1
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Pleskač P, Fargeas CA, Veselska R, Corbeil D, Skoda J. Emerging roles of prominin-1 (CD133) in the dynamics of plasma membrane architecture and cell signaling pathways in health and disease. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:41. [PMID: 38532366 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Prominin-1 (CD133) is a cholesterol-binding membrane glycoprotein selectively associated with highly curved and prominent membrane structures. It is widely recognized as an antigenic marker of stem cells and cancer stem cells and is frequently used to isolate them from biological and clinical samples. Recent progress in understanding various aspects of CD133 biology in different cell types has revealed the involvement of CD133 in the architecture and dynamics of plasma membrane protrusions, such as microvilli and cilia, including the release of extracellular vesicles, as well as in various signaling pathways, which may be regulated in part by posttranslational modifications of CD133 and its interactions with a variety of proteins and lipids. Hence, CD133 appears to be a master regulator of cell signaling as its engagement in PI3K/Akt, Src-FAK, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β/Smad and MAPK/ERK pathways may explain its broad action in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration or intercellular communication. Here, we summarize early studies on CD133, as they are essential to grasp its novel features, and describe recent evidence demonstrating that this unique molecule is involved in membrane dynamics and molecular signaling that affects various facets of tissue homeostasis and cancer development. We hope this review will provide an informative resource for future efforts to elucidate the details of CD133's molecular function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Pleskač
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christine A Fargeas
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Medizinische Fakultät der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Renata Veselska
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Denis Corbeil
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Medizinische Fakultät der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jan Skoda
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
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2
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Ortiz JR, Lewis SM, Ciccone M, Chatterjee D, Henry S, Siepel A, Dos Santos CO. Single-Cell Transcription Mapping of Murine and Human Mammary Organoids Responses to Female Hormones. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2024; 29:3. [PMID: 38289401 PMCID: PMC10827859 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
During female adolescence and pregnancy, rising levels of hormones result in a cyclic source of signals that control the development of mammary tissue. While such alterations are well understood from a whole-gland perspective, the alterations that such hormones bring to organoid cultures derived from mammary glands have yet to be fully mapped. This is of special importance given that organoids are considered suitable systems to understand cross species breast development. Here we utilized single-cell transcriptional profiling to delineate responses of murine and human normal breast organoid systems to female hormones across evolutionary distinct species. Collectively, our study represents a molecular atlas of epithelial dynamics in response to estrogen and pregnancy hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven M Lewis
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Michael Ciccone
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | | | - Samantha Henry
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Adam Siepel
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
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3
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Lang L, Zheng J, Liang S, Zhang F, Fu Y, Deng K, Li F, Yang X, Wang J, Luo Y, Zhang S, Zhu X, Wang L, Gao P, Zhu C, Shu G, Xi Q, Zhang Y, Jiang Q, Wang S. Browning of Mammary Fat Suppresses Pubertal Mammary Gland Development of Mice via Elevation of Serum Phosphatidylcholine and Inhibition of PI3K/Akt Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16171. [PMID: 38003364 PMCID: PMC10671055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary fat plays a profound role in the postnatal development of mammary glands. However, the specific types (white, brown, or beige) of adipocytes in mammary fat and their potential regulatory effects on modulating mammary gland development remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of the browning of mammary fat on pubertal mammary gland development and explore the underlying mechanisms. Thus, the mammary gland development and the serum lipid profile were evaluated in mice treated with CL316243, a β3-adrenoceptor agonist, to induce mammary fat browning. In addition, the proliferation of HC11 cells co-cultured with brown adipocytes or treated with the altered serum lipid metabolite was determined. Our results showed that the browning of mammary fat by injection of CL316243 suppressed the pubertal development of mice mammary glands, accompanied by the significant elevation of serum dioleoylphosphocholine (DOPC). In addition, the proliferation of HC11 was repressed when co-cultured with brown adipocytes or treated with DOPC. Furthermore, DOPC suppressed the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, while the DOPC-inhibited HC11 proliferation was reversed by SC79, an Akt activator, suggesting the involvement of the PI3K/Akt pathway in the DOPC-inhibited proliferation of HC11. Together, the browning of mammary fat suppressed the development of the pubertal mammary gland, which was associated with the elevated serum DOPC and the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.L.); (J.Z.); (S.L.); (F.Z.); (Y.F.); (K.D.); (F.L.); (X.Y.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (S.Z.); (X.Z.); (L.W.); (P.G.); (C.Z.); (G.S.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (Q.J.)
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4
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Ortiz JR, Lewis SM, Ciccone MF, Chatterjee D, Henry S, Siepel A, Dos Santos CO. Single-cell transcription mapping of murine and human mammary organoids responses to female hormones. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.28.559971. [PMID: 37808747 PMCID: PMC10557705 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.559971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
During female adolescence and pregnancy, rising levels of hormones result in a cyclic source of signals that control the development of mammary tissue. While such alterations are well understood from a whole-gland perspective, the alterations that such hormones bring to organoid cultures derived from mammary glands have yet to be fully mapped. This is of special importance given that organoids are considered suitable systems to understand cross species breast development. Here we utilized single-cell transcriptional profiling to delineate responses of murine and human normal breast organoid systems to female hormones across evolutionary distinct species. Collectively, our study represents a molecular atlas of epithelial dynamics in response to estrogen and pregnancy hormones.
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5
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Song Y, Fioramonti M, Bouvencourt G, Dubois C, Blanpain C, Van Keymeulen A. Cell type and stage specific transcriptional, chromatin and cell-cell communication landscapes in the mammary gland. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17842. [PMID: 37456014 PMCID: PMC10339025 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland (MG) is composed of three main epithelial lineages, the basal cells (BC), the estrogen receptor (ER) positive luminal cells (ER+ LC), and the ER negative LC (ER- LC). Defining the cell identity of each lineage and how it is modulated throughout the different stages of life is important to understand how these cells function and communicate throughout life. Here, we used transgenic mice specifically labelling ER+ LC combined to cell surface markers to isolate with high purity the 3 distinct cell lineages of the mammary gland and defined their expression profiles and chromatin landscapes by performing bulk RNAseq and ATACseq of these isolated populations in puberty, adulthood and mid-pregnancy. Our analysis identified conserved genes, ligands and transcription factor (TF) associated with a specific lineage throughout life as well as genes, ligands and TFs specific for a particular stage of the MG. In summary, our study identified genes and TF network associated with the identity, function and cell-cell communication of the different epithelial lineages of the MG at different stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yura Song
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marco Fioramonti
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Bouvencourt
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Dubois
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Blanpain
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Cordero A, Santamaría PG, González-Suárez E. Rank ectopic expression in the presence of Neu and MMTV oncogenes alters mammary epithelial cell populations and their tumorigenic potential. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023; 28:2. [PMID: 36808257 PMCID: PMC9938814 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of the mammary epithelial cell that serves as the cell of origin for breast cancer is key to understand tumor heterogeneity and clinical management. In this study, we aimed to decipher whether Rank expression in the presence of PyMT and Neu oncogenes might affect the cell of origin of mammary gland tumors. We observed that Rank expression in PyMT+/- and Neu+/- mammary glands alters the basal and luminal mammary cell populations already in preneoplasic tissue, which may interfere with the tumor cell of origin restricting their tumorigenesis ability upon transplantation assays. In spite of this, Rank expression eventually promotes tumor aggressiveness once tumorigenesis is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Cordero
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Patricia G Santamaría
- Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva González-Suárez
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908, Barcelona, Spain.
- Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Kern JG, Tilston-Lunel AM, Federico A, Ning B, Mueller A, Peppler GB, Stampouloglou E, Cheng N, Johnson RL, Lenburg ME, Beane JE, Monti S, Varelas X. Inactivation of LATS1/2 drives luminal-basal plasticity to initiate basal-like mammary carcinomas. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7198. [PMID: 36443313 PMCID: PMC9705439 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal-like breast cancers, an aggressive breast cancer subtype that has poor treatment options, are thought to arise from luminal mammary epithelial cells that undergo basal plasticity through poorly understood mechanisms. Using genetic mouse models and ex vivo primary organoid cultures, we show that conditional co-deletion of the LATS1 and LATS2 kinases, key effectors of Hippo pathway signaling, in mature mammary luminal epithelial cells promotes the development of Krt14 and Sox9-expressing basal-like carcinomas that metastasize over time. Genetic co-deletion experiments revealed that phenotypes resulting from the loss of LATS1/2 activity are dependent on the transcriptional regulators YAP/TAZ. Gene expression analyses of LATS1/2-deleted mammary epithelial cells notably revealed a transcriptional program that associates with human basal-like breast cancers. Our study demonstrates in vivo roles for the LATS1/2 kinases in mammary epithelial homeostasis and luminal-basal fate control and implicates signaling networks induced upon the loss of LATS1/2 activity in the development of basal-like breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Kern
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Andrew M Tilston-Lunel
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Anthony Federico
- Department of Medicine, Computational Biomedicine Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Boting Ning
- Department of Medicine, Computational Biomedicine Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Amy Mueller
- Department of Medicine, Computational Biomedicine Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Grace B Peppler
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Eleni Stampouloglou
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Nan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Randy L Johnson
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marc E Lenburg
- Department of Medicine, Computational Biomedicine Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jennifer E Beane
- Department of Medicine, Computational Biomedicine Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Stefano Monti
- Department of Medicine, Computational Biomedicine Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Xaralabos Varelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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8
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Kosenko A, Salame TM, Friedlander G, Barash I. Macrophage-Secreted CSF1 Transmits a Calorie Restriction-Induced Self-Renewal Signal to Mammary Epithelial Stem Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182923. [PMID: 36139499 PMCID: PMC9496835 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction enhances stem cell self-renewal in various tissues, including the mammary gland. We hypothesized that similar to their intestinal counterparts, mammary epithelial stem cells are insulated from sensing changes in energy supply, depending instead on niche signaling. The latter was investigated by subjecting cultures of mammary epithelial stem cells for 8 days to in vivo paracrine calorie-restriction signals collected from a 4-day-conditioned medium of individual mammary cell populations. Conditioned medium from calorie-restricted non-epithelial cells induced latent cell propagation and mammosphere formation—established markers of stem cell self-renewal. Combined RNA-Seq, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses of the non-epithelial population identified macrophages and secreted CSF1 as the energy sensor and paracrine signal, respectively. Calorie restriction-induced pStat6 expression in macrophages suggested that skewing to the M2 phenotype contributes to the sensing mechanism. Enhancing CSF1 signaling with recombinant protein and interrupting the interaction with its highly expressed receptor in the epithelial stem cells by neutralizing antibodies were both affected stem cell self-renewal. In conclusion, combined in vivo, in vitro and in silico studies identified macrophages and secreted CSF1 as the energy sensor and paracrine transmitter, respectively, of the calorie restriction-induced effect on mammary stem cell self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kosenko
- The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Tomer Meir Salame
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7632706, Israel
| | - Gilgi Friedlander
- The Mantoux Bioinformatics Institute of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7632706, Israel
| | - Itamar Barash
- The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
- Correspondence:
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9
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Lloyd-Lewis B, Gobbo F, Perkins M, Jacquemin G, Huyghe M, Faraldo MM, Fre S. In vivo imaging of mammary epithelial cell dynamics in response to lineage-biased Wnt/β-catenin activation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110461. [PMID: 35263603 PMCID: PMC7615182 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time in vivo imaging provides an essential window into the spatiotemporal cellular events contributing to tissue development and pathology. By coupling longitudinal intravital imaging with genetic lineage tracing, here we capture the earliest cellular events arising in response to active Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the ensuing impact on the organization and differentiation of the mammary epithelium. This enables us to interrogate how Wnt/β-catenin regulates the dynamics of distinct subpopulations of mammary epithelial cells in vivo and in real time. We show that β-catenin stabilization, when targeted to either the mammary luminal or basal epithelial lineage, leads to cellular rearrangements that precipitate the formation of hyperplastic lesions that undergo squamous transdifferentiation. These results enhance our understanding of the earliest stages of hyperplastic lesion formation in vivo and reveal that, in mammary neoplastic development, β-catenin activation dictates a hair follicle/epidermal differentiation program independently of the targeted cell of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Lloyd-Lewis
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, 75248 Paris, France; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Francesca Gobbo
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Meghan Perkins
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Jacquemin
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Huyghe
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Marisa M Faraldo
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Silvia Fre
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, 75248 Paris, France.
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10
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Faraldo MM, Glukhova MA, Deugnier MA. Orthotopic Transplantation of Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2471:123-139. [PMID: 35175594 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2193-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The orthotopic transplantation assay has provided important insights into mammary development, stem cell function, and tumorigenesis. Technically, it consists in grafting mammary tissue fragments, organoids, mammospheres, or isolated cells into the fat pads of prepubertal mice from which the endogenous epithelium has been surgically removed, thereby allowing growth and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells in their physiological environment. Here, we describe how is conducted transplantation of epithelial fragments and cells isolated from mouse mammary glands, report the various approaches currently used to evaluate the regeneration and self-renewal properties of mammary stem cells, and highlight the strengths and limitations of this in vivo grafting assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa M Faraldo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215/INSERM U934, Paris, France.
| | - Marina A Glukhova
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
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11
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Gieniec KA, Davis FM. Mammary basal cells: Stars of the show. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119159. [PMID: 34653580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nearly all mammals rely on lactation to support their young and to ensure the continued survival of their species. Despite its importance, relatively little is known about how milk is produced and how it is ejected from the lumen of mammary alveoli and ducts. This review focuses on the latter. We discuss how a relatively small number of basal cells, wrapping around each alveolar unit, contract to forcibly expel milk from the alveolar lumen. We consider how individual basal cells coordinate their activity, the fate of these cells at the end of lactation and avenues for future deliberation and exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna A Gieniec
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Felicity M Davis
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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12
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Rusidzé M, Adlanmérini M, Chantalat E, Raymond-Letron I, Cayre S, Arnal JF, Deugnier MA, Lenfant F. Estrogen receptor-α signaling in post-natal mammary development and breast cancers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5681-5705. [PMID: 34156490 PMCID: PMC8316234 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
17β-estradiol controls post-natal mammary gland development and exerts its effects through Estrogen Receptor ERα, a member of the nuclear receptor family. ERα is also critical for breast cancer progression and remains a central therapeutic target for hormone-dependent breast cancers. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the complex ERα signaling pathways that involve either classical nuclear “genomic” or membrane “non-genomic” actions and regulate in concert with other hormones the different stages of mammary development. We describe the cellular and molecular features of the luminal cell lineage expressing ERα and provide an overview of the transgenic mouse models impacting ERα signaling, highlighting the pivotal role of ERα in mammary gland morphogenesis and function and its implication in the tumorigenic processes. Finally, we describe the main features of the ERα-positive luminal breast cancers and their modeling in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Rusidzé
- INSERM U1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Adlanmérini
- INSERM U1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Elodie Chantalat
- INSERM U1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - I Raymond-Letron
- LabHPEC et Institut RESTORE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS U-5070, EFS, ENVT, Inserm U1301, Toulouse, France
| | - Surya Cayre
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- INSERM U1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Ange Deugnier
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- INSERM U1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, CHU, Toulouse, France.
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13
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Englund JI, Ritchie A, Blaas L, Cojoc H, Pentinmikko N, Döhla J, Iqbal S, Patarroyo M, Katajisto P. Laminin alpha 5 regulates mammary gland remodeling through luminal cell differentiation and Wnt4-mediated epithelial crosstalk. Development 2021; 148:269157. [PMID: 34128985 PMCID: PMC8254867 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial attachment to the basement membrane (BM) is essential for mammary gland development, yet the exact roles of specific BM components remain unclear. Here, we show that Laminin α5 (Lama5) expression specifically in the luminal epithelial cells is necessary for normal mammary gland growth during puberty, and for alveologenesis during pregnancy. Lama5 loss in the keratin 8-expressing cells results in reduced frequency and differentiation of hormone receptor expressing (HR+) luminal cells. Consequently, Wnt4-mediated crosstalk between HR+ luminal cells and basal epithelial cells is compromised during gland remodeling, and results in defective epithelial growth. The effects of Lama5 deletion on gland growth and branching can be rescued by Wnt4 supplementation in the in vitro model of branching morphogenesis. Our results reveal a surprising role for BM-protein expression in the luminal mammary epithelial cells, and highlight the function of Lama5 in mammary gland remodeling and luminal differentiation. Summary: Luminal mammary epithelial cells produce basement membrane laminin α5 necessary for mammary epithelial growth and differentiation. Laminin α5 loss compromises hormone receptor-positive luminal cell function and Wnt4-mediated crosstalk between epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna I Englund
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexandra Ritchie
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leander Blaas
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hanne Cojoc
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nalle Pentinmikko
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Döhla
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sharif Iqbal
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manuel Patarroyo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 11 Solna, Sweden
| | - Pekka Katajisto
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden.,Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
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14
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Virtanen S, Schulte R, Stingl J, Caldas C, Shehata M. High-throughput surface marker screen on primary human breast tissues reveals further cellular heterogeneity. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:66. [PMID: 34120626 PMCID: PMC8201685 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal human breast tissues are a heterogeneous mix of epithelial and stromal subtypes in different cell states. Delineating the spectrum of cellular heterogeneity will provide new insights into normal cellular properties within the breast tissue that might become dysregulated in the initial stages of cancer. Investigation of surface marker expression provides a valuable approach to resolve complex cell populations. However, the majority of cell surface maker expression of primary breast cells have not been investigated. METHODS To determine the differences in expression of a range of uninvestigated cell surface markers between the normal breast cell subpopulations, primary human breast cells were analysed using high-throughput flow cytometry for the expression of 242 cell surface proteins in conjunction with EpCAM/CD49f staining. RESULTS We identified 35 surface marker proteins expressed on normal breast epithelial and/or stromal subpopulations that were previously unreported. We also show multiple markers were equally expressed in all cell populations (e.g. CD9, CD59, CD164) while other surface markers were confirmed to be enriched in different cell lineages: CD24, CD227 and CD340 in the luminal compartment, CD10 and CD90 in the basal population, and CD34 and CD140b on stromal cells. CONCLUSIONS Our dataset of CD marker expression in the normal breast provides better definition for breast cellular heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siru Virtanen
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Reiner Schulte
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - John Stingl
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Carlos Caldas
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cambridge Breast Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mona Shehata
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
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15
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Yang Y, Leonard M, Luo Z, Yeo S, Bick G, Hao M, Cai C, Charif M, Wang J, Guan JL, Lower EE, Zhang X. Functional cooperation between co-amplified genes promotes aggressive phenotypes of HER2-positive breast cancer. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108822. [PMID: 33691110 PMCID: PMC8050805 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MED1 (mediator subunit 1)co-amplifies with HER2, but its role in HER2-driven mammary tumorigenesis is still unknown. Here, we generate MED1 mammary-specific overexpression mice and cross them with mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-HER2 mice. We observe significantly promoted onset, growth, metastasis, and multiplicity of HER2 tumors by MED1 overexpression. Further studies reveal critical roles for MED1 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cell formation, and response to anti-HER2 therapy. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) transcriptome analyses and clinical sample correlation studies identify Jab1, a component of the COP9 signalosome complex, as the key direct target gene of MED1 contributing to these processes. Further studies reveal that Jab1 can also reciprocally regulate the stability and transcriptional activity of MED1. Together, our findings support a functional cooperation between these co-amplified genes in HER2+ mammary tumorigenesis and their potential usage as therapeutic targets for the treatment of HER2+ breast cancers. In this study, Yang et al. generate a more clinically relevant MMTV-HER2/MMTV-MED1 mammary tumor mouse model and discover the critical roles and molecular mechanisms of MED1 overexpression in mediating the aggressive phenotypes of HER2+ tumor progression, metastasis, cancer stem cell formation, and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongguang Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Marissa Leonard
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Graduate Program in Cancer and Cell Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- The Liver Care Center and Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Syn Yeo
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Gregory Bick
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Mingang Hao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chunmiao Cai
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Mahmoud Charif
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Elyse E Lower
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Graduate Program in Cancer and Cell Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; University of Cincinnati Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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16
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Vella V, De Francesco EM, Lappano R, Muoio MG, Manzella L, Maggiolini M, Belfiore A. Microenvironmental Determinants of Breast Cancer Metastasis: Focus on the Crucial Interplay Between Estrogen and Insulin/Insulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:608412. [PMID: 33364239 PMCID: PMC7753049 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.608412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of the great majority of breast cancers (BCs) are mainly dependent on the biological action elicited by estrogens through the classical estrogen receptor (ER), as well as the alternate receptor named G-protein–coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). In addition to estrogens, other hormones and growth factors, including the insulin and insulin-like growth factor system (IIGFs), play a role in BC. IIGFs cooperates with estrogen signaling to generate a multilevel cross-communication that ultimately facilitates the transition toward aggressive and life-threatening BC phenotypes. In this regard, the majority of BC deaths are correlated with the formation of metastatic lesions at distant sites. A thorough scrutiny of the biological and biochemical events orchestrating metastasis formation and dissemination has shown that virtually all cell types within the tumor microenvironment work closely with BC cells to seed cancerous units at distant sites. By establishing an intricate scheme of paracrine interactions that lead to the expression of genes involved in metastasis initiation, progression, and virulence, the cross-talk between BC cells and the surrounding microenvironmental components does dictate tumor fate and patients’ prognosis. Following (i) a description of the main microenvironmental events prompting BC metastases and (ii) a concise overview of estrogen and the IIGFs signaling and their major regulatory functions in BC, here we provide a comprehensive analysis of the most recent findings on the role of these transduction pathways toward metastatic dissemination. In particular, we focused our attention on the main microenvironmental targets of the estrogen-IIGFs interplay, and we recapitulated relevant molecular nodes that orientate shared biological responses fostering the metastatic program. On the basis of available studies, we propose that a functional cross-talk between estrogens and IIGFs, by affecting the BC microenvironment, may contribute to the metastatic process and may be regarded as a novel target for combination therapies aimed at preventing the metastatic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Vella
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Ernestina Marianna De Francesco
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Muoio
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Livia Manzella
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (A.O.U.) Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
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17
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Taurin S, Alkhalifa H. Breast cancers, mammary stem cells, and cancer stem cells, characteristics, and hypotheses. Neoplasia 2020; 22:663-678. [PMID: 33142233 PMCID: PMC7586061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cellular heterogeneity of breast cancers still represents a major therapeutic challenge. The latest genomic studies have classified breast cancers in distinct clusters to inform the therapeutic approaches and predict clinical outcomes. The mammary epithelium is composed of luminal and basal cells, and this seemingly hierarchical organization is dependent on various stem cells and progenitors populating the mammary gland. Some cancer cells are conceptually similar to the stem cells as they can self-renew and generate bulk populations of nontumorigenic cells. Two models have been proposed to explain the cell of origin of breast cancer and involve either the reprogramming of differentiated mammary cells or the dysregulation of mammary stem cells or progenitors. Both hypotheses are not exclusive and imply the accumulation of independent mutational events. Cancer stem cells have been isolated from breast tumors and implicated in the development, metastasis, and recurrence of breast cancers. Recent advances in single-cell sequencing help deciphering the clonal evolution within each breast tumor. Still, few clinical trials have been focused on these specific cancer cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Taurin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Princess Al-Jawhara Center for Molecular Medicine and Inherited Disorders, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
| | - Haifa Alkhalifa
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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18
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Hosoki A, Ogawa M, Nishimura Y, Nishimura M, Daino K, Kakinuma S, Shimada Y, Imaoka T. The effect of radiation on the ability of rat mammary cells to form mammospheres. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2020; 59:711-721. [PMID: 32996008 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As classical transplantation repopulation assays for studying the radiobiology of rat mammary stem/progenitor cells are extremely time-consuming, this study aimed to characterize the radiobiological properties of mammospheres, spherical clumps of mammary cells formed under non-adherent culture conditions, which are a simple and widely used technique for assessing progenitor cell activity. Rat mammary cells were dissociated and used in transplantation repopulation assays and for the formation of mammospheres. Immunofluorescence for cytokeratin 14 and 18 was used to identify basal and luminal mammary epithelial cells, respectively. Incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine was used to evaluate cell proliferation. The repopulating activity of the transplanted primary rat mammary cells demonstrated their radiosensitivity, reproducing previous data, with a significant reduction in repopulating activity at ≥ 2 Gy. Cells constituting rat mammospheres were positive for either cytokeratin 14 or 18, with occasional double-positive cells. Both proliferation and aggregation contributed to sphere formation. Cells obtained from the spheres showed lower repopulating activity after transplantation than primary cells. When primary cells were irradiated and then used for sphere formation, the efficiency of sphere formation was significantly decreased at 8 Gy but not at ≤ 6 Gy, indicating radioresistance of the formation process. Irradiation at 8 Gy reduced the proliferation of cells during sphere formation, whereas the cellular composition of the resulting spheres was unaffectes. Thus, mammosphere formation assays may measure a property of putative mammary progenitors that is different from what is measured in the classic transplantation repopulation assay in radiobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Hosoki
- Fukushima Project Headquarters, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), Chiba, Japan
- Healios KK Kobe Research Institute, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, NIRS, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, NIRS, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Aomori, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, NIRS, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, NIRS, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, NIRS, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Shimada
- Executive Board, QST, Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Aomori, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, NIRS, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
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19
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Multiscale imaging of basal cell dynamics in the functionally mature mammary gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26822-26832. [PMID: 33033227 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016905117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary epithelium is indispensable for the continued survival of more than 5,000 mammalian species. For some, the volume of milk ejected in a single day exceeds their entire blood volume. Here, we unveil the spatiotemporal properties of physiological signals that orchestrate the ejection of milk from alveolar units and its passage along the mammary ductal network. Using quantitative, multidimensional imaging of mammary cell ensembles from GCaMP6 transgenic mice, we reveal how stimulus evoked Ca2+ oscillations couple to contractions in basal epithelial cells. Moreover, we show that Ca2+-dependent contractions generate the requisite force to physically deform the innermost layer of luminal cells, compelling them to discharge the fluid that they produced and housed. Through the collective action of thousands of these biological positive-displacement pumps, each linked to a contractile ductal network, milk begins its passage toward the dependent neonate, seconds after the command.
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20
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Geng A, Wu T, Cai C, Song W, Wang J, Yu QC, Zeng YA. A novel function of R-spondin1 in regulating estrogen receptor expression independent of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. eLife 2020; 9:56434. [PMID: 32749219 PMCID: PMC7402675 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
R-spondin1 (Rspo1) has been featured as a Wnt agonist, serving as a potent niche factor for stem cells in many tissues. Here we unveil a novel role of Rspo1 in promoting estrogen receptor alpha (Esr1) expression, hence regulating the output of steroid hormone signaling in the mouse mammary gland. This action of Rspo1 relies on the receptor Lgr4 and intracellular cAMP-PKA signaling, yet is independent of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These mechanisms were reinforced by genetic evidence. Luminal cells-specific knockout of Rspo1 results in decreased Esr1 expression and reduced mammary side branches. In contrast, luminal cells-specific knockout of Wnt4, while attenuating basal cell Wnt/β-catenin signaling activities, enhances Esr1 expression. Our data reveal a novel Wnt-independent role of Rspo1, in which Rspo1 acts as a bona fide GPCR activator eliciting intracellular cAMP signaling. The identification of Rspo1-ERα signaling axis may have a broad implication in estrogen-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajun Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheguo Cai
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiqiu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Cissy Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Arial Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Regan JL, Smalley MJ. Integrating single-cell RNA-sequencing and functional assays to decipher mammary cell states and lineage hierarchies. NPJ Breast Cancer 2020; 6:32. [PMID: 32793804 PMCID: PMC7391676 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-020-00175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and molecular characterization of cellular hierarchies in complex tissues is key to understanding both normal cellular homeostasis and tumorigenesis. The mammary epithelium is a heterogeneous tissue consisting of two main cellular compartments, an outer basal layer containing myoepithelial cells and an inner luminal layer consisting of estrogen receptor-negative (ER−) ductal cells and secretory alveolar cells (in the fully functional differentiated tissue) and hormone-responsive estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) cells. Recent publications have used single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis to decipher epithelial cell differentiation hierarchies in human and murine mammary glands, and reported the identification of new cell types and states based on the expression of the luminal progenitor cell marker KIT (c-Kit). These studies allow for comprehensive and unbiased analysis of the different cell types that constitute a heterogeneous tissue. Here we discuss scRNA-seq studies in the context of previous research in which mammary epithelial cell populations were molecularly and functionally characterized, and identified c-Kit+ progenitors and cell states analogous to those reported in the recent scRNA-seq studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Regan
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew J Smalley
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Wales, CF24 4HQ UK
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22
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Parity reduces mammary repopulating activity but does not affect mammary stem cells defined as CD24 + CD29/CD49fhi in mice. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 183:565-575. [PMID: 32696317 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BCa) mortality is decreasing with early detection and improvement in therapies. The incidence of BCa, however, continues to increase, particularly estrogen-receptor-positive (ER +) subtypes. One of the greatest modifiers of ER + BCa risk is childbearing (parity), with BCa risk halved in young multiparous mothers. Despite convincing epidemiological data, the biology that underpins this protection remains unclear. Parity-induced protection has been postulated to be due to a decrease in mammary stem cells (MaSCs); however, reports to date have provided conflicting data. METHODS We have completed rigorous functional testing of repopulating activity in parous mice using unfractionated and MaSC (CD24midCD49fhi)-enriched populations. We also developed a novel serial transplant method to enable us to assess self-renewal of MaSC following pregnancy. Lastly, as each pregnancy confers additional BCa protection, we subjected mice to multiple rounds of pregnancy to assess whether additional pregnancies impact MaSC activity. RESULTS Here, we report that while repopulating activity in the mammary gland is reduced by parity in the unfractionated gland, it is not due to a loss in the classically defined MaSC (CD24+CD49fhi) numbers or function. Self-renewal was unaffected by parity and additional rounds of pregnancy also did not lead to a decrease in MaSC activity. CONCLUSIONS Our data show instead that parity impacts on the stem-like activity of cells outside the MaSC population.
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23
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Gagniac L, Rusidzé M, Boudou F, Cagnet S, Adlanmerini M, Jeannot P, Gaide N, Giton F, Besson A, Weyl A, Gourdy P, Raymond-Letron I, Arnal JF, Brisken C, Lenfant F. Membrane expression of the estrogen receptor ERα is required for intercellular communications in the mammary epithelium. Development 2020; 147:dev.182303. [PMID: 32098763 PMCID: PMC7075076 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
17β-Estradiol induces the postnatal development of mammary gland and influences breast carcinogenesis by binding to the estrogen receptor ERα. ERα acts as a transcription factor but also elicits rapid signaling through a fraction of ERα expressed at the membrane. Here, we have used the C451A-ERα mouse model mutated for the palmitoylation site to understand how ERα membrane signaling affects mammary gland development. Although the overall structure of physiological mammary gland development is slightly affected, both epithelial fragments and basal cells isolated from C451A-ERα mammary glands failed to grow when engrafted into cleared wild-type fat pads, even in pregnant hosts. Similarly, basal cells purified from hormone-stimulated ovariectomized C451A-ERα mice did not produce normal outgrowths. Ex vivo, C451A-ERα basal cells displayed reduced matrix degradation capacities, suggesting altered migration properties. More importantly, C451A-ERα basal cells recovered in vivo repopulating ability when co-transplanted with wild-type luminal cells and specifically with ERα-positive luminal cells. Transcriptional profiling identified crucial paracrine luminal-to-basal signals. Altogether, our findings uncover an important role for membrane ERα expression in promoting intercellular communications that are essential for mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine Gagniac
- INSERM U1048, I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31432, France
| | - Mariam Rusidzé
- INSERM U1048, I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31432, France
| | - Frederic Boudou
- INSERM U1048, I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31432, France
| | - Stephanie Cagnet
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Pauline Jeannot
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Nicolas Gaide
- LabHPEC Laboratoire d'HistoPathologie Expérimentale et Comparée STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, ENVT, Inserm U1031, UPS, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Frank Giton
- APHP H.Mondor- IMRB - INSERM U955, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Arnaud Besson
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Ariane Weyl
- INSERM U1048, I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31432, France
| | - Pierre Gourdy
- INSERM U1048, I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31432, France
| | - Isabelle Raymond-Letron
- LabHPEC Laboratoire d'HistoPathologie Expérimentale et Comparée STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, ENVT, Inserm U1031, UPS, Toulouse 31300, France
| | | | - Cathrin Brisken
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Cai C, Geng A, Wang M, Yang L, Yu QC, Zeng YA. Amphiregulin mediates the hormonal regulation on Rspondin-1 expression in the mammary gland. Dev Biol 2020; 458:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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25
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Romagnoli M, Bresson L, Di-Cicco A, Pérez-Lanzón M, Legoix P, Baulande S, de la Grange P, De Arcangelis A, Georges-Labouesse E, Sonnenberg A, Deugnier MA, Glukhova MA, Faraldo MM. Laminin-binding integrins are essential for the maintenance of functional mammary secretory epithelium in lactation. Development 2020; 147:dev.181552. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.181552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Integrin dimers α3/β1, α6/β1 and α6/β4 are the mammary epithelial cell receptors for laminins, which are major components of the mammary basement membrane. The roles of specific basement membrane components and their integrin receptors in the regulation of functional gland development have not been analyzed in detail. To investigate the functions of laminin-binding integrins, we obtained mutant mice with mammary luminal cell-specific deficiencies of the α3 and α6 integrin chains generated by the Cre-Lox approach. During pregnancy, mutant mice displayed decreased luminal progenitor activity and retarded lobulo-alveolar development. Mammary glands appeared functional at the onset of lactation in mutant mice, however myoepithelial cell morphology was markedly altered, suggesting cellular compensation mechanisms involving cytoskeleton reorganization. Notably, lactation was not sustained in mutant females, and the glands underwent precocious involution. Inactivation of the p53 gene rescued the growth defects but did not restore lactogenesis in mutant mice. These results suggest that the p53 pathway is involved in the control of mammary cell proliferation and survival downstream of laminin-binding integrins and underline an essential role of cell interactions with laminin for lactogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Romagnoli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Laura Bresson
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Amandine Di-Cicco
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - María Pérez-Lanzón
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Patricia Legoix
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Adèle De Arcangelis
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7104/INSERM U964/ULP, F-67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Elisabeth Georges-Labouesse
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7104/INSERM U964/ULP, F-67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Arnoud Sonnenberg
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Ange Deugnier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
- Inserm, Paris, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Marina A. Glukhova
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
- Inserm, Paris, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Marisa M. Faraldo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
- Inserm, Paris, F-75013, Paris, France
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26
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Fu NY, Nolan E, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE. Stem Cells and the Differentiation Hierarchy in Mammary Gland Development. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:489-523. [PMID: 31539305 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a highly dynamic organ that undergoes profound changes within its epithelium during puberty and the reproductive cycle. These changes are fueled by dedicated stem and progenitor cells. Both short- and long-lived lineage-restricted progenitors have been identified in adult tissue as well as a small pool of multipotent mammary stem cells (MaSCs), reflecting intrinsic complexity within the epithelial hierarchy. While unipotent progenitor cells predominantly execute day-to-day homeostasis and postnatal morphogenesis during puberty and pregnancy, multipotent MaSCs have been implicated in coordinating alveologenesis and long-term ductal maintenance. Nonetheless, the multipotency of stem cells in the adult remains controversial. The advent of large-scale single-cell molecular profiling has revealed striking changes in the gene expression landscape through ontogeny and the presence of transient intermediate populations. An increasing number of lineage cell-fate determination factors and potential niche regulators have now been mapped along the hierarchy, with many implicated in breast carcinogenesis. The emerging diversity among stem and progenitor populations of the mammary epithelium is likely to underpin the heterogeneity that characterizes breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai Yang Fu
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Nolan
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Lindeman
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane E Visvader
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Shehata M, Kim H, Vellanki R, Waterhouse PD, Mahendralingam M, Casey AE, Koritzinsky M, Khokha R. Identifying the murine mammary cell target of metformin exposure. Commun Biol 2019; 2:192. [PMID: 31123716 PMCID: PMC6527562 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of breast cancer makes current therapies challenging. Metformin, the anti-diabetic drug, has shown promising anti-cancer activities in epidemiological studies and breast cancer models. Yet, how metformin alters the normal adult breast tissue remains elusive. We demonstrate metformin intake at a clinically relevant dose impacts the hormone receptor positive (HR+) luminal cells in the normal murine mammary gland. Metformin decreases total cell number, progenitor capacity and specifically reduces DNA damage in normal HR+ luminal cells, decreases oxygen consumption rate and increases cell cycle length of luminal cells. HR+ luminal cells demonstrate the lowest levels of mitochondrial respiration and capacity to handle oxidative stress compared to the other fractions, suggesting their intrinsic susceptibility to long-term metformin exposure. Uncovering HR+ luminal cells in the normal mammary gland as the major cell target of metformin exposure could identify patients that would most benefit from repurposing this anti-diabetic drug for cancer prevention/therapy purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Shehata
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Hyeyeon Kim
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Ravi Vellanki
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Paul D. Waterhouse
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | | | - Alison E. Casey
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Marianne Koritzinsky
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Rama Khokha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
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28
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Joshi PA, Waterhouse PD, Kasaian K, Fang H, Gulyaeva O, Sul HS, Boutros PC, Khokha R. PDGFRα + stromal adipocyte progenitors transition into epithelial cells during lobulo-alveologenesis in the murine mammary gland. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1760. [PMID: 30988300 PMCID: PMC6465250 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland experiences substantial remodeling and regeneration during development and reproductive life, facilitated by stem cells and progenitors that act in concert with physiological stimuli. While studies have focused on deciphering regenerative cells within the parenchymal epithelium, cell lineages in the stroma that may directly contribute to epithelial biology is unknown. Here we identify, in mouse, the transition of a PDGFRα+ mesenchymal cell population into mammary epithelial progenitors. In addition to being adipocyte progenitors, PDGFRα+ cells make a de novo contribution to luminal and basal epithelia during mammary morphogenesis. In the adult, this mesenchymal lineage primarily generates luminal progenitors within lobuloalveoli during sex hormone exposure or pregnancy. We identify cell migration as a key molecular event that is activated in mesenchymal progenitors in response to epithelium-derived chemoattractant. These findings demonstrate a stromal reservoir of epithelial progenitors and provide insight into cell origins and plasticity during mammary tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purna A Joshi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | | | - Katayoon Kasaian
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Hui Fang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Olga Gulyaeva
- Endocrinology Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hei Sook Sul
- Endocrinology Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Nutritional Science & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A3, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Rama Khokha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
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29
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Romagnoli M, Cagnet S, Chiche A, Bresson L, Baulande S, de la Grange P, De Arcangelis A, Kreft M, Georges-Labouesse E, Sonnenberg A, Deugnier MA, Raymond K, Glukhova MA, Faraldo MM. Deciphering the Mammary Stem Cell Niche: A Role for Laminin-Binding Integrins. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:831-844. [PMID: 30905738 PMCID: PMC6450809 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins, which bind laminin, a major component of the mammary basement membrane, are strongly expressed in basal stem cell-enriched populations, but their role in controlling mammary stem cell function remains unclear. We found that stem cell activity, as evaluated in transplantation and mammosphere assays, was reduced in mammary basal cells depleted of laminin receptors containing α3- and α6-integrin subunits. This was accompanied by low MDM2 levels, p53 stabilization, and diminished proliferative capacity. Importantly, disruption of p53 function restored the clonogenicity of α3/α6-integrin-depleted mammary basal stem cells, while inhibition of RHO or myosin II, leading to decreased p53 activity, rescued the mammosphere formation. These data suggest that α3/α6-integrin-mediated adhesion plays an essential role in controlling the proliferative potential of mammary basal stem/progenitor cells through myosin II-mediated regulation of p53 and indicate that laminins might be important components of the mammary stem cell niche. α3- and α6-integrins are required for mammary basal stem cell function p53 is activated in mammary basal cells depleted of α3- and α6-integrins RHO and myosin II mediate p53 activation in α3- and α6-integrin-depleted cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Romagnoli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Cagnet
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Chiche
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laura Bresson
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Adèle De Arcangelis
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U1258/Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Maaike Kreft
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Georges-Labouesse
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U1258/Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Arnoud Sonnenberg
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Ange Deugnier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; Inserm, Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Karine Raymond
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; Inserm, Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marina A Glukhova
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; Inserm, Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marisa M Faraldo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; Inserm, Paris, 75013 Paris, France.
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30
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Johnson JR, Boulanger CA, Hudson T, Savage E, Smith GH. Microarray and pathway analysis of two COMMA-Dβ derived clones reveal important differences relevant to their developmental capacity in-vivo. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2118-2135. [PMID: 31040905 PMCID: PMC6481333 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarray technologies were used to analyze transcriptomes from Comma-Dβ and clonal derivatives, SP3 (Lobule-competent) and NSP2 (Lobule-incompetent), during different mouse mammary growth phases: in-vitro, in-vivo 5-weeks, and in-vivo 12-weeks. A differentially expressed gene (DEG) algorithm was used to enrich for genes associated with cellular proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle regulation, and carcinogenesis. A pairwise comparison analysis, of SP3 vs. NSP2 in-vitro, revealed a total of 45 DEGs significantly up-regulated in SP3. Of the 45 DEGs, only Ccnd1 (Cyclin D1), Id2 (Inhibitor of DNA binding 2) and Sox9 (SRY Box 9) were identified to be associated with cellular proliferation, regulation of G1/S mitotic cell cycle, mammary gland and alveolar development in SP3. During the regenerative growth phase, in-vivo 5-weeks, we identified a total of 545 DEGs. 308 DEGs, of the 545 DEGs, were significantly up-regulated and 237 DEGs were significantly down-regulated in SP3 vs. NSP2. In addition, we identified 9 DEGs significantly up-regulated, within SP3's cell cycle pathway and a persistent overexpression of Cyclin D1, Id2, and Sox9, consistent with our in-vitro study. During the maintenance phase, in-vivo 12-weeks, we identified 407 DEGs. Of these, 336 DEGs were up-regulated, and 71 were down-regulated in SP3 vs. NSP2. Our data shows 15 DEGs significantly up-regulated, simultaneously, affecting 8 signal transducing carcinogenic pathways. In conclusion, increased expression of Cyclin D1, Id2 and Sox9 appear to be important for lobular genesis in SP3. Also, in-vivo 12 week displays increase expression of genes and pathways, involved in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabril R Johnson
- Mammary Stem Cell Biology Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Corinne A Boulanger
- Mammary Stem Cell Biology Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tamaro Hudson
- Howard University Cancer Center, Washington, DC 20059, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Evan Savage
- Genome Explorations, Division of Compass Laboratory Services, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Gilbert H Smith
- Mammary Stem Cell Biology Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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31
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Isolation and Propagation of Mammary Epithelial Stem and Progenitor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30788829 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9086-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Several methods of mammary gland dissociation have been described that utilize a combined strategy of mechanical and enzymatic dissociation to isolate mammary epithelial cells (MECs) from intact tissue (Smalley et al., J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 17:91-97, 2012). Here we detail a robust method that enables the isolation of all major stem and progenitor MEC populations, which has been successfully used to study stem cell behavior when coupled with transplantation and in vitro assays (Shackleton et al., Nature 439:84-88, 2006; Bouras et al., Cell Stem Cell 3:429-441, 2008; Sheridan et al., BMC Cancer 15:221, 2015; Jamieson et al., Development 144:1065-1071, 2017). Furthermore, we outline two prominent methods for culturing MECs for the purposes of ex vivo manipulation or study: 2D feeder layer cultures and 3D Matrigel colony assays. Importantly, all outlined methods retain stem and progenitor cell behaviors and can be used in combination with downstream in vivo, in vitro, or in silico analyses.
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32
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Mariya S, Dewi FN, Suparto IH, Wilkerson GK, Cline MJ, Iskandriati D, Budiarsa NI, Sajuthi D. Mammosphere Culture of Mammary Cells from Cynomolgus Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis). Comp Med 2019; 69:144-150. [PMID: 30732675 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland contains adult stem cells that are capable of self-renewal. Although these cells hold an important role in the biology and pathology of the breast, the studies of mammary stem cells are few due to the difficulty of acquiring and expanding undifferentiated adult stem cell populations. In this study, we developed mammosphere cultures from frozen mammary cells of nulliparous cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) as a culture system to enrich mammary stem cells. Small samples of mammary tissues were collected by surgical biopsy; cells were cultured in epithelial cell growth medium and cryopreserved. Cryopreserved cells were cultured into mammospheres, and the expression of markers for stemness was evaluated by using quantitative PCR analysis. Cells were further differentiated by using 2D and 3D approaches to evaluate morphology and organoid budding, respectively. The study showed that mammosphere culture resulted in an increase in the expression of mammary stem cell markers with each passage. In contrast, markers for epithelial cells and pluripotency decreased across multiple passages. The 2D differentiation of the cells showed heterogeneous morphology, whereas 3D differentiation allowed for organoid formation. The results indicate that mammospheres can be successfully developed from frozen mammary cells derived from breast tissue collected from nulliparous cynomolgus macaques through surgical biopsy. Because mammosphere cultures allow for the enrichment of a mammary stem cell population, this refined method provides a model for the in vitro or ex vivo study of mammary stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silmi Mariya
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia;,
| | - Fitriya N Dewi
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Irma H Suparto
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia; Faculty of Mathematic and Nature Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Gregory K Wilkerson
- Michale E Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas
| | - Mark J Cline
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Diah Iskandriati
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Nengah I Budiarsa
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Dondin Sajuthi
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
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33
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Hormones induce the formation of luminal-derived basal cells in the mammary gland. Cell Res 2019; 29:206-220. [PMID: 30631153 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-018-0137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammary gland, it is widely believed that the luminal cells are unipotent after birth, contributing only to the luminal compartment in normal development. Here, by lineage tracing, we uncovered an unexpected potential of luminal cells that can give rise to basal cells during pregnancy. These luminal-derived basal cells (LdBCs) persisted through mammary regression and generated more progeny in successive rounds of pregnancies. LdBCs express basal markers as well as estrogen receptor α (ERα). In ovariectomized (OVX) mice, stimulation with estrogen and progesterone promoted the formation of LdBCs. In serial transplantation assays, LdBCs were able to reconstitute new mammary glands in a hormone-dependent manner. Transcriptome analysis and genetic experiments suggest that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is essential for the formation and maintenance of LdBCs. Our data uncover an unexpected bi-potency of luminal cells in a physiological context. The discovery of ERα+ basal cells, which can respond to hormones and are endowed with stem cell-like regenerative capacity in parous mammary gland, provides new insights into the association of hormones and breast cancer.
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34
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Lobo NA, Zabala M, Qian D, Clarke MF. Serially transplantable mammary epithelial cells express the Thy-1 antigen. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:121. [PMID: 30305179 PMCID: PMC6180607 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies in murine mammary tissue have identified functionally distinct cell populations that may be isolated by surface phenotype or lineage tracing. Previous groups have shown that CD24medCD49fhigh cells enriched for long-lived mammary epithelial cells can be serially transplanted. METHODS Flow cytometry-based enrichment of distinct phenotypic populations was assessed for their gene expression profiles and functional proliferative attributes in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Here, we show Thy-1 is differentially expressed in the CD24medCD49fhigh population, which allowed us to discern two functionally different populations. The Thy-1+CD24medCD49fhigh phenotype contained the majority of the serially transplantable epithelial cells. The Thy-1-CD24medCD49fhigh phenotype contains a rare progenitor population that is able to form primary mammary outgrowths with significantly decreased serial in vivo transplantation potential. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, Thy-1 expression in the immature cell compartment is a useful tool to study the functional heterogeneity that drives mammary gland development and has implications for disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neethan Amit Lobo
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maider Zabala
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Dalong Qian
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Michael F Clarke
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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35
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Van Keymeulen A, Fioramonti M, Centonze A, Bouvencourt G, Achouri Y, Blanpain C. Lineage-Restricted Mammary Stem Cells Sustain the Development, Homeostasis, and Regeneration of the Estrogen Receptor Positive Lineage. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1525-1532. [PMID: 28813665 PMCID: PMC5575359 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland (MG) is composed of different cell lineages, including the basal and the luminal cells (LCs) that are maintained by distinct stem cell (SC) populations. LCs can be subdivided into estrogen receptor (ER)+ and ER− cells. LCs act as the cancer cell of origin in different types of mammary tumors. It remains unclear whether the heterogeneity found in luminal-derived mammary tumors arises from a pre-existing heterogeneity within LCs. To investigate LC heterogeneity, we used lineage tracing to assess whether the ER+ lineage is maintained by multipotent SCs or by lineage-restricted SCs. To this end, we generated doxycycline-inducible ER-rtTA mice that allowed us to perform genetic lineage tracing of ER+ LCs and study their fate and long-term maintenance. Our results show that ER+ cells are maintained by lineage-restricted SCs that exclusively contribute to the expansion of the ER+ lineage during puberty and their maintenance during adult life. ER+ stem cells mediate expansion and maintenance of the ER+ lineage ER+ stem cells expand and differentiate into ER+ cells following transplantation ER+ stem cells survive involution and repopulate the ER+ lineage
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Van Keymeulen
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium.
| | - Marco Fioramonti
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Alessia Centonze
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Bouvencourt
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Younes Achouri
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Cédric Blanpain
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium; WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium.
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Sweeney MF, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM. Characterization of MCF-12A cell phenotype, response to estrogens, and growth in 3D. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:43. [PMID: 29559854 PMCID: PMC5859508 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Three-dimensional cultures of mammary epithelial cells allow for biologically-relevant studies of the development of the mammary gland in rodents and humans under normal and pathological conditions, like carcinogenesis. Under these conditions, mammotropic hormones play significant roles in tissue morphogenesis. Therefore, a system that recreates the normal, hormonally responsive epithelium would be a valuable tool to study the normal state and its transition to carcinogenesis. MCF-12A cells have been claimed to be non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells with reported sensitivity to estrogens. In this study, we aimed at characterizing MCF-12A cells for use in a hormone-responsive 3D culture system to determine their usefulness as a tool to identify normal and abnormal microenvironmental cues. Methods MCF-12A cells were single-cell cloned in order to investigate their heterogeneous makeup. The parental cells were then treated with estradiol to investigate proliferative and transcriptional responses through the estrogen receptor alpha. Finally, parental cells and epithelial-like cell-derived clones were seeded in rat-tail collagen I to profile the morphogenesis of multicellular 3D structures. The resultant structures were then analyzed using unsupervised morphometric analysis. Results MCF-12A cells consist of epithelial-like colonies which shed elongated, freely growing cells on the colony's edges. The cells express E-cadherin as well as mesenchymal vimentin but do not express markers associated with myoepithelial cells or fibroblasts. Treatment with estradiol does not affect either the proliferation rate or the induction of gene expression in MCF-12A cells. Parental MCF-12A cells form acini, solid spheres and elongated branching ducts when grown in rat-tail collagen type I matrix, the geometries and distribution of which are altered following the removal of fibroblast-like cells. Conclusions MCF-12A cells are a heterogeneous pseudo-epithelial cell line capable of forming a variety of multicellular structures in 3D culture. We found no indication that the cells display estrogen-responsive characteristics, thus refuting previous studies which reported estrogen responsiveness. We report that MCF-12A cells are not suited for use in studies in which differential behaviors of "normal" and "cancerous" estrogen-responsive cells are to be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Sweeney
- 1Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Carlos Sonnenschein
- 2Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Ana M Soto
- 2Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
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Brooks DL, Seagroves TN. Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting of Murine Mammary Cancer Stem-Like Cell Subpopulations with HIF Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1742:247-263. [PMID: 29330806 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7665-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a common method to identify and to isolate subpopulations within a complex mixture of cells based on their light scatter and fluorescent staining profiles. FACS is widely used to enrich for normal tissue and tumor cells that have stem cell potential. Whereas FACS protocols using conventional breast cancer cell lines are relatively routine, additional technical challenges are encountered when sorting for cell populations from freshly digested solid tumors, particularly for use in downstream cancer stem cell (CSC) assays. First, it is more difficult to isolate live, single cells from whole tumors, and second, single tumor cells prepared from enzymatically digested tumors are typically more sensitive to cell death following the physical stresses of digestion, pipetting, and sorting. Herein methods are described that have been optimized to harvest and to FACS profile viable tumor epithelial cells digested from late-stage mammary tumors originating in the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-polyomavirus middle T antigen (PyMT) transgenic mouse. Protocols were designed to enrich for single, viable, MMTV-PyMT tumor cell populations sorted by FACS and to facilitate the collection of sorted cell subpopulations suitable for head-to-head comparison of CSC activity by tumorsphere assays in vitro or limiting dilution transplantation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Brooks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Tiffany N Seagroves
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Characterization of primary human mammary epithelial cells isolated and propagated by conditional reprogrammed cell culture. Oncotarget 2017; 9:11503-11514. [PMID: 29545915 PMCID: PMC5837767 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Conditional reprogramming methods allow for the inexhaustible in vitro proliferation of primary epithelial cells from human tissue specimens. This methodology has the potential to enhance the utility of primary cell culture as a model for mammary gland research. However, few studies have systematically characterized this method in generating in vitro normal human mammary epithelial cell models. Results We show that cells derived from fresh normal breast tissues can be propagated and exhibit heterogeneous morphologic features. The cultures are composed of CK18, desmoglein 3, and CK19-positive luminal cells and vimentin, p63, and CK14-positive myoepithelial cells, suggesting the maintenance of in vivo heterogeneity. In addition, the cultures contain subpopulations with different CD49f and EpCAM expression profiles. When grown in 3D conditions, cells self-organize into distinct structures that express either luminal or basal cell markers. Among these structures, CK8-positive cells enclosing a lumen are capable of differentiation into milk-producing cells in the presence of lactogenic stimulus. Furthermore, our short-term cultures retain the expression of ERα, as well as its ability to respond to estrogen stimulation. Materials and Methods We have investigated conditionally reprogrammed normal epithelial cells in terms of cell type heterogeneity, cellular marker expression, and structural arrangement in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) systems. Conclusions The conditional reprogramming methodology allows generation of a heterogeneous culture from normal human mammary tissue in vitro. We believe that this cell culture model will provide a valuable tool to study mammary cell function and malignant transformation.
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Obesity reversibly depletes the basal cell population and enhances mammary epithelial cell estrogen receptor alpha expression and progenitor activity. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:128. [PMID: 29187227 PMCID: PMC5707907 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is correlated with an increased risk for developing postmenopausal breast cancer. Since obesity rates continue to rise worldwide, it is important to understand how the obese microenvironment influences normal mammary tissue to increase breast cancer risk. We hypothesized that obesity increases the proportion of luminal progenitor cells, which are thought to be the cells of origin for the most common types of breast cancer, potentially leading to an increased risk for breast cancer. Methods To study the obese microenvironment within the mammary gland, we used a high-fat diet mouse model of obesity and human breast tissue from reduction mammoplasty surgery. We identified changes in breast epithelial cell populations using flow cytometry for cell surface markers, in vitro functional assays and expression of markers on breast tissue sections. Results In both obese female mice and women, mammary epithelial cell populations demonstrated significant decreases in basal/myoepithelial cells, using either flow cytometry or cell-type-specific markers (SMA and p63). Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression was significantly increased in luminal cells in obese mammary tissue, compared with control mice or breast tissue from lean women. Functional assays demonstrated significantly enhanced mammary epithelial progenitor activity in obese mammary epithelial cells and elevated numbers of ERα-positive epithelial cells that were co-labeled with markers of proliferation. Weight loss in a group of obese mice reversed increases in progenitor activity and ERα expression observed in obese mammary tissue. Conclusions Obesity enhances ERα-positive epithelial cells, reduces the number of basal/myoepithelial cells, and increases stem/progenitor activity within normal mammary tissue in both women and female mice. These changes in epithelial cell populations induced by obesity are reversible with weight loss. Our findings support further studies to examine how obesity-induced changes in stem/progenitor cells impact breast tumor incidence and histologic tumor types. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-017-0921-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Wang C, Christin JR, Oktay MH, Guo W. Lineage-Biased Stem Cells Maintain Estrogen-Receptor-Positive and -Negative Mouse Mammary Luminal Lineages. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2825-2835. [PMID: 28329676 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Delineating the mammary differentiation hierarchy is important for the study of mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. Mammary luminal cells are considered a major origin of human breast cancers. However, how estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) and ER- luminal cells are developed and maintained remains poorly understood. The prevailing model suggests that a common stem/progenitor cell generates both cell types. Through genetic lineage tracing in mice, we find that SOX9-expressing cells specifically contribute to the development and maintenance of ER- luminal cells and, to a lesser degree, basal cells. In parallel, PROM1-expressing cells give rise only to ER+ luminal cells. Both SOX9+ and PROM1+ cells specifically sustain their respective lineages even after pregnancy-caused tissue remodeling or serial transplantation, demonstrating characteristic properties of long-term repopulating stem cells. Thus, our data reveal that mouse mammary ER+ and ER- luminal cells are two independent lineages that are maintained by distinct stem cells, providing a revised mammary epithelial cell hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Wang
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - John R Christin
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Maja H Oktay
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Wenjun Guo
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Long-lived unipotent Blimp1-positive luminal stem cells drive mammary gland organogenesis throughout adult life. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1714. [PMID: 29158490 PMCID: PMC5696348 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01971-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hierarchical relationships between various stem and progenitor cell subpopulations driving mammary gland morphogenesis and homoeostasis are poorly understood. Conditional inactivation experiments previously demonstrated that expression of the zinc finger transcriptional repressor Blimp1/PRDM1 is essential for the establishment of epithelial cell polarity and functional maturation of alveolar cells. Here we exploit a Prdm1.CreERT2-LacZ reporter allele for lineage tracing experiments. Blimp1 expression marks a rare subpopulation of unipotent luminal stem cells that initially appear in the embryonic mammary gland at around E17.5 coincident with the segregation of the luminal and basal compartments. Fate mapping at multiple time points in combination with whole-mount confocal imaging revealed these long-lived unipotent luminal stem cells survive consecutive involutions and retain their identity throughout adult life. Blimp1+ luminal stem cells give rise to Blimp1− progeny that are invariably Elf5+ERα−PR−. Thus, Blimp1 expression defines a mammary stem cell subpopulation with unique functional characteristics. The role of stem/progenitor cell populations in mammary gland morphogenesis is not well understood. Here, the authors show that a transcriptional repressor, Blimp1, is expressed in a rare luminal stem cell population, which contribute to duct formation, and survive multiple rounds of pregnancy and involution.
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Soady KJ, Tornillo G, Kendrick H, Meniel V, Olijnyk-Dallis D, Morris JS, Stein T, Gusterson BA, Isacke CM, Smalley MJ. The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRB negatively regulates FGF2-dependent branching morphogenesis. Development 2017; 144:3777-3788. [PMID: 28870991 PMCID: PMC6126639 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PTPRB is a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase known to regulate blood vessel remodelling and angiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that PTPRB negatively regulates branching morphogenesis in the mouse mammary epithelium. We show that Ptprb is highly expressed in adult mammary stem cells and also, although at lower levels, in oestrogen receptor-positive luminal cells. During mammary development, Ptprb expression is downregulated during puberty, a period of extensive ductal outgrowth and branching. In vivo shRNA knockdown of Ptprb in the cleared mammary fat pad transplant assay resulted in smaller epithelial outgrowths with an increased branching density and also increased branching in an in vitro organoid assay. Organoid branching was dependent on stimulation by FGF2, and Ptprb knockdown in mammary epithelial cells resulted in a higher level of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) activation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, both at baseline and following FGF2 stimulation. Therefore, PTPRB regulates branching morphogenesis in the mammary epithelium by modulating the response of the FGFR signalling pathway to FGF stimulation. Considering the importance of branching morphogenesis in multiple taxa, our findings have general importance outside mammary developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Soady
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Giusy Tornillo
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute and Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Howard Kendrick
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute and Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Valerie Meniel
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute and Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Daria Olijnyk-Dallis
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Joanna S Morris
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Torsten Stein
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Barry A Gusterson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Clare M Isacke
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Matthew J Smalley
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute and Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
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Ahmed MI, Elias S, Mould AW, Bikoff EK, Robertson EJ. The transcriptional repressor Blimp1 is expressed in rare luminal progenitors and is essential for mammary gland development. Development 2017; 143:1663-73. [PMID: 27190036 PMCID: PMC4874485 DOI: 10.1242/dev.136358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mammary gland morphogenesis depends on a tight balance between cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, to create a defined functional hierarchy within the epithelia. The limited availability of stem cell/progenitor markers has made it challenging to decipher lineage relationships. Here, we identify a rare subset of luminal progenitors that express the zinc finger transcriptional repressor Blimp1, and demonstrate that this subset of highly clonogenic luminal progenitors is required for mammary gland development. Conditional inactivation experiments using K14-Cre and WAPi-Cre deleter strains revealed essential functions at multiple developmental stages. Thus, Blimp1 regulates proliferation, apoptosis and alveolar cell maturation during puberty and pregnancy. Loss of Blimp1 disrupts epithelial architecture and lumen formation both in vivo and in three-dimensional (3D) primary cell cultures. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Blimp1 is required to maintain a highly proliferative luminal subset necessary for mammary gland development and homeostasis. Highlighted article: In the mouse mammary gland, Blimp1 marks a rare progenitor population, and is required for cell proliferation and polarity as well as efficient milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I Ahmed
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Salah Elias
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Arne W Mould
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Elizabeth K Bikoff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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Mammary Stem Cells: Premise, Properties, and Perspectives. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:556-567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mammary Gland Cell Culture of Macaca fascicularis as a Reservoir for Stem Cells. HAYATI JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hjb.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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46
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de Groot JS, van Diest PJ, van Amersfoort M, Vlug EJ, Pan X, Ter Hoeve ND, Rosing H, Beijnen JH, Youssef SA, de Bruin A, Jonkers J, van der Wall E, Derksen PWB. Intraductal cisplatin treatment in a BRCA-associated breast cancer mouse model attenuates tumor development but leads to systemic tumors in aged female mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60750-60763. [PMID: 28977823 PMCID: PMC5617383 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA deficiency predisposes to the development of invasive breast cancer. In BRCA mutation carriers this risk can increase up to 80%. Currently, bilateral prophylactic mastectomy and prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy are the only preventive, albeit radical invasive strategies to prevent breast cancer in BRCA mutation carriers. An alternative non-invasive way to prevent BRCA1-associated breast cancer may be local prophylactic treatment via the nipple. Using a non-invasive intraductal (ID) preclinical intervention strategy, we explored the use of combined cisplatin and poly (ADP)-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibition to prevent the development of hereditary breast cancer. We show that ID cisplatin and PARP-inhibition can successfully ablate mammary epithelial cells, and this approach attenuated tumor onset in a mouse model of Brca1-associated breast cancer from 153 to 239 days. Long-term carcinogenicity studies in 150 syngeneic wild-type mice demonstrated that tumor incidence was increased in the ID treated mammary glands by 6.3% due to systemic exposure to cisplatin. Although this was only evident in aged mice (median age = 649 days), we conclude that ID cisplatin treatment only presents a safe and feasible local prevention option if systemic exposure to the chemotherapy used can be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien S de Groot
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eva J Vlug
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaojuan Pan
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie D Ter Hoeve
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sameh A Youssef
- Department of Pathobiology, Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Pathobiology, Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elsken van der Wall
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick W B Derksen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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SCA-1 Labels a Subset of Estrogen-Responsive Bipotential Repopulating Cells within the CD24 + CD49f hi Mammary Stem Cell-Enriched Compartment. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:417-431. [PMID: 28132885 PMCID: PMC5312257 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen stimulates breast development during puberty and mammary tumors in adulthood through estrogen receptor-α (ERα). These effects are proposed to occur via ERα+ luminal cells and not the mammary stem cells (MaSCs) that are ERαneg. Since ERα+ luminal cells express stem cell antigen-1 (SCA-1), we sought to determine if SCA-1 could define an ERα+ subset of EpCAM+/CD24+/CD49fhi MaSCs. We show that the MaSC population has a distinct SCA-1+ population that is abundant in pre-pubertal mammary glands. The SCA-1+ MaSCs have less stem cell markers and less in vivo repopulating activity than their SCA-1neg counterparts. However, they express ERα and specifically enter the cell cycle at puberty. Using estrogen-deficient aromatase knockouts (ArKO), we showed that the SCA-1+ MaSC could be directly modulated by estrogen supplementation. Thus, SCA-1 enriches for an ERα+, estrogen-sensitive subpopulation within the CD24+/CD49fhi MaSC population that may be responsible for the hormonal sensitivity of the developing mammary gland. SCA-1+ delineates ER-positive cells in the CD24+ CD49fhi mammary stem population SCA-1+ cells have lower repopulation activity SCA-1+ cells are estrogen responsive
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Leclère L, Röttinger E. Diversity of Cnidarian Muscles: Function, Anatomy, Development and Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 4:157. [PMID: 28168188 PMCID: PMC5253434 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to perform muscle contractions is one of the most important and distinctive features of eumetazoans. As the sister group to bilaterians, cnidarians (sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, and hydroids) hold an informative phylogenetic position for understanding muscle evolution. Here, we review current knowledge on muscle function, diversity, development, regeneration and evolution in cnidarians. Cnidarian muscles are involved in various activities, such as feeding, escape, locomotion and defense, in close association with the nervous system. This variety is reflected in the large diversity of muscle organizations found in Cnidaria. Smooth epithelial muscle is thought to be the most common type, and is inferred to be the ancestral muscle type for Cnidaria, while striated muscle fibers and non-epithelial myocytes would have been convergently acquired within Cnidaria. Current knowledge of cnidarian muscle development and its regeneration is limited. While orthologs of myogenic regulatory factors such as MyoD have yet to be found in cnidarian genomes, striated muscle formation potentially involves well-conserved myogenic genes, such as twist and mef2. Although satellite cells have yet to be identified in cnidarians, muscle plasticity (e.g., de- and re-differentiation, fiber repolarization) in a regenerative context and its potential role during regeneration has started to be addressed in a few cnidarian systems. The development of novel tools to study those organisms has created new opportunities to investigate in depth the development and regeneration of cnidarian muscle cells and how they contribute to the regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Leclère
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV) Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Eric Röttinger
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN) Nice, France
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Mammary stem cells: angels or demons in mammary gland? Signal Transduct Target Ther 2017; 2:16038. [PMID: 29263909 PMCID: PMC5661614 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2016.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly dynamic development process exits within the epithelia of mammary gland, featuring morphogenetic variation during puberty, pregnancy, lactation, and regression. The identification of mammary stem cells (MaSCs) via lineage-tracing studies has substantiated a hierarchical organization of the mammary epithelia. A single MaSC is capable of reconstituting the entirely functional mammary gland upon orthotopic transplantation. Although different mammary cell subpopulations can be candidate cells-of-origin for distinct breast tumor subtypes, it still lacks experimental proofs whether MaSCs, the most primitive cells, are the ‘seeds’ of malignant transformation during most, if not all, tumorigenesis in the breast. Here, we review current knowledge of mammary epithelial hierarchy, highlighting the roles of mammary stem/progenitor cells and breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) along with their key molecular regulators in organ development and cancer evolution. Clarifying these issues will pave the way for developing novel interventions toward stem/progenitor cells in either prevention or treatment of breast cancer (BrCa).
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Casitas B-cell lymphoma (Cbl) proteins protect mammary epithelial cells from proteotoxicity of active c-Src accumulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8228-E8237. [PMID: 27930322 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615677113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Casitas B-cell lymphoma (Cbl) family ubiquitin ligases negatively regulate tyrosine kinase-dependent signal transduction by promoting degradation of active kinases. We and others previously reported that loss of Cbl functions caused hyperproliferation in lymphoid and hematopoietic systems. Unexpectedly, Cbl deletion in Cbl-b-null, Cbl-c-null primary mouse mammary epithelial cells (MECs) (Cbl triple-deficiency) induced rapid cell death despite enhanced MAP kinase and AKT activation. Acute Cbl triple-deficiency elicited distinct transcriptional and biochemical responses with partial overlap with previously described cellular reactions to unfolded proteins and oxidative stress. Although the levels of reactive oxygen species were comparable, detergent-insoluble protein aggregates containing phosphorylated c-Src accumulated in Cbl triple-deficient MECs. Treatment with a broad-spectrum kinase inhibitor dasatinib blocked protein aggregate accumulation and restored in vitro organoid formation. This effect is most likely mediated through c-Src because Cbl triple-deficient MECs were able to form organoids upon shRNA-mediated c-Src knockdown. Taking these data together, the present study demonstrates that Cbl family proteins are required to protect MECs from proteotoxic stress-induced cell death by promoting turnover of active c-Src.
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