocked by disrupting autophagy via an rns2-2 atg5-1 double mutant but not by an rns2-2 atg9-4 double mutant, indicating that ATG5 and ATG9 function differently in this process. Our results suggest that autophagy and RNS2 are both involved in homeostatic degradation of rRNA in the vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice E Floyd
- a Department of Genetics , Development and Cell Biology; Iowa State University ; Ames , IA , USA
| | - Stephanie C Morriss
- b Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Molecular Biology; Iowa State University ; Ames , IA USA
| | - Gustavo C MacIntosh
- b Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Molecular Biology; Iowa State University ; Ames , IA USA.,c Plant Sciences Institute; Iowa State University ; Ames , IA USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- a Department of Genetics , Development and Cell Biology; Iowa State University ; Ames , IA , USA.,c Plant Sciences Institute; Iowa State University ; Ames , IA USA
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23
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Zamyatnin AA. Plant Proteases Involved in Regulated Cell Death. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:1701-15. [PMID: 26878575 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915130064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Each plant genome encodes hundreds of proteolytic enzymes. These enzymes can be divided into five distinct classes: cysteine-, serine-, aspartic-, threonine-, and metalloproteinases. Despite the differences in their structural properties and activities, members of all of these classes in plants are involved in the processes of regulated cell death - a basic feature of eukaryotic organisms. Regulated cell death in plants is an indispensable mechanism supporting plant development, survival, stress responses, and defense against pathogens. This review summarizes recent advances in studies of plant proteolytic enzymes functioning in the initiation and execution of distinct types of regulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Zamyatnin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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24
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Loh SC, Thottathil GP, Othman AS. Identification of differentially expressed genes and signalling pathways in bark of Hevea brasiliensis seedlings associated with secondary laticifer differentiation using gene expression microarray. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 107:45-55. [PMID: 27236227 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The natural rubber of Para rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, is the main crop involved in industrial rubber production due to its superior quality. The Hevea bark is commercially exploited to obtain latex, which is produced from the articulated secondary laticifer. The laticifer is well defined in the aspect of morphology; however, only some genes associated with its development have been reported. We successfully induced secondary laticifer in the jasmonic acid (JA)-treated and linolenic acid (LA)-treated Hevea bark but secondary laticifer is not observed in the ethephon (ET)-treated and untreated Hevea bark. In this study, we analysed 27,195 gene models using NimbleGen microarrays based on the Hevea draft genome. 491 filtered differentially expressed (FDE) transcripts that are common to both JA- and LA-treated bark samples but not ET-treated bark samples were identified. In the Eukaryotic Orthologous Group (KOG) analysis, 491 FDE transcripts belong to different functional categories that reflect the diverse processes and pathways involved in laticifer differentiation. In the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and KOG analysis, the profile of the FDE transcripts suggest that JA- and LA-treated bark samples have a sufficient molecular basis for secondary laticifer differentiation, especially regarding secondary metabolites metabolism. FDE genes in this category are from the cytochrome (CYP) P450 family, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family, short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family, or cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) family. The data includes many genes involved in cell division, cell wall synthesis, and cell differentiation. The most abundant transcript in FDE list was SDR65C, reflecting its importance in laticifer differentiation. Using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) as part of annotation and functional prediction, several characterised as well as uncharacterized transcription factors and genes were found in the dataset. Hence, the further characterization of these genes is necessary to unveil their role in laticifer differentiation. This study provides a platform for the further characterization and identification of the key genes involved in secondary laticifer differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swee Cheng Loh
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Sains @ Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Gincy P Thottathil
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Sains @ Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Sofiman Othman
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Sains @ Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia; School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
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25
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Occhialini A, Gouzerh G, Di Sansebastiano GP, Neuhaus JM. Dimerization of the Vacuolar Receptors AtRMR1 and -2 from Arabidopsis thaliana Contributes to Their Localization in the trans-Golgi Network. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1661. [PMID: 27706038 PMCID: PMC5085694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, different types of vacuolar receptors were discovered. The AtVSR (Vacuolar Sorting Receptor) receptors are well known to be involved in the traffic to lytic vacuole (LV), while few evidences demonstrate the involvement of the receptors from AtRMR family (Receptor Membrane RING-H2) in the traffic to the protein storage vacuole (PSV). In this study we focused on the localization of two members of AtRMR family, AtRMR1 and -2, and on the possible interaction between these two receptors in the plant secretory pathway. Our experiments with agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana leaves demonstrated that AtRMR1 was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), while AtRMR2 was targeted to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) due to the presence of a cytosolic 23-amino acid sequence linker. The fusion of this linker to an equivalent position in AtRMR1 targeted this receptor to the TGN, instead of the ER. By using a Bimolecular Fluorescent Complementation (BiFC) technique and experiments of co-localization, we demonstrated that AtRMR2 can make homodimers, and can also interact with AtRMR1 forming heterodimers that locate to the TGN. Such interaction studies strongly suggest that the transmembrane domain and the few amino acids surrounding it, including the sequence linker, are essential for dimerization. These results suggest a new model of AtRMR trafficking and dimerization in the plant secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Occhialini
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ Herts, UK.
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Guillaume Gouzerh
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Gian-Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- DISTEBA, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Campus Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Jean-Marc Neuhaus
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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26
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Song L, Zhou Z, Tang S, Zhang Z, Xia S, Qin M, Li B, Wen J, Yi B, Shen J, Ma C, Fu T, Tu J. Ectopic Expression of BnaC.CP20.1 Results in Premature Tapetal Programmed Cell Death in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1972-84. [PMID: 27388342 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) is essential in pollen grain development, and cysteine proteases are ubiquitous enzymes participating in plant PCD. Although the major papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) have been investigated, the exact functions of many PLCPs are still poorly understood in PCD. Here, we identified a PLCP gene, BnaC.CP20.1, which was closely related to XP_013596648.1 from Brassica oleracea. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that BnaC.CP20.1 expression was down-regulated in male-sterile lines in oilseed rape, suggesting a connection between this gene and male sterility. BnaC.CP20.1 is especially active in the tapetum and microspores in Brassica napus from the uninucleate stage until formation of mature pollen grains during anther development. On expression of BnaC.CP20.1 prior to the tetrad stage, BnA9::BnaC.CP20.1 transgenic lines in Arabidopsis thaliana showed a male-sterile phenotype with shortened siliques containing fewer or no seeds by self-crossing. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the reticulate exine was defective in aborted microspores. Callose degradation was delayed and microspores were not released from the tetrad in a timely fashion. Additionally, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay indicated that BnaC.CP20.1 ectopic expression led to premature tapetal PCD. Transmission electron microscopy analyses further demonstrated that the pollen abortion was due to the absence of tectum connections to the bacula in the transgenic anthers. These findings suggest that timely expression of BnaC.CP20.1 is necessary for tapetal degeneration and pollen wall formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Song
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhengfu Zhou
- Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shan Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shengqian Xia
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Maomao Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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27
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Lu H, Chandrasekar B, Oeljeklaus J, Misas-Villamil JC, Wang Z, Shindo T, Bogyo M, Kaiser M, van der Hoorn RAL. Subfamily-Specific Fluorescent Probes for Cysteine Proteases Display Dynamic Protease Activities during Seed Germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:1462-75. [PMID: 26048883 PMCID: PMC4528725 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.254466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine proteases are an important class of enzymes implicated in both developmental and defense-related programmed cell death and other biological processes in plants. Because there are dozens of cysteine proteases that are posttranslationally regulated by processing, environmental conditions, and inhibitors, new methodologies are required to study these pivotal enzymes individually. Here, we introduce fluorescence activity-based probes that specifically target three distinct cysteine protease subfamilies: aleurain-like proteases, cathepsin B-like proteases, and vacuolar processing enzymes. We applied protease activity profiling with these new probes on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) protease knockout lines and agroinfiltrated leaves to identify the probe targets and on other plant species to demonstrate their broad applicability. These probes revealed that most commercially available protease inhibitors target unexpected proteases in plants. When applied on germinating seeds, these probes reveal dynamic activities of aleurain-like proteases, cathepsin B-like proteases, and vacuolar processing enzymes, coinciding with the remobilization of seed storage proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Lu
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., T.S., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany (J.O., Z.W., M.K.); andDepartment of Pathology, Stanford School for Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324 (M.B.)
| | - Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., T.S., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany (J.O., Z.W., M.K.); andDepartment of Pathology, Stanford School for Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324 (M.B.)
| | - Julian Oeljeklaus
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., T.S., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany (J.O., Z.W., M.K.); andDepartment of Pathology, Stanford School for Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324 (M.B.)
| | - Johana C Misas-Villamil
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., T.S., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany (J.O., Z.W., M.K.); andDepartment of Pathology, Stanford School for Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324 (M.B.)
| | - Zheming Wang
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., T.S., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany (J.O., Z.W., M.K.); andDepartment of Pathology, Stanford School for Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324 (M.B.)
| | - Takayuki Shindo
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., T.S., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany (J.O., Z.W., M.K.); andDepartment of Pathology, Stanford School for Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324 (M.B.)
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., T.S., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany (J.O., Z.W., M.K.); andDepartment of Pathology, Stanford School for Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324 (M.B.)
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., T.S., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany (J.O., Z.W., M.K.); andDepartment of Pathology, Stanford School for Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324 (M.B.)
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (H.L., B.C., J.C.M.-V., T.S., R.A.L.v.d.H.);Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany (J.O., Z.W., M.K.); andDepartment of Pathology, Stanford School for Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324 (M.B.)
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28
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Reguera M, Bassil E, Tajima H, Wimmer M, Chanoca A, Otegui MS, Paris N, Blumwald E. pH Regulation by NHX-Type Antiporters Is Required for Receptor-Mediated Protein Trafficking to the Vacuole in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1200-17. [PMID: 25829439 PMCID: PMC4558692 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.135699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein trafficking requires proper ion and pH homeostasis of the endomembrane system. The NHX-type Na(+)/H(+) antiporters NHX5 and NHX6 localize to the Golgi, trans-Golgi network, and prevacuolar compartments and are required for growth and trafficking to the vacuole. In the nhx5 nhx6 T-DNA insertional knockouts, the precursors of the 2S albumin and 12S globulin storage proteins accumulated and were missorted to the apoplast. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed the presence of vesicle clusters containing storage protein precursors and vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs). Isolation and identification of complexes of VSRs with unprocessed 12S globulin by 2D blue-native PAGE/SDS-PAGE indicated that the nhx5 nhx6 knockouts showed compromised receptor-cargo association. In vivo interaction studies using bimolecular fluorescence complementation between VSR2;1, aleurain, and 12S globulin suggested that nhx5 nhx6 knockouts showed a significant reduction of VSR binding to both cargoes. In vivo pH measurements indicated that the lumens of VSR compartments containing aleurain, as well as the trans-Golgi network and prevacuolar compartments, were significantly more acidic in nhx5 nhx6 knockouts. This work demonstrates the importance of NHX5 and NHX6 in maintaining endomembrane luminal pH and supports the notion that proper vacuolar trafficking and proteolytic processing of storage proteins require endomembrane pH homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Reguera
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Elias Bassil
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Hiromi Tajima
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Monika Wimmer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Division of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Chanoca
- Departments of Botany and Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Departments of Botany and Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Nadine Paris
- Biochemistry and Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Islam N, Li G, Garrett WM, Lin R, Sriram G, Cooper B, Coleman GD. Proteomics of Nitrogen Remobilization in Poplar Bark. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:1112-26. [DOI: 10.1021/pr501090p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Islam
- Department
of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gen Li
- Department
of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Wesley M. Garrett
- Animal
Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Rongshuang Lin
- Department
of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ganesh Sriram
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Bret Cooper
- Soybean
Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Gary D. Coleman
- Department
of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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30
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Arabidopsis ribosomal proteins control vacuole trafficking and developmental programs through the regulation of lipid metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:E89-98. [PMID: 25535344 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422656112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vacuole is the most prominent compartment in plant cells and is important for ion and protein storage. In our effort to search for key regulators in the plant vacuole sorting pathway, ribosomal large subunit 4 (rpl4d) was identified as a translational mutant defective in both vacuole trafficking and normal development. Polysome profiling of the rpl4d mutant showed reduction in polysome-bound mRNA compared with wild-type, but no significant change in the general mRNA distribution pattern. Ribsomal profiling data indicated that genes in the lipid metabolism pathways were translationally down-regulated in the rpl4d mutant. Live imaging studies by Nile red staining suggested that both polar and nonpolar lipid accumulation was reduced in meristem tissues of rpl4d mutants. Pharmacological evidence showed that sterol and sphingolipid biosynthetic inhibitors can phenocopy the defects of the rpl4d mutant, including an altered vacuole trafficking pattern. Genetic evidence from lipid biosynthetic mutants indicates that alteration in the metabolism of either sterol or sphingolipid biosynthesis resulted in vacuole trafficking defects, similar to the rpl4d mutant. Tissue-specific complementation with key enzymes from lipid biosynthesis pathways can partially rescue both vacuole trafficking and auxin-related developmental defects in the rpl4d mutant. These results indicate that lipid metabolism modulates auxin-mediated tissue differentiation and endomembrane trafficking pathways downstream of ribosomal protein function.
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31
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Nikolovski N, Shliaha PV, Gatto L, Dupree P, Lilley KS. Label-free protein quantification for plant Golgi protein localization and abundance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1033-43. [PMID: 25122472 PMCID: PMC4213074 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.245589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The proteomic composition of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Golgi apparatus is currently reasonably well documented; however, little is known about the relative abundances between different proteins within this compartment. Accurate quantitative information of Golgi resident proteins is of great importance: it facilitates a better understanding of the biochemical processes that take place within this organelle, especially those of different polysaccharide synthesis pathways. Golgi resident proteins are challenging to quantify because the abundance of this organelle is relatively low within the cell. In this study, an organelle fractionation approach targeting the Golgi apparatus was combined with a label-free quantitative mass spectrometry (data-independent acquisition method using ion mobility separation known as LC-IMS-MS(E) [or HDMS(E)]) to simultaneously localize proteins to the Golgi apparatus and assess their relative quantity. In total, 102 Golgi-localized proteins were quantified. These data show that organelle fractionation in conjunction with label-free quantitative mass spectrometry is a powerful and relatively simple tool to access protein organelle localization and their relative abundances. The findings presented open a unique view on the organization of the plant Golgi apparatus, leading toward unique hypotheses centered on the biochemical processes of this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Nikolovski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (N.N., P.V.S., L.G., P.D., K.S.L.); Computational Proteomics Unit (L.G.), and Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (N.N., P.S., L.G., K.L.), Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Pavel V Shliaha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (N.N., P.V.S., L.G., P.D., K.S.L.); Computational Proteomics Unit (L.G.), and Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (N.N., P.S., L.G., K.L.), Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Gatto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (N.N., P.V.S., L.G., P.D., K.S.L.); Computational Proteomics Unit (L.G.), and Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (N.N., P.S., L.G., K.L.), Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (N.N., P.V.S., L.G., P.D., K.S.L.); Computational Proteomics Unit (L.G.), and Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (N.N., P.S., L.G., K.L.), Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (N.N., P.V.S., L.G., P.D., K.S.L.); Computational Proteomics Unit (L.G.), and Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (N.N., P.S., L.G., K.L.), Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
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32
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Luo F, Fong YH, Zeng Y, Shen J, Jiang L, Wong KB. How vacuolar sorting receptor proteins interact with their cargo proteins: crystal structures of apo and cargo-bound forms of the protease-associated domain from an Arabidopsis vacuolar sorting receptor. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3693-708. [PMID: 25271241 PMCID: PMC4213161 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.129940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, soluble proteins are directed to vacuoles because they contain vacuolar sorting determinants (VSDs) that are recognized by vacuolar sorting receptors (VSR). To understand how a VSR recognizes its cargo, we present the crystal structures of the protease-associated domain of VSR isoform 1 from Arabidopsis thaliana (VSR1PA) alone and complexed with a cognate peptide containing the barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurain VSD sequence of 1ADSNPIRPVT10. The crystal structures show that VSR1PA binds the sequence, Ala-Asp-Ser, preceding the NPIR motif. A conserved cargo binding loop, with a consensus sequence of 95RGxCxF100, forms a cradle that accommodates the cargo-peptide. In particular, Arg-95 forms a hydrogen bond to the Ser-3 position of the VSD, and the essential role of Arg-95 and Ser-3 in receptor-cargo interaction was supported by a mutagenesis study. Cargo binding induces conformational changes that are propagated from the cargo binding loop to the C terminus via conserved residues in switch I-IV regions. The resulting 180° swivel motion of the C-terminal tail is stabilized by a hydrogen bond between Glu-24 and His-181. A mutagenesis study showed that these two residues are essential for cargo interaction and trafficking. Based on our structural and functional studies, we present a model of how VSRs recognize their cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Luo
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Hang Fong
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yonglun Zeng
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinbo Shen
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam-Bo Wong
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Zhang D, Liu D, Lv X, Wang Y, Xun Z, Liu Z, Li F, Lu H. The cysteine protease CEP1, a key executor involved in tapetal programmed cell death, regulates pollen development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2939-61. [PMID: 25035401 PMCID: PMC4145124 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.127282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) is a prerequisite for pollen grain development in angiosperms, and cysteine proteases are the most ubiquitous hydrolases involved in plant PCD. We identified a papain-like cysteine protease, CEP1, which is involved in tapetal PCD and pollen development in Arabidopsis thaliana. CEP1 is expressed specifically in the tapetum from stages 5 to 11 of anther development. The CEP1 protein first appears as a proenzyme in precursor protease vesicles and is then transported to the vacuole and transformed into the mature enzyme before rupture of the vacuole. cep1 mutants exhibited aborted tapetal PCD and decreased pollen fertility with abnormal pollen exine. A transcriptomic analysis revealed that 872 genes showed significantly altered expression in the cep1 mutants, and most of them are important for tapetal cell wall organization, tapetal secretory structure formation, and pollen development. CEP1 overexpression caused premature tapetal PCD and pollen infertility. ELISA and quantitative RT-PCR analyses confirmed that the CEP1 expression level showed a strong relationship to the degree of tapetal PCD and pollen fertility. Our results reveal that CEP1 is a crucial executor during tapetal PCD and that proper CEP1 expression is necessary for timely degeneration of tapetal cells and functional pollen formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng Lv
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhili Xun
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglan Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Lu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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Gao X, Liu Z, Cui W, Zhou L, Tian Y, Zhou Z. Enhanced thermal stability and hydrolytic ability of Bacillus subtilis aminopeptidase by removing the thermal sensitive domain in the non-catalytic region. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92357. [PMID: 24633010 PMCID: PMC3954873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the catalytic ability, many enzymes contain conserved domains to perform some other physiological functions. However, sometimes these conserved domains were unnecessary or even detrimental to the catalytic process for industrial application of the enzymes. In this study, based on homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, we found that Bacillus subtilis aminopeptidase contained a thermal sensitive domain (protease-associated domain) in the non-catalytic region, and predicted that deletion of this flexible domain can enhance the structure stability. This prediction was then verified by the deletion of protease-associated domain from the wild-type enzyme. The thermal stability analysis showed that deletion of this domain improved the T50 (the temperature required to reduce initial activity by 50% in 30 min) of the enzyme from 71 °C to 77 °C. The melting temperature (Tm) of the enzyme also increased, which was measured by thermal denaturation experiments using circular dichroism spectroscopy. Further studies indicated that this deletion did not affect the activity and specificity of the enzyme toward aminoacyl-p-nitroanilines, but improved its hydrolytic ability toward a 12-aa-long peptide (LKRLKRFLKRLK) and soybean protein. These findings suggested the possibility of a simple technique for enzyme modification and the artificial enzyme obtained here was more suitable for the protein hydrolysis in food industry than the wild-type enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Feeney M, Frigerio L, Kohalmi SE, Cui Y, Menassa R. Reprogramming cells to study vacuolar development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:493. [PMID: 24348496 PMCID: PMC3848493 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
During vegetative and embryonic developmental transitions, plant cells are massively reorganized to support the activities that will take place during the subsequent developmental phase. Studying cellular and subcellular changes that occur during these short transitional periods can sometimes present challenges, especially when dealing with Arabidopsis thaliana embryo and seed tissues. As a complementary approach, cellular reprogramming can be used as a tool to study these cellular changes in another, more easily accessible, tissue type. To reprogram cells, genetic manipulation of particular regulatory factors that play critical roles in establishing or repressing the seed developmental program can be used to bring about a change of cell fate. During different developmental phases, vacuoles assume different functions and morphologies to respond to the changing needs of the cell. Lytic vacuoles (LVs) and protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) are the two main vacuole types found in flowering plants such as Arabidopsis. Although both are morphologically distinct and carry out unique functions, they also share some similar activities. As the co-existence of the two vacuole types is short-lived in plant cells, how they replace each other has been a long-standing curiosity. To study the LV to PSV transition, LEAFY COTYLEDON2, a key transcriptional regulator of seed development, was overexpressed in vegetative cells to activate the seed developmental program. At the cellular level, Arabidopsis leaf LVs were observed to convert to PSV-like organelles. This presents the opportunity for further research to elucidate the mechanism of LV to PSV transitions. Overall, this example demonstrates the potential usefulness of cellular reprogramming as a method to study cellular processes that occur during developmental transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mistianne Feeney
- Department of Biology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLondon, ON, Canada
- School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventry, UK
| | | | | | - Yuhai Cui
- Department of Biology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Rima Menassa
- Department of Biology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLondon, ON, Canada
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Stigliano E, Faraco M, Neuhaus JM, Montefusco A, Dalessandro G, Piro G, Di Sansebastiano GP. Two glycosylated vacuolar GFPs are new markers for ER-to-vacuole sorting. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 73:337-43. [PMID: 24184454 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar Sorting Determinants (VSDs) have been extensively studied in plants but the mechanisms for the accumulation of storage proteins in somatic tissues are not yet fully understood. In this work we used two mutated versions of well-documented vacuolar fluorescent reporters, a GFP fusion in frame with the C-terminal VSD of tobacco chitinase (GFPChi) and an N-terminal fusion in frame with the sequence-specific VSD of the barley cysteine protease aleurain (AleuGFP). The GFP sequence was mutated to present an N-glycosylation site at the amino-acid position 133. The reporters were transiently expressed in Nicotiana tabacum protoplasts and agroinfiltrated in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and their distribution was identical to that of the non-glycosylated versions. With the glycosylated GFPs we could highlight a differential ENDO-H sensitivity and therefore differential glycan modifications. This finding suggests two different and independent routes to the vacuole for the two reporters. BFA also had a differential effect on the two markers and further, inhibition of COPII trafficking by a specific dominant-negative mutant (NtSar1h74l) confirmed that GFPChi transport from the ER to the vacuole is not fully dependent on the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidio Stigliano
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; CNR-IGV, Institute of Plant Genetics, Thematic Center for the Preservation of Mediterranean Plant Biodiversity, via Nazionale 44, 75025 Policoro, MT, Italy
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Anstead JA, Hartson SD, Thompson GA. The broccoli (Brassica oleracea) phloem tissue proteome. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:764. [PMID: 24195484 PMCID: PMC3833381 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transport of sugars, hormones, amino acids, proteins, sugar alcohols, and other organic compounds from the sites of synthesis to the sites of use or storage occurs through the conducting cells of the phloem. To better understand these processes a comprehensive understanding of the proteins involved is required. While a considerable amount of data has been obtained from proteomic analyses of phloem sap, this has mainly served to identify the soluble proteins that are translocated through the phloem network. RESULTS In order to obtain more comprehensive proteomic data from phloem tissue we developed a simple dissection procedure to isolate phloem tissue from Brassica oleracea. The presence of a high density of phloem sieve elements was confirmed using light microscopy and fluorescently labeled sieve element-specific antibodies. To increase the depth of the proteomic analysis for membrane bound and associated proteins, soluble proteins were extracted first and subsequent extractions were carried out using two different detergents (SDS and CHAPSO). Across all three extractions almost four hundred proteins were identified and each extraction method added to the analysis demonstrating the utility of an approach combining several extraction protocols. CONCLUSIONS The phloem was found to be enriched in proteins associated with biotic and abiotic stress responses and structural proteins. Subsequent expression analysis identified a number of genes that appear to be expressed exclusively or at very high levels in phloem tissue, including genes that are known to express specifically in the phloem as well as novel phloem genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Anstead
- College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Martinière A, Bassil E, Jublanc E, Alcon C, Reguera M, Sentenac H, Blumwald E, Paris N. In vivo intracellular pH measurements in tobacco and Arabidopsis reveal an unexpected pH gradient in the endomembrane system. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4028-43. [PMID: 24104564 PMCID: PMC3877828 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.116897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The pH homeostasis of endomembranes is essential for cellular functions. In order to provide direct pH measurements in the endomembrane system lumen, we targeted genetically encoded ratiometric pH sensors to the cytosol, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the trans-Golgi, or the compartments labeled by the vacuolar sorting receptor (VSR), which includes the trans-Golgi network and prevacuoles. Using noninvasive live-cell imaging to measure pH, we show that a gradual acidification from the endoplasmic reticulum to the lytic vacuole exists, in both tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) epidermal (ΔpH -1.5) and Arabidopsis thaliana root cells (ΔpH -2.1). The average pH in VSR compartments was intermediate between that of the trans-Golgi and the vacuole. Combining pH measurements with in vivo colocalization experiments, we found that the trans-Golgi network had an acidic pH of 6.1, while the prevacuole and late prevacuole were both more alkaline, with pH of 6.6 and 7.1, respectively. We also showed that endosomal pH, and subsequently vacuolar trafficking of soluble proteins, requires both vacuolar-type H(+) ATPase-dependent acidification as well as proton efflux mediated at least by the activity of endosomal sodium/proton NHX-type antiporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Martinière
- Biochemistry and Plant Molecular Biology Lab, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Elias Bassil
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Elodie Jublanc
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 866, Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Carine Alcon
- Biochemistry and Plant Molecular Biology Lab, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Maria Reguera
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Hervé Sentenac
- Biochemistry and Plant Molecular Biology Lab, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Nadine Paris
- Biochemistry and Plant Molecular Biology Lab, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, 34060 Montpellier, France
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Rech SS, Heidt S, Requena N. A tandem Kunitz protease inhibitor (KPI106)-serine carboxypeptidase (SCP1) controls mycorrhiza establishment and arbuscule development in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:711-25. [PMID: 23662629 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant proteases and protease inhibitors are involved in plant developmental processes including those involving interactions with microbes. Here we show that a tandem between a Kunitz protease inhibitor (KPI106) and a serine carboxypeptidase (SCP1) controls arbuscular mycorrhiza development in the root cortex of Medicago truncatula. Both proteins are only induced during mycorrhiza formation and belong to large families whose members are also mycorrhiza-specific. Furthermore, the interaction between KPI106 and SCP1 analysed using the yeast two-hybrid system is specific, indicating that each family member might have a defined counterpart. In silico docking analysis predicted a putative P1 residue in KPI106 (Lys173) that fits into the catalytic pocket of SCP1, suggesting that KPI106 might inhibit the enzyme activity by mimicking the protease substrate. In vitro mutagenesis of the Lys173 showed that this residue is important in determining the strength and specificity of the interaction. The RNA interference (RNAi) inactivation of the serine carboxypeptidase SCP1 produces aberrant mycorrhizal development with an increased number of septated hyphae and degenerate arbuscules, a phenotype also observed when overexpressing KPI106. Protease and inhibitor are both secreted as observed when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells. Taken together we envisage a model in which the protease SCP1 is secreted in the apoplast where it produces a peptide signal critical for proper fungal development within the root. KPI106 also at the apoplast would modulate the spatial and/or temporal activity of SCP1 by competing with the protease substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie S Rech
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76187, Germany
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Gao X, Cui W, Tian Y, Zhou Z. Over-expression, secretion, biochemical characterisation, and structure analysis of Bacillus subtilis aminopeptidase. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:2810-2815. [PMID: 23426795 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aminopeptidases have great application in the food industry. Current research on the expression of aminopeptidases mainly focuses on the Escherichia coli expression system. However, the application of recombinant E. coli in the food industry is restricted due to its pathogenicity and low secretory efficiency, which should be concerned in the industrial production of aminopeptidases. RESULTS The gene of aminopeptidase from Bacillus subtilis Zj016 (BSAP) was identified. Over-expression and secretion of BSAP were achieved in a B. subtilis expression system with the signal peptide of itself. The yield researched 52 ± 1.9 U mL(-1) , which was 18 times that of the wild-type microbe. The purified enzyme was stable at pH 7.5-9.0 and below 60°C, and was inhibited by several metal ions except appropriate Co(2+) . BSAP was most active toward p-nitroaniline derivatives of Leu, Arg and Lys. Homology modelling and structure analysis showed that there was a flexible protease-associated domain in the predicted structure of BSAP. CONCLUSIONS The study presented a simple procedure for over-expression and purification of BSAP. The substrate specificity and structure information were indicated based on the characterisation and homology modelling. This will be useful for further research of aminopeptidases not only from an academic standpoint but also from an applied point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Ave., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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Arabidopsis μ-adaptin subunit AP1M of adaptor protein complex 1 mediates late secretory and vacuolar traffic and is required for growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10318-23. [PMID: 23733933 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300460110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptor protein (AP) complexes are the predominant coat proteins of membrane vesicles in post-Golgi trafficking of mammalian cells. Each AP complex contains a specific medium subunit, μ-adaptin, that selects cargo proteins bearing sequence-specific sorting motifs. Much less is known about the AP complexes and their μ subunits in plants. Because of uncertain homology, the μ-adaptins of Arabidopsis have been designated muA through muD [Happel et al. (2004) Plant J 37(5):678-693]. Furthermore, only muD has been assigned to a specific AP complex, AP-3, involved in Golgi-vacuolar trafficking [Niihama et al. (2009) Plant Cell Physiol 50(12):2057-2068, Zwiewka et al. (2011) Cell Res 21(12):1711-1722, and Wolfenstetter et al. (2012) Plant Cell 24(1):215-232]. In contrast, the μ subunit of neither the post-Golgi trafficking AP-1 complex nor the endocytic AP-2 complex has been identified. Here, we report the functional analysis of redundant AP-1 μ-adaptins AP1M1 (also known as muB1) and AP1M2 (also known as muB2). Coimmunoprecipitation revealed that both AP1M2 and its less strongly expressed isoform AP1M1 are complexed with the large subunit γ-adaptin of AP-1. In addition, AP1M2 was localized at or near the trans-Golgi network. Knockout mutations of AP1M2 impaired pollen function and arrested plant growth whereas the ap1m1 ap1m2 double mutant was nearly pollen-lethal. At the cellular level, the absence of AP1M2 entailed inhibition of multiple trafficking pathways from the trans-Golgi network to the vacuole and to the plasma membrane in interphase and to the plane of cell division in cytokinesis. Thus, AP-1 is crucial in post-Golgi trafficking in plant cells and required for cell division and plant growth.
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Sauer M, Delgadillo MO, Zouhar J, Reynolds GD, Pennington JG, Jiang L, Liljegren SJ, Stierhof YD, De Jaeger G, Otegui MS, Bednarek SY, Rojo E. MTV1 and MTV4 encode plant-specific ENTH and ARF GAP proteins that mediate clathrin-dependent trafficking of vacuolar cargo from the trans-Golgi network. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:2217-35. [PMID: 23771894 PMCID: PMC3723622 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.111724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many soluble proteins transit through the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the prevacuolar compartment (PVC) en route to the vacuole, but our mechanistic understanding of this vectorial trafficking step in plants is limited. In particular, it is unknown whether clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) participate in this transport step. Through a screen for modified transport to the vacuole (mtv) mutants that secrete the vacuolar protein VAC2, we identified MTV1, which encodes an epsin N-terminal homology protein, and MTV4, which encodes the ADP ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein nevershed/AGD5. MTV1 and NEV/AGD5 have overlapping expression patterns and interact genetically to transport vacuolar cargo and promote plant growth, but they have no apparent roles in protein secretion or endocytosis. MTV1 and NEV/AGD5 colocalize with clathrin at the TGN and are incorporated into CCVs. Importantly, mtv1 nev/agd5 double mutants show altered subcellular distribution of CCV cargo exported from the TGN. Moreover, MTV1 binds clathrin in vitro, and NEV/AGD5 associates in vivo with clathrin, directly linking these proteins to CCV formation. These results indicate that MTV1 and NEV/AGD5 are key effectors for CCV-mediated trafficking of vacuolar proteins from the TGN to the PVC in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sauer
- Departamento Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Otilia Delgadillo
- Departamento Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan Zouhar
- Departamento Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sarah J. Liljegren
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677-1848
| | - York-Dieter Stierhof
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marisa S. Otegui
- Department of Botany, University of Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | - Enrique Rojo
- Departamento Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Address correspondence to
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De Benedictis M, Bleve G, Faraco M, Stigliano E, Grieco F, Piro G, Dalessandro G, Di Sansebastiano GP. AtSYP51/52 functions diverge in the post-Golgi traffic and differently affect vacuolar sorting. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:916-30. [PMID: 23087325 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) encoded by genes of the same sub-family are generally considered as redundant in promoting vesicle-associated membrane fusion events. Nonetheless, the application of innovative experimental approaches highlighted that members of the same gene sub-family often have different functional specificities. In this work, two closely related Qc-SNAREs--the AtSYP51 and the AtSYP52--are compared in their ability to influence different secretory pathways. Their role in the vesicle sorting to the central vacuole has been revised and they were found to have a novel inhibitory function. When transiently overexpressed, the SYP51 and the SYP52 distributed between the TGN and the tonoplast. Our data demonstrate that these SYPs (syntaxin of plants) act as t-SNARE when present on the membrane of TGN/PVC, whereas they behave as inhibitory or interfering SNAREs (i-SNAREs) when they accumulate on the tonoplast. Moreover, the performed functional analysis indicated that the AtSYP51 and the AtSYP52 roles differ in the traffic to the vacuole. The findings are a novel contribution to the functional characterization of plant SNAREs that reveals additional non-fusogenic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Benedictis
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Campus Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Xiang L, Etxeberria E, den Ende W. Vacuolar protein sorting mechanisms in plants. FEBS J 2013; 280:979-93. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology KU Leuven Belgium
| | - Ed Etxeberria
- Horticulture Department Citrus Research and Education Center University of Florida Lake Alfred FL USA
| | - Wim den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology KU Leuven Belgium
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Martinière A, Desbrosses G, Sentenac H, Paris N. Development and properties of genetically encoded pH sensors in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:523. [PMID: 24391657 PMCID: PMC3866548 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) have given access to a large choice of live imaging techniques and have thereby profoundly modified our view of plant cells. Together with technological improvement of imaging, they have opened the possibility to monitor physico-chemical changes within cells. For this purpose, a new generation of FPs has been engineered. For instance, pHluorin, a point mutated version of green fluorescent protein, allows to get local pH estimates. In this paper, we will describe how genetically encoded sensors can be used to measure pH in the microenvironment of living tissues and subsequently discuss the role of pH in (i) exocytosis, (ii) ion uptake by plant roots, (iii) cell growth, and (iv) protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Martinière
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier 2Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Alexandre Martinière and Nadine Paris, Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier 2, F-34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France. e-mail: ;
| | - Guilhem Desbrosses
- Laboratory of Tropical and Mediterranean Symbioses (UMR113, Université Montpellier 2, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Cirad Montpellier SupAgro, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), Université Montpellier 2Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Sentenac
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier 2Montpellier, France
| | - Nadine Paris
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier 2Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Alexandre Martinière and Nadine Paris, Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier 2, F-34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France. e-mail: ;
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46
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van der Linde K, Mueller AN, Hemetsberger C, Kashani F, van der Hoorn RA, Doehlemann G. The maize cystatin CC9 interacts with apoplastic cysteine proteases. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1397-401. [PMID: 22960758 PMCID: PMC3548856 DOI: 10.4161/psb.21902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In a recent study we identified corn cystain9 (CC9) as a novel compatibility factor for the interaction of the biotrophic smut fungus Ustilago maydis with its host plant maize. CC9 is transcriptionally induced during the compatible interaction with U. maydis and localizes in the maize apoplast where it inhibits apoplastic papain-like cysteine proteases. The proteases are activated during incompatible interaction and salicylic acid (SA) treatment and, in turn, are sufficient to induce SA signaling including PR-gene expression. Therefore the inhibition of apoplastic papain-like cysteine proteases by CC9 is essential to suppress host immunity during U. maydis infection. Here were present new experimental data on the cysteine protease-cystatin interaction and provide an in silco analysis of plant cystatins and the identified apoplastic cysteine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André N. Mueller
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology; Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Farnusch Kashani
- Plant Chemetics Lab; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research; Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology; Marburg, Germany
- Correspondence to: Gunther Doehlemann,
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De Marcos Lousa C, Gershlick DC, Denecke J. Mechanisms and concepts paving the way towards a complete transport cycle of plant vacuolar sorting receptors. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:1714-32. [PMID: 22570446 PMCID: PMC3442565 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.095679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of proteins to the lytic vacuole in plants is a complex cascade of selective interactions that specifically excludes residents of the endoplasmic reticulum and secreted proteins. Vacuolar transport must be highly efficient to avoid mistargeting of hydrolytic enzymes to locations where they could be harmful. While plant vacuolar sorting signals have been well described for two decades, it is only during the last 5 years that a critical mass of data was gathered that begins to reveal how vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) may complete a full transport cycle. Yet, the field is far from reaching a consensus regarding the organelles that could be involved in vacuolar sorting, their potential biogenesis, and the ultimate recycling of membranes and protein machinery that maintain this pathway. This review will highlight the important landmarks in our understanding of VSR function and compare recent transport models that have been proposed so that an emerging picture of plant vacuolar sorting mechanisms can be drawn.
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48
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Richau KH, Kaschani F, Verdoes M, Pansuriya TC, Niessen S, Stüber K, Colby T, Overkleeft HS, Bogyo M, Van der Hoorn RA. Subclassification and biochemical analysis of plant papain-like cysteine proteases displays subfamily-specific characteristics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1583-99. [PMID: 22371507 PMCID: PMC3320171 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.194001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) are a large class of proteolytic enzymes associated with development, immunity, and senescence. Although many properties have been described for individual proteases, the distribution of these characteristics has not been studied collectively. Here, we analyzed 723 plant PLCPs and classify them into nine subfamilies that are present throughout the plant kingdom. Analysis of these subfamilies revealed previously unreported distinct subfamily-specific functional and structural characteristics. For example, the NPIR and KDEL localization signals are distinctive for subfamilies, and the carboxyl-terminal granulin domain occurs in two PLCP subfamilies, in which some individual members probably evolved by deletion of the granulin domains. We also discovered a conserved double cysteine in the catalytic site of SAG12-like proteases and two subfamily-specific disulfides in RD19A-like proteases. Protease activity profiling of representatives of the PLCP subfamilies using novel fluorescent probes revealed striking polymorphic labeling profiles and remarkably distinct pH dependency. Competition assays with peptide-epoxide scanning libraries revealed common and unique inhibitory fingerprints. Finally, we expand the detection of PLCPs by identifying common and organ-specific protease activities and identify previously undetected proteases upon labeling with cell-penetrating probes in vivo. This study provides the plant protease research community with tools for further functional annotation of plant PLCPs.
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Gu C, Shabab M, Strasser R, Wolters PJ, Shindo T, Niemer M, Kaschani F, Mach L, van der Hoorn RAL. Post-translational regulation and trafficking of the granulin-containing protease RD21 of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32422. [PMID: 22396764 PMCID: PMC3292552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RD21-like proteases are ubiquitous, plant-specific papain-like proteases typified by carrying a C-terminal granulin domain. RD21-like proteases are involved in immunity and associated with senescence and various types of biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we interrogated Arabidopsis RD21 regulation and trafficking by site-directed mutagenesis, agroinfiltration, western blotting, protease activity profiling and protein degradation. Using an introduced N-glycan sensor, deglycosylation experiments and glyco-engineered N. benthamiana plants, we show that RD21 passes through the Golgi where it becomes fucosylated. Our studies demonstrate that RD21 is regulated at three post-translational levels. Prodomain removal is not blocked in the catalytic Cys mutant, indicating that RD21 is activated by a proteolytic cascade. However, RD21 activation in Arabidopsis does not require vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) or aleurain-like protease AALP. In contrast, granulin domain removal requires the catalytic Cys and His residues and is therefore autocatalytic. Furthermore, SDS can (re-)activate latent RD21 in Arabidopsis leaf extracts, indicating the existence of a third layer of post-translational regulation, possibly mediated by endogenous inhibitors. RD21 causes a dominant protease activity in Arabidopsis leaf extracts, responsible for SDS-induced proteome degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gu
- The Plant Chemetics Lab, Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mohammed Shabab
- The Plant Chemetics Lab, Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pieter J. Wolters
- The Plant Chemetics Lab, Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Takayuki Shindo
- The Plant Chemetics Lab, Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie Niemer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- The Plant Chemetics Lab, Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renier A. L. van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Lab, Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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Jung C, Lee GJ, Jang M, Lee M, Lee J, Kang H, Sohn EJ, Hwang I. Identification of sorting motifs of AtβFruct4 for trafficking from the ER to the vacuole through the Golgi and PVC. Traffic 2011; 12:1774-92. [PMID: 21899678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although much is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in transporting soluble proteins to the central vacuole, the mechanisms governing the trafficking of membrane proteins remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the mechanism involved in targeting the membrane protein, AtβFructosidase 4 (AtβFruct4), to the central vacuole in protoplasts. AtβFruct4 as a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein was transported as a membrane protein during transit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the Golgi apparatus and the prevacuolar compartment (PVC). The N-terminal cytosolic domain of AtβFruct4 was sufficient for transport from the ER to the central vacuole and contained sequence motifs required for trafficking. The sequence motifs, LL and PI, were found to be critical for ER exit, while the EEE and LCPYTRL sequence motifs played roles in trafficking primarily from the trans Golgi network (TGN) to the PVC and from the PVC to the central vacuole, respectively. In addition, actin filaments and AtRabF2a, a Rab GTPase, played critical roles in vacuolar trafficking at the TGN and PVC, respectively. On the basis of these results, we propose that the vacuolar trafficking of AtβFruct4 depends on multiple sequence motifs located at the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain that function as exit and/or sorting signals in different stages during the trafficking process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjin Jung
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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