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Sak M, Chariker JH, Park JW, Rouchka EC. Gene expression and alternative splicing analysis in a large-scale Multiple Sclerosis study. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.08.16.24312099. [PMID: 39185521 PMCID: PMC11343266 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.16.24312099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Background Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease affecting approximately 3 million people globally. Despite rigorous research on MS, aspects of its development and progression remain unclear. Understanding molecular mechanisms underlying MS is crucial to providing insights into disease pathways, identifying potential biomarkers for early diagnosis, and revealing novel therapeutic targets for improved patient outcomes. Methods We utilized publicly available RNA-seq data (GSE138614) from post-mortem white matter tissues of five donors without any neurological disorder and ten MS patient donors. This data was interrogated for differential gene expression, alternative splicing and single nucleotide variants as well as for functional enrichments in the resulting datasets. Results A comparison of non-MS white matter (WM) to MS samples yielded differentially expressed genes involved in adaptive immune response, cell communication, and developmental processes. Genes with expression changes positively correlated with tissue inflammation were enriched in the immune system and receptor interaction pathways. Negatively correlated genes were enriched in neurogenesis, nervous system development, and metabolic pathways. Alternatively spliced transcripts between WM and MS lesions included genes that play roles in neurogenesis, myelination, and oligodendrocyte differentiation, such as brain enriched myelin associated protein ( BCAS1 ), discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 1 ( DLG1 ), KH domain containing RNA binding ( QKI ), and myelin basic protein ( MBP ). Our approach to comparing normal appearing WM (NAWM) and active lesion (AL) from one donor and NAWM and chronic active (CA) tissues from two donors, showed that different IgH and IgK gene subfamilies were differentially expressed. We also identified pathways involved in white matter injury repair and remyelination in these tissues. Differentially spliced genes between these lesions were involved in axon and dendrite structure stability. We also identified exon skipping events and spontaneous single nucleotide polymorphisms in membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 1 ( MARCHF1 ), UDP glycosyltransferase 8 ( UGT8 ), and other genes important in autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. Conclusion Overall, we identified unique genes, pathways, and novel splicing events affecting disease progression that can be further investigated as potential novel drug targets for MS treatment.
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Disc Large Homolog 1 Is Critical for Early T Cell Receptor Micro Cluster Formation and Activation in Human T Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121446. [PMID: 34960191 PMCID: PMC8709471 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation by antigen involves multiple sequential steps, including T cell receptor-microcluster TCR-(MC) formation, immunological synapse formation, and phosphorylation of mediators downstream of the TCR. The adaptor protein, Disc Large Homolog 1 (DLG1), is known to regulate proximal TCR signaling and, in turn, T cell activation, acting as a molecular chaperone that organizes specific kinases downstream of antigen recognition. In this study, we used knockdown and knockout technologies in human primary T cells and a human T cell line to demonstrate the role of DLG1 in proximal T cell signaling. High-end confocal microscopy was used for pictorial representation of T cell micro-clusters and colocalization studies. From all these studies, we could demonstrate that DLG1 functions even earlier than immunological synapse formation, to regulate T cell activation by promoting TCR-MC formation. Moreover, we found that DLG1 can act as a bridge between the TCR-ζ chain and ZAP70 while inhibiting binding of the phosphatase SHP1 to TCR-ζ. Together, these effects drive dysregulation of T cell activation in DLG1-deficient T cells. Overall, the activation and survival status of T cell is a critical determinant of effective vaccine response, and DLG1-mediated T cell signaling events can be a driving factor for improving vaccine-designing strategies.
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Voros O, Panyi G, Hajdu P. Immune Synapse Residency of Orai1 Alters Ca 2+ Response of T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111514. [PMID: 34768945 PMCID: PMC8583858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CRAC, which plays important role in Ca2+-dependent T-lymphocyte activation, is composed of the ER-resident STIM1 and the plasma membrane Orai1 pore-forming subunit. Both accumulate at the immunological synapse (IS) between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC). We hypothesized that adapter/interacting proteins regulate Orai1 residence in the IS. We could show that mGFP-tagged Orai1-Full channels expressed in Jurkat cells had a biphasic IS-accumulation kinetics peaked at 15 min. To understand the background of Orai1 IS-redistribution we knocked down STIM1 and SAP97 (adaptor protein with a short IS-residency (15 min) and ability to bind Orai1 N-terminus): the mGFP-Orai1-Full channels kept on accumulating in the IS up to the 60th minute in the STIM1- and SAP97-lacking Jurkat cells. Deletion of Orai1 N terminus (mGFP-Orai1-Δ72) resulted in the same time course as described for STIM1/SAP97 knock-down cells. Ca2+-imaging of IS-engaged T-cells revealed that of Orai1 residency modifies the Ca2+-response: cells expressing mGFP-Orai1-Δ72 construct or mGFP-Orai1-Full in SAP-97 knock-down cells showed higher number of Ca2+-oscillation up to the 90th minute after IS formation. Overall, these data suggest that SAP97 may contribute to the short-lived IS-residency of Orai1 and binding of STIM1 to Orai1 N-terminus is necessary for SAP97-Orai1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Voros
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (O.V.); (G.P.)
| | - György Panyi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (O.V.); (G.P.)
| | - Péter Hajdu
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-258603
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Mastrogiovanni M, Di Bartolo V, Alcover A. Cell Polarity Regulators, Multifunctional Organizers of Lymphocyte Activation and Function. Biomed J 2021; 45:299-309. [PMID: 34626864 PMCID: PMC9250085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity regulators are ubiquitous, evolutionary conserved multifunctional proteins. They contain a variety of protein–protein interaction domains endowing them the capacity to interact with cytoskeleton structures, membrane components and multiple regulatory proteins. In this way, they act in complexes and are pivotal for cell growth and differentiation, tissue formation, stability and turnover, cell migration, wound healing, and others. Hence some of these proteins are tumor suppressors. These cellular processes rely on the establishment of cell polarity characterized by the asymmetric localization of proteins, RNAs, membrane domains, or organelles that together condition cell shape and function. Whether apparently stable, as in epithelia or neurons, or very dynamic, as in immune cells, cell polarity is an active process. It involves cytoskeleton reorganization and targeted intracellular traffic, and results in cellular events such as protein synthesis, secretion and assembly taking place at defined cell poles. Multiple polarity regulators orchestrate these processes. Immune cells are particularly versatile in rapidly polarizing and assuming different shapes, so to swiftly adopt specialized behaviors and functions. Polarity regulators act in various ways in different immune cell types and at their distinct differentiation states. Here we review how cell polarity regulators control different processes and functions along T lymphocyte physiology, including cell migration through different tissues, immunological synapse formation and effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mastrogiovanni
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM-U1224. F-75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F-75005 Paris. France
| | - Vincenzo Di Bartolo
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM-U1224. F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Andrés Alcover
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM-U1224. F-75015 Paris, France.
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Mastrogiovanni M, Juzans M, Alcover A, Di Bartolo V. Coordinating Cytoskeleton and Molecular Traffic in T Cell Migration, Activation, and Effector Functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:591348. [PMID: 33195256 PMCID: PMC7609836 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.591348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic localization of receptors and signaling molecules at the plasma membrane and within intracellular vesicular compartments is crucial for T lymphocyte sensing environmental cues, triggering membrane receptors, recruiting signaling molecules, and fine-tuning of intracellular signals. The orchestrated action of actin and microtubule cytoskeleton and intracellular vesicle traffic plays a key role in all these events that together ensure important steps in T cell physiology. These include extravasation and migration through lymphoid and peripheral tissues, T cell interactions with antigen-presenting cells, T cell receptor (TCR) triggering by cognate antigen-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) complexes, immunological synapse formation, cell activation, and effector functions. Cytoskeletal and vesicle traffic dynamics and their interplay are coordinated by a variety of regulatory molecules. Among them, polarity regulators and membrane-cytoskeleton linkers are master controllers of this interplay. Here, we review the various ways the T cell plasma membrane, receptors, and their signaling machinery interplay with the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton and with intracellular vesicular compartments. We highlight the importance of this fine-tuned crosstalk in three key stages of T cell biology involving cell polarization: T cell migration in response to chemokines, immunological synapse formation in response to antigen cues, and effector functions. Finally, we discuss two examples of perturbation of this interplay in pathological settings, such as HIV-1 infection and mutation of the polarity regulator and tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) that leads to familial polyposis and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mastrogiovanni
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer – Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM-U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Marie Juzans
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer – Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM-U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Andrés Alcover
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer – Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM-U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vincenzo Di Bartolo
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer – Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM-U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Barreda D, Ramón-Luing LA, Duran-Luis O, Bobadilla K, Chacón-Salinas R, Santos-Mendoza T. Scrib and Dlg1 polarity proteins regulate Ag presentation in human dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:883-893. [PMID: 32293058 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0320-544rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported, for the first time, the expression and regulation of the PDZ polarity proteins Scrib and Dlg1 in human APCs, and also described the viral targeting of these proteins by NS1 of influenza A virus in human dendritic cells (DCs). Scrib plays an important role in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Mϕs and uropod formation and migration in T cells, while Dlg1 is important for T cell downstream activation after Ag recognition. Nevertheless, the functions of these proteins in human DCs remain unknown. Here, we knocked-down the expression of both Scrib and Dlg1 in human DCs and then evaluated the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine production during maturation. We demonstrated that Scrib is necessary for adequate CD86 expression, while Dlg1 is important for CD83 up-regulation and IL-6 production upon maturation, suggesting that Scrib and Dlg1 participate in separate pathways in DCs. Additionally, both proteins are required for adequate IL-12 production after maturation. Furthermore, we showed that the inefficient maturation of DCs induced by Scrib or Dlg1 depletion leads to impaired T cell activation. Our results revealed the previously unknown contribution of Scrib and Dlg1 in human DCs pivotal functions, which may be able to impact innate and adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Barreda
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Lucero A Ramón-Luing
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Olivia Duran-Luis
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karen Bobadilla
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rommel Chacón-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Teresa Santos-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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The Scribble Complex PDZ Proteins in Immune Cell Polarities. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:5649790. [PMID: 32411799 PMCID: PMC7210543 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5649790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
hScrib and hDlg belong to the PDZ family of proteins. Since the identification of these highly phylogenetically conserved scaffolds, an increasing amount of experiments has elucidated the roles of hScrib and hDlg in a variety of cell functions. Remarkably, their participation during the establishment of polarity in epithelial cells is well documented. Although the role of both proteins in the immune system is scantly known, it has become a growing field of investigation. Here, we summarize the interactions and functions of hScrib and hDlg1, which participate in diverse functions involving cell polarization in immune cells, and discuss their relevance in the immune cell biology. The fundamental role of hScrib and hDlg1 during the establishment of the immunological synapse, hence T cell activation, and the recently described role of hScrib in reactive oxygen species production in macrophages and of hDlg1 in cytokine production by dendritic cells highlight the importance of both proteins in immune cell biology. The expression of these proteins in other leukocytes can be anticipated and needs to be confirmed. Due to their multiple interaction domains, there is a wide range of possible interactions of hScrib and hDlg1 that remains to be explored in the immune system.
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Marziali F, Dizanzo MP, Cavatorta AL, Gardiol D. Differential expression of DLG1 as a common trait in different human diseases: an encouraging issue in molecular pathology. Biol Chem 2020; 400:699-710. [PMID: 30517074 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human disc large (DLG1) is a scaffolding protein that through the interaction with diverse cell partners participates in the control of key cellular processes such as polarity, proliferation and migration. Experimental data have mainly identified DLG1 as a tumor suppressor. An outstanding point for DLG1 protein is that altered DLG1 expression and DLG1 gene mutations were observed in different pathologies, including cancer and neurological and immunological disorders. Evident changes in DLG1 abundance and/or cell localization were identified in a number of studies suggesting its participation in molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of such illnesses. In this review, we focus on some of the latest findings regarding DLG1 alterations in different diseases as well as its potential use as a biomarker for pathological progression. We further address the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms regulating DLG1 expression and the posttranslational modifications that may affect DLG1 cell localization and functions. Despite the advances in this field, there are still open questions about the precise molecular link between alterations in DLG1 expression and the development of each specific pathology. The complete understanding of this concern will give us new scenarios for the design of promising diagnosis and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Marziali
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Paula Dizanzo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ana Laura Cavatorta
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Daniela Gardiol
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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Gutiérrez-González LH, Santos-Mendoza T. Viral targeting of PDZ polarity proteins in the immune system as a potential evasion mechanism. FASEB J 2019; 33:10607-10617. [PMID: 31336050 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900518r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PDZ proteins are highly conserved through evolution; the principal function of this large family of proteins is to assemble protein complexes that are involved in many cellular processes, such as cell-cell junctions, cell polarity, recycling, or trafficking. Many PDZ proteins that have been identified as targets of viral pathogens by promoting viral replication and spread are also involved in epithelial cell polarity. Here, we briefly review the PDZ polarity proteins in cells of the immune system to subsequently focus on our hypothesis that the viral PDZ-dependent targeting of PDZ polarity proteins in these cells may alter the cellular fitness of the host to favor that of the virus; we further hypothesize that this modification of the cellular fitness landscape occurs as a common and widespread mechanism for immune evasion by viruses and possibly other pathogens.-Gutiérrez-González, L. H., Santos-Mendoza, T. Viral targeting of PDZ polarity proteins in the immune system as a potential evasion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis H Gutiérrez-González
- Department of Virology and Mycology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Teresa Santos-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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Zheng W, Chen Y, Chen H, Xiao W, Liang Y, Wang N, Jiang X, Wen S. Identification of key target genes and biological pathways in multiple sclerosis brains using microarray data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Neurol Res 2018; 40:883-891. [PMID: 30074468 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1497253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate critical genes in multiple sclerosis (MS) using microarray data from brain tissue in MS. MATERIALS The expression profile data set of MS (GSE38010) downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database contained gene information from five plaque tissues from MS brains and two white matter tissues from healthy controls. An R package was applied to process these raw chip data. Gene Ontology (GO) functional analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were performed to investigate interactions between differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MS brain tissues. RESULTS This study identified a total of 1065 DEGs, including 530 up-regulated genes and 535 down-regulated genes, in MS brain tissue samples compared to those in normal white matter tissue samples. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that the up-regulated DEGs were mainly related to neuron development, neuron projection morphogenesis and neuron differentiation. Furthermore, the down-regulated DEGs were largely related to axon ensheathment, ensheathment of neurons and nervous system development. Seven key genes were found as hub genes in the maintenance of the PPI network. CONCLUSION Several key target genes and their GO and KEGG pathway enrichment identified in the present study may serve as feasible targets for MS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Zheng
- a Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Chen
- b First Clinical College of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyi Chen
- a Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Wende Xiao
- a Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - YingJie Liang
- a Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- a Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Jiang
- a Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Shifeng Wen
- a Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
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Agüera-González S, Burton OT, Vázquez-Chávez E, Cuche C, Herit F, Bouchet J, Lasserre R, Del Río-Iñiguez I, Di Bartolo V, Alcover A. Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Defines Treg Differentiation and Anti-inflammatory Function through Microtubule-Mediated NFAT Localization. Cell Rep 2018; 21:181-194. [PMID: 28978472 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is a polarity regulator and tumor suppressor associated with familial adenomatous polyposis and colorectal cancer development. Although extensively studied in epithelial transformation, the effect of APC on T lymphocyte activation remains poorly defined. We found that APC ensures T cell receptor-triggered activation through Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells (NFAT), since APC is necessary for NFAT's nuclear localization in a microtubule-dependent fashion and for NFAT-driven transcription leading to cytokine gene expression. Interestingly, NFAT forms clusters juxtaposed with microtubules. Ultimately, mouse Apc deficiency reduces the presence of NFAT in the nucleus of intestinal regulatory T cells (Tregs) and impairs Treg differentiation and the acquisition of a suppressive phenotype, which is characterized by the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. These findings suggest a dual role for APC mutations in colorectal cancer development, where mutations drive the initiation of epithelial neoplasms and also reduce Treg-mediated suppression of the detrimental inflammation that enhances cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Agüera-González
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS URA1961, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U1221, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Oliver T Burton
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena Vázquez-Chávez
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS URA1961, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U1221, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Céline Cuche
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS URA1961, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U1221, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Floriane Herit
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS URA1961, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U1221, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bouchet
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS URA1961, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U1221, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rémi Lasserre
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS URA1961, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U1221, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Iratxe Del Río-Iñiguez
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS URA1961, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U1221, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Vincenzo Di Bartolo
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS URA1961, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U1221, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Andrés Alcover
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS URA1961, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U1221, 75015 Paris, France.
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Marziali F, Bugnon Valdano M, Brunet Avalos C, Moriena L, Cavatorta AL, Gardiol D. Interference of HTLV-1 Tax Protein with Cell Polarity Regulators: Defining the Subcellular Localization of the Tax-DLG1 Interaction. Viruses 2017; 9:E355. [PMID: 29168728 PMCID: PMC5744130 DOI: 10.3390/v9120355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-1 Tax (Tax) protein is very important in viral replication and cell transformation. Tax localizes in the nucleus and cytoplasm in association with organelles. Some activities of Tax depend on interactions with PDZ (PSD-95/Discs Large/Z0-1) domain-containing proteins such as Discs large protein 1 (DLG1) which is involved in cell polarity and proliferation. The DLG1 interaction results in a cytoplasmic co-localization pattern resembling vesicular aggregates, the nature of which is still unknown. To further explore the role of PDZ proteins in HTLV-1 cell transformation, we deeply investigated the Tax-DLG1 association. By fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), we detected, for the first time, the direct binding of Tax to DLG1 within the cell. We showed that the interaction specifically affects the cellular distribution of not only DLG1, but also Tax. After studying different cell structures, we demonstrated that the aggregates distribute into the Golgi apparatus in spatial association with the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). This study contributes to understand the biological significance of Tax-PDZ interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Marziali
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Marina Bugnon Valdano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Clarisse Brunet Avalos
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Lucía Moriena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Ana Laura Cavatorta
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Daniela Gardiol
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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13
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Abstract
The evolutionary origin of synapses and neurons is an enigmatic subject that inspires much debate. Non-bilaterian metazoans, both with and without neurons and their closest relatives already contain many components of the molecular toolkits for synapse functions. The origin of these components and their assembly into ancient synaptic signaling machineries are particularly important in light of recent findings on the phylogeny of non-bilaterian metazoans. The evolution of synapses and neurons are often discussed only from a metazoan perspective leaving a considerable gap in our understanding. By taking an integrative approach we highlight the need to consider different, but extremely relevant phyla and to include the closest unicellular relatives of metazoans, the ichthyosporeans, filastereans and choanoflagellates, to fully understand the evolutionary origin of synapses and neurons. This approach allows for a detailed understanding of when and how the first pre- and postsynaptic signaling machineries evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Burkhardt
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Simon G Sprecher
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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14
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James CD, Roberts S. Viral Interactions with PDZ Domain-Containing Proteins-An Oncogenic Trait? Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5010008. [PMID: 26797638 PMCID: PMC4810129 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the human viruses with oncogenic capabilities, either in their natural host or in experimental systems (hepatitis B and C, human T cell leukaemia virus type 1, Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, human immunodeficiency virus, high-risk human papillomaviruses and adenovirus type 9), encode in their limited genome the ability to target cellular proteins containing PSD95/ DLG/ZO-1 (PDZ) interaction modules. In many cases (but not always), the viruses have evolved to bind the PDZ domains using the same short linear peptide motifs found in host protein-PDZ interactions, and in some cases regulate the interactions in a similar fashion by phosphorylation. What is striking is that the diverse viruses target a common subset of PDZ proteins that are intimately involved in controlling cell polarity and the structure and function of intercellular junctions, including tight junctions. Cell polarity is fundamental to the control of cell proliferation and cell survival and disruption of polarity and the signal transduction pathways involved is a key event in tumourigenesis. This review focuses on the oncogenic viruses and the role of targeting PDZ proteins in the virus life cycle and the contribution of virus-PDZ protein interactions to virus-mediated oncogenesis. We highlight how many of the viral associations with PDZ proteins lead to deregulation of PI3K/AKT signalling, benefitting virus replication but as a consequence also contributing to oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D James
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
- Present address; Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Dentistry, W. Baxter Perkinson Jr. Building, 521 North 11th Street, P.O. Box 980566, Richmond, VA 23298-0566, USA.
| | - Sally Roberts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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15
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Pham K, Shimoni R, Charnley M, Ludford-Menting MJ, Hawkins ED, Ramsbottom K, Oliaro J, Izon D, Ting SB, Reynolds J, Lythe G, Molina-Paris C, Melichar H, Robey E, Humbert PO, Gu M, Russell SM. Asymmetric cell division during T cell development controls downstream fate. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:933-50. [PMID: 26370500 PMCID: PMC4576854 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201502053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell precursors undergo asymmetric cell division after T cell receptor genomic recombination, with stromal cell cues controlling the differential inheritance of fate determinants Numb and α-Adaptin by the daughters of a dividing DN3a T cell precursor. During mammalian T cell development, the requirement for expansion of many individual T cell clones, rather than merely expansion of the entire T cell population, suggests a possible role for asymmetric cell division (ACD). We show that ACD of developing T cells controls cell fate through differential inheritance of cell fate determinants Numb and α-Adaptin. ACD occurs specifically during the β-selection stage of T cell development, and subsequent divisions are predominantly symmetric. ACD is controlled by interaction with stromal cells and chemokine receptor signaling and uses a conserved network of polarity regulators. The disruption of polarity by deletion of the polarity regulator, Scribble, or the altered inheritance of fate determinants impacts subsequent fate decisions to influence the numbers of DN4 cells arising after the β-selection checkpoint. These findings indicate that ACD enables the thymic microenvironment to orchestrate fate decisions related to differentiation and self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Pham
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Raz Shimoni
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Mirren Charnley
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia Industrial Research Institute Swinburne, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Mandy J Ludford-Menting
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Edwin D Hawkins
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Kelly Ramsbottom
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Jane Oliaro
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David Izon
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Stephen B Ting
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Joseph Reynolds
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England, UK
| | - Grant Lythe
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England, UK
| | - Carmen Molina-Paris
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England, UK
| | - Heather Melichar
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Ellen Robey
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Min Gu
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Sarah M Russell
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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16
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Arsenio J, Metz PJ, Chang JT. Asymmetric Cell Division in T Lymphocyte Fate Diversification. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:670-683. [PMID: 26474675 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunological protection against microbial pathogens is dependent on robust generation of functionally diverse T lymphocyte subsets. Upon microbial infection, naïve CD4(+) or CD8(+) T lymphocytes can give rise to effector- and memory-fated progeny that together mediate a potent immune response. Recent advances in single-cell immunological and genomic profiling technologies have helped elucidate early and late diversification mechanisms that enable the generation of heterogeneity from single T lymphocytes. We discuss these findings here and argue that one such mechanism, asymmetric cell division, creates an early divergence in T lymphocyte fates by giving rise to daughter cells with a propensity towards the terminally differentiated effector or self-renewing memory lineages, with cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic cues from the microenvironment driving the final maturation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janilyn Arsenio
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Patrick J Metz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John T Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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17
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Ramsbottom KM, Sacirbegovic F, Hawkins ED, Kallies A, Belz GT, Van Ham V, Haynes NM, Durrant MJ, Humbert PO, Russell SM, Oliaro J. Lethal giant larvae-1 deficiency enhances the CD8(+) effector T-cell response to antigen challenge in vivo. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:306-11. [PMID: 26391810 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lethal giant larvae-1 (Lgl-1) is an evolutionary conserved protein that regulates cell polarity in diverse lineages; however, the role of Lgl-1 in the polarity and function of immune cells remains to be elucidated. To assess the role of Lgl-1 in T cells, we generated chimeric mice with a hematopoietic system deficient for Lgl-1. Lgl-1 deficiency did not impair the activation or function of peripheral CD8(+) T cells in response to antigen presentation in vitro, but did skew effector and memory T-cell differentiation. When challenged with antigen-expressing virus or tumor, Lgl-1-deficient mice displayed altered T-cell responses. This manifested in a stronger antiviral and antitumor effector CD8(+) T-cell response, the latter resulting in enhanced control of MC38-OVA tumors. These results reveal a novel role for Lgl-1 in the regulation of virus-specific T-cell responses and antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Ramsbottom
- Cancer Immunology Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Faruk Sacirbegovic
- Cancer Immunology Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edwin D Hawkins
- Cancer Immunology Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Lo Celso Laboratory, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, UK
| | - Axel Kallies
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa Van Ham
- Cancer Immunology Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole M Haynes
- Cancer Immunology Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J Durrant
- Cancer Immunology Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah M Russell
- Cancer Immunology Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Micro-photonics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Oliaro
- Cancer Immunology Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Silva O, Crocetti J, Humphries LA, Burkhardt JK, Miceli MC. Discs Large Homolog 1 Splice Variants Regulate p38-Dependent and -Independent Effector Functions in CD8+ T Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133353. [PMID: 26186728 PMCID: PMC4505885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionally diverse CD8+ T cells develop in response to antigenic stimulation with differing capacities to couple TCR engagement to downstream signals and functions. However, mechanisms of diversifying TCR signaling are largely uncharacterized. Here we identified two alternative splice variants of scaffold protein Dlg1, Dlg1AB and Dlg1B, that diversify signaling to regulate p38 –dependent and –independent effector functions in CD8+ T cells. Dlg1AB, but not Dlg1B associated with Lck, coupling TCR stimulation to p38 activation and proinflammatory cytokine production. Conversely, both Dlg1AB and Dlg1B mediated p38-independent degranulation. Degranulation depended on a Dlg1 fragment containing an intact Dlg1SH3-domain and required the SH3-ligand WASp. Further, Dlg1 controlled WASp activation by promoting TCR-triggered conformational opening of WASp. Collectively, our data support a model where Dlg1 regulates p38-dependent proinflammatory cytokine production and p38-independent cytotoxic granule release through the utilization of alternative splice variants, providing a mechanism whereby TCR engagement couples downstream signals to unique effector functions in CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jillian Crocetti
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Humphries
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Carrie Miceli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Hajdu P, Martin GV, Chimote AA, Szilagyi O, Takimoto K, Conforti L. The C-terminus SH3-binding domain of Kv1.3 is required for the actin-mediated immobilization of the channel via cortactin. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1640-51. [PMID: 25739456 PMCID: PMC4436776 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-07-1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarization of Kv1.3 channels is a necessary step in T-cell activation and motility. Nonetheless, the mechanisms regulating the Kv1.3 channel's membrane movement are not understood. This study provides evidence that cortactin, an actin-binding protein, controls Kv1.3 membrane motility via the channel's SH3 domain. Kv1.3 channels play a pivotal role in the activation and migration of T-lymphocytes. These functions are accompanied by the channels' polarization, which is essential for associated downstream events. However, the mechanisms that govern the membrane movement of Kv1.3 channels remain unclear. F-actin polymerization occurs concomitantly to channel polarization, implicating the actin cytoskeleton in this process. Here we show that cortactin, a factor initiating the actin network, controls the membrane mobilization of Kv1.3 channels. FRAP with EGFP-tagged Kv1.3 channels demonstrates that knocking down cortactin decreases the actin-based immobilization of the channels. Using various deletion and mutation constructs, we show that the SH3 motif of Kv1.3 mediates the channel immobilization. Proximity ligation assays indicate that deletion or mutation of the SH3 motif also disrupts interaction of the channel with cortactin. In T-lymphocytes, the interaction between HS1 (the cortactin homologue) and Kv1.3 occurs at the immune synapse and requires the channel's C-terminal domain. These results show that actin dynamics regulates the membrane motility of Kv1.3 channels. They also provide evidence that the SH3 motif of the channel and cortactin plays key roles in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hajdu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267 Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Geoffrey V Martin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Ameet A Chimote
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Orsolya Szilagyi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267 Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Koichi Takimoto
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka 940-2137, Japan
| | - Laura Conforti
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
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20
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Abel AM, Schuldt KM, Rajasekaran K, Hwang D, Riese MJ, Rao S, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. IQGAP1: insights into the function of a molecular puppeteer. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:336-49. [PMID: 25733387 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular spatiotemporal organization of signaling events is critical for normal cellular function. In response to environmental stimuli, cells utilize highly organized signaling pathways that are subject to multiple layers of regulation. However, the molecular mechanisms that coordinate these complex processes remain an enigma. Scaffolding proteins (scaffolins) have emerged as critical regulators of signaling pathways, many of which have well-described functions in immune cells. IQGAP1, a highly conserved cytoplasmic scaffold protein, is able to curb, compartmentalize, and coordinate multiple signaling pathways in a variety of cell types. IQGAP1 plays a central role in cell-cell interaction, cell adherence, and movement via actin/tubulin-based cytoskeletal reorganization. Evidence also implicates IQGAP1 as an essential regulator of the MAPK and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Here, we summarize the recent advances on the cellular and molecular biology of IQGAP1. We also describe how this pleiotropic scaffolin acts as a true molecular puppeteer, and highlight the significance of future research regarding the role of IQGAP1 in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Abel
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kristina M Schuldt
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kamalakannan Rajasekaran
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - David Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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21
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Crocetti J, Silva O, Humphries LA, Tibbs MD, Miceli MC. Selective phosphorylation of the Dlg1AB variant is critical for TCR-induced p38 activation and induction of proinflammatory cytokines in CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2651-60. [PMID: 25098293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells respond to TCR stimulation by producing proinflammatory cytokines, and destroying infected or malignant cells through the production and release of cytotoxic granules. Scaffold protein Discs large homolog 1 (Dlg1) specifies TCR-dependent functions by channeling proximal signals toward the activation of p38-dependent proinflammatory cytokine gene expression and/or p38-independent cytotoxic granule release. Two Dlg1 variants are expressed in CD8(+) T cells via alternative splicing, Dlg1AB and Dlg1B, which have differing abilities coordinate TCR-dependent functions. Although both variants facilitate p38-independent cytotoxicity, only Dlg1AB coordinates p38-dependent proinflammatory cytokine expression. In this study, we identify TCR-induced Dlg1 tyrosine phosphorylation as a key regulatory step required for Dlg1AB-mediated p38-dependent functions, including proinflammatory cytokine expression. We find that Dlg1AB but not Dlg1B is tyrosine phosphorylated by proximal tyrosine kinase Lck in response to TCR stimulation. Furthermore, we identify Dlg1 tyrosine 222 (Y222) as a major site of Dlg1 phosphorylation required for TCR-triggered p38 activation and NFAT-dependent expression of proinflammatory cytokines, but not for p38-independent cytotoxicity. Taken together, our data support a model where TCR-induced phosphorylation of Dlg1 Y222 is a key point of control that endows Dlg1AB with the ability to coordinate p38 activation and proinflammatory cytokine production. We propose blocking Dlg1AB phosphorylation as a novel therapeutic target to specifically block proinflammatory cytokine production but not cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Crocetti
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Oscar Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Lisa A Humphries
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320; and
| | - Michelle D Tibbs
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - M Carrie Miceli
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
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22
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Xu S, Zhou F, Tao J, Song L, NG SC, Wang X, Chen L, Yi F, Ran Z, Zhou R, Xia B. Exome sequencing identifies DLG1 as a novel gene for potential susceptibility to Crohn's disease in a Chinese family study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99807. [PMID: 24937328 PMCID: PMC4061034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variants make some contributions to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). More than 100 susceptibility loci were identified in Western IBD studies, but susceptibility gene has not been found in Chinese IBD patients till now. Sequencing of individuals with an IBD family history is a powerful approach toward our understanding of the genetics and pathogenesis of IBD. The aim of this study, which focuses on a Han Chinese CD family, is to identify high-risk variants and potentially novel loci using whole exome sequencing technique. METHODS Exome sequence data from 4 individuals belonging to a same family were analyzed using bioinformatics methods to narrow down the variants associated with CD. The potential risk genes were further analyzed by genotyping and Sanger sequencing in family members, additional 401 healthy controls (HC), 278 sporadic CD patients, 123 UC cases, a pair of monozygotic CD twins and another Chinese CD family. RESULTS From the CD family in which the father and daughter were affected, we identified a novel single nucleotide variant (SNV) c.374T>C (p.I125T) in exon 4 of discs large homolog 1 (DLG1), a gene has been reported to play multiple roles in cell proliferation, T cell polarity and T cell receptor signaling. After genotyping among case and controls, a PLINK analysis showed the variant was of significance (P<0.05). 4 CD patients of the other Chinese family bore another non-synonymous variant c.833G>A (p.R278Q) in exon 9 of DLG1. CONCLUSIONS We have discovered novel genetic variants in the coding regions of DLG1 gene, the results support that DLG1 is a novel potential susceptibility gene for CD in Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory for Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinsheng Tao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siew Chien NG
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory for Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengming Yi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Ran
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory for Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory for Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Pham K, Sacirbegovic F, Russell SM. Polarized cells, polarized views: asymmetric cell division in hematopoietic cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:26. [PMID: 24550912 PMCID: PMC3909886 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been recognized that alterations in cell shape and polarity play important roles in coordinating lymphocyte functions. In the last decade, a new aspect of lymphocyte polarity has attracted much attention, termed asymmetric cell division (ACD). ACD has previously been shown to dictate or influence many aspects of development in model organisms such as the worm and the fly, and to be disrupted in disease. Recent observations that ACD also occurs in lymphocytes led to exciting speculations that ACD might influence lymphocyte differentiation and function, and leukemia. Dissecting the role that ACD might play in these activities has not been straightforward, and the evidence to date for a functional role in lymphocyte fate determination has been controversial. In this review, we discuss the evidence to date for ACD in lymphocytes, and how it might influence lymphocyte fate. We also discuss current gaps in our knowledge, and suggest approaches to definitively test the physiological role of ACD in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Pham
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , East Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, VIC , Australia
| | - Faruk Sacirbegovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Sarah M Russell
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , East Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, VIC , Australia ; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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24
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Tomar N, De RK. A model of an integrated immune system pathway in Homo sapiens and its interaction with superantigen producing expression regulatory pathway in Staphylococcus aureus: comparing behavior of pathogen perturbed and unperturbed pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80918. [PMID: 24324645 PMCID: PMC3855681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Response of an immune system to a pathogen attack depends on the balance between the host immune defense and the virulence of the pathogen. Investigation of molecular interactions between the proteins of a host and a pathogen helps in identifying the pathogenic proteins. It is necessary to understand the dynamics of a normally behaved host system to evaluate the capacity of its immune system upon pathogen attack. In this study, we have compared the behavior of an unperturbed and pathogen perturbed host system. Moreover, we have developed a formalism under Flux Balance Analysis (FBA) for the optimization of conflicting objective functions. We have constructed an integrated pathway system, which includes Staphylococcal Superantigen (SAg) expression regulatory pathway and TCR signaling pathway of Homo sapiens. We have implemented the method on this pathway system and observed the behavior of host signaling molecules upon pathogen attack. The entire study has been divided into six different cases, based on the perturbed/unperturbed conditions. In other words, we have investigated unperturbed and pathogen perturbed human TCR signaling pathway, with different combinations of optimization of concentrations of regulatory and signaling molecules. One of these cases has aimed at finding out whether minimization of the toxin production in a pathogen leads to the change in the concentration levels of the proteins coded by TCR signaling pathway genes in the infected host. Based on the computed results, we have hypothesized that the balance between TCR signaling inhibitory and stimulatory molecules can keep TCR signaling system into resting/stimulating state, depending upon the perturbation. The proposed integrated host-pathogen interaction pathway model has accurately reflected the experimental evidences, which we have used for validation purpose. The significance of this kind of investigation lies in revealing the susceptible interaction points that can take back the Staphylococcal Enterotoxin (SE)-challenged system within the range of normal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Tomar
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Rajat K. De
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
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25
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Abstract
It has been over 30 years since the reorganization of both the microtubule network and a 'peculiar actin polarization' was reported at the contact area of cytotoxic T lymphocytes interacting with target cells. Since that time, hundreds of studies have been published in an effort to elucidate the structure and function of the microtubule network and the actin cytoskeleton in T-cell activation, migration, and effector function at the interface between a T cell and its cognate antigen-presenting cell or target cell. This interface has become known as the immunological synapse, and this review examines some of the roles played by the cytoskeleton at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T Ritter
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridge, UK
| | - Karen L Angus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridge, UK
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridge, UK
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26
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Pore D, Parameswaran N, Matsui K, Stone MB, Saotome I, McClatchey AI, Veatch SL, Gupta N. Ezrin tunes the magnitude of humoral immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:4048-58. [PMID: 24043890 PMCID: PMC3808844 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ezrin is a member of the ezrin-radixin-moesin family of membrane-actin cytoskeleton cross-linkers that participate in a variety of cellular processes. In B cells, phosphorylation of ezrin at different sites regulates multiple processes, such as lipid raft coalescence, BCR diffusion, microclustering, and endosomal JNK activation. In this study, we generated mice with conditional deletion of ezrin in the B cell lineage to investigate the physiological significance of ezrin's function in Ag receptor-mediated B cell activation and humoral immunity. B cell development, as well as the proportion and numbers of major B cell subsets in peripheral lymphoid organs, was unaffected by the loss of ezrin. Using superresolution imaging methods, we show that, in the absence of ezrin, BCRs respond to Ag binding by accumulating into larger and more stable signaling microclusters. Loss of ezrin led to delayed BCR capping and accelerated lipid raft coalescence. Although proximal signaling proteins showed stronger activation in the absence of ezrin, components of the distal BCR signaling pathways displayed distinct effects. Ezrin deficiency resulted in increased B cell proliferation and differentiation into Ab-secreting cells ex vivo and stronger T cell-independent and -dependent responses to Ag in vivo. Overall, our data demonstrate that ezrin regulates amplification of BCR signals and tunes the strength of B cell activation and humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasis Pore
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Neetha Parameswaran
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Ken Matsui
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Matthew B. Stone
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ichiko Saotome
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 13 Street, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Andrea I. McClatchey
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 13 Street, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Sarah L. Veatch
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Neetu Gupta
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
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27
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Yamamoto H, Fara AF, Dasgupta P, Kemper C. CD46: the 'multitasker' of complement proteins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2808-20. [PMID: 24120647 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Complement is undeniably quintessential for innate immunity by detecting and eliminating infectious microorganisms. Recent work, however, highlights an equally profound impact of complement on the induction and regulation of a wide range of immune cells. In particular, the complement regulator CD46 emerges as a key sensor of immune activation and a vital modulator of adaptive immunity. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of CD46-mediated signalling events and their functional consequences on immune-competent cells with a specific focus on those in CD4(+) T cells. We will also discuss the promises and challenges that potential therapeutic modulation of CD46 may hold and pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Yamamoto
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; The Urology Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundations Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
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28
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Sandoval GJ, Graham DB, Gmyrek GB, Akilesh HM, Fujikawa K, Sammut B, Bhattacharya D, Srivatsan S, Kim A, Shaw AS, Yang-Iott K, Bassing CH, Duncavage E, Xavier RJ, Swat W. Novel mechanism of tumor suppression by polarity gene discs large 1 (DLG1) revealed in a murine model of pediatric B-ALL. Cancer Immunol Res 2013; 1:426-37. [PMID: 24778134 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster discs large (dlg) is an essential tumor suppressor gene (TSG) controlling epithelial cell growth and polarity of the fly imaginal discs in pupal development. A mammalian ortholog, Dlg1, is involved in embryonic urogenital morphogenesis, postsynaptic densities in neurons, and immune synapses in lymphocytes. However, a potential role for Dlg1 as a mammalian TSG is unknown. Here, we present evidence that loss of Dlg1 confers strong predisposition to the development of malignancies in a murine model of pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Using mice with conditionally deleted Dlg1 alleles, we identify a novel "pre-leukemic" stage of developmentally arrested early B-lineage cells marked by preeminent c-Myc expression. Mechanistically, we show that in B-lineage progenitors Dlg1 interacts with and stabilizes the PTEN protein, regulating its half-life and steady-state abundance. The loss of Dlg1 does not affect the level of PTEN mRNAs but results in a dramatic decrease in PTEN protein, leading to excessive phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling and proliferation. Our data suggest a novel model of tumor suppression by a PDZ domain-containing polarity gene in hematopoietic cancers.
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29
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Gmyrek GB, Graham DB, Sandoval GJ, Blaufuss GS, Akilesh HM, Fujikawa K, Xavier RJ, Swat W. Polarity gene discs large homolog 1 regulates the generation of memory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1185-94. [PMID: 23436244 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian ortholog of Drosophila cell polarity protein, Dlg1, plays a critical role in neural synapse formation, epithelial cell homeostasis, and urogenital development. More recently, it has been proposed that Dlg1 may also be involved in the regulation of T-cell proliferation, migration, and Ag-receptor signaling. However, a requirement for Dlg1 in development and function of T lineage cells remains to be established. In this study, we investigated a role for Dlg1 during T-cell development and function using a combination of conditional Dlg1 KO and two different Cre expression systems where Dlg1 deficiency is restricted to the T-cell lineage only, or all hematopoietic cells. Here, using three different TCR models, we show that Dlg1 is not required during development and selection of thymocytes bearing functionally rearranged TCR transgenes. Moreover, Dlg1 is dispensable in the activation and proliferative expansion of Ag-specific TCR-transgenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, however, we show that Dlg1 is required for normal generation of memory T cells during endogenous response to cognate Ag. Thus, Dlg1 is not required for the thymocyte selection or the activation of primary T cells, however it is involved in the generation of memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz B Gmyrek
- Divison of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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30
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Humphries LA, Shaffer MH, Sacirbegovic F, Tomassian T, McMahon KA, Humbert PO, Silva O, Round JL, Takamiya K, Huganir RL, Burkhardt JK, Russell SM, Miceli MC. Characterization of in vivo Dlg1 deletion on T cell development and function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45276. [PMID: 23028902 PMCID: PMC3445470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The polarized reorganization of the T cell membrane and intracellular signaling molecules in response to T cell receptor (TCR) engagement has been implicated in the modulation of T cell development and effector responses. In siRNA-based studies Dlg1, a MAGUK scaffold protein and member of the Scribble polarity complex, has been shown to play a role in T cell polarity and TCR signal specificity, however the role of Dlg1 in T cell development and function in vivo remains unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we present the combined data from three independently-derived dlg1-knockout mouse models; two germline deficient knockouts and one conditional knockout. While defects were not observed in T cell development, TCR-induced early phospho-signaling, actin-mediated events, or proliferation in any of the models, the acute knockdown of Dlg1 in Jurkat T cells diminished accumulation of actin at the IS. Further, while Th1-type cytokine production appeared unaffected in T cells derived from mice with a dlg1germline-deficiency, altered production of TCR-dependent Th1 and Th2-type cytokines was observed in T cells derived from mice with a conditional loss of dlg1 expression and T cells with acute Dlg1 suppression, suggesting a differential requirement for Dlg1 activity in signaling events leading to Th1 versus Th2 cytokine induction. The observed inconsistencies between these and other knockout models and siRNA strategies suggest that 1) compensatory upregulation of alternate gene(s) may be masking a role for dlg1 in controlling TCR-mediated events in dlg1 deficient mice and 2) the developmental stage during which dlg1 ablation begins may control the degree to which compensatory events occur. Conclusions/Significance These findings provide a potential explanation for the discrepancies observed in various studies using different dlg1-deficient T cell models and underscore the importance of acute dlg1 ablation to avoid the upregulation of compensatory mechanisms for future functional studies of the Dlg1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Humphries
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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31
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Liu W, Chen E, Zhao XW, Wan ZP, Gao YR, Davey A, Huang E, Zhang L, Crocetti J, Sandoval G, Joyce MG, Miceli C, Lukszo J, Aravind L, Swat W, Brzostowski J, Pierce SK. The scaffolding protein synapse-associated protein 97 is required for enhanced signaling through isotype-switched IgG memory B cell receptors. Sci Signal 2012; 5:ra54. [PMID: 22855505 PMCID: PMC3413325 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2002820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
After their first encounter with a foreign antigen, naïve B cells that have immunoglobulin M (IgM) B cell receptors (BCRs) trigger the primary antibody response and the generation of memory B cells with IgG BCRs. When these memory B cells reencounter the same antigen, the cell surface IgG BCRs stimulate their rapid differentiation into plasma cells that release large amounts of IgG antibodies. We showed that the conserved cytoplasmic tail of the IgG BCR, which contains a putative PDZ (postsynaptic density 95/disc large/zona occludens 1)-binding motif, associated with synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97), a PDZ domain-containing scaffolding molecule that is involved in controlling receptor density and signal strength at neuronal synapses. SAP97 accumulated and bound to IgG BCRs in the immunological synapses that formed in response to B cell engagement with antigen. Knocking down SAP97 in IgG⁺ B cells or mutating the putative PDZ-binding motif in the BCR tail impaired formation of the immunological synapse, initiation of IgG BCR signaling, and downstream activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. Thus, heightened B cell memory responses are encoded, in part, by a mechanism that involves SAP97 serving as a scaffolding protein in the IgG BCR immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Liu
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
| | - Elizabeth Chen
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Xing Wang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
| | - Zheng Peng Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
| | - Yi Ren Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
| | - Angel Davey
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Eric Huang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Lijia Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Jillian Crocetti
- Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine and College of Letters and Sciences, 277B Biomedical Sciences Research Building, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gabriel Sandoval
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - M. Gordon Joyce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Carrie Miceli
- Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine and College of Letters and Sciences, 277B Biomedical Sciences Research Building, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jan Lukszo
- Peptide Synthesis and Analysis Laboratory, RTB, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - L. Aravind
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Wojciech Swat
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph Brzostowski
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Susan K. Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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32
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Chang JT. Polarity and lymphocyte fate determination. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:526-33. [PMID: 22658837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polarity within lymphocytes has been recognized to regulate a variety of processes, including migration, signaling, and the execution of effector function. It has been recently proposed, however, that this polarized behavior may also serve a different purpose in lymphocytes that have not yet encountered their foreign antigen-to coordinate asymmetric cell division. Asymmetric division is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism allowing a single cell to give rise to two distinct daughter cells from inception. In this review, recent findings in polarity and asymmetric division in lymphocytes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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33
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Kuras Z, Kucher V, Gordon SM, Neumeier L, Chimote AA, Filipovich AH, Conforti L. Modulation of Kv1.3 channels by protein kinase A I in T lymphocytes is mediated by the disc large 1-tyrosine kinase Lck complex. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 302:C1504-12. [PMID: 22378744 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00263.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The cAMP/PKA signaling system constitutes an inhibitory pathway in T cells and, although its biochemistry has been thoroughly investigated, its possible effects on ion channels are still not fully understood. K(V)1.3 channels play an important role in T-cell activation, and their inhibition suppresses T-cell function. It has been reported that PKA modulates K(V)1.3 activity. Two PKA isoforms are expressed in human T cells: PKAI and PKAII. PKAI has been shown to inhibit T-cell activation via suppression of the tyrosine kinase Lck. The aim of this study was to determine the PKA isoform modulating K(V)1.3 and the signaling pathway underneath. 8-Bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcAMP), a nonselective activator of PKA, inhibited K(V)1.3 currents both in primary human T and in Jurkat cells. This inhibition was prevented by the PKA blocker PKI(6-22). Selective knockdown of PKAI, but not PKAII, with siRNAs abolished the response to 8-BrcAMP. Additional studies were performed to determine the signaling pathway mediating PKAI effect on K(V)1.3. Overexpression of a constitutively active mutant of Lck reduced the response of K(V)1.3 to 8-Br-cAMP. Moreover, knockdown of the scaffolding protein disc large 1 (Dlg1), which binds K(V)1.3 to Lck, abolished PKA modulation of K(V)1.3 channels. Immunohistochemistry studies showed that PKAI, but not PKAII, colocalizes with K(V)1.3 and Dlg1 indicating a close proximity between these proteins. These results indicate that PKAI selectively regulates K(V)1.3 channels in human T lymphocytes. This effect is mediated by Lck and Dlg1. We thus propose that the K(V)1.3/Dlg1/Lck complex is part of the membrane pathway that cAMP utilizes to regulate T-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerrin Kuras
- Department of Internal Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0585, USA
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34
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Interplay of polarity proteins and GTPases in T-lymphocyte function. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:417485. [PMID: 22461835 PMCID: PMC3296228 DOI: 10.1155/2012/417485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Polarity refers to the asymmetric distribution of different cellular components within a cell and is central to many cell functions. In T-cells, polarity regulates the activation, migration, and effector function of cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) during an immune response. The regulation of asymmetric cell division by polarity proteins may also dictate CTL effector and memory differentiation following antigen presentation. Small GTPases, along with their associated polarity and adaptor proteins, are critical for mediating the polarity changes necessary for T-cell activation and function, and in turn, are regulated by guanine exchange factors (GEFS) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPS). For example, a novel GEF, dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) was recently identified as a regulator of immune cell function and mutations in DOCK8 have been detected in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency. Both B and T-cells from DOCK8 mutant mice form defective immunological synapses and have abnormal functions, in addition to impaired immune memory development. This paper will discuss the interplay between polarity proteins and GTPases, and their role in T-cell function.
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35
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Nzounza P, Chazal M, Guedj C, Schmitt A, Massé JM, Randriamampita C, Pique C, Ramirez BC. The scaffolding protein Dlg1 is a negative regulator of cell-free virus infectivity but not of cell-to-cell HIV-1 transmission in T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30130. [PMID: 22272285 PMCID: PMC3260186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell-to-cell virus transmission of Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is predominantly mediated by cellular structures such as the virological synapse (VS). The VS formed between an HIV-1-infected T cell and a target T cell shares features with the immunological synapse (IS). We have previously identified the human homologue of the Drosophila Discs Large (Dlg1) protein as a new cellular partner for the HIV-1 Gag protein and a negative regulator of HIV-1 infectivity. Dlg1, a scaffolding protein plays a key role in clustering protein complexes in the plasma membrane at cellular contacts. It is implicated in IS formation and T cell signaling, but its role in HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission was not studied before. Methodology/Principal Findings Kinetics of HIV-1 infection in Dlg1-depleted Jurkat T cells show that Dlg1 modulates the replication of HIV-1. Single-cycle infectivity tests show that this modulation does not take place during early steps of the HIV-1 life cycle. Immunofluorescence studies of Dlg1-depleted Jurkat T cells show that while Dlg1 depletion affects IS formation, it does not affect HIV-1-induced VS formation. Co-culture assays and quantitative cell-to-cell HIV-1 transfer analyses show that Dlg1 depletion does not modify transfer of HIV-1 material from infected to target T cells, or HIV-1 transmission leading to productive infection via cell contact. Dlg1 depletion results in increased virus yield and infectivity of the viral particles produced. Particles with increased infectivity present an increase in their cholesterol content and during the first hours of T cell infection these particles induce higher accumulation of total HIV-1 DNA. Conclusion Despite its role in the IS formation, Dlg1 does not affect the VS and cell-to-cell spread of HIV-1, but plays a role in HIV-1 cell-free virus transmission. We propose that the effect of Dlg1 on HIV-1 infectivity is at the stage of virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Nzounza
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Chazal
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Guedj
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alain Schmitt
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Massé
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Clotilde Randriamampita
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Claudine Pique
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bertha Cecilia Ramirez
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Archuleta MN, McDermott JE, Edwards JS, Resat H. An adaptive coarse graining method for signal transduction in three dimensions. FUNDAMENTA INFORMATICAE 2012; 118:10.3233/FI-2012-720. [PMID: 24357890 PMCID: PMC3865981 DOI: 10.3233/fi-2012-720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The spatio-temporal landscape of the plasma membrane regulates activation and signal transduction of membrane bound receptors by restricting their two-dimensional mobility and by inducing receptor clustering. This regulation also extends to complex formation between receptors and adaptor proteins, which are the intermediate signaling molecules involved in cellular signaling that relay the received cues from cell surface to cytoplasm and eventually to the nucleus. Although their investigation poses challenging technical difficulties, there is a crucial need to understand the impact of the receptor diffusivity, clustering, and spatial heterogeneity, and of receptor-adaptor protein complex formation on the cellular signal transduction patterns. Building upon our earlier studies, we have developed an adaptive coarse-grained Monte Carlo method that can be used to investigate the role of diffusion, clustering and membrane corralling on receptor association and receptor-adaptor protein complex formation dynamics in three dimensions. The new Monte Carlo lattice based approach allowed us to introduce spatial resolution on the 2-D plasma membrane and to model the cytoplasm in three-dimensions. Being a multi-resolution approach, our new method makes it possible to represent various parts of the cellular system at different levels of detail and enabled us to utilize the locally homogeneous assumption when justified (e.g., cytoplasmic region away from the cell membrane) and avoid its use when high spatial resolution is needed (e.g., cell membrane and cytoplasmic region near the membrane) while keeping the required computational complexity manageable. Our results have shown that diffusion has a significant impact on receptor-receptor dimerization and receptor-adaptor protein complex formation kinetics. We have observed an "adaptor protein hopping" mechanism where the receptor binding proteins may hop between receptors to form short-lived transient complexes. This increased residence time of the adaptor proteins near cell membrane and their ability to frequently change signaling partners may explain the increase in signaling efficiency when receptors are clustered. We also hypothesize that the adaptor protein hopping mechanism can cause concurrent or sequential activation of multiple signaling pathways, thus leading to crosstalk between diverse biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Archuleta
- Chemical and Nuclear Engineering Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jason E McDermott
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Jeremy S Edwards
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, UNM Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Haluk Resat
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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Abstract
More than a decade ago, three viral oncoproteins, adenovirus type 9 E4-ORF1, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax, and high-risk human papillomavirus E6, were found to encode a related carboxyl-terminal PDZ domain-binding motif (PBM) that mediates interactions with a select group of cellular PDZ proteins. Recent studies have shown that many other viruses also encode PBM-containing proteins that bind to cellular PDZ proteins. Interestingly, these recently recognized viruses include not only some with oncogenic potential (hepatitis B virus, rhesus papillomavirus, cottontail rabbit papillomavirus) but also many without this potential (influenza virus, Dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, rabies virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human immunodeficiency virus). Examination of the cellular PDZ proteins that are targets of viral PBMs reveals that the viral proteins often interact with the same or similar types of PDZ proteins, most notably Dlg1 and other members of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein family, as well as Scribble. In addition, cellular PDZ protein targets of viral PBMs commonly control tight junction formation, cell polarity establishment, and apoptosis. These findings reveal a new theme in virology wherein many different virus families encode proteins that bind and perturb the function of cellular PDZ proteins. The inhibition or perturbation of the function of cellular PDZ proteins appears to be a widely used strategy for viruses to enhance their replication, disseminate in the host, and transmit to new hosts.
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Bernadskaya YY, Patel FB, Hsu HT, Soto MC. Arp2/3 promotes junction formation and maintenance in the Caenorhabditis elegans intestine by regulating membrane association of apical proteins. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:2886-99. [PMID: 21697505 PMCID: PMC3154884 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-10-0862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that Arp2/3, which promotes nucleation of branched actin, is needed for epithelial junction initiation but is less important as junctions mature. We focus here on how Arp2/3 contributes to the Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal epithelium and find important roles for Arp2/3 in the maturation and maintenance of junctions in embryos and adults. Electron microscope studies show that embryos depleted of Arp2/3 form apical actin-rich microvilli and electron-dense apical junctions. However, whereas apical/basal polarity initiates, apical maturation is defective, including decreased apical F-actin enrichment, aberrant lumen morphology, and reduced accumulation of some apical junctional proteins, including DLG-1. Depletion of Arp2/3 in adult animals leads to similar intestinal defects. The DLG-1/AJM-1 apical junction proteins, and the ezrin-radixin-moesin homologue ERM-1, a protein that connects F-actin to membranes, are required along with Arp2/3 for apical F-actin enrichment in embryos, whereas cadherin junction proteins are not. Arp2/3 affects the subcellular distribution of DLG-1 and ERM-1. Loss of Arp2/3 shifts both ERM-1 and DLG-1 from pellet fractions to supernatant fractions, suggesting a role for Arp2/3 in the distribution of membrane-associated proteins. Thus, Arp2/3 is required as junctions mature to maintain apical proteins associated with the correct membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Y Bernadskaya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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39
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Neisch AL, Fehon RG. Ezrin, Radixin and Moesin: key regulators of membrane-cortex interactions and signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 23:377-82. [PMID: 21592758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cell cortex serves as a critical nexus between the extracellular environment/cell membrane and the underlying cytoskeleton and cytoplasm. In many cells, the cell cortex is organized and maintained by the Ezrin, Radixin and Moesin (ERM) proteins, which have the ability to interact with both the plasma membrane and filamentous actin. Although this membrane-cytoskeletal linkage function is critical to stability of the cell cortex, recent studies indicate that this is only a part of what ERMs do in many cells. In addition to their role in binding filamentous actin, ERMs regulate signaling pathways through their ability to bind transmembrane receptors and link them to downstream signaling components. In this review we discuss recent evidence in a variety of cells indicating that ERMs serve as scaffolds to facilitate efficient signal transduction on the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Neisch
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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40
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Carvalho G, Poalas K, Demian C, Hatchi E, Vazquez A, Bidère N. Participation of the cell polarity protein PALS1 to T-cell receptor-mediated NF-κB activation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18159. [PMID: 21479189 PMCID: PMC3068181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beside their established function in shaping cell architecture, some cell polarity proteins were proposed to participate to lymphocyte migration, homing, scanning, as well as activation following antigen receptor stimulation. Although PALS1 is a central component of the cell polarity network, its expression and function in lymphocytes remains unknown. Here we investigated whether PALS1 is present in T cells and whether it contributes to T Cell-Receptor (TCR)-mediated activation. Methodology/Principal Findings By combining RT-PCR and immunoblot assays, we found that PALS1 is constitutively expressed in human T lymphocytes as well as in Jurkat T cells. siRNA-based knockdown of PALS1 hampered TCR-induced activation and optimal proliferation of lymphocyte. We further provide evidence that PALS1 depletion selectively hindered TCR-driven activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. Conclusions The cell polarity protein PALS1 is expressed in T lymphocytes and participates to the optimal activation of NF-κB following TCR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Carvalho
- INSERM, UMR_S 1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif 94800, France
- Université Paris-Sud P11, Orsay 91400, France
| | - Konstantinos Poalas
- INSERM, UMR_S 1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif 94800, France
- Université Paris-Sud P11, Orsay 91400, France
| | - Catherine Demian
- INSERM, UMR_S 1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif 94800, France
- Université Paris-Sud P11, Orsay 91400, France
| | - Emeline Hatchi
- INSERM, UMR_S 1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif 94800, France
- Université Paris-Sud P11, Orsay 91400, France
| | - Aimé Vazquez
- INSERM, UMR_S 1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif 94800, France
- Université Paris-Sud P11, Orsay 91400, France
| | - Nicolas Bidère
- INSERM, UMR_S 1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif 94800, France
- Université Paris-Sud P11, Orsay 91400, France
- * E-mail:
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Chae HD, Siefring JE, Hildeman DA, Gu Y, Williams DA. RhoH regulates subcellular localization of ZAP-70 and Lck in T cell receptor signaling. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13970. [PMID: 21103055 PMCID: PMC2980477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
RhoH is an hematopoietic-specific, GTPase-deficient Rho GTPase that plays a role in T development. We investigated the mechanisms of RhoH function in TCR signaling. We found that the association between Lck and CD3ζ was impaired in RhoH-deficient T cells, due to defective translocation of both Lck and ZAP-70 to the immunological synapse. RhoH with Lck and ZAP-70 localizes in the detergent-soluble membrane fraction where the complex is associated with CD3ζ phosphorylation. To determine if impaired translocation of ZAP-70 was a major determinant of defective T cell development, Rhoh(-/-) bone marrow cells were transduced with a chimeric myristoylation-tagged ZAP-70. Myr-ZAP-70 transduced cells partially reversed the in vivo defects of RhoH-associated thymic development and TCR signaling. Together, our results suggest that RhoH regulates TCR signaling via recruitment of ZAP-70 and Lck to CD3ζ in the immunological synapse. Thus, we define a new function for a RhoH GTPase as an adaptor molecule in TCR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Don Chae
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jamie E. Siefring
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David A. Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yi Gu
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David A. Williams
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Hawkins ED, Oliaro J. CD46 signaling in T cells: Linking pathogens with polarity. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:4838-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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43
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Ezrin tunes T-cell activation by controlling Dlg1 and microtubule positioning at the immunological synapse. EMBO J 2010; 29:2301-14. [PMID: 20551903 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling is triggered and tuned at immunological synapses by the generation of signalling complexes that associate into dynamic microclusters. Microcluster movement is necessary to tune TCR signalling, but the molecular mechanism involved remains poorly known. We show here that the membrane-microfilament linker ezrin has an important function in microcluster dynamics and in TCR signalling through its ability to set the microtubule network organization at the immunological synapse. Importantly, ezrin and microtubules are important to down-regulate signalling events leading to Erk1/2 activation. In addition, ezrin is required for appropriate NF-AT activation through p38 MAP kinase. Our data strongly support the notion that ezrin regulates immune synapse architecture and T-cell activation through its interaction with the scaffold protein Dlg1. These results uncover a crucial function for ezrin, Dlg1 and microtubules in the organization of the immune synapse and TCR signal down-regulation. Moreover, they underscore the importance of ezrin and Dlg1 in the regulation of NF-AT activation through p38.
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44
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Oliaro J, Van Ham V, Sacirbegovic F, Pasam A, Bomzon Z, Pham K, Ludford-Menting MJ, Waterhouse NJ, Bots M, Hawkins ED, Watt SV, Cluse LA, Clarke CJP, Izon DJ, Chang JT, Thompson N, Gu M, Johnstone RW, Smyth MJ, Humbert PO, Reiner SL, Russell SM. Asymmetric cell division of T cells upon antigen presentation uses multiple conserved mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:367-75. [PMID: 20530266 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division is a potential means by which cell fate choices during an immune response are orchestrated. Defining the molecular mechanisms that underlie asymmetric division of T cells is paramount for determining the role of this process in the generation of effector and memory T cell subsets. In other cell types, asymmetric cell division is regulated by conserved polarity protein complexes that control the localization of cell fate determinants and spindle orientation during division. We have developed a tractable, in vitro model of naive CD8(+) T cells undergoing initial division while attached to dendritic cells during Ag presentation to investigate whether similar mechanisms might regulate asymmetric division of T cells. Using this system, we show that direct interactions with APCs provide the cue for polarization of T cells. Interestingly, the immunological synapse disseminates before division even though the T cells retain contact with the APC. The cue from the APC is translated into polarization of cell fate determinants via the polarity network of the Par3 and Scribble complexes, and orientation of the mitotic spindle during division is orchestrated by the partner of inscuteable/G protein complex. These findings suggest that T cells have selectively adapted a number of evolutionarily conserved mechanisms to generate diversity through asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Oliaro
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Australia
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45
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Varga Z, Hajdu P, Panyi G. Ion channels in T lymphocytes: An update on facts, mechanisms and therapeutic targeting in autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 2010; 130:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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46
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Distinct functions of HTLV-1 Tax1 from HTLV-2 Tax2 contribute key roles to viral pathogenesis. Retrovirology 2009; 6:117. [PMID: 20017952 PMCID: PMC2806368 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), to date, its close relative HTLV-2 is not associated with ATL or other types of malignancies. Accumulating evidence shows that HTLV-1 Tax1 and HTLV-2 Tax2 have many shared activities, but the two proteins have a limited number of significantly distinct activities, and these distinctions appear to play key roles in HTLV-1 specific pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the functions of Tax1 associated with cell survival, cell proliferation, persistent infection as well as pathogenesis. We emphasize special attention to distinctions between Tax1 and Tax2.
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47
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Nicolaou SA, Neumeier L, Takimoto K, Lee SM, Duncan HJ, Kant SK, Mongey AB, Filipovich AH, Conforti L. Differential calcium signaling and Kv1.3 trafficking to the immunological synapse in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cell Calcium 2009; 47:19-28. [PMID: 19959227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) T cells exhibit several activation signaling anomalies including defective Ca(2+) response and increased NF-AT nuclear translocation. The duration of the Ca(2+) signal is critical in the activation of specific transcription factors and a sustained Ca(2+) response activates NF-AT. Yet, the distribution of Ca(2+) responses in SLE T cells is not known. Furthermore, the mechanisms responsible for Ca(2+) alterations are not fully understood. Kv1.3 channels control Ca(2+) homeostasis in T cells. We reported a defect in Kv1.3 trafficking to the immunological synapse (IS) of SLE T cells that might contribute to the Ca(2+) defect. The present study compares single T cell quantitative Ca(2+) responses upon formation of the IS in SLE, normal, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) donors. Also, we correlated cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations and Kv1.3 trafficking in the IS by two-photon microscopy. We found that sustained [Ca(2+)](i) elevations constitute the predominant response to antigen stimulation of SLE T cells. This defect is selective to SLE as it was not observed in RA T cells. Further, we observed that in normal T cells termination of Ca(2+) influx is accompanied by Kv1.3 permanence in the IS, while Kv1.3 premature exit from the IS correlates with sustained Ca(2+) responses in SLE T cells. Thus, we propose that Kv1.3 trafficking abnormalities contribute to the altered distribution in Ca(2+) signaling in SLE T cells. Overall these defects may explain in part the T cell hyperactivity and dysfunction documented in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella A Nicolaou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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48
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Nicolaou SA, Neumeier L, Steckly A, Kucher V, Takimoto K, Conforti L. Localization of Kv1.3 channels in the immunological synapse modulates the calcium response to antigen stimulation in T lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6296-302. [PMID: 19841189 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The immunological synapse (IS), a highly organized structure that forms at the point of contact between a T cell and an APC, is essential for the proper development of signaling events, including the Ca(2+) response. Kv1.3 channels control Ca(2+) homeostasis in human T cells and move into the IS upon Ag presentation. However, the process involved in channel accumulation in the IS and the functional implications of this localization are not yet known. Here we define the movement of Kv1.3 into the IS and study whether Kv1.3 localization into the IS influences Ca(2+) signaling in Jurkat T cells. Crosslinking of the channel protein with an extracellular Ab limits Kv1.3 mobility and accumulation at the IS. Moreover, Kv1.3 recruitment to the IS does not involve the transport of newly synthesized channels and it does not occur through recycling of membrane channels. Kv1.3 localization in the IS modulates the Ca(2+) response. Blockade of Kv1.3 movement into the IS by crosslinking significantly increases the amplitude of the Ca(2+) response triggered by anti-CD3/anti-CD28-coated beads, which induce the formation of the IS. On the contrary, the Ca(2+) response induced by TCR stimulation without the formation of the IS with soluble anti-CD3/anti-CD28 Abs is unaltered. The results presented herein indicate that, upon Ag presentation, membrane-incorporated Kv1.3 channels move along the plasma membrane to localize in the IS. This localization is important to control the amplitude of the Ca(2+) response, and disruption of this process can account for alterations of downstream Ca(2+)-dependent signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella A Nicolaou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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49
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French CT, Panina EM, Yeh SH, Griffith N, Arambula DG, Miller JF. The Bordetella type III secretion system effector BteA contains a conserved N-terminal motif that guides bacterial virulence factors to lipid rafts. Cell Microbiol 2009; 11:1735-49. [PMID: 19650828 PMCID: PMC2788067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Bordetella type III secretion system (T3SS) effector protein BteA is necessary and sufficient for rapid cytotoxicity in a wide range of mammalian cells. We show that BteA is highly conserved and functionally interchangeable between Bordetella bronchiseptica, Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis. The identification of BteA sequences required for cytotoxicity allowed the construction of non-cytotoxic mutants for localization studies. BteA derivatives were targeted to lipid rafts and showed clear colocalization with cortical actin, ezrin and the lipid raft marker GM1. We hypothesized that BteA associates with the cytoplasmic face of lipid rafts to locally modulate host cell responses to Bordetella attachment. B. bronchiseptica adhered to host cells almost exclusively to GM1-enriched lipid raft microdomains and BteA colocalized to these same sites following T3SS-mediated translocation. Disruption of lipid rafts with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin protected cells from T3SS-induced cytotoxicity. Localization to lipid rafts was mediated by a 130-amino-acid lipid raft targeting domain at the N-terminus of BteA, and homologous domains were identified in virulence factors from other bacterial species. Lipid raft targeting sequences from a T3SS effector (Plu4750) and an RTX-type toxin (Plu3217) from Photorhabdus luminescens directed fusion proteins to lipid rafts in a manner identical to the N-terminus of BteA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T French
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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50
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Abstract
Activation of immune cells to mediate an immune response is often triggered by potential 'danger' or 'stress' stimuli that the organism receives. Within the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) family, the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) group was defined as group of kinases that activated by stimuli that cause cell stress. In the immune cells, SAPKs are activated by antigen receptors (B- or T-cell receptors), Toll-like receptors, cytokine receptors, and physical-chemical changes in the environment among other stimuli. The SAPKs are established to be important mediators of intracellular signaling during adaptive and innate immune responses. Here we summarize what is currently known about the role of two sub-groups of SAPKs - c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase and p38 MAPK-in the function of specific components of the immune system and the overall contribution to the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Rincón
- Immunology Program, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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