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Mishra A, Khan A, Singh VK, Glyde E, Saikolappan S, Garnica O, Das K, Veerapandian R, Dhandayuthapani S, Jagannath C. The ΔfbpAΔsapM candidate vaccine derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv is markedly immunogenic in macrophages and induces robust immunity to tuberculosis in mice. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1321657. [PMID: 38975346 PMCID: PMC11224292 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1321657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, with approximately 1.5 million deaths per year. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine against TB is used in infants but shows variable protection. Here, we introduce a novel approach using a double gene knockout mutant (DKO) from wild-type Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) targeting fbpA and sapM genes. DKO exhibited enhanced anti-TB gene expression in mouse antigen-presenting cells, activating autophagy and inflammasomes. This heightened immune response improved ex vivo antigen presentation to T cells. Subcutaneous vaccination with DKO led to increased protection against TB in wild-type C57Bl/6 mice, surpassing the protection observed in caspase 1/11-deficient C57Bl/6 mice and highlighting the critical role of inflammasomes in TB protection. The DKO vaccine also generated stronger and longer-lasting protection than the BCG vaccine in C57Bl/6 mice, expanding both CD62L-CCR7-CD44+/-CD127+ effector T cells and CD62L+CCR7+/-CD44+CD127+ central memory T cells. These immune responses correlated with a substantial ≥ 1.7-log10 reduction in Mtb lung burden. The DKO vaccine represents a promising new approach for TB immunization that mediates protection through autophagy and inflammasome pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vipul Kumar Singh
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emily Glyde
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sankaralingam Saikolappan
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Omar Garnica
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Kishore Das
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Raja Veerapandian
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Sood C, Verma JK, Basak R, Kapoor A, Gupta S, Mukhopadhyay A. Leishmania highjack host lipid body for its proliferation in macrophages by overexpressing host Rab18 and TRAPPC9 by downregulating miR-1914-3p expression. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012024. [PMID: 38412149 PMCID: PMC10898768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipids stored in lipid-bodies (LBs) in host cells are potential sources of fatty acids for pathogens. However, the mechanism of recruitment of LBs from the host cells by pathogens to acquire fatty acids is not known. Here, we have found that Leishmania specifically upregulates the expression of host Rab18 and its GEF, TRAPPC9 by downregulating the expression of miR-1914-3p by reducing the level of Dicer in macrophages via their metalloprotease gp63. Our results also show that miR-1914-3p negatively regulates the expression of Rab18 and its GEF in cells. Subsequently, Leishmania containing parasitophorous vacuoles (Ld-PVs) recruit and retain host Rab18 and TRAPPC9. Leishmania infection also induces LB biogenesis in host cells and recruits LBs on Ld-PVs and acquires FLC12-labeled fatty acids from LBs. Moreover, overexpression of miR-1914-3p in macrophages significantly inhibits the recruitment of LBs and thereby suppresses the multiplication of parasites in macrophages as parasites are unable to acquire fatty acids. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism how Leishmania acquire fatty acids from LBs for their growth in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Sood
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Jitender Kumar Verma
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rituparna Basak
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Kapoor
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Swarnima Gupta
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Amitabha Mukhopadhyay
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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3
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Kumar R, Khan M, Francis V, Aguila A, Kulasekaran G, Banks E, McPherson PS. DENND6A links Arl8b to a Rab34/RILP/dynein complex, regulating lysosomal positioning and autophagy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:919. [PMID: 38296963 PMCID: PMC10830484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes help maintain cellular proteostasis, and defects in lysosomal positioning and function can cause disease, including neurodegenerative disorders. The spatiotemporal distribution of lysosomes is regulated by small GTPases including Rabs, which are activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). DENN domain proteins are the largest family of Rab GEFs. Using a cell-based assay, we screened DENND6A, a member of the DENN domain protein family against all known Rabs and identified it as a potential GEF for 20 Rabs, including Rab34. Here, we demonstrate that DENND6A activates Rab34, which recruits a RILP/dynein complex to lysosomes, promoting lysosome retrograde transport. Further, we identify DENND6A as an effector of Arl8b, a major regulatory GTPase on lysosomes. We demonstrate that Arl8b recruits DENND6A to peripheral lysosomes to activate Rab34 and initiate retrograde transport, regulating nutrient-dependent lysosomal juxtanuclear repositioning. Loss of DENND6A impairs autophagic flux. Our findings support a model whereby Arl8b/DENND6A/Rab34-dependent lysosomal retrograde trafficking controls autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute (the Neuro), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Maleeha Khan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute (the Neuro), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Francis
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute (the Neuro), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Adriana Aguila
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute (the Neuro), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gopinath Kulasekaran
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute (the Neuro), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Emily Banks
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute (the Neuro), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter S McPherson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute (the Neuro), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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4
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Huang S, Bao Y, Kong L, Gao S, Hua C. Insights into the complex interactions between Rab22a and extracellular vesicles in cancers. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:99-110. [PMID: 38066108 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oncogenic Ras-related GTP-binding proteins, referred to as Rabs, are characterized by their intricate interactions with upstream, downstream molecules, and notably, extracellular vesicles (EVs). While the expansive family of Rabs and their associated signaling pathways have been exhaustively dissected, Rab22a emerges as an entity of outstanding interest, owing to its potent influence in many biological processes and its conspicuous correlation with cancer metastasis and migration. A burgeoning interest in the interactions between Rab22a and EVs in the field of oncology underscores the necessity for more in-depth reviews and scholarly discourses. METHODS We performed a review based on published original and review articles related to Rab22a, tumor, microRNA, exosome, microvesicles, EVs, CD147, lysosome, degradation, endosomal recycling, etc. from PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We summarize the regulatory processes governing the expression of Rab22a and the mutants of Rab22a. Notably, the present understanding of complex interactions between Rab22a and EVs are highlighted, encompassing both the impact of Rab22a on the genesis of EVs and the role of EVs that are affected by Rab22a mutants in propelling tumor advancement. The dynamic interaction between Rab22a and EVs plays a significant role in the progression of tumors, and it can provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of cancers and the development of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghao Huang
- School of the 2nd Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Bao
- School of the 2nd Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lingjie Kong
- School of the 2nd Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sheng Gao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Chunyan Hua
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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Soha SA, Santhireswaran A, Huq S, Casimir-Powell J, Jenkins N, Hodgson GK, Sugiyama M, Antonescu CN, Impellizzeri S, Botelho RJ. Improved imaging and preservation of lysosome dynamics using silver nanoparticle-enhanced fluorescence. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar96. [PMID: 37405751 PMCID: PMC10551705 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-06-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of living cells can be studied by live-cell fluorescence microscopy. However, this requires the use of excessive light energy to obtain good signal-to-noise ratio, which can then photobleach fluorochromes, and more worrisomely, lead to phototoxicity. Upon light excitation, noble metal nanoparticles such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) generate plasmons, which can then amplify excitation in direct proximity of the nanoparticle's surface and couple to the oscillating dipole of nearby radiating fluorophores, modifying their rate of emission and thus, enhancing their fluorescence. Here, we show that AgNPs fed to cells to accumulate within lysosomes enhanced the fluorescence of lysosome-targeted Alexa488-conjugated dextran, BODIPY-cholesterol, and DQ-BSA. Moreover, AgNP increased the fluorescence of GFP fused to the cytosolic tail of LAMP1, showing that metal enhanced fluorescence can occur across the lysosomal membrane. The inclusion of AgNPs in lysosomes did not disturb lysosomal properties such as lysosomal pH, degradative capacity, autophagy and autophagic flux, and membrane integrity, though AgNP seemed to increase basal lysosome tubulation. Importantly, by using AgNP, we could track lysosome motility with reduced laser power without damaging and altering lysosome dynamics. Overall, AgNP-enhanced fluorescence may be a useful tool to study the dynamics of the endo-lysosomal pathway while minimizing phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiya A. Soha
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Araniy Santhireswaran
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Saaimatul Huq
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Jayde Casimir-Powell
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Nicala Jenkins
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Gregory K. Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Michael Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Costin N. Antonescu
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Stefania Impellizzeri
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Roberto J. Botelho
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
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Gilliland HN, Beckman OK, Olive AJ. A Genome-Wide Screen in Macrophages Defines Host Genes Regulating the Uptake of Mycobacterium abscessus. mSphere 2023; 8:e0066322. [PMID: 36794958 PMCID: PMC10117111 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00663-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between a host cell and a pathogen can dictate disease outcomes and are important targets for host-directed therapies. Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is a highly antibiotic resistant, rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacterium that infects patients with chronic lung diseases. Mab can infect host immune cells, such as macrophages, which contribute to its pathogenesis. However, our understanding of initial host-Mab interactions remains unclear. Here, we developed a functional genetic approach to define these host-Mab interactions by coupling a Mab fluorescent reporter with a genome-wide knockout library in murine macrophages. We used this approach to conduct a forward genetic screen to define host genes that contribute to the uptake of Mab by macrophages. We identified known regulators of phagocytosis, such as the integrin ITGB2, and uncovered a key requirement for glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) synthesis for macrophages to efficiently take up Mab. CRISPR-Cas9 targeting of three key sGAG biosynthesis regulators, Ugdh, B3gat3, and B4galt7 resulted in reduced uptake of both smooth and rough Mab variants by macrophages. Mechanistic studies suggest that sGAGs function upstream of pathogen engulfment and are required for the uptake of Mab, but not Escherichia coli or latex beads. Further investigation found that the loss of sGAGs reduced the surface expression, but not the mRNA expression, of key integrins, suggesting an important role for sGAGs in modulating surface receptor availability. Together, these studies globally define and characterize important regulators of macrophage-Mab interactions and are a first step to understanding host genes that contribute to Mab pathogenesis and disease. IMPORTANCE Pathogen interactions with immune cells like macrophages contribute to pathogenesis, yet the mechanisms underlying these interactions remain largely undefined. For emerging respiratory pathogens, like Mycobacterium abscessus, understanding these host-pathogen interactions is important to fully understand disease progression. Given that M. abscessus is broadly recalcitrant to antibiotic treatments, new therapeutic approaches are needed. Here, we leveraged a genome-wide knockout library in murine macrophages to globally define host genes required for M. abscessus uptake. We identified new macrophage uptake regulators during M. abscessus infection, including a subset of integrins and the glycosaminoglycan synthesis (sGAG) pathway. While ionic characteristics of sGAGs are known to drive pathogen-cell interactions, we discovered a previously unrecognized requirement for sGAGs to maintain robust surface expression of key uptake receptors. Thus, we developed a flexible forward-genetic pipeline to define important interactions during M. abscessus infection and more broadly identified a new mechanism by which sGAGs control pathogen uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleigh N. Gilliland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Olivia K. Beckman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew J. Olive
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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7
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Witt KD. Role of MHC class I pathways in Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen presentation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1107884. [PMID: 37009503 PMCID: PMC10050577 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1107884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
MHC class I antigen processing is an underappreciated area of nonviral host–pathogen interactions, bridging both immunology and cell biology, where the pathogen’s natural life cycle involves little presence in the cytoplasm. The effective response to MHC-I foreign antigen presentation is not only cell death but also phenotypic changes in other cells and stimulation of the memory cells ready for the next antigen reoccurrence. This review looks at the MHC-I antigen processing pathway and potential alternative sources of the antigens, focusing on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as an intracellular pathogen that co-evolved with humans and developed an array of decoy strategies to survive in a hostile environment by manipulating host immunity to its own advantage. As that happens via the selective antigen presentation process, reinforcement of the effective antigen recognition on MHC-I molecules may stimulate subsets of effector cells that act earlier and more locally. Vaccines against tuberculosis (TB) could potentially eliminate this disease, yet their development has been slow, and success is limited in the context of this global disease’s spread. This review’s conclusions set out potential directions for MHC-I-focused approaches for the next generation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina D. Witt
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Karolina D. Witt,
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8
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Wherry TLT, Stabel JR. Bovine Immunity and Vitamin D 3: An Emerging Association in Johne's Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091865. [PMID: 36144467 PMCID: PMC9500906 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an environmentally hardy pathogen of ruminants that plagues the dairy industry. Hallmark clinical symptoms include granulomatous enteritis, watery diarrhea, and significant loss of body condition. Transition from subclinical to clinical infection is a dynamic process led by MAP which resides in host macrophages. Clinical stage disease is accompanied by dysfunctional immune responses and a reduction in circulating vitamin D3. The immunomodulatory role of vitamin D3 in infectious disease has been well established in humans, particularly in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, significant species differences exist between the immune system of humans and bovines, including effects induced by vitamin D3. This fact highlights the need for continued study of the relationship between vitamin D3 and bovine immunity, especially during different stages of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
- Correspondence:
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9
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Gao J, Xia Z, Vohidova D, Joseph J, Luo JN, Joshi N. Progress in non-viral localized delivery of siRNA therapeutics for pulmonary diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1400-1428. [PMID: 37139423 PMCID: PMC10150162 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging therapies based on localized delivery of siRNA to lungs have opened up exciting possibilities for treatment of different lung diseases. Localized delivery of siRNA to lungs has shown to result in severalfold higher lung accumulation than systemic route, while minimizing non-specific distribution in other organs. However, to date, only 2 clinical trials have explored localized delivery of siRNA for pulmonary diseases. Here we systematically reviewed recent advances in the field of pulmonary delivery of siRNA using non-viral approaches. We firstly introduce the routes of local administration and analyze the anatomical and physiological barriers towards effective local delivery of siRNA in lungs. We then discuss current progress in pulmonary delivery of siRNA for respiratory tract infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, acute lung injury, and lung cancer, list outstanding questions, and highlight directions for future research. We expect this review to provide a comprehensive understanding of current advances in pulmonary delivery of siRNA.
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10
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Sontyana B, Shrivastava R, Battu S, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Phagosome maturation and modulation of macrophage effector function by intracellular pathogens: target for therapeutics. Future Microbiol 2021; 17:59-76. [PMID: 34877879 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important cells that regulate various innate functions. Macrophages after engulfment of pathogens proceed for phagosome maturation and finally fuse with lysosomes to kill pathogens. Although pathogen degradation is one of the important functions of phagosomes, various immune-effector functions of macrophages are also dependent on the phagosome maturation process. This review discusses signaling processes regulating phagosome maturation as well as various effector functions of macrophages such as apoptosis, antigen presentation, autophagy and inflammasome that are dependent on the phagosome maturation process. It also discusses strategies adopted by various intracellular pathogens to counteract these functions to evade intracellular destruction mechanisms. These studies may give direction for the development of new therapeutics to control various intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahmaji Sontyana
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohini Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Srikanth Battu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India
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11
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Fountain A, Inpanathan S, Alves P, Verdawala MB, Botelho RJ. Phagosome maturation in macrophages: Eat, digest, adapt, and repeat. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 82:100832. [PMID: 34717137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a dynamic process that requires an intricate interplay between phagocytic receptors, membrane lipids, and numerous signalling proteins and their effectors, to coordinate the engulfment of a bound particle. These particles are diverse in their physico-chemical properties such as size and shape and include bacteria, fungi, apoptotic cells, living tumour cells, and abiotic particles. Once engulfed, these particles are enclosed within a phagosome, which undergoes a striking transformation referred to as phagosome maturation, which will ultimately lead to the processing and degradation of the enclosed particulate. In this review, we focus on recent advancements in phagosome maturation in macrophages, highlighting new discoveries and emerging themes. Such advancements include identification of new GTPases and their effectors and the intricate spatio-temporal dynamics of phosphoinositides in governing phagosome maturation. We then explore phagosome fission and recycling, the emerging role of membrane contact sites, and delve into mechanisms of phagosome resolution to recycle and reform lysosomes. We further illustrate how phagosome maturation is context-dependent, subject to the type of particle, phagocytic receptors, the phagocytes and their state of activation during phagocytosis. Lastly, we discuss how phagosomes serve as signalling platforms to help phagocytes adapt to their environmental conditions. Overall, this review aims to cover recent findings, identify emerging themes, and highlight current challenges and directions to improve our understanding of phagosome maturation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Fountain
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada; Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Subothan Inpanathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada; Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Patris Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada; Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Munira B Verdawala
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada; Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada.
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12
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Rankine-Wilson LI, Shapira T, Sao Emani C, Av-Gay Y. From infection niche to therapeutic target: the intracellular lifestyle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2021; 167:001041. [PMID: 33826491 PMCID: PMC8289223 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an obligate human pathogen killing millions of people annually. Treatment for tuberculosis is lengthy and complicated, involving multiple drugs and often resulting in serious side effects and non-compliance. Mtb has developed numerous complex mechanisms enabling it to not only survive but replicate inside professional phagocytes. These mechanisms include, among others, overcoming the phagosome maturation process, inhibiting the acidification of the phagosome and inhibiting apoptosis. Within the past decade, technologies have been developed that enable a more accurate understanding of Mtb physiology within its intracellular niche, paving the way for more clinically relevant drug-development programmes. Here we review the molecular biology of Mtb pathogenesis offering a unique perspective on the use and development of therapies that target Mtb during its intracellular life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tirosh Shapira
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carine Sao Emani
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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13
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Kinsella RL, Zhu DX, Harrison GA, Mayer Bridwell AE, Prusa J, Chavez SM, Stallings CL. Perspectives and Advances in the Understanding of Tuberculosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 16:377-408. [PMID: 33497258 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-042120-032916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), remains a leading cause of death due to infection in humans. To more effectively combat this pandemic, many aspects of TB control must be developed, including better point of care diagnostics, shorter and safer drug regimens, and a protective vaccine. To address all these areas of need, better understanding of the pathogen, host responses, and clinical manifestations of the disease is required. Recently, the application of cutting-edge technologies to the study of Mtb pathogenesis has resulted in significant advances in basic biology, vaccine development, and antibiotic discovery. This leaves us in an exciting era of Mtb research in which our understanding of this deadly infection is improving at a faster rate than ever, and renews hope in our fight to end TB. In this review, we reflect on what is known regarding Mtb pathogenesis, highlighting recent breakthroughs that will provide leverage for the next leaps forward in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Kinsella
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Dennis X Zhu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Gregory A Harrison
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Anne E Mayer Bridwell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Jerome Prusa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Sthefany M Chavez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
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14
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Taefehshokr N, Yin C, Heit B. Rab GTPases in the differential processing of phagocytosed pathogens versus efferocytosed apoptotic cells. Histol Histopathol 2020; 36:123-135. [PMID: 32990320 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an important feature of innate immunity in which invading microorganisms are engulfed, killed and degraded - and in some immune cells, their antigens presented to adaptive immune system. A closely related process, efferocytosis, removes apoptotic cells, and is essential for the maintenance of homeostasis. Both phagocytosis and efferocytosis are tightly regulated processes that involve target recognition and uptake through specific receptors, followed by endolysosomal trafficking and processing of the internalized target. Central to the uptake and trafficking of these targets are the Rab family of small GTPases, which coordinate the engulfment and trafficking of both phagocytosed and efferocytosed materials through the endolysosomal system. Because of this regulatory function, Rab GTPases are often targeted by pathogens to escape phagocytosis. In this review, we will discuss the shared and differential roles of Rab GTPases in phagocytosis and efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Taefehshokr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. .,Associate Scientist, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Formation and Maturation of the Phagosome: A Key Mechanism in Innate Immunity against Intracellular Bacterial Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091298. [PMID: 32854338 PMCID: PMC7564318 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an essential mechanism in innate immune defense, and in maintaining homeostasis to eliminate apoptotic cells or microbes, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella enterica, Streptococcus pyogenes and Legionella pneumophila. After internalizing microbial pathogens via phagocytosis, phagosomes undergo a series of ‘maturation’ steps, to form an increasingly acidified compartment and subsequently fuse with the lysosome to develop into phagolysosomes and effectively eliminate the invading pathogens. Through this mechanism, phagocytes, including macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells, are involved in the processing of microbial pathogens and antigen presentation to T cells to initiate adaptive immune responses. Therefore, phagocytosis plays a role in the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. However, intracellular bacteria have evolved diverse strategies to survive and replicate within hosts. In this review, we describe the sequential stages in the phagocytosis process. We also discuss the immune evasion strategies used by pathogens to regulate phagosome maturation during intracellular bacterial infection, and indicate that these might be used for the development of potential therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases.
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16
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Zhang C, Miyagishima KJ, Dong L, Rising A, Nimmagadda M, Liang G, Sharma R, Dejene R, Wang Y, Abu-Asab M, Qian H, Li Y, Kopera M, Maminishkis A, Martinez J, Miller S. Regulation of phagolysosomal activity by miR-204 critically influences structure and function of retinal pigment epithelium/retina. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3355-3368. [PMID: 31332443 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-204 (miR-204) is expressed in pulmonary, renal, mammary and eye tissue, and its reduction can result in multiple diseases including cancer. We first generated miR-204-/- mice to study the impact of miR-204 loss on retinal and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) structure and function. The RPE is fundamentally important for maintaining the health and integrity of the retinal photoreceptors. miR-204-/- eyes evidenced areas of hyper-autofluorescence and defective photoreceptor digestion, along with increased microglia migration to the RPE. Migratory Iba1+ microglial cells were localized to the RPE apical surface where they participated in the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (POSs) and contributed to a persistent build-up of rhodopsin. These structural, molecular and cellular outcomes were accompanied by decreased light-evoked electrical responses from the retina and RPE. In parallel experiments, we suppressed miR-204 expression in primary cultures of human RPE using anti-miR-204. In vitro suppression of miR-204 in human RPE similarly showed abnormal POS clearance and altered expression of autophagy-related proteins and Rab22a, a regulator of endosome maturation. Together, these in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that the normally high levels of miR-204 in RPE can mitigate disease onset by preventing generation of oxidative stress and inflammation originating from intracellular accumulation of undigested photoreactive POS lipids. More generally, these results implicate RPE miR-204-mediated regulation of autophagy and endolysosomal interaction as a critical determinant of normal RPE/retina structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxiao Zhang
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Section on Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Kiyoharu J Miyagishima
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Section on Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Lijin Dong
- Genetic Engineering Facility, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aaron Rising
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Unit on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Malika Nimmagadda
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Unit on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Genqing Liang
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Unit on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Unit on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roba Dejene
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Unit on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Section on Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- Section of Histopathology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Haohua Qian
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yichao Li
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Megan Kopera
- Genetic Engineering Facility, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arvydas Maminishkis
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Section on Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Inflammation and Autoimmunity, National Institute of Environmental Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sheldon Miller
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Section on Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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17
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Sit WY, Chen YA, Chen YL, Lai CH, Wang WC. Cellular evasion strategies of Helicobacter pylori in regulating its intracellular fate. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 101:59-67. [PMID: 32033828 PMCID: PMC7102552 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes human stomach mucosa and its infection causes gastrointestinal diseases with variable severity. Bacterial infection stimulates autophagy, which is a part of innate immunity used to eliminate intracellular pathogens. Several intracellular bacteria have evolved multipronged strategies to circumvent this conserved system and thereby enhance their chance of intracellular survival. Nonetheless, studies on H. pylori have produced inconsistent results, showing either elevated or reduced clearance efficiency of intracellular bacteria through autophagy. In this review, we summarize recent studies on the mechanisms involved in autophagy induced by H. pylori and the fate of intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang Sit
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Chen
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Chen
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkuo, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Ching Wang
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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18
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Chao YK, Chang SY, Grimm C. Endo-Lysosomal Cation Channels and Infectious Diseases. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 185:259-276. [PMID: 32748124 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Among the infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, the most prevalent ones today are malaria, tuberculosis, influenza, HIV/AIDS, Ebola, dengue fever, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, and most recently Covid-19 (SARS-CoV2). Others with a rather devastating history and high fatality rates such as plague, cholera, or typhus seem less threatening today but have not been eradicated, and with a declining efficacy of current antibiotics they ought to be watched carefully. Another emerging issue in this context is health-care associated infection. About 100,000 hospitalized patients in the USA ( www.cdc.gov ) and 33,000 in Europe ( https://www.ecdc.europa.eu ) die each year as a direct consequence of an infection caused by bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Among viral infections, influenza is responsible for about 3-5 million cases of severe illness, and about 250,000 to 500,000 deaths annually ( www.who.int ). About 37 million people are currently living with HIV infection and about one million die from it each year. Coronaviruses such as MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, but in particular the recent outbreak of Covid-19 (caused by SARS-CoV2) have resulted in large numbers of infections worldwide with an estimated several hundred thousand deaths (anticipated fatality rate: <5%). With a comparatively low mortality rate dengue virus causes between 50 and 100 million infections every year, leading to 50,000 deaths. In contrast, Ebola virus is the causative agent for one of the deadliest viral diseases. The Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014 is considered the largest outbreak in history with more than 11,000 deaths. Many of the deadliest pathogens such as Ebola virus, influenza virus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, dengue virus, and cholera exploit the endo-lysosomal trafficking system of host cells for penetration into the cytosol and replication. Defects in endo-lysosomal maturation, trafficking, fusion, or pH homeostasis can efficiently reduce the cytotoxicity caused by these pathogens. Most of these functions critically depend on endo-lysosomal membrane proteins such as transporters and ion channels. In particular, cation channels such as the mucolipins (TRPMLs) or the two-pore channels (TPCs) are involved in all of these aspects of endo-lysosomal integrity. In this review we will discuss the correlations between pathogen toxicity and endo-lysosomal cation channel function, and their potential as drug targets for infectious disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Chao
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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19
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Dua K, Wadhwa R, Singhvi G, Rapalli V, Shukla SD, Shastri MD, Gupta G, Satija S, Mehta M, Khurana N, Awasthi R, Maurya PK, Thangavelu L, S R, Tambuwala MM, Collet T, Hansbro PM, Chellappan DK. The potential of siRNA based drug delivery in respiratory disorders: Recent advances and progress. Drug Dev Res 2019; 80:714-730. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of HealthUniversity of Technology Sydney Ultimo New South Wales Australia
- Centenary InstituteRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) and School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyUniversity of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Ridhima Wadhwa
- Faculty of Life Sciences and BiotechnologySouth Asian University New Delhi India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of PharmacyBirla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani India
| | | | - Shakti Dhar Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) and School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyUniversity of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Madhur D. Shastri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of Tasmania Launceston Australia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of PharmacySuresh Gyan Vihar University Jaipur India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India
| | - Meenu Mehta
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Amity Institute of PharmacyAmity University Noida Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Pawan Kumar Maurya
- Department of BiochemistryCentral University of Haryana Mahendergarh Haryana India
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Nanobiomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental CollegeSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Rajeshkumar S
- Nanobiomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental CollegeSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUlster University, Coleraine London United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Trudi Collet
- Inovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Centenary InstituteRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) and School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyUniversity of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of PharmacyInternational Medical University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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20
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Sengupta D, Graham M, Liu X, Cresswell P. Proteasomal degradation within endocytic organelles mediates antigen cross-presentation. EMBO J 2019; 38:e99266. [PMID: 31271236 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During MHC-I-restricted antigen processing, peptides generated by cytosolic proteasomes are translocated by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) into the endoplasmic reticulum, where they bind to newly synthesized MHC-I molecules. Dendritic cells and other cell types can also generate MHC-I complexes with peptides derived from internalized proteins, a process called cross-presentation. Here, we show that active proteasomes within cross-presenting cell phagosomes can generate these peptides. Active proteasomes are detectable within endocytic compartments in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. In TAP-deficient mouse dendritic cells, cross-presentation is enhanced by the introduction of human β2 -microglobulin, which increases surface expression of MHC-I and suggests a role for recycling MHC-I molecules. In addition, surface MHC-I can be reduced by proteasome inhibition and stabilized by MHC-I-restricted peptides. This is consistent with constitutive proteasome-dependent but TAP-independent peptide loading in the endocytic pathway. Rab-GTPase mutants that restrain phagosome maturation increase proteasome recruitment and enhance TAP-independent cross-presentation. Thus, phagosomal/endosomal binding of peptides locally generated by proteasomes allows cross-presentation to generate MHC-I-peptide complexes identical to those produced by conventional antigen processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debrup Sengupta
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Morven Graham
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xinran Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter Cresswell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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21
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Abstract
In this article, we explore the unique adaptations of intracellular bacterial pathogens that manipulate conserved cellular pathways, organelles, and cargo to convert the phagosome into a pathogen-containing vacuole (PCV). The phagosome is a degradative organelle that rapidly acidifies as it delivers cargo to the lysosome to destroy microbes and cellular debris. However, to avoid this fate, intracellular bacterial pathogens hijack the key molecular modulators of intracellular traffic: small GTPases, phospholipids, SNAREs, and their associated effectors. Following uptake, pathogens that reside in the phagosome either remain associated with the endocytic pathway or rapidly diverge from the preprogrammed route to the lysosome. Both groups rely on effector-mediated mechanisms to meet the common challenges of intracellular life, such as nutrient acquisition, vacuole expansion, and evasion of the host immune response. Mycobacteria, Salmonella, and Coxiella serve as a lens through which we explore regulators of the canonical endocytic route and pathogens that seek to subvert it. On the other hand, pathogens such as Chlamydia, Legionella, and Brucella disconnect from the canonical endocytic route. This bifurcation is linked to extensive hijacking of the secretory pathway and repurposing of the PCV into specialized compartments that resemble organelles in the secretory network. Finally, each pathogen devises specific strategies to counteract host immune responses, such as autophagy, which aim to destroy these aberrant organelles. Collectively, each unique intracellular niche and the pathogens that construct them reflect the outcome of an aggressive and ongoing molecular arms race at the host-pathogen interface. Improving our understanding of these well-adapted pathogens can help us refine our knowledge of conserved cell biological processes.
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22
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Carranza C, Chavez-Galan L. Several Routes to the Same Destination: Inhibition of Phagosome-Lysosome Fusion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am J Med Sci 2019; 357:184-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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23
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Verma K, Srivastava VK, Datta S. Rab GTPases take centre stage in understanding Entamoeba histolytica biology. Small GTPases 2018; 11:320-333. [PMID: 30273093 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2018.1528840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases constitute the largest subgroup in the Ras superfamily of GTPases. It is well established that different Rab GTPases are localized in discrete subcellular localization and regulate the membrane trafficking in nearly all eukaryotic cells. Rab GTPase diversity is often regarded as an expression of vesicular trafficking complexity. The pathogenic amoeba Entamoeba histolytica harbours 91 Rab GTPases which is the highest among the currently available genome sequences from the eukaryotic kingdom. Here, we review the current status of amoebic Rab GTPases diversity, unique biochemical and structural features and summarise their predicted regulators. We discuss how amoebic Rab GTPases are involved in cellular processes such as endocytosis, phagocytosis, and invasion of host cellular components, which are essential for parasite survival and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Verma
- Institute of Science, Nirma University , Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster , Faridabad, India
| | | | - Sunando Datta
- Department of Biological Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhauri, India
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24
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Upadhyay S, Mittal E, Philips JA. Tuberculosis and the art of macrophage manipulation. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4970761. [PMID: 29762680 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are first-line responders against microbes. The success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) rests upon its ability to convert these antimicrobial cells into a permissive cellular niche. This is a remarkable accomplishment, as the antimicrobial arsenal of macrophages is extensive. Normally bacteria are delivered to an acidic, degradative lysosome through one of several trafficking pathways, including LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) and autophagy. Once phagocytozed, the bacilli are subjected to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and they induce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, which serve to augment host responses. However, Mtb hijacks these host defense mechanisms, manipulating host cellular trafficking, innate immune responses, and cell death pathways to its benefit. The complex series of measures and countermeasures between host and pathogen ultimately determines the outcome of infection. In this review, we focus on the diverse effectors that Mtb uses in its multipronged effort to subvert the innate immune responses of macrophages. We highlight recent advances in understanding the molecular interface of the Mtb-macrophage interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Upadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - E Mittal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - J A Philips
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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25
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Mayorga LS, Cebrian I. Rab22a: A novel regulator of immune functions. Mol Immunol 2018; 113:87-92. [PMID: 29631761 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) trigger CD8 + T cell responses after the internalization of exogenous antigens in a process called cross-presentation. Multiple intracellular transport events within the endocytic and secretory routes take place in order to accomplish this fundamental immunological process. The endomembrane system can be envisioned as a complex network of membrane domains coordinately working in the fusion of organelles, the budding of vesicles and tubules, and modifying the molecular composition of the limiting membranes. In this context of tightly regulated and dynamic endomembrane transport, small GTPases of the Rab family display a pivotal role by organizing membrane microdomains and defining specific identities to the different intracellular compartments. In this review, we synthesize and update the current knowledge about Rab22a, which has been involved in several immune functions. In this way, we analyze the intracellular localization of Rab22a and its important role in the endocytic recycling, including its relevance during MHC-I trafficking, antigen cross-presentation by DCs and the formation of T cell conjugates. We also describe how different pathogenic microorganisms hijack Rab22a functions to achieve efficient infection and intracellular survival strategies. Furthermore, we examine the oncogenic properties of Rab22a and how its expression determines the progression of many tumors. In summary, we highlight the role of Rab22a as a key effector of the intracellular trafficking that could be exploited in future therapies to modulate the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis S Mayorga
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Ignacio Cebrian
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Mendoza, Argentina.
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26
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Croce C, Mayorga LS, Cebrian I. Differential requirement of Rab22a for the recruitment of ER-derived proteins to phagosomes and endosomes in dendritic cells. Small GTPases 2018; 11:211-219. [PMID: 28960134 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1384088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) components to dendritic cell (DC) phagosomes and endosomes is a crucial event to achieve efficient cross-presentation of exogenous antigens. We have previously identified the small GTPase Rab22a as a key regulator of MHC-I trafficking and antigen cross-presentation by DCs. In this study we show that low expression of Rab22a does not prevent the normal delivery of ER-derived proteins to DC phagosomes. In contrast, the presence of these proteins was diminished in endosomes labelled with a fluid phase marker. These observations were confirmed by a functional assay that assesses the translocation of a soluble protein to the cytosol. Interestingly, we also demonstrate that early endosomal maturation is altered in Rab22a deficient DCs. Our results indicate that Rab22a plays a major role in endosomal function and highlight the importance of studying the endocytic and phagocytic pathways separately in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Croce
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Luis S Mayorga
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Cebrian
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Mendoza, Argentina
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Liu CH, Liu H, Ge B. Innate immunity in tuberculosis: host defense vs pathogen evasion. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:963-975. [PMID: 28890547 PMCID: PMC5719146 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The major innate immune cell types involved in tuberculosis (TB) infection are macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils and natural killer (NK) cells. These immune cells recognize the TB-causing pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) through various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including but not limited to Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Nod-like receptors (NLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). Upon infection by Mtb, the host orchestrates multiple signaling cascades via the PRRs to launch a variety of innate immune defense functions such as phagocytosis, autophagy, apoptosis and inflammasome activation. In contrast, Mtb utilizes numerous exquisite strategies to evade or circumvent host innate immunity. Here we discuss recent research on major host innate immune cells, PRR signaling, and the cellular functions involved in Mtb infection, with a specific focus on the host's innate immune defense and Mtb immune evasion. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions could provide a rational basis for the development of effective anti-TB therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Haiying Liu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
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28
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Levin R, Grinstein S, Canton J. The life cycle of phagosomes: formation, maturation, and resolution. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:156-79. [PMID: 27558334 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis, the regulated uptake of large particles (>0.5 μm in diameter), is essential for tissue homeostasis and is also an early, critical component of the innate immune response. Phagocytosis can be conceptually divided into three stages: phagosome, formation, maturation, and resolution. Each of these involves multiple reactions that require exquisite spatial and temporal orchestration. The molecular events underlying these stages are being unraveled and the current state of knowledge is briefly summarized in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Levin
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Johnathan Canton
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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29
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Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens survive and replicate within specialized eukaryotic cell organelles. To establish their intracellular niches these pathogens have adopted sophisticated strategies to control intracellular membrane trafficking. Since Rab-family GTPases are critical regulators of endocytic and secretory membrane trafficking events, many intracellular pathogens have evolved specific mechanisms to modulate or hijack Rab GTPases dynamics and trafficking functions. One such strategy is the delivery of bacterial effectors through specialized machines to specifically target Rab GTPases. Some of these effectors functionally mimic host proteins that regulate the Rab GTP cycle, while others regulate Rabs proteins through their post-translation modifications or proteolysis. In this review, we examine how the localization and function of Rab-family GTPases are altered during infection with 3 well-studied intracellular bacterial pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella enterica and Legionella pneumophila. We also discuss recent findings about specific mechanisms by which these intracellular pathogens target this protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Spanò
- a Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Jorge E Galán
- b Department of Microbial Pathogenesis , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
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30
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Verma JK, Rastogi R, Mukhopadhyay A. Leishmania donovani resides in modified early endosomes by upregulating Rab5a expression via the downregulation of miR-494. PLoS Pathog 2017. [PMID: 28650977 PMCID: PMC5501680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several intracellular pathogens arrest the phagosome maturation in the host cells to avoid transport to lysosomes. In contrast, the Leishmania containing parasitophorous vacuole (PV) is shown to recruit lysosomal markers and thus Leishmania is postulated to be residing in the phagolysosomes in macrophages. Here, we report that Leishmania donovani specifically upregulates the expression of Rab5a by degrading c-Jun via their metalloprotease gp63 to downregulate the expression of miR-494 in THP-1 differentiated human macrophages. Our results also show that miR-494 negatively regulates the expression of Rab5a in cells. Subsequently, L. donovani recruits and retains Rab5a and EEA1 on PV to reside in early endosomes and inhibits transport to lysosomes in human macrophages. Similarly, we have also observed that Leishmania PV also recruits Rab5a by upregulating its expression in human PBMC differentiated macrophages. However, the parasite modulates the endosome by recruiting Lamp1 and inactive pro-CathepsinD on PV via the overexpression of Rab5a in infected cells. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of Rab5a or overexpression of miR-494 in human macrophages significantly inhibits the survival of the parasites. These results provide the first mechanistic insights of parasite-mediated remodeling of endo-lysosomal trafficking to reside in a specialized early endocytic compartment.
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31
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Cebrian I, Croce C, Guerrero NA, Blanchard N, Mayorga LS. Rab22a controls MHC-I intracellular trafficking and antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1753-1765. [PMID: 27861124 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation by MHC class I molecules allows the detection of exogenous antigens by CD8+ T lymphocytes. This process is crucial to initiate cytotoxic immune responses against many pathogens (i.e., Toxoplasma gondii) and tumors. To achieve efficient cross-presentation, dendritic cells (DCs) have specialized endocytic pathways; however, the molecular effectors involved are poorly understood. In this work, we identify the small GTPase Rab22a as a key regulator of MHC-I trafficking and antigen cross-presentation by DCs. Our results demonstrate that Rab22a is recruited to DC endosomes and phagosomes, as well as to the vacuole containing T. gondii parasites. The silencing of Rab22a expression did not affect the uptake of exogenous antigens or parasite invasion, but it drastically reduced the intracellular pool and the recycling of MHC-I molecules. The knockdown of Rab22a also hampered the cross-presentation of soluble, particulate and T. gondii-associated antigens, but not the endogenous MHC-I antigen presentation through the classical secretory pathway. Our findings provide compelling evidence that Rab22a plays a central role in the MHC-I endocytic trafficking, which is crucial for efficient cross-presentation by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Cebrian
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET/UNCuyo Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Cristina Croce
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET/UNCuyo Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Néstor A Guerrero
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), CNRS/INSERM/Université de Toulouse-UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), CNRS/INSERM/Université de Toulouse-UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Luis S Mayorga
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET/UNCuyo Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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Delivery of RNAi Therapeutics to the Airways-From Bench to Bedside. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091249. [PMID: 27657028 PMCID: PMC6272875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent and specific post-transcriptional gene silencing process. Since its discovery, tremendous efforts have been made to translate RNAi technology into therapeutic applications for the treatment of different human diseases including respiratory diseases, by manipulating the expression of disease-associated gene(s). Similar to other nucleic acid-based therapeutics, the major hurdle of RNAi therapy is delivery. Pulmonary delivery is a promising approach of delivering RNAi therapeutics directly to the airways for treating local conditions and minimizing systemic side effects. It is a non-invasive route of administration that is generally well accepted by patients. However, pulmonary drug delivery is a challenge as the lungs pose a series of anatomical, physiological and immunological barriers to drug delivery. Understanding these barriers is essential for the development an effective RNA delivery system. In this review, the different barriers to pulmonary drug delivery are introduced. The potential of RNAi molecules as new class of therapeutics, and the latest preclinical and clinical studies of using RNAi therapeutics in different respiratory conditions are discussed in details. We hope this review can provide some useful insights for moving inhaled RNAi therapeutics from bench to bedside.
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33
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Abstract
Our immune system is engaged in a continuous battle against invading pathogens, many of which have evolved to survive in intracellular niches of mammalian hosts. A variety of cellular processes are involved in preventing bacterial invasion or in killing bacteria that successfully invade host cells. Recently, the Rab GTPase Rab32 emerged as critical regulator of a host defense pathway that can eliminate bacterial pathogens. Salmonella enterica is an intracellular bacterium and a major cause of infections and deaths in humans. Rab32 and its guanine nucleotide exchange factor BLOC-3 are essential to prevent the growth of the human-restricted Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) in mice, a non-susceptible host. The importance of the Rab32/BLOC-3 pathway has been recently confirmed by the finding that broad-host Salmonella enterica serovars deliver 2 bacterial effectors to neutralize this pathway and infect mice. Rab32 has also been shown to control infection by Listeria monocytogenes, another medically relevant intracellular pathogen. In addition, genetic evidence indicate a possible role of Rab32 in controlling leprosy, a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae in humans, suggesting that a Rab32-dependent pathway can also act as a host defense pathway in humans. The Rab32 role in bacterial pathogen restriction is discussed here and compared to the function of this GTPase in other cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virtu Solano-Collado
- a Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Adam Rofe
- a Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Stefania Spanò
- a Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill , Aberdeen , UK
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34
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Das K, Garnica O, Dhandayuthapani S. Modulation of Host miRNAs by Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:79. [PMID: 27536558 PMCID: PMC4971075 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of protein coding genes of viruses and eukaryotes at the post-transcriptional level. The eukaryotic genes regulated by miRNAs include those whose products are critical for biological processes such as cell proliferation, metabolic pathways, immune response, and development. It is now increasingly recognized that modulation of miRNAs associated with biological processes is one of the strategies adopted by bacterial pathogens to survive inside host cells. In this review, we present an overview of the recent findings on alterations of miRNAs in the host cells by facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens. In addition, we discuss how the altered miRNAs help in the survival of these pathogens in the intracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Das
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Omar Garnica
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso El Paso, TX, USA
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35
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Man DK, Chow MY, Casettari L, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Lam JK. Potential and development of inhaled RNAi therapeutics for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:21-32. [PMID: 27108702 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), continues to pose a serious threat to public health, and the situation is worsening with the rapid emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) TB. Current TB regimens require long duration of treatment, and their toxic side effects often lead to poor adherence and low success rates. There is an urgent need for shorter and more effective treatment for TB. In recent years, RNA interference (RNAi) has become a powerful tool for studying gene function by silencing the target genes. The survival of Mtb in host macrophages involves the attenuation of the antimicrobial responses mounted by the host cells. RNAi technology has helped to improve our understanding of how these bacilli interferes with the bactericidal effect and host immunity during TB infection. It has been suggested that the host-directed intervention by modulation of host pathways can be employed as a novel and effective therapy against TB. This therapeutic approach could be achieved by RNAi, which holds enormous potential beyond a laboratory to the clinic. RNAi therapy targeting TB is being investigated for enhancing host antibacterial capacity or improving drug efficacy on drug resistance strains while minimizing the associated adverse effects. One of the key challenges of RNAi therapeutics arises from the delivery of the RNAi molecules into the target cells, and inhalation could serve as a direct administration route for the treatment of pulmonary TB in a non-invasive manner. However, there are still major obstacles that need to be overcome. This review focuses on the RNAi candidates that are currently explored for the treatment of TB and discusses the major barriers of pulmonary RNAi delivery. From this, we hope to stimulate further studies of local RNAi therapeutics for pulmonary TB treatment.
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36
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Rab GTPases and the Autophagy Pathway: Bacterial Targets for a Suitable Biogenesis and Trafficking of Their Own Vacuoles. Cells 2016; 5:cells5010011. [PMID: 27005665 PMCID: PMC4810096 DOI: 10.3390/cells5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular process that comprises degradation of damaged organelles, protein aggregates and intracellular pathogens, having an important role in controlling the fate of invading microorganisms. Intracellular pathogens are internalized by professional and non-professional phagocytes, localizing in compartments called phagosomes. To degrade the internalized microorganism, the microbial phagosome matures by fusion events with early and late endosomal compartments and lysosomes, a process that is regulated by Rab GTPases. Interestingly, in order to survive and replicate in the phagosome, some pathogens employ different strategies to manipulate vesicular traffic, inhibiting phagolysosomal biogenesis (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis) or surviving in acidic compartments and forming replicative vacuoles (e.g., Coxiellaburnetti and Legionella pneumophila). The bacteria described in this review often use secretion systems to control the host’s response and thus disseminate. To date, eight types of secretion systems (Type I to Type VIII) are known. Some of these systems are used by bacteria to translocate pathogenic proteins into the host cell and regulate replicative vacuole formation, apoptosis, cytokine responses, and autophagy. Herein, we have focused on how bacteria manipulate small Rab GTPases to control many of these processes. The growing knowledge in this field may facilitate the development of new treatments or contribute to the prevention of these types of bacterial infections.
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37
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Yeo JC, Wall AA, Luo L, Stow JL. Sequential recruitment of Rab GTPases during early stages of phagocytosis. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2016; 6:e1140615. [PMID: 27217977 DOI: 10.1080/21592799.2016.1140615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens and dead cells by macrophages is important for innate immunity and tissue maintenance. Multiple Rab family GTPases engage effector molecules to coordinate the early stages of phagocytosis, which include rapid changes in actin polymerization, membrane phospholipids, trafficking and the activation of receptors. Defining the spatiotemporal, sequential recruitment of these Rabs is critical for insights into how phagocytosis is initiated and coordinated. Here, we screened GFP-tagged Rabs expressed in fixed and live cells to identify and stratify those recruited to early phagocytic membranes at stages defined by phospholipid transitions. We propose a sequence of Rabs 35, 13, 8a, 8b, 27a, 10, and 31 that precedes and accompanies phagocytic cup closure, followed after closure by recruitment of endosomal Rabs 5a, 5b, 5c, 14, and 11. Reducing the expression of individual Rabs by siRNA knockdown, notably Rabs 35 and 13, disrupts phagocytosis prior to phagocytic cup closure, confirming a known role for Rab35 and revealing anew the involvement of Rab13. The results enhance our understanding of innate immune responses in macrophages by revealing the sequence of Rabs that initiates phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Yeo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam A Wall
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lin Luo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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38
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Tranchemontagne ZR, Camire RB, O'Donnell VJ, Baugh J, Burkholder KM. Staphylococcus aureus Strain USA300 Perturbs Acquisition of Lysosomal Enzymes and Requires Phagosomal Acidification for Survival inside Macrophages. Infect Immun 2016; 84:241-53. [PMID: 26502911 PMCID: PMC4694005 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00704-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes invasive, drug-resistant skin and soft tissue infections. Reports that S. aureus bacteria survive inside macrophages suggest that the intramacrophage environment may be a niche for persistent infection; however, mechanisms by which the bacteria might evade macrophage phagosomal defenses are unclear. We examined the fate of the S. aureus-containing phagosome in THP-1 macrophages by evaluating bacterial intracellular survival and phagosomal acidification and maturation and by testing the impact of phagosomal conditions on bacterial viability. Multiple strains of S. aureus survived inside macrophages, and in studies using the MRSA USA300 clone, the USA300-containing phagosome acidified rapidly and acquired the late endosome and lysosome protein LAMP1. However, fewer phagosomes containing live USA300 bacteria than those containing dead bacteria associated with the lysosomal hydrolases cathepsin D and β-glucuronidase. Inhibiting lysosomal hydrolase activity had no impact on intracellular survival of USA300 or other S. aureus strains, suggesting that S. aureus perturbs acquisition of lysosomal enzymes. We examined the impact of acidification on S. aureus intramacrophage viability and found that inhibitors of phagosomal acidification significantly impaired USA300 intracellular survival. Inhibition of macrophage phagosomal acidification resulted in a 30-fold reduction in USA300 expression of the staphylococcal virulence regulator agr but had little effect on expression of sarA, saeR, or sigB. Bacterial exposure to acidic pH in vitro increased agr expression. Together, these results suggest that S. aureus survives inside macrophages by perturbing normal phagolysosome formation and that USA300 may sense phagosomal conditions and upregulate expression of a key virulence regulator that enables its intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan B Camire
- Department of Nursing, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | | | - Jessfor Baugh
- Department of Biology, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, USA
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39
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Blischak JD, Tailleux L, Mitrano A, Barreiro LB, Gilad Y. Mycobacterial infection induces a specific human innate immune response. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16882. [PMID: 26586179 PMCID: PMC4653619 DOI: 10.1038/srep16882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system provides the first response to infection and is now recognized to be partially pathogen-specific. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is able to subvert the innate immune response and survive inside macrophages. Curiously, only 5-10% of otherwise healthy individuals infected with MTB develop active tuberculosis (TB). We do not yet understand the genetic basis underlying this individual-specific susceptibility. Moreover, we still do not know which properties of the innate immune response are specific to MTB infection. To identify immune responses that are specific to MTB, we infected macrophages with eight different bacteria, including different MTB strains and related mycobacteria, and studied their transcriptional response. We identified a novel subset of genes whose regulation was affected specifically by infection with mycobacteria. This subset includes genes involved in phagosome maturation, superoxide production, response to vitamin D, macrophage chemotaxis, and sialic acid synthesis. We suggest that genetic variants that affect the function or regulation of these genes should be considered candidate loci for explaining TB susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Blischak
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Committee on Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Amy Mitrano
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yoav Gilad
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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40
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Connor MG, Pulsifer AR, Price CT, Abu Kwaik Y, Lawrenz MB. Yersinia pestis Requires Host Rab1b for Survival in Macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005241. [PMID: 26495854 PMCID: PMC4619670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes the disease known as plague. During infection of macrophages Y. pestis actively evades the normal phagosomal maturation pathway to establish a replicative niche within the cell. However, the mechanisms used by Y. pestis to subvert killing by the macrophage are unknown. Host Rab GTPases are central mediators of vesicular trafficking and are commonly targeted by bacterial pathogens to alter phagosome maturation and killing by macrophages. Here we demonstrate for the first time that host Rab1b is required for Y. pestis to effectively evade killing by macrophages. We also show that Rab1b is specifically recruited to the Yersinia containing vacuole (YCV) and that Y. pestis is unable to subvert YCV acidification when Rab1b expression is knocked down in macrophages. Furthermore, Rab1b knockdown also altered the frequency of association between the YCV with the lysosomal marker Lamp1, suggesting that Rab1b recruitment to the YCV directly inhibits phagosome maturation. Finally, we show that Rab1b knockdown also impacts the pH of the Legionella pneumophila containing vacuole, another pathogen that recruits Rab1b to its vacuole. Together these data identify a novel role for Rab1b in the subversion of phagosome maturation by intracellular pathogens and suggest that recruitment of Rab1b to the pathogen containing vacuole may be a conserved mechanism to control vacuole pH. Yersinia pestis is the bacterial agent that causes the human disease known as plague. While often considered a historic disease, Y. pestis is endemic in rodent populations on several continents and the World Health Organization considers plague to be a reemerging disease. Much of the success of this pathogen comes from its ability to evade clearance by the innate immune system of its host. One weapon in the Y. pestis arsenal is its ability to resist killing when engulfed by macrophages. Upon invasion of macrophages, Y. pestis actively manipulates the cell to generate a protective vacuolar compartment, called the Yersinia containing vacuole (YCV) that allows the bacterium to evade the normal pathogen killing mechanisms of the macrophage. Here we demonstrate that the host protein Rab1b is recruited to the YCV and is required for Y. pestis to inhibit both the acidification and normal maturation of the phagosome to establish a protective niche within the cell. Rab1b is the first protein, either from the host or Y. pestis, shown to contribute to the biogenesis of the YCV. Furthermore, our data suggest a previously unknown impact of Rab1b recruitment in the phagosome maturation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Connor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Amanda R. Pulsifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Christopher T. Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Yousef Abu Kwaik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Lawrenz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Mittal E, Kumar S, Rahman A, Krishnasastry MV. Modulation of phagolysosome maturation by bacterial tlyA gene product. J Biosci 2015; 39:821-34. [PMID: 25431411 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-014-9472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic traits of TlyA proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are not known. Expressions of TlyA in bacteria that do not express endogenous TlyA adhere better to RAW264.7 macrophages and get phagocytosed efficiently. The internalized bacteria avoid acidification to the extent of greater than 65 percent in the case of both TlyA-expressing E. coli and M. smegmatis. Consistent with this observation, we have observed decreased co-localizaton of Lysosomal Membrane Associated Protein-1 (approx. 35 percent), Early Endosomal Antigen-1 (approx. 34 percent), Rab5 (approx. 30 percent) and Rab7 (approx. 35 percent) and enhanced colocalizaton of Rab14 (approx. 80 percent) on both TlyA-expressing bacteria as well as on TlyA-coated latex beads. These results suggest that the mycobacterial TlyA, in general, can modulate phagolysosome maturation pathway immediately after entry into macrophages, while other important molecules may aid the bacterium for long-term, intracellular survival at later point of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekansh Mittal
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune University Campus, Pune 411 007, India
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42
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Mottola G. The complexity of Rab5 to Rab7 transition guarantees specificity of pathogen subversion mechanisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:180. [PMID: 25566515 PMCID: PMC4273659 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Mottola
- UMR MD2, Faculté de Médecine NORD, Aix Marseille University and Institute of Research in Biology of the French Army Marseille, France ; Laboratory of Biochemistry, La Timone University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille Marseille, France
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Guo P, Wang X. Rab GTPases act in sequential steps to regulate phagolysosome formation. Small GTPases 2014; 1:170-173. [PMID: 21686272 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.1.3.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During apoptosis, apoptotic cells are recognized and quickly engulfed by phagocytes. The internalized cell corpses are enclosed within membrane-bound vesicles called phagosomes. Cell corpse degradation depends on the phagosomes undergoing a maturation process, but regulation of phagosomal maturation is not well understood. Recently, we identified C. elegans Rab GTPase 14 as a novel regulator of apoptotic cell degradation. Loss of rab-14 function affects several steps of phagosome maturation, causing accumulation of persistent cell corpses. RAB-14 and UNC-108 (Rab GTPase 2) function redundantly to regulate phagosome maturation. Three Rabs, RAB-14, UNC-108/RAB2 and RAB-7, act cooperatively to control phagolysosome formation. RAB-14 and UNC-108 recruit lysosomes, while RAB-7 mediates fusion of lysosomes to phagosomes. Our data thus reveal the sequential action of Rab GTPases in regulating tethering, docking and fusion of lysosomes to phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Guo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences; Beijing, China
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Wang R, Zhang Y, Liu S, Li C, Sun L, Bao L, Feng J, Liu Z. Analysis of 52 Rab GTPases from channel catfish and their involvement in immune responses after bacterial infections. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:21-34. [PMID: 24513270 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rab genes, encoding a large family of monomeric G-proteins, contain over 60 members in the human genome. They have been recognized as crucial regulators for membrane trafficking including cargo sorting, vesicle formation, budding, motility, docking, fusion, secretory and endocytic pathway of host immune responses. However, little is known of the Rab gene family in teleost fish species. The development of full-length transcripts and whole genome sequences allow the identification and annotation of Rab GTPase gene family in catfish. In this study, a total of 52 Rab genes were identified from catfish cDNA and genome databases. Phylogenetic analysis assigned them into eleven subfamilies. Most Rab GTPases are conserved among vertebrates, though some of which are absent in fish genomes. Analysis of multiple RNA-seq datasets, along with real time PCR analysis revealed up-regulation of 10 Rab genes after bacterial infection. These included Rab3a, Rab4a, Rab4b, Rab5a, Rab5c, Rab7a, Rab9a, Rab11a, Rab11b, and Rab33a. Their up-regulation are temporally and spatially regulated in various tissues, but mostly induced at early stages after infection and in the gill and liver tissues, with the exception of Rab5c that is mostly up-regulated in the head kidney and trunk kidney. The complex pattern of their induced expression suggested both specific and cooperative actions of a these Rab genes in the acute immune responses to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Wang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Shikai Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chao Li
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Luyang Sun
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Lisui Bao
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jianbin Feng
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Steinhäuser C, Dallenga T, Tchikov V, Schaible UE, Schütze S, Reiling N. Immunomagnetic Isolation of Pathogen‐Containing Phagosomes and Apoptotic Blebs from Primary Phagocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 105:14.36.1-14.36.26. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1436s105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Steinhäuser
- Division of Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences Borstel Germany
| | - Tobias Dallenga
- Division of Cellular Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences Borstel Germany
| | - Vladimir Tchikov
- Institute of Immunology, Christian‐Albrechts‐University of Kiel Kiel Germany
| | - Ulrich E. Schaible
- Division of Cellular Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences Borstel Germany
| | - Stefan Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Christian‐Albrechts‐University of Kiel Kiel Germany
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Division of Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences Borstel Germany
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Abstract
The ability to create and maintain a specialized organelle that supports bacterial replication is an important virulence property for many intracellular pathogens. Living in a membrane-bound vacuole presents inherent challenges, including the need to remodel a plasma membrane-derived organelle into a novel structure that will expand and provide essential nutrients to support replication, while also having the vacuole avoid membrane transport pathways that target bacteria for destruction in lysosomes. It is clear that pathogenic bacteria use different strategies to accomplish these tasks. The dynamics by which host Rab GTPases associate with pathogen-occupied vacuoles provide insight into the mechanisms used by different bacteria to manipulate host membrane transport. In this review we highlight some of the strategies bacteria use to maintain a pathogen-occupied vacuole by focusing on the Rab proteins involved in biogenesis and maintenance of these novel organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racquel Kim Sherwood
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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Pei G, Repnik U, Griffiths G, Gutierrez MG. Identification of an immune-regulated phagosomal Rab cascade in macrophages. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2071-82. [PMID: 24569883 PMCID: PMC4004979 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.144923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) has been shown to regulate phagosome trafficking and function in macrophages, but the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Here, we identify Rab20 as part of the machinery by which IFN-γ controls phagosome maturation. We found that IFN-γ stimulates the association of Rab20 with early phagosomes in macrophages. By using imaging of single phagosomes in live cells, we found that Rab20 induces an early delay in phagosome maturation and extends the time for which Rab5a and phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) remain associated with phagosomes. Moreover, Rab20 depletion in macrophages abrogates the delay in phagosome maturation induced by IFN-γ. Finally, we demonstrate that Rab20 interacts with the Rab5a guanine nucleotide exchange factor Rabex-5 (also known as RABGEF1) and that Rab20 knockdown impairs the IFN-γ-dependent recruitment of Rabex-5 and Rab5a into phagosomes. Taken together, here, we uncover Rab20 as a key player in the Rab cascade by which IFN-γ induces a delay in phagosome maturation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Pei
- Research Group Phagosome Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Mottola G, Boucherit N, Trouplin V, Oury Barry A, Soubeyran P, Mege JL, Ghigo E. Tropheryma whipplei, the agent of Whipple's disease, affects the early to late phagosome transition and survives in a Rab5- and Rab7-positive compartment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89367. [PMID: 24586722 PMCID: PMC3933534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropheryma whipplei, the agent of Whipple's disease, inhibits phago-lysosome biogenesis to create a suitable niche for its survival and replication in macrophages. To understand the mechanism by which it subverts phagosome maturation, we used biochemical and cell biological approaches to purify and characterise the intracellular compartment where Tropheryma whipplei resides using mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages. We showed that in addition to Lamp-1, the Tropheryma whipplei phagosome is positive for Rab5 and Rab7, two GTPases required for the early to late phagosome transition. Unlike other pathogens, inhibition of PI(3)P production was not the mechanism for Rab5 stabilisation at the phagosome. Overexpression of the inactive, GDP-bound form of Rab5 bypassed the pathogen-induced blockade of phago-lysosome biogenesis. This suggests that Tropheryma whipplei blocks the switch from Rab5 to Rab7 by acting on the Rab5 GTPase cycle. A bio-informatic analysis of the Tropheryma whipplei genome revealed a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) homologous with the GAPDH of Listeria monocytogenes, and this may be the bacterial protein responsible for blocking Rab5 activity. To our knowledge, Tropheryma whipplei is the first pathogen described to induce a “chimeric” phagosome stably expressing both Rab5 and Rab7, suggesting a novel and specific mechanism for subverting phagosome maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Mottola
- UMR MD2, Aix-Marseille University and IRBA, Bd P Dramard, Marseille, France
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CNRS UMR 7278, IRD198, INSERM U1095, UM63, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Boucherit
- CNRS UMR 7278, IRD198, INSERM U1095, UM63, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Virginie Trouplin
- CNRS UMR 7278, IRD198, INSERM U1095, UM63, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Abdoulaye Oury Barry
- CNRS UMR 7278, IRD198, INSERM U1095, UM63, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Soubeyran
- INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR7258, UM105, CRCM-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- CNRS UMR 7278, IRD198, INSERM U1095, UM63, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Ghigo
- CNRS UMR 7278, IRD198, INSERM U1095, UM63, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Dhiman R, Venkatasubramanian S, Paidipally P, Barnes PF, Tvinnereim A, Vankayalapati R. Interleukin 22 inhibits intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by enhancing calgranulin A expression. J Infect Dis 2014; 209:578-87. [PMID: 24041785 PMCID: PMC3903372 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we found that interleukin 22 (IL-22) inhibits intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). In the current study, we determined the mechanisms underlying these effects. We found that W7, a phagolysosomal fusion inhibitor, abrogates IL-22-dependent M. tuberculosis growth inhibition in MDMs, suggesting that IL-22 acts through enhanced phagolysosomal fusion. Our microarray analysis indicated that recombinant IL-22 (rIL-22) enhances the expression of an intracellular signaling molecule, calgranulin A. This was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and confocal microscopy. Calgranulin A small interfering RNA (siRNA) abrogated rIL-22-dependent growth inhibition of M. tuberculosis in MDMs. IL-22 enhanced Rab7 expression and downregulated Rab14 expression of M. tuberculosis-infected MDMs, and these effects were reversed by calgranulin A siRNA. These results suggest that M. tuberculosis growth inhibition by IL-22 depends on calgranulin A and enhanced phagolysosomal fusion, which is associated with increased Rab7 and reduced Rab14 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Dhiman
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | - Padmaja Paidipally
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Peter F. Barnes
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Department of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler
| | - Amy Tvinnereim
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
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Pareja MEM, Colombo MI. Autophagic clearance of bacterial pathogens: molecular recognition of intracellular microorganisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:54. [PMID: 24137567 PMCID: PMC3786225 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is involved in several physiological and pathological processes. One of the key roles of the autophagic pathway is to participate in the first line of defense against the invasion of pathogens, as part of the innate immune response. Targeting of intracellular bacteria by the autophagic machinery, either in the cytoplasm or within vacuolar compartments, helps to control bacterial proliferation in the host cell, controlling also the spreading of the infection. In this review we will describe the means used by diverse bacterial pathogens to survive intracellularly and how they are recognized by the autophagic molecular machinery, as well as the mechanisms used to avoid autophagic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Mansilla Pareja
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo Mendoza, Argentina
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