1
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Kiebler MA, Bauer KE. RNA granules in flux: dynamics to balance physiology and pathology. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:711-725. [PMID: 39367081 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
The life cycle of an mRNA is a complex process that is tightly regulated by interactions between the mRNA and RNA-binding proteins, forming molecular machines known as RNA granules. Various types of these membrane-less organelles form inside cells, including neurons, and contribute critically to various physiological processes. RNA granules are constantly in flux, change dynamically and adapt to their local environment, depending on their intracellular localization. The discovery that RNA condensates can form by liquid-liquid phase separation expanded our understanding of how compartments may be generated in the cell. Since then, a plethora of new functions have been proposed for distinct condensates in cells that await their validation in vivo. The finding that dysregulation of RNA granules (for example, stress granules) is likely to affect neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases further boosted interest in this topic. RNA granules have various physiological functions in neurons and in the brain that we would like to focus on. We outline examples of state-of-the-art experiments including timelapse microscopy in neurons to unravel the precise functions of various types of RNA granule. Finally, we distinguish physiologically occurring RNA condensation from aberrant aggregation, induced by artificial RNA overexpression, and present visual examples to discriminate both forms in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kiebler
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Karl E Bauer
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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2
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Li H, Song J, Deng Z, Yao Y, Qiao W, Tan J. Cleavage of Stau2 by 3C protease promotes EV-A71 replication. Virol J 2024; 21:216. [PMID: 39272111 PMCID: PMC11401396 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), as a neurotropic virus, mainly affects infants and young children under the age of 5. EV-A71 infection causes hand-foot-mouth disease and herpetic angina, and even life-threatening neurological complications. However, the molecular mechanism by which EV-A71 induces nervous system damage remains elusive. The viral protease 3C plays an important role during EV-A71 infection and is also a key intersection of virus-host interactions. Previously, we used yeast two-hybrid to screen out the host protein Double-stranded RNA-binding protein Staufen homolog 2 (Stau2), an important member involved in neuronal mRNA transport, potentially interacts with 3C. METHODS We used coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA) to confirm that EV-A71 3C interacts with Stau2. By constructing the mutant of Stau2, we found the specific site where the 3C protease cleaves Stau2. Detection of VP1 protein using Western blotting characterized EV-A71 viral replication, and overexpression or knockdown of Stau2 exhibited effects on EV-A71 replication. The effect of different cleavage products on EV-A71 replication was demonstrated by constructing Stau2 truncates. RESULTS In this study, we found that EV-A71 3C interacts with Stau2. Stau2 is cleaved by 3C at the Q507-G508 site. Overexpression of Stau2 promotes EV-A71 VP1 protein expression, whereas depletion of Stau2 by small interfering RNA inhibits EV-A71 replication. Stau2 is essential for EV-A71 replication, and the product of Stau2 cleavage by 3C, 508-570 aa, has activity that promotes EV-A71 replication. In addition, we found that mouse Stau2 is also cleaved by EV-A71 3C at the same site. CONCLUSIONS Our research provides an example for EV-A71-host interaction, enriching key targets of host factors that contribute to viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Precision Medicine Center, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhi Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yunfang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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3
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Tan WT, Lambert F, Darmawan J, Huber R, Wan Y. RNA structure profiling at single-cell resolution reveals new determinants of cell identity. Nat Methods 2024; 21:411-422. [PMID: 38177506 PMCID: PMC10927541 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-02128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
RNA structure is critical for multiple steps in gene regulation. However, how the structures of transcripts differ both within and between individual cells is unknown. Here we develop a SHAPE-inspired method called single-cell structure probing of RNA transcripts that enables simultaneous determination of transcript secondary structure and abundance at single-cell resolution. We apply single-cell structure probing of RNA transcripts to human embryonic stem cells and differentiating neurons. Remarkably, RNA structure is more homogeneous in human embryonic stem cells compared with neurons, with the greatest homogeneity found in coding regions. More extensive heterogeneity is found within 3' untranslated regions and is determined by specific RNA-binding proteins. Overall RNA structure profiles better discriminate cell type identity and differentiation stage than gene expression profiles alone. We further discover a cell-type variable region of 18S ribosomal RNA that is associated with cell cycle and translation control. Our method opens the door to the systematic characterization of RNA structure-function relationships at single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Wang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tong Zhang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Ting Tan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Finnlay Lambert
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jefferson Darmawan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roland Huber
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yue Wan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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4
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Popper B, Bürkle M, Ciccopiedi G, Marchioretto M, Forné I, Imhof A, Straub T, Viero G, Götz M, Schieweck R. Ribosome inactivation regulates translation elongation in neurons. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105648. [PMID: 38219816 PMCID: PMC10869266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular plasticity is crucial for adapting to ever-changing stimuli. As a result, cells consistently reshape their translatome, and, consequently, their proteome. The control of translational activity has been thoroughly examined at the stage of translation initiation. However, the regulation of ribosome speed in cells is widely unknown. In this study, we utilized a timed ribosome runoff approach, along with proteomics and transmission electron microscopy, to investigate global translation kinetics in cells. We found that ribosome speeds vary among various cell types, such as astrocytes, induced pluripotent human stem cells, human neural stem cells, and human and rat neurons. Of all cell types studied, mature cortical neurons exhibit the highest rate of translation. This finding is particularly remarkable because mature cortical neurons express the eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) at lower levels than other cell types. Neurons solve this conundrum by inactivating a fraction of their ribosomes. As a result, the increase in eEF2 levels leads to a reduction of inactive ribosomes and an enhancement of active ones. Processes that alter the demand for active ribosomes, like neuronal excitation, cause increased inactivation of redundant ribosomes in an eEF2-dependent manner. Our data suggest a novel regulatory mechanism in which neurons dynamically inactivate ribosomes to facilitate translational remodeling. These findings have important implications for developmental brain disorders characterized by, among other things, aberrant translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Popper
- Core Facility Animal Models, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Bürkle
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Giuliana Ciccopiedi
- Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marta Marchioretto
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR) Unit at Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Ignasi Forné
- Protein Analysis Unit, Department for Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Imhof
- Protein Analysis Unit, Department for Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Department of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriella Viero
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR) Unit at Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany; SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rico Schieweck
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR) Unit at Trento, Povo, Italy.
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5
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Yang H, Zhu Y, Li X, Jiang Z, Dai W. RNF216 affects the stability of STAU2 in the hypothalamus. Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:408-417. [PMID: 37439148 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is a rare disease characterized by gonadal failure due to deficiency in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) synthesis, secretion, or action. RNF216 variants have been recently identified in patients with IHH. Ring finger protein 216 (RNF216), as a ubiquitin E3 ligase, catalyzes the ubiquitination of target proteins with high specificity, which consequently modulates the stability, localization, and interaction of the target protein. In this study, we found that RNF216 interacted with Staufen2 (STAU2) and affected the stability of STAU2 through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. STAU2, as a double-stranded RNA-binding protein enriched in the nervous system, plays a role in RNA transport, RNA stability, translation, anchoring, and synaptic plasticity. Further, we revealed that STAU2 levels in the hypothalamus of RNF216-/- mice were increased compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The change in STAU2 protein homeostasis may affect a series of RNA cargoes. Therefore, we analyzed the changes in RNA levels in the hypothalamus of RNF216-/- mice and WT mice by RNA sequencing. We found that deletion of RNF216 led to decreased activities of the prolactin signaling pathway, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, GnRH signaling pathway, and ovarian steroidogenesis. The weakening of these signal pathways is likely to affect the secretion of GnRH, thereby affecting the development of gonads. Therefore, our study suggests that STAU2 may be a potential therapeutic target for IHH. Further experiments are needed to demonstrate the association between the weakening of these signaling pathways and the RNA-binding protein STAU2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Blood Transfusion Department, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zuiming Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
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6
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Chan JNM, Sánchez-Vidaña DI, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Li Y, Benson Wui-Man L. RNA-binding protein signaling in adult neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:982549. [PMID: 36187492 PMCID: PMC9523427 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.982549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of neurogenesis in the brain, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and maturation, results in the formation of new functional neurons. During embryonic development, neurogenesis is crucial to produce neurons to establish the nervous system, but the process persists in certain brain regions during adulthood. In adult neurogenesis, the production of new neurons in the hippocampus is accomplished via the division of neural stem cells. Neurogenesis is regulated by multiple factors, including gene expression at a temporal scale and post-transcriptional modifications. RNA-binding Proteins (RBPs) are known as proteins that bind to either double- or single-stranded RNA in cells and form ribonucleoprotein complexes. The involvement of RBPs in neurogenesis is crucial for modulating gene expression changes and posttranscriptional processes. Since neurogenesis affects learning and memory, RBPs are closely associated with cognitive functions and emotions. However, the pathways of each RBP in adult neurogenesis remain elusive and not clear. In this review, we specifically summarize the involvement of several RBPs in adult neurogenesis, including CPEB3, FXR2, FMRP, HuR, HuD, Lin28, Msi1, Sam68, Stau1, Smaug2, and SOX2. To understand the role of these RBPs in neurogenesis, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and maturation as well as posttranscriptional gene expression, we discussed the protein family, structure, expression, functional domain, and region of action. Therefore, this narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the RBPs, their function, and their role in the process of adult neurogenesis as well as to identify possible research directions on RBPs and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Ngai-Man Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dalinda Isabel Sánchez-Vidaña
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lau Benson Wui-Man
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Lau Benson Wui-Man,
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7
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Ehses J, Schlegel M, Schröger L, Schieweck R, Derdak S, Bilban M, Bauer K, Harner M, Kiebler MA. The dsRBP Staufen2 governs RNP assembly of neuronal Argonaute proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:7034-7047. [PMID: 35687120 PMCID: PMC9262589 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature microRNAs are bound by a member of the Argonaute (Ago1-4) protein family, forming the core of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Association of RISC with target mRNAs results in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) assembly involved in translational silencing or RNA degradation. Yet, the dynamics of RNP assembly and its underlying functional implications are unknown. Here, we have characterized the role of the RNA-binding protein Staufen2, a candidate Ago interactor, in RNP assembly. Staufen2 depletion resulted in the upregulation of Ago1/2 and the RISC effector proteins Ddx6 and Dcp1a. This upregulation was accompanied by the displacement of Ago1/2 from processing bodies, large RNPs implicated in RNA storage, and subsequent association of Ago2 with polysomes. In parallel, Staufen2 deficiency decreased global translation and increased dendritic branching. As the observed phenotypes can be rescued by Ago1/2 knockdown, we propose a working model in which both Staufen2 and Ago proteins depend on each other and contribute to neuronal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Ehses
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Melina Schlegel
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Luise Schröger
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rico Schieweck
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sophia Derdak
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Core Facility Genomics, Medical University, of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Bauer
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Max Harner
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael A Kiebler
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 89 2180 75884; Fax: +49 89 2180 75885;
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8
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Bauer KE, Bargenda N, Schieweck R, Illig C, Segura I, Harner M, Kiebler MA. RNA supply drives physiological granule assembly in neurons. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2781. [PMID: 35589693 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Membraneless cytoplasmic condensates of mRNAs and proteins, known as RNA granules, play pivotal roles in the regulation of mRNA fate. Their maintenance fine-tunes time and location of protein expression, affecting many cellular processes, which require complex protein distribution. Here, we report that RNA granules-monitored by DEAD-Box helicase 6 (DDX6)-disassemble during neuronal maturation both in cell culture and in vivo. This process requires neuronal function, as synaptic inhibition results in reversible granule assembly. Importantly, granule assembly is dependent on the RNA-binding protein Staufen2, known for its role in RNA localization. Altering the levels of free cytoplasmic mRNA reveals that RNA availability facilitates DDX6 granule formation. Specifically depleting RNA from DDX6 granules confirms RNA as an important driver of granule formation. Moreover, RNA is required for DDX6 granule assembly upon synaptic inhibition. Together, this data demonstrates how RNA supply favors RNA granule assembly, which not only impacts subcellular RNA localization but also translation-dependent synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl E Bauer
- BioMedical Center, Dept. Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Niklas Bargenda
- BioMedical Center, Dept. Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rico Schieweck
- BioMedical Center, Dept. Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christin Illig
- BioMedical Center, Dept. Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Inmaculada Segura
- BioMedical Center, Dept. Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence (in foundation), Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Max Harner
- BioMedical Center, Dept. Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael A Kiebler
- BioMedical Center, Dept. Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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9
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Kuc CA, Brott JT, Thorpe HHA, Smart A, Vessey JP. Staufen 1 is expressed by neural precursor cells in the developing murine cortex but is dispensable for NPC self-renewal and neuronal differentiation in vitro. Brain Res 2021; 1773:147700. [PMID: 34678304 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proper development of the cerebral cortex relies on asymmetric divisions of neural precursor cells (NPCs) to produce a recurring NPC and a differentiated neuron. Asymmetric divisions are promoted by the differential localization of cell-fate determinants, such as mRNA, between daughter cells. Staufen 1 (Stau1) is an RNA-binding protein known to localize mRNA in mature hippocampal neurons. Its expression pattern and role in the developing mammalian cortex remains unknown. RESULTS Both stau1 mRNA and Stau1 protein were found to be expressed in all cells of the developing murine cortex. Stau1 protein expression was characterized spatially and temporally throughout cortical development and found to be present in all stages investigated. We observed expression in the nucleus, cytoplasm and distal processes of both NPCs and newly born neurons and found it to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Upon shRNA-mediated knock-down of Stau1 in primary cultures of the developing cortex, we did not observe any phenotype in NPCs. They were able to both self-renew and generate neurons in the absence of Stau1 expression. CONCLUSIONS We propose that Stau1 is either dispensable for the development of the cerebral cortex or that its paralogue, Stau2, is able to compensate for its loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Kuc
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J T Brott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - H H A Thorpe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - A Smart
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J P Vessey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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10
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Balakrishnan K, Jaguva Vasudevan AA, Mohareer K, Luedde T, Münk C, Banerjee S. Encapsidation of Staufen-2 Enhances Infectivity of HIV-1. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122459. [PMID: 34960728 PMCID: PMC8703407 DOI: 10.3390/v13122459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staufen, the RNA-binding family of proteins, affects various steps in the Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV-1) replication cycle. While our previous study established Staufen-2–HIV-1 Rev interaction and its role in augmenting nucleocytoplasmic export of RRE-containing viral RNA, viral incorporation of Staufen-2 and its effect on viral propagation were unknown. Here, we report that Staufen-2 interacts with HIV-1 Gag and is incorporated into virions and that encapsidated Staufen-2 boosted viral infectivity. Further, Staufen-2 gets co-packaged into virions, possibly by interacting with host factors Staufen-1 or antiviral protein APOBEC3G, which resulted in different outcomes on the infectivity of Staufen-2-encapsidated virions. These observations suggest that encapsidated host factors influence viral population dynamics and infectivity. With the explicit identification of the incorporation of Staufen proteins into HIV-1 and other retroviruses, such as Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), we propose that packaging of RNA binding proteins, such as Staufen, in budding virions of retroviruses is probably a general phenomenon that can drive or impact the viral population dynamics, infectivity, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Balakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India; (K.B.); (K.M.)
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.A.J.V.); (T.L.)
| | - Ananda Ayyappan Jaguva Vasudevan
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.A.J.V.); (T.L.)
| | - Krishnaveni Mohareer
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India; (K.B.); (K.M.)
| | - Tom Luedde
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.A.J.V.); (T.L.)
| | - Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.A.J.V.); (T.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (S.B.); Tel.: +49-021-1811-0887 (C.M.); +91-40-2313-4573 (S.B.)
| | - Sharmistha Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India; (K.B.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (S.B.); Tel.: +49-021-1811-0887 (C.M.); +91-40-2313-4573 (S.B.)
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11
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RGS4 RNA Secondary Structure Mediates Staufen2 RNP Assembly in Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313021. [PMID: 34884825 PMCID: PMC8657808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) act as posttranscriptional regulators controlling the fate of target mRNAs. Unraveling how RNAs are recognized by RBPs and in turn are assembled into neuronal RNA granules is therefore key to understanding the underlying mechanism. While RNA sequence elements have been extensively characterized, the functional impact of RNA secondary structures is only recently being explored. Here, we show that Staufen2 binds complex, long-ranged RNA hairpins in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of its targets. These structures are involved in the assembly of Staufen2 into RNA granules. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence that a defined Rgs4 RNA duplex regulates Staufen2-dependent RNA localization to distal dendrites. Importantly, disrupting the RNA hairpin impairs the observed effects. Finally, we show that these secondary structures differently affect protein expression in neurons. In conclusion, our data reveal the importance of RNA secondary structure in regulating RNA granule assembly, localization and eventually translation. It is therefore tempting to speculate that secondary structures represent an important code for cells to control the intracellular fate of their mRNAs.
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12
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Schieweck R, Schöneweiss EC, Harner M, Rieger D, Illig C, Saccà B, Popper B, Kiebler MA. Pumilio2 Promotes Growth of Mature Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168998. [PMID: 34445704 PMCID: PMC8396670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are essential regulators controlling both the cellular transcriptome and translatome. These processes enable cellular plasticity, an important prerequisite for growth. Cellular growth is a complex, tightly controlled process. Using cancer cells as model, we looked for RBPs displaying strong expression in published transcriptome datasets. Interestingly, we found the Pumilio (Pum) protein family to be highly expressed in all these cells. Moreover, we observed that Pum2 is regulated by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). bFGF selectively enhances protein levels of Pum2 and the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). Exploiting atomic force microscopy and in vitro pulldown assays, we show that Pum2 selects for eIF4E mRNA binding. Loss of Pum2 reduces eIF4E translation. Accordingly, depletion of Pum2 led to decreased soma size and dendritic branching of mature neurons, which was accompanied by a reduction in essential growth factors. In conclusion, we identify Pum2 as an important growth factor for mature neurons. Consequently, it is tempting to speculate that Pum2 may promote cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Schieweck
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 München, Germany; (R.S.); (M.H.); (D.R.); (C.I.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Elisa-Charlott Schöneweiss
- Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 41541 Duisburg, Germany; (E.-C.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Max Harner
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 München, Germany; (R.S.); (M.H.); (D.R.); (C.I.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Daniela Rieger
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 München, Germany; (R.S.); (M.H.); (D.R.); (C.I.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Christin Illig
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 München, Germany; (R.S.); (M.H.); (D.R.); (C.I.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Barbara Saccà
- Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 41541 Duisburg, Germany; (E.-C.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Bastian Popper
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 München, Germany; (R.S.); (M.H.); (D.R.); (C.I.); (M.A.K.)
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Core Facility Animal Models, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 München, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-2180-71996
| | - Michael A. Kiebler
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 München, Germany; (R.S.); (M.H.); (D.R.); (C.I.); (M.A.K.)
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13
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Chowdhury R, Wang Y, Campbell M, Goderie SK, Doyle F, Tenenbaum SA, Kusek G, Kiehl TR, Ansari SA, Boles NC, Temple S. STAU2 binds a complex RNA cargo that changes temporally with production of diverse intermediate progenitor cells during mouse corticogenesis. Development 2021; 148:271165. [PMID: 34345913 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
STAU2 is a double-stranded RNA-binding protein enriched in the nervous system. During asymmetric divisions in the developing mouse cortex, STAU2 preferentially distributes into the intermediate progenitor cell (IPC), delivering RNA molecules that can impact IPC behavior. Corticogenesis occurs on a precise time schedule, raising the hypothesis that the cargo STAU2 delivers into IPCs changes over time. To test this, we combine RNA-immunoprecipitation with sequencing (RIP-seq) over four stages of mouse cortical development, generating a comprehensive cargo profile for STAU2. A subset of the cargo was 'stable', present at all stages, and involved in chromosome organization, macromolecule localization, translation and DNA repair. Another subset was 'dynamic', changing with cortical stage, and involved in neurogenesis, cell projection organization, neurite outgrowth, and included cortical layer markers. Notably, the dynamic STAU2 cargo included determinants of IPC versus neuronal fates and genes contributing to abnormal corticogenesis. Knockdown of one STAU2 target, Taf13, previously linked to microcephaly and impaired myelination, reduced oligodendrogenesis in vitro. We conclude that STAU2 contributes to the timing of corticogenesis by binding and delivering complex and temporally regulated RNA cargo into IPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Chowdhury
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Melissa Campbell
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Susan K Goderie
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Francis Doyle
- Nanobioscience Constellation, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Scott A Tenenbaum
- Nanobioscience Constellation, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Gretchen Kusek
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Thomas R Kiehl
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Suraiya A Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nathan C Boles
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Sally Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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14
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Schieweck R, Riedemann T, Forné I, Harner M, Bauer KE, Rieger D, Ang FY, Hutten S, Demleitner AF, Popper B, Derdak S, Sutor B, Bilban M, Imhof A, Kiebler MA. Pumilio2 and Staufen2 selectively balance the synaptic proteome. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109279. [PMID: 34161769 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons have the capacity to adapt to environmental stimuli, a phenomenon termed cellular plasticity. The underlying processes are controlled by a network of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Their precise impact, however, is largely unknown. To address this important question, we chose Pumilio2 (Pum2) and Staufen2 (Stau2), which both regulate synaptic transmission. Surprisingly, even though both RBPs dynamically interact with each other in neurons, their respective impact on the transcriptome and proteome is highly selective. Although Pum2 deficiency leads to reduced translation and protein expression, Stau2 depletion preferentially impacts RNA levels and increases protein abundance. Furthermore, we show that Pum2 activates expression of key GABAergic synaptic components, e.g., the GABAA receptor scaffold protein Gephyrin. Consequently, Pum2 depletion selectively reduced the amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Together, our data argue for an important role of RBPs to maintain proteostasis in order to control distinct aspects of synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Schieweck
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Therese Riedemann
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ignasi Forné
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Molecular Biology (Protein Analysis Unit), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Max Harner
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Karl E Bauer
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniela Rieger
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Foong Yee Ang
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Saskia Hutten
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Antonia F Demleitner
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bastian Popper
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Core Facility Animal Models, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sophia Derdak
- Medical University of Vienna, Core Facilities, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Sutor
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Core Facility Genomics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Imhof
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Molecular Biology (Protein Analysis Unit), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael A Kiebler
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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15
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Lo LHY, Dong R, Lyu Q, Lai KO. The Protein Arginine Methyltransferase PRMT8 and Substrate G3BP1 Control Rac1-PAK1 Signaling and Actin Cytoskeleton for Dendritic Spine Maturation. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107744. [PMID: 32521269 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitatory synapses of neurons are located on dendritic spines. Spine maturation is essential for the stability of synapses and memory consolidation, and overproduction of the immature filopodia is associated with brain disorders. The structure and function of synapses can be modulated by protein post-translational modification (PTM). Arginine methylation is a major PTM that regulates chromatin structure, transcription, and splicing within the nucleus. Here we find that the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT8 is present at neuronal synapses and its expression is upregulated in the hippocampus when dendritic spine maturation occurs. Depletion of PRMT8 leads to overabundance of filopodia and mis-localization of excitatory synapses. Mechanistically, PRMT8 promotes dendritic spine morphology through methylation of the dendritic RNA-binding protein G3BP1 and suppression of the Rac1-PAK1 signaling pathway to control synaptic actin dynamics. Our findings unravel arginine methylation as a crucial regulatory mechanism for actin cytoskeleton during synapse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Hoi-Ying Lo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui Dong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quanwei Lyu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-On Lai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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16
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Sidibé H, Dubinski A, Vande Velde C. The multi-functional RNA-binding protein G3BP1 and its potential implication in neurodegenerative disease. J Neurochem 2021; 157:944-962. [PMID: 33349931 PMCID: PMC8248322 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ras-GTPase-activating protein (GAP)-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) is a multi-functional protein that is best known for its role in the assembly and dynamics of stress granules. Recent studies have highlighted that G3BP1 also has other functions related to RNA metabolism. In the context of disease, G3BP1 has been therapeutically targeted in cancers because its over-expression is correlated with proliferation of cancerous cells and metastasis. However, evidence suggests that G3BP1 is essential for neuronal development and possibly neuronal maintenance. In this review, we will examine the many functions that are carried out by G3BP1 in the context of neurons and speculate how these functions are critical to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we will highlight the similarities and differences between G3BP1 and the closely related protein G3BP2, which is frequently overlooked. Although G3BP1 and G3BP2 have both been deemed important for stress granule assembly, their roles may differ in other cellular pathways, some of which are specific to the CNS, and presents an opportunity for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadjara Sidibé
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversité de Montréal, and CHUM Research CenterMontréalQCCanada
| | - Alicia Dubinski
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversité de Montréal, and CHUM Research CenterMontréalQCCanada
| | - Christine Vande Velde
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversité de Montréal, and CHUM Research CenterMontréalQCCanada
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17
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STAU2 protein level is controlled by caspases and the CHK1 pathway and regulates cell cycle progression in the non-transformed hTERT-RPE1 cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:16. [PMID: 33663378 PMCID: PMC7934504 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staufen2 (STAU2) is an RNA binding protein involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. In neurons, STAU2 is required to maintain the balance between differentiation and proliferation of neural stem cells through asymmetric cell division. However, the importance of controlling STAU2 expression for cell cycle progression is not clear in non-neuronal dividing cells. We recently showed that STAU2 transcription is inhibited in response to DNA-damage due to E2F1 displacement from the STAU2 gene promoter. We now study the regulation of STAU2 steady-state levels in unstressed cells and its consequence for cell proliferation. Results CRISPR/Cas9-mediated and RNAi-dependent STAU2 depletion in the non-transformed hTERT-RPE1 cells both facilitate cell proliferation suggesting that STAU2 expression influences pathway(s) linked to cell cycle controls. Such effects are not observed in the CRISPR STAU2-KO cancer HCT116 cells nor in the STAU2-RNAi-depleted HeLa cells. Interestingly, a physiological decrease in the steady-state level of STAU2 is controlled by caspases. This effect of peptidases is counterbalanced by the activity of the CHK1 pathway suggesting that STAU2 partial degradation/stabilization fines tune cell cycle progression in unstressed cells. A large-scale proteomic analysis using STAU2/biotinylase fusion protein identifies known STAU2 interactors involved in RNA translation, localization, splicing, or decay confirming the role of STAU2 in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. In addition, several proteins found in the nucleolus, including proteins of the ribosome biogenesis pathway and of the DNA damage response, are found in close proximity to STAU2. Strikingly, many of these proteins are linked to the kinase CHK1 pathway, reinforcing the link between STAU2 functions and the CHK1 pathway. Indeed, inhibition of the CHK1 pathway for 4 h dissociates STAU2 from proteins involved in translation and RNA metabolism. Conclusions These results indicate that STAU2 is involved in pathway(s) that control(s) cell proliferation, likely via mechanisms of posttranscriptional regulation, ribonucleoprotein complex assembly, genome integrity and/or checkpoint controls. The mechanism by which STAU2 regulates cell growth likely involves caspases and the kinase CHK1 pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12860-021-00352-y.
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18
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Schieweck R, Ninkovic J, Kiebler MA. RNA-binding proteins balance brain function in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:1309-1370. [PMID: 33000986 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranscriptional gene expression including splicing, RNA transport, translation, and RNA decay provides an important regulatory layer in many if not all molecular pathways. Research in the last decades has positioned RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) right in the center of posttranscriptional gene regulation. Here, we propose interdependent networks of RBPs to regulate complex pathways within the central nervous system (CNS). These are involved in multiple aspects of neuronal development and functioning, including higher cognition. Therefore, it is not sufficient to unravel the individual contribution of a single RBP and its consequences but rather to study and understand the tight interplay between different RBPs. In this review, we summarize recent findings in the field of RBP biology and discuss the complex interplay between different RBPs. Second, we emphasize the underlying dynamics within an RBP network and how this might regulate key processes such as neurogenesis, synaptic transmission, and synaptic plasticity. Importantly, we envision that dysfunction of specific RBPs could lead to perturbation within the RBP network. This would have direct and indirect (compensatory) effects in mRNA binding and translational control leading to global changes in cellular expression programs in general and in synaptic plasticity in particular. Therefore, we focus on RBP dysfunction and how this might cause neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Based on recent findings, we propose that alterations in the entire regulatory RBP network might account for phenotypic dysfunctions observed in complex diseases including neurodegeneration, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Schieweck
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael A Kiebler
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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19
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Wu YF, Zhang YM, Ge HH, Ren CY, Zhang ZZ, Cao L, Wang F, Chen GH. Effects of Embryonic Inflammation and Adolescent Psychosocial Environment on Cognition and Hippocampal Staufen in Middle-Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:578719. [PMID: 33024434 PMCID: PMC7516039 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.578719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated that embryonic inflammation could accelerate age-associated cognitive impairment, which can be attributed to dysregulation of synaptic plasticity-associated proteins, such as RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Staufen is a double-stranded RBP that plays a critical role in the modulation of synaptic plasticity and memory. However, relatively few studies have investigated how embryonic inflammation affects cognition and neurobiology during aging, or how the adolescent psychosocial environment affects inflammation-induced remote cognitive impairment. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate whether these adverse factors can induce changes in Staufen expression, and whether these changes are correlated with cognitive impairment. In our study, CD-1 mice were administered lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 50 μg/kg) or an equal amount of saline (control) intraperitoneally during days 15–17 of gestation. At 2 months of age, male offspring were randomly exposed to stress (S), an enriched environment (E), or not treated (CON) and then assigned to five groups: LPS, LPS+S, LPS+E, CON, and CON+S. Mice were evaluated at 3-month-old (young) and 15-month-old (middle-aged). Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze test, while Staufen expression was examined at both the protein and mRNA level using immunohistochemistry/western blotting and RNAscope technology, respectively. The results showed that the middle-aged mice had worse cognitive performance and higher Staufen expression than young mice. Embryonic inflammation induced cognitive impairment and increased Staufen expression in the middle-aged mice, whereas adolescent stress/an enriched environment would accelerated/mitigated these effects. Meanwhile, Staufen expression was closely correlated with cognitive performance. Our findings suggested embryonic inflammation can accelerate age-associated learning and memory impairments, and these effects may be related to the Staufen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Fang Wu
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue-Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - He-Hua Ge
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chong-Yang Ren
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhe-Zhe Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Critical Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Critical Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Gui-Hai Chen
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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20
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Ehses J, Fernández-Moya SM, Schröger L, Kiebler MA. Synergistic regulation of Rgs4 mRNA by HuR and miR-26/RISC in neurons. RNA Biol 2020; 18:988-998. [PMID: 32779957 PMCID: PMC8216180 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1795409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative regulator of G-protein signalling 4 (Rgs4) is linked to several neurologic diseases, e.g. schizophrenia, addiction, seizure and pain perception. Consequently, Rgs4 expression is tightly regulated, resulting in high mRNA and protein turnover. The post-transcriptional control of gene expression is mediated via RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that interact with mRNAs in a combinatorial fashion. Here, we show that in neurons the RBP HuR reduces endogenous Rgs4 expression by destabilizing Rgs4 mRNA. Interestingly, in smooth muscle cells, Rgs4 is stabilized by HuR, indicating tissue-dependent differences in HuR function. Using in vitro RNA-based pulldown experiments, we identify the functional AU-rich element (ARE) within the Rgs4 3ʹ-UTR that is recognized and bound by HuR. Bioinformatic analysis uncovered that this ARE lies within a highly conserved area next to a miR-26 binding site. We find that the neuronal-enriched miR-26 negatively influences Rgs4 expression in neurons. Further, HuR and miR-26 act synergistically in fluorescent reporter assays. Together, our data suggest a regulatory mechanism, in which an RBP selectively destabilizes a target mRNA in cooperation with a miRNA and the RISC machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Ehses
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sandra M Fernández-Moya
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Luise Schröger
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael A Kiebler
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
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21
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Hassine S, Bonnet-Magnaval F, Benoit Bouvrette LP, Doran B, Ghram M, Bouthillette M, Lecuyer E, DesGroseillers L. Staufen1 localizes to the mitotic spindle and controls the localization of RNA populations to the spindle. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs247155. [PMID: 32576666 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.247155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staufen1 (STAU1) is an RNA-binding protein involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of mRNAs. We report that a large fraction of STAU1 localizes to the mitotic spindle in colorectal cancer HCT116 cells and in non-transformed hTERT-RPE1 cells. Spindle-associated STAU1 partly co-localizes with ribosomes and active sites of translation. We mapped the molecular determinant required for STAU1-spindle association within the first 88 N-terminal amino acids, a domain that is not required for RNA binding. Interestingly, transcriptomic analysis of purified mitotic spindles revealed that 1054 mRNAs and the precursor ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA), as well as the long non-coding RNAs and small nucleolar RNAs involved in ribonucleoprotein assembly and processing, are enriched on spindles compared with cell extracts. STAU1 knockout causes displacement of the pre-rRNA and of 154 mRNAs coding for proteins involved in actin cytoskeleton organization and cell growth, highlighting a role for STAU1 in mRNA trafficking to spindle. These data demonstrate that STAU1 controls the localization of subpopulations of RNAs during mitosis and suggests a novel role of STAU1 in pre-rRNA maintenance during mitosis, ribogenesis and/or nucleoli reassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Hassine
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Florence Bonnet-Magnaval
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Louis Philip Benoit Bouvrette
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Bellastrid Doran
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Mehdi Ghram
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Mathieu Bouthillette
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Eric Lecuyer
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Luc DesGroseillers
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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22
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Wu H, Zhou J, Zhu T, Cohen I, Dictenberg J. A kinesin adapter directly mediates dendritic mRNA localization during neural development in mice. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6605-6628. [PMID: 32111743 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor protein-based active transport is essential for mRNA localization and local translation in animal cells, yet how mRNA granules interact with motor proteins remains poorly understood. Using an unbiased yeast two-hybrid screen for interactions between murine RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and motor proteins, here we identified protein interaction with APP tail-1 (PAT1) as a potential direct adapter between zipcode-binding protein 1 (ZBP1, a β-actin RBP) and the kinesin-I motor complex. The amino acid sequence of mouse PAT1 is similar to that of the kinesin light chain (KLC), and we found that PAT1 binds to KLC directly. Studying PAT1 in mouse primary hippocampal neuronal cultures from both sexes and using structured illumination microscopic imaging of these neurons, we observed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) enhances co-localization of dendritic ZBP1 and PAT1 within granules that also contain kinesin-I. PAT1 is essential for BDNF-stimulated neuronal growth cone development and dendritic protrusion formation, and we noted that ZBP1 and PAT1 co-locate along with β-actin mRNA in actively transported granules in living neurons. Acute disruption of the PAT1-ZBP1 interaction in neurons with PAT1 siRNA or a dominant-negative ZBP1 construct diminished localization of β-actin mRNA but not of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) mRNA in dendrites. The aberrant β-actin mRNA localization resulted in abnormal dendritic protrusions and growth cone dynamics. These results suggest a critical role for PAT1 in BDNF-induced β-actin mRNA transport during postnatal development and reveal a new molecular mechanism for mRNA localization in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065 .,Biology Program, Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016
| | - Jing Zhou
- Biology Program, Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016.,Biology Department, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York 10468
| | - Tianhui Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065.,Biology Program, Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016
| | - Ivan Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065
| | - Jason Dictenberg
- Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate, Brooklyn, New York 11226 .,Biotechnology Incubator, AccelBio, Brooklyn, New York 11226
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23
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Khalaf B, Roncador A, Pischedda F, Casini A, Thomas S, Piccoli G, Kiebler M, Macchi P. Ankyrin-G induces nucleoporin Nup358 to associate with the axon initial segment of neurons. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.222802. [PMID: 31427429 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.222802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nup358 (also known as RanBP2) is a member of the large nucleoporin family that constitutes the nuclear pore complex. Depending on the cell type and the physiological state, Nup358 interacts with specific partner proteins and influences distinct mechanisms independent of its role in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Here, we provide evidence that Nup358 associates selectively with the axon initial segment (AIS) of mature neurons, mediated by the AIS scaffold protein ankyrin-G (AnkG, also known as Ank3). The N-terminus of Nup358 is demonstrated to be sufficient for its localization at the AIS. Further, we show that Nup358 is expressed as two isoforms, one full-length and another shorter form of Nup358. These isoforms differ in their subcellular distribution in neurons and expression level during neuronal development. Overall, the present study highlights an unprecedented localization of Nup358 within the AIS and suggests its involvement in neuronal function.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouchra Khalaf
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandro Roncador
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischedda
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Biology of Synapses, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Antonio Casini
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Sabine Thomas
- Department for Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Biology of Synapses, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Michael Kiebler
- Department for Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Paolo Macchi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
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24
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Bauer KE, Segura I, Gaspar I, Scheuss V, Illig C, Ammer G, Hutten S, Basyuk E, Fernández-Moya SM, Ehses J, Bertrand E, Kiebler MA. Live cell imaging reveals 3'-UTR dependent mRNA sorting to synapses. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3178. [PMID: 31320644 PMCID: PMC6639396 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA transport restricts translation to specific subcellular locations, which is the basis for many cellular functions. However, the precise process of mRNA sorting to synapses in neurons remains elusive. Here we use Rgs4 mRNA to investigate 3′-UTR-dependent transport by MS2 live-cell imaging. The majority of observed RNA granules display 3′-UTR independent bidirectional transport in dendrites. Importantly, the Rgs4 3′-UTR causes an anterograde transport bias, which requires the Staufen2 protein. Moreover, the 3′-UTR mediates dynamic, sustained mRNA recruitment to synapses. Visualization at high temporal resolution enables us to show mRNA patrolling dendrites, allowing transient interaction with multiple synapses, in agreement with the sushi-belt model. Modulation of neuronal activity by either chemical silencing or local glutamate uncaging regulates both the 3′-UTR-dependent transport bias and synaptic recruitment. This dynamic and reversible mRNA recruitment to active synapses would allow translation and synaptic remodeling in a spatially and temporally adaptive manner. Asymmetric subcellular mRNA distribution is important for local translation of neuronal mRNAs. Here the authors employed MS2 live-cell imaging and showed that the reporter mRNA containing the 3’ UTR of Rgs4 shows an anterograde transport bias, dependent on neuronal activity and the protein Staufen2, and mediates sustained mRNA recruitment to synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl E Bauer
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Inmaculada Segura
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Imre Gaspar
- EMBL, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Volker Scheuss
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christin Illig
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Georg Ammer
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,MPI of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Saskia Hutten
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Eugénia Basyuk
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR5535, Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Génétique Humaine de Montpellier, CNRS UMR9002, Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandra M Fernández-Moya
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Janina Ehses
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Edouard Bertrand
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR5535, Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael A Kiebler
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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25
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Altered Glutamate Receptor Ionotropic Delta Subunit 2 Expression in Stau2-Deficient Cerebellar Purkinje Cells in the Adult Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071797. [PMID: 30979012 PMCID: PMC6480955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Staufen2 (Stau2) is an RNA-binding protein that is involved in dendritic spine morphogenesis and function. Several studies have recently investigated the role of Stau2 in the regulation of its neuronal target mRNAs, with particular focus on the hippocampus. Here, we provide evidence for Stau2 expression and function in cerebellar Purkinje cells. We show that Stau2 downregulation (Stau2GT) led to an increase of glutamate receptor ionotropic delta subunit 2 (GluD2) in Purkinje cells when animals performed physical activity by voluntary wheel running compared with the age-matched wildtype (WT) mice (C57Bl/6J). Furthermore, Stau2GT mice showed lower performance in motor coordination assays but enhanced motor learning abilities than did WT mice, concomitantly with an increase in dendritic GluD2 expression. Together, our results suggest the novel role of Stau2 in Purkinje cell synaptogenesis in the mouse cerebellum.
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26
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Oh JY, Lim CS, Yoo KS, Park H, Park YS, Kim EG, Lee YS, Kaang BK, Kim HK. Adenomatous polyposis coli-stimulated GEF 1 (Asef1) is a negative regulator of excitatory synaptic function. J Neurochem 2018; 147:595-608. [PMID: 30125942 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) play important roles in many cellular processes, including regulation of the structural plasticity of dendritic spines. A GEF protein, adenomatous polyposis coli-stimulated GEF 1 (Asef1, ARHGEF4) is highly expressed in the nervous system. However, the function of Asef1 has not been investigated in neurons. Here, we present evidence showing that Asef1 negatively regulates the synaptic localization of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) in the excitatory synapse by inhibiting Staufen-mediated synaptic localization of PSD-95. Accordingly, Asef1 expression impairs synaptic transmission in hippocampal cultured neurons. In addition, neuronal activity facilitates the dissociation of Asef1 from Staufen in a phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)-dependent manner. Taken together, our data reveal Asef1 functions as a negative regulator of synaptic localization of PSD-95 and synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Oh
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chae-Seok Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
| | - Ki-Seo Yoo
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | | | - Young Seok Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Department of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyong Kyu Kim
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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27
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Ravanidis S, Kattan FG, Doxakis E. Unraveling the Pathways to Neuronal Homeostasis and Disease: Mechanistic Insights into the Role of RNA-Binding Proteins and Associated Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082280. [PMID: 30081499 PMCID: PMC6121432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing, dosage and location of gene expression are fundamental determinants of brain architectural complexity. In neurons, this is, primarily, achieved by specific sets of trans-acting RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and their associated factors that bind to specific cis elements throughout the RNA sequence to regulate splicing, polyadenylation, stability, transport and localized translation at both axons and dendrites. Not surprisingly, misregulation of RBP expression or disruption of its function due to mutations or sequestration into nuclear or cytoplasmic inclusions have been linked to the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders such as fragile-X syndrome, autism spectrum disorders, spinal muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. This review discusses the roles of Pumilio, Staufen, IGF2BP, FMRP, Sam68, CPEB, NOVA, ELAVL, SMN, TDP43, FUS, TAF15, and TIA1/TIAR in RNA metabolism by analyzing their specific molecular and cellular function, the neurological symptoms associated with their perturbation, and their axodendritic transport/localization along with their target mRNAs as part of larger macromolecular complexes termed ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Ravanidis
- Basic Sciences Division I, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Fedon-Giasin Kattan
- Basic Sciences Division I, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Epaminondas Doxakis
- Basic Sciences Division I, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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28
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Popper B, Demleitner A, Bolivar VJ, Kusek G, Snyder-Keller A, Schieweck R, Temple S, Kiebler MA. Staufen2 deficiency leads to impaired response to novelty in mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 150:107-115. [PMID: 29496644 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Staufen2 (Stau2) is a double-stranded RNA-binding protein (RBP) involved in posttranscriptional gene expression control in neurons. In flies, staufen contributes to learning and long-term memory formation. To study the impact of mammalian Stau2 on behavior, we generated a novel gene-trap mouse model that yields significant constitutive downregulation of Stau2 (Stau2GT). In order to investigate the effect of Stau2 downregulation on hippocampus-dependent behavior, we performed a battery of behavioral assays, i.e. open field, novel object recognition/location (NOR/L) and Barnes maze. Stau2GT mice displayed reduced locomotor activity in the open field and altered novelty preference in the NOR and NOL paradigms. Adult Stau2GT male mice failed to discriminate between familiar and newly introduced objects but showed enhanced spatial novelty detection. Additionally, we observed deficits in discriminating different spatial contexts in a Barnes maze assay. Together, our data suggest that Stau2 contributes to novelty preference and explorative behavior that is a driver for proper spatial learning in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Popper
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Core Facility Animal Models, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonia Demleitner
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Valerie J Bolivar
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Gretchen Kusek
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Abigail Snyder-Keller
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Rico Schieweck
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Sally Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Kiebler
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology & Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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29
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Berger SM, Fernández-Lamo I, Schönig K, Fernández Moya SM, Ehses J, Schieweck R, Clementi S, Enkel T, Grothe S, von Bohlen Und Halbach O, Segura I, Delgado-García JM, Gruart A, Kiebler MA, Bartsch D. Forebrain-specific, conditional silencing of Staufen2 alters synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory in rats. Genome Biol 2017; 18:222. [PMID: 29149906 PMCID: PMC5693596 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic messenger RNA (mRNA) localization and subsequent local translation in dendrites critically contributes to synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. Little is known, however, about the contribution of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to these processes in vivo. Results To delineate the role of the double-stranded RBP Staufen2 (Stau2), we generate a transgenic rat model, in which Stau2 expression is conditionally silenced by Cre-inducible expression of a microRNA (miRNA) targeting Stau2 mRNA in adult forebrain neurons. Known physiological mRNA targets for Stau2, such as RhoA, Complexin 1, and Rgs4 mRNAs, are found to be dysregulated in brains of Stau2-deficient rats. In vivo electrophysiological recordings reveal synaptic strengthening upon stimulation, showing a shift in the frequency-response function of hippocampal synaptic plasticity to favor long-term potentiation and impair long-term depression in Stau2-deficient rats. These observations are accompanied by deficits in hippocampal spatial working memory, spatial novelty detection, and in tasks investigating associative learning and memory. Conclusions Together, these experiments reveal a critical contribution of Stau2 to various forms of synaptic plasticity including spatial working memory and cognitive management of new environmental information. These findings might contribute to the development of treatments for conditions associated with learning and memory deficits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-017-1350-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Berger
- Department of Molecular Biology, CIMH and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Iván Fernández-Lamo
- Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013, Seville, Spain.,Present Address: Institute Cajal (CSIC), 28002, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kai Schönig
- Department of Molecular Biology, CIMH and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sandra M Fernández Moya
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Janina Ehses
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rico Schieweck
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefano Clementi
- Department of Molecular Biology, CIMH and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Enkel
- Department of Molecular Biology, CIMH and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sascha Grothe
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Inmaculada Segura
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | | | - Agnès Gruart
- Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Michael A Kiebler
- BioMedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Dusan Bartsch
- Department of Molecular Biology, CIMH and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
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30
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Sharangdhar T, Sugimoto Y, Heraud-Farlow J, Fernández-Moya SM, Ehses J, Ruiz de Los Mozos I, Ule J, Kiebler MA. A retained intron in the 3'-UTR of Calm3 mRNA mediates its Staufen2- and activity-dependent localization to neuronal dendrites. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1762-1774. [PMID: 28765142 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic localization and hence local mRNA translation contributes to synaptic plasticity in neurons. Staufen2 (Stau2) is a well-known neuronal double-stranded RNA-binding protein (dsRBP) that has been implicated in dendritic mRNA localization. The specificity of Stau2 binding to its target mRNAs remains elusive. Using individual-nucleotide resolution CLIP (iCLIP), we identified significantly enriched Stau2 binding to the 3'-UTRs of 356 transcripts. In 28 (7.9%) of those, binding occurred to a retained intron in their 3'-UTR The strongest bound 3'-UTR intron was present in the longest isoform of Calmodulin 3 (Calm3L ) mRNA Calm3L 3'-UTR contains six Stau2 crosslink clusters, four of which are in this retained 3'-UTR intron. The Calm3L mRNA localized to neuronal dendrites, while lack of the 3'-UTR intron impaired its dendritic localization. Importantly, Stau2 mediates this dendritic localization via the 3'-UTR intron, without affecting its stability. Also, NMDA-mediated synaptic activity specifically promoted the dendritic mRNA localization of the Calm3L isoform, while inhibition of synaptic activity reduced it substantially. Together, our results identify the retained intron as a critical element in recruiting Stau2, which then allows for the localization of Calm3L mRNA to distal dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoichiro Sugimoto
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | - Janina Ehses
- Division of Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Igor Ruiz de Los Mozos
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Jernej Ule
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Michael A Kiebler
- Division of Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
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31
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Beaujois R, Ottoni E, Zhang X, Gagnon C, Hassine S, Mollet S, Viranaicken W, DesGroseillers L. The M-phase specific hyperphosphorylation of Staufen2 involved the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK1. BMC Cell Biol 2017; 18:25. [PMID: 28705199 PMCID: PMC5513041 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-017-0142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staufen2 (STAU2) is an RNA-binding protein involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. This protein was shown to be required for organ formation and cell differentiation. Although STAU2 functions have been reported in neuronal cells, its role in dividing cells remains deeply uncharacterized. Especially, its regulation during the cell cycle is completely unknown. Results In this study, we showed that STAU2 isoforms display a mitosis-specific slow migration pattern on SDS-gels in all tested transformed and untransformed cell lines. Deeper analyses in hTert-RPE1 and HeLa cells further indicated that the slow migration pattern of STAU2 isoforms is due to phosphorylation. Time course studies showed that STAU2 phosphorylation occurs before prometaphase and terminates as cells exit mitosis. Interestingly, STAU2 isoforms were phosphorylated on several amino acid residues in the C-terminal half via the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1), an enzyme known to play crucial roles during mitosis. Introduction of phospho-mimetic or phospho-null mutations in STAU2 did not impair its RNA-binding capacity, its stability, its interaction with protein co-factors or its sub-cellular localization, suggesting that STAU2 phosphorylation in mitosis does not regulate these functions. Similarly, STAU2 phosphorylation is not likely to be crucial for cell cycle progression since expression of phosphorylation mutants in hTert-RPE1 cells did not impair cell proliferation. Conclusions Altogether, these results indicate that STAU2 isoforms are phosphorylated during mitosis and that the phosphorylation process involves Cdk1. The meaning of this post-translational modification is still elusive. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12860-017-0142-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Beaujois
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Ottoni
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Xin Zhang
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Christina Gagnon
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sami Hassine
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Mollet
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Wildriss Viranaicken
- Present address: UMR PIMIT, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de la Réunion, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Luc DesGroseillers
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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Pilaz LJ, Silver DL. Moving messages in the developing brain-emerging roles for mRNA transport and local translation in neural stem cells. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:1526-1539. [PMID: 28304078 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex is a complex brain structure integral to our higher cognition. During embryonic cortical development, radial glial progenitors (RGCs) produce neurons and serve as physical structures for migrating neurons. Recent discoveries highlight new roles for RNA localization and local translation in RGCs, both at the cell body and at distal structures called basal endfeet. By implementing technologies from the field of RNA research to brain development, investigators can manipulate RNA-binding proteins as well as visualize single-molecule RNAs, live movement of mRNAs and their binding proteins, and translation. Going forward, these studies establish a framework for investigating how post-transcriptional RNA regulation helps shape RGC function and triggers neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Jan Pilaz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Regeneration Next, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Debra L Silver
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Regeneration Next, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Bondy-Chorney E, Crawford Parks TE, Ravel-Chapuis A, Jasmin BJ, Côté J. Staufen1s role as a splicing factor and a disease modifier in Myotonic Dystrophy Type I. Rare Dis 2016; 4:e1225644. [PMID: 27695661 PMCID: PMC5027583 DOI: 10.1080/21675511.2016.1225644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent issue of PLOS Genetics, we reported that the double-stranded RNA-binding protein, Staufen1, functions as a disease modifier in the neuromuscular disorder Myotonic Dystrophy Type I (DM1). In this work, we demonstrated that Staufen1 regulates the alternative splicing of exon 11 of the human Insulin Receptor, a highly studied missplicing event in DM1, through Alu elements located in an intronic region. Furthermore, we found that Staufen1 overexpression regulates numerous alternative splicing events, potentially resulting in both positive and negative effects in DM1. Here, we discuss our major findings and speculate on the details of the mechanisms by which Staufen1 could regulate alternative splicing, in both normal and DM1 conditions. Finally, we highlight the importance of disease modifiers, such as Staufen1, in the DM1 pathology in order to understand the complex disease phenotype and for future development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Bondy-Chorney
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Center for Neuromuscular Disease , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara E Crawford Parks
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Center for Neuromuscular Disease , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aymeric Ravel-Chapuis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Center for Neuromuscular Disease , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernard J Jasmin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Center for Neuromuscular Disease , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Côté
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Center for Neuromuscular Disease , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Raab-Graham KF, Workman ER, Namjoshi S, Niere F. Pushing the threshold: How NMDAR antagonists induce homeostasis through protein synthesis to remedy depression. Brain Res 2016; 1647:94-104. [PMID: 27125595 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Healthy neurons have an optimal operating range, coded globally by the frequency of action potentials or locally by calcium. The maintenance of this range is governed by homeostatic plasticity. Here, we discuss how new approaches to treat depression alter synaptic activity. These approaches induce the neuron to recruit homeostatic mechanisms to relieve depression. Homeostasis generally implies that the direction of activity necessary to restore the neuron's critical operating range is opposite in direction to its current activity pattern. Unconventional antidepressant therapies-deep brain stimulation and NMDAR antagonists-alter the neuron's "depressed" state by pushing the neuron's current activity in the same direction but to the extreme edge. These therapies rally the intrinsic drive of neurons in the opposite direction, thereby allowing the cell to return to baseline activity, form new synapses, and restore proper communication. In this review, we discuss seminal studies on protein synthesis dependent homeostatic plasticity and their contribution to our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of NMDAR antagonists as rapid antidepressants. Rapid antidepressant efficacy is likely to require a cascade of mRNA translational regulation. Emerging evidence suggests that changes in synaptic strength or intrinsic excitability converge on the same protein synthesis pathways, relieving depressive symptoms. Thus, we address the question: Are there multiple homeostatic mechanisms that induce the neuron and neuronal circuits to self-correct to regulate mood in vivo? Targeting alternative ways to induce homeostatic protein synthesis may provide, faster, safer, and longer lasting antidepressants. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:RNA Metabolism in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly F Raab-Graham
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| | - Emily R Workman
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Sanjeev Namjoshi
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Farr Niere
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
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35
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Zhang X, Trépanier V, Beaujois R, Viranaicken W, Drobetsky E, DesGroseillers L. The downregulation of the RNA-binding protein Staufen2 in response to DNA damage promotes apoptosis. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:3695-712. [PMID: 26843428 PMCID: PMC4856980 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staufen2 (Stau2) is an RNA-binding protein involved in cell fate decision by controlling several facets of mRNA processing including localization, splicing, translation and stability. Herein we report that exposure to DNA-damaging agents that generate replicative stress such as camptothecin (CPT), 5-fluoro-uracil (5FU) and ultraviolet radiation (UVC) causes downregulation of Stau2 in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. In contrast, other agents such as doxorubicin and ionizing radiation had no effect on Stau2 expression. Consistently, Stau2 expression is regulated by the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) signaling pathway but not by the DNA-PK or ataxia telangiectasia mutated/checkpoint kinase 2 pathways. Stau2 downregulation is initiated at the level of transcription, independently of apoptosis induction. Promoter analysis identified a short 198 bp region which is necessary and sufficient for both basal and CPT-regulated Stau2 expression. The E2F1 transcription factor regulates Stau2 in untreated cells, an effect that is abolished by CPT treatment due to E2F1 displacement from the promoter. Strikingly, Stau2 downregulation enhances levels of DNA damage and promotes apoptosis in CPT-treated cells. Taken together our results suggest that Stau2 is an anti-apoptotic protein that could be involved in DNA replication and/or maintenance of genome integrity and that its expression is regulated by E2F1 via the ATR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Département de Biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Véronique Trépanier
- Département de Biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Remy Beaujois
- Département de Biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Wildriss Viranaicken
- Département de Biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Elliot Drobetsky
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Luc DesGroseillers
- Département de Biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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36
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Abstract
The localization of mRNAs to specific subcellular sites is widespread, allowing cells to spatially restrict and regulate protein production, and playing important roles in development and cellular physiology. This process has been studied in mechanistic detail for several RNAs. However, the generality or specificity of RNA localization systems and mechanisms that impact the many thousands of localized mRNAs has been difficult to assess. In this review, we discuss the current state of the field in determining which RNAs localize, which RNA sequences mediate localization, the protein factors involved, and the biological implications of localization. For each question, we examine prominent systems and techniques that are used to study individual messages, highlight recent genome-wide studies of RNA localization, and discuss the potential for adapting other high-throughput approaches to the study of localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthew Taliaferro
- a Department of Biology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Cambridge , MA USA
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37
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Fernández Moya SM, Kiebler MA. CLIPing Staufen to secondary RNA structures: size and location matter! Bioessays 2015; 37:1062-6. [PMID: 26252431 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
hiCLIP (RNA hybrid and individual-nucleotide resolution ultraviolet cross-linking and immunoprecipitation), is a novel technique developed by Sugimoto et al. (2015). Here, the use of different adaptors permits a controlled ligation of the two strands of a RNA duplex allowing the identification of each arm in the duplex upon sequencing. The authors chose a notoriously difficult to study double-stranded RNA-binding protein (dsRBP) termed Staufen1, a mammalian homolog of Drosophila Staufen involved in mRNA localization and translational control. Using hiCLIP, they discovered a dominance of intramolecular RNA duplexes compared to the total RNA duplexes identified. Importantly, the authors discovered two different types of intramolecular duplexes in the cell: highly translated mRNAs with long-range duplexes in their 3'-UTRs and poorly translated mRNAs with duplexes in their coding region. In conclusion, the authors establish hiCLIP as an important novel technique for the identification of RNA secondary structures that serve as in vivo binding sites for dsRBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Fernández Moya
- BioMedical Center, Department for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael A Kiebler
- BioMedical Center, Department for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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38
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The function of RNA-binding proteins at the synapse: implications for neurodegeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3621-35. [PMID: 26047658 PMCID: PMC4565867 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The loss of synapses is a central event in
neurodegenerative diseases. Synaptic proteins are often associated with disease neuropathology, but their role in synaptic loss is not fully understood. Of the many processes involved in sustaining the integrity of synapses, local protein translation can directly impact synaptic formation, communication, and maintenance. RNA-binding proteins and their association with RNA granules serve to regulate mRNA transportation and translation at synapses and in turn regulate the synapse. Genetic mutations in RNA-binding proteins FUS and TDP-43 have been linked with causing neurodegenerative diseases: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. The observation that mutations in FUS and TDP-43 coincide with changes in RNA granules provides evidence that dysfunction of RNA metabolism may underlie the mechanism of synaptic loss in these diseases. However, we do not know how mutations in RNA-binding proteins would affect RNA granule dynamics and local translation, or if these alterations would cause neurodegeneration. Further investigation into this area will lead to important insights into how disruption of RNA metabolism and local translation at synapses can cause neurodegenerative diseases.
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Murn J, Zarnack K, Yang YJ, Durak O, Murphy EA, Cheloufi S, Gonzalez DM, Teplova M, Curk T, Zuber J, Patel DJ, Ule J, Luscombe NM, Tsai LH, Walsh CA, Shi Y. Control of a neuronal morphology program by an RNA-binding zinc finger protein, Unkempt. Genes Dev 2015; 29:501-12. [PMID: 25737280 PMCID: PMC4358403 DOI: 10.1101/gad.258483.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cellular morphology is an essential determinant of cellular function in all kingdoms of life, yet little is known about how cell shape is controlled. Here we describe a molecular program that controls the early morphology of neurons through a metazoan-specific zinc finger protein, Unkempt. Depletion of Unkempt in mouse embryos disrupts the shape of migrating neurons, while ectopic expression confers neuronal-like morphology to cells of different nonneuronal lineages. We found that Unkempt is a sequence-specific RNA-binding protein and identified its precise binding sites within coding regions of mRNAs linked to protein metabolism and trafficking. RNA binding is required for Unkempt-induced remodeling of cellular shape and is directly coupled to a reduced production of the encoded proteins. These findings link post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression with cellular shape and have general implications for the development and disease of multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Murn
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Kathi Zarnack
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom; Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yawei J Yang
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA;
| | - Omer Durak
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Murphy
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Sihem Cheloufi
- Cancer Center, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Dilenny M Gonzalez
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Marianna Teplova
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Tomaž Curk
- Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Johannes Zuber
- The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dinshaw J Patel
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jernej Ule
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M Luscombe
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom; UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Environment, and Evolution, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom; Okinawa Institute for Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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Antonacci S, Forand D, Wolf M, Tyus C, Barney J, Kellogg L, Simon MA, Kerr G, Wells KL, Younes S, Mortimer NT, Olesnicky EC, Killian DJ. Conserved RNA-binding proteins required for dendrite morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans sensory neurons. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2015; 5:639-53. [PMID: 25673135 PMCID: PMC4390579 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.017327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of dendritic branching is critical for sensory reception, cell-cell communication within the nervous system, learning, memory, and behavior. Defects in dendrite morphology are associated with several neurologic disorders; thus, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern dendrite morphogenesis is important. Recent investigations of dendrite morphogenesis have highlighted the importance of gene regulation at the posttranscriptional level. Because RNA-binding proteins mediate many posttranscriptional mechanisms, we decided to investigate the extent to which conserved RNA-binding proteins contribute to dendrite morphogenesis across phyla. Here we identify a core set of RNA-binding proteins that are important for dendrite morphogenesis in the PVD multidendritic sensory neuron in Caenorhabditis elegans. Homologs of each of these genes were previously identified as important in the Drosophila melanogaster dendritic arborization sensory neurons. Our results suggest that RNA processing, mRNA localization, mRNA stability, and translational control are all important mechanisms that contribute to dendrite morphogenesis, and we present a conserved set of RNA-binding proteins that regulate these processes in diverse animal species. Furthermore, homologs of these genes are expressed in the human brain, suggesting that these RNA-binding proteins are candidate regulators of dendrite development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Antonacci
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903
| | - Daniel Forand
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80918
| | - Margaret Wolf
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903
| | - Courtney Tyus
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903
| | - Julia Barney
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903
| | - Leah Kellogg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903
| | - Margo A Simon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903
| | - Genevieve Kerr
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903
| | - Kristen L Wells
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903
| | - Serena Younes
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80918
| | - Nathan T Mortimer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208
| | - Eugenia C Olesnicky
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80918
| | - Darrell J Killian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903
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Gardiol A, St Johnston D. Staufen targets coracle mRNA to Drosophila neuromuscular junctions and regulates GluRIIA synaptic accumulation and bouton number. Dev Biol 2014; 392:153-67. [PMID: 24951879 PMCID: PMC4111903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The post-synaptic translation of localised mRNAs has been postulated to underlie several forms of plasticity at vertebrate synapses, but the mechanisms that target mRNAs to these postsynaptic sites are not well understood. Here we show that the evolutionary conserved dsRNA binding protein, Staufen, localises to the postsynaptic side of the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ), where it is required for the localisation of coracle mRNA and protein. Staufen plays a well-characterised role in the localisation of oskar mRNA to the oocyte posterior, where Staufen dsRNA-binding domain 5 is specifically required for its translation. Removal of Staufen dsRNA-binding domain 5, disrupts the postsynaptic accumulation of Coracle protein without affecting the localisation of cora mRNA, suggesting that Staufen similarly regulates Coracle translation. Tropomyosin II, which functions with Staufen in oskar mRNA localisation, is also required for coracle mRNA localisation, suggesting that similar mechanisms target mRNAs to the NMJ and the oocyte posterior. Coracle, the orthologue of vertebrate band 4.1, functions in the anchoring of the glutamate receptor IIA subunit (GluRIIA) at the synapse. Consistent with this, staufen mutant larvae show reduced accumulation of GluRIIA at synapses. The NMJs of staufen mutant larvae have also a reduced number of synaptic boutons. Altogether, this suggests that this novel Staufen-dependent mRNA localisation and local translation pathway may play a role in the developmentally regulated growth of the NMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Gardiol
- The WellcomeCRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel St Johnston
- The WellcomeCRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom.
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42
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Heraud-Farlow JE, Kiebler MA. The multifunctional Staufen proteins: conserved roles from neurogenesis to synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:470-9. [PMID: 25012293 PMCID: PMC4156307 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staufen (Stau) proteins have evolutionarily conserved functions in the brain. Stau proteins asymmetrically segregate mRNAs during mouse and fly neurogenesis. Stau proteins regulate synaptic plasticity and memory formation in flies and mammals. Stau proteins have roles in translation, localisation, and ribonucleoprotein formation. New data indicate that mammalian Stau1 and Stau2 can both stabilise and destabilise target mRNAs.
Staufen (Stau) proteins belong to a family of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that are important for RNA localisation in many organisms. In this review we discuss recent findings on the conserved role played by Stau during both the early differentiation of neurons and in the synaptic plasticity of mature neurons. Recent molecular data suggest mechanisms for how Stau2 regulates mRNA localisation, mRNA stability, translation, and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) assembly. We offer a perspective on how this multifunctional RBP has been adopted to regulate mRNA localisation under several different cellular and developmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacki E Heraud-Farlow
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A Kiebler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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43
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Sala C, Segal M. Dendritic spines: the locus of structural and functional plasticity. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:141-88. [PMID: 24382885 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of high-resolution time lapse imaging and molecular biological tools has changed dramatically the rate of progress towards the understanding of the complex structure-function relations in synapses of central spiny neurons. Standing issues, including the sequence of molecular and structural processes leading to formation, morphological change, and longevity of dendritic spines, as well as the functions of dendritic spines in neurological/psychiatric diseases are being addressed in a growing number of recent studies. There are still unsettled issues with respect to spine formation and plasticity: Are spines formed first, followed by synapse formation, or are synapses formed first, followed by emergence of a spine? What are the immediate and long-lasting changes in spine properties following exposure to plasticity-producing stimulation? Is spine volume/shape indicative of its function? These and other issues are addressed in this review, which highlights the complexity of molecular pathways involved in regulation of spine structure and function, and which contributes to the understanding of central synaptic interactions in health and disease.
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Fritzsche R, Karra D, Bennett KL, Ang FY, Heraud-Farlow JE, Tolino M, Doyle M, Bauer KE, Thomas S, Planyavsky M, Arn E, Bakosova A, Jungwirth K, Hörmann A, Palfi Z, Sandholzer J, Schwarz M, Macchi P, Colinge J, Superti-Furga G, Kiebler MA. Interactome of two diverse RNA granules links mRNA localization to translational repression in neurons. Cell Rep 2013; 5:1749-62. [PMID: 24360960 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transport of RNAs to dendrites occurs in neuronal RNA granules, which allows local synthesis of specific proteins at active synapses on demand, thereby contributing to learning and memory. To gain insight into the machinery controlling dendritic mRNA localization and translation, we established a stringent protocol to biochemically purify RNA granules from rat brain. Here, we identified a specific set of interactors for two RNA-binding proteins that are known components of neuronal RNA granules, Barentsz and Staufen2. First, neuronal RNA granules are much more heterogeneous than previously anticipated, sharing only a third of the identified proteins. Second, dendritically localized mRNAs, e.g., Arc and CaMKIIα, associate selectively with distinct RNA granules. Third, our work identifies a series of factors with known roles in RNA localization, translational control, and RNA quality control that are likely to keep localized transcripts in a translationally repressed state, often in distinct types of RNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Fritzsche
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Karra
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Keiryn L Bennett
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Foong Yee Ang
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jacki E Heraud-Farlow
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Tolino
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Doyle
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl E Bauer
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Thomas
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Planyavsky
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eric Arn
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anetta Bakosova
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin Jungwirth
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hörmann
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zsofia Palfi
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Sandholzer
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Schwarz
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paolo Macchi
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jacques Colinge
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A Kiebler
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Heraud-Farlow JE, Sharangdhar T, Li X, Pfeifer P, Tauber S, Orozco D, Hörmann A, Thomas S, Bakosova A, Farlow AR, Edbauer D, Lipshitz HD, Morris QD, Bilban M, Doyle M, Kiebler MA. Staufen2 regulates neuronal target RNAs. Cell Rep 2013; 5:1511-8. [PMID: 24360961 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins play crucial roles in directing RNA translation to neuronal synapses. Staufen2 (Stau2) has been implicated in both dendritic RNA localization and synaptic plasticity in mammalian neurons. Here, we report the identification of functionally relevant Stau2 target mRNAs in neurons. The majority of Stau2-copurifying mRNAs expressed in the hippocampus are present in neuronal processes, further implicating Stau2 in dendritic mRNA regulation. Stau2 targets are enriched for secondary structures similar to those identified in the 3' UTRs of Drosophila Staufen targets. Next, we show that Stau2 regulates steady-state levels of many neuronal RNAs and that its targets are predominantly downregulated in Stau2-deficient neurons. Detailed analysis confirms that Stau2 stabilizes the expression of one synaptic signaling component, the regulator of G protein signaling 4 (Rgs4) mRNA, via its 3' UTR. This study defines the global impact of Stau2 on mRNAs in neurons, revealing a role in stabilization of the levels of synaptic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacki E Heraud-Farlow
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Chromosome Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tejaswini Sharangdhar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1E3, Canada
| | - Philipp Pfeifer
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Tauber
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Core Facility Genomics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Denise Orozco
- Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hörmann
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Thomas
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Anetta Bakosova
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ashley R Farlow
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Edbauer
- Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 80336 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Howard D Lipshitz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Quaid D Morris
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1E3, Canada
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Core Facility Genomics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Doyle
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael A Kiebler
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Laver JD, Li X, Ancevicius K, Westwood JT, Smibert CA, Morris QD, Lipshitz HD. Genome-wide analysis of Staufen-associated mRNAs identifies secondary structures that confer target specificity. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:9438-60. [PMID: 23945942 PMCID: PMC3814352 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite studies that have investigated the interactions of double-stranded RNA-binding proteins like Staufen with RNA in vitro, how they achieve target specificity in vivo remains uncertain. We performed RNA co-immunoprecipitations followed by microarray analysis to identify Staufen-associated mRNAs in early Drosophila embryos. Analysis of the localization and functions of these transcripts revealed a number of potentially novel roles for Staufen. Using computational methods, we identified two sequence features that distinguish Staufen’s target transcripts from non-targets. First, these Drosophila transcripts, as well as those human transcripts bound by human Staufen1 and 2, have 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) that are 3–4-fold longer than unbound transcripts. Second, the 3′UTRs of Staufen-bound transcripts are highly enriched for three types of secondary structures. These structures map with high precision to previously identified Staufen-binding regions in Drosophila bicoid and human ARF1 3′UTRs. Our results provide the first systematic genome-wide analysis showing how a double-stranded RNA-binding protein achieves target specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Laver
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6, Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6, Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 and Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
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Park E, Maquat LE. Staufen-mediated mRNA decay. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2013; 4:423-35. [PMID: 23681777 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Staufen1 (STAU1)-mediated mRNA decay (SMD) is an mRNA degradation process in mammalian cells that is mediated by the binding of STAU1 to a STAU1-binding site (SBS) within the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of target mRNAs. During SMD, STAU1, a double-stranded (ds) RNA-binding protein, recognizes dsRNA structures formed either by intramolecular base pairing of 3'-UTR sequences or by intermolecular base pairing of 3'-UTR sequences with a long-noncoding RNA (lncRNA) via partially complementary Alu elements. Recently, STAU2, a paralog of STAU1, has also been reported to mediate SMD. Both STAU1 and STAU2 interact directly with the ATP-dependent RNA helicase UPF1, a key SMD factor, enhancing its helicase activity to promote effective SMD. Moreover, STAU1 and STAU2 form homodimeric and heterodimeric interactions via domain-swapping. Because both SMD and the mechanistically related nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) employ UPF1; SMD and NMD are competitive pathways. Competition contributes to cellular differentiation processes, such as myogenesis and adipogenesis, placing SMD at the heart of various physiologically important mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eonyoung Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Staufen2 functions in Staufen1-mediated mRNA decay by binding to itself and its paralog and promoting UPF1 helicase but not ATPase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 110:405-12. [PMID: 23263869 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213508110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staufen (STAU)1-mediated mRNA decay (SMD) is a posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism in mammals that degrades mRNAs harboring a STAU1-binding site (SBS) in their 3'-untranslated regions (3' UTRs). We show that SMD involves not only STAU1 but also its paralog STAU2. STAU2, like STAU1, is a double-stranded RNA-binding protein that interacts directly with the ATP-dependent RNA helicase up-frameshift 1 (UPF1) to reduce the half-life of SMD targets that form an SBS by either intramolecular or intermolecular base-pairing. Compared with STAU1, STAU2 binds ~10-fold more UPF1 and ~two- to fivefold more of those SBS-containing mRNAs that were tested, and it comparably promotes UPF1 helicase activity, which is critical for SMD. STAU1- or STAU2-mediated augmentation of UPF1 helicase activity is not accompanied by enhanced ATP hydrolysis but does depend on ATP binding and a basal level of UPF1 ATPase activity. Studies of STAU2 demonstrate it changes the conformation of RNA-bound UPF1. These findings, and evidence for STAU1-STAU1, STAU2-STAU2, and STAU1-STAU2 formation in vitro and in cells, are consistent with results from tethering assays: the decrease in mRNA abundance brought about by tethering siRNA-resistant STAU2 or STAU1 to an mRNA 3' UTR is inhibited by downregulating the abundance of cellular STAU2, STAU1, or UPF1. It follows that the efficiency of SMD in different cell types reflects the cumulative abundance of STAU1 and STAU2. We propose that STAU paralogs contribute to SMD by "greasing the wheels" of RNA-bound UPF1 so as to enhance its unwinding capacity per molecule of ATP hydrolyzed.
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Swanger SA, Bassell GJ. Dendritic protein synthesis in the normal and diseased brain. Neuroscience 2012; 232:106-27. [PMID: 23262237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic activity is a spatially limited process that requires a precise, yet dynamic, complement of proteins within the synaptic micro-domain. The maintenance and regulation of these synaptic proteins is regulated, in part, by local mRNA translation in dendrites. Protein synthesis within the postsynaptic compartment allows neurons tight spatial and temporal control of synaptic protein expression, which is critical for proper functioning of synapses and neural circuits. In this review, we discuss the identity of proteins synthesized within dendrites, the receptor-mediated mechanisms regulating their synthesis, and the possible roles for these locally synthesized proteins. We also explore how our current understanding of dendritic protein synthesis in the hippocampus can be applied to new brain regions and to understanding the pathological mechanisms underlying varied neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Swanger
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - G J Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Vessey J, Amadei G, Burns S, Kiebler M, Kaplan D, Miller F. An Asymmetrically Localized Staufen2-Dependent RNA Complex Regulates Maintenance of Mammalian Neural Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 11:517-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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