1
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Xiong GJ, Sheng ZH. Presynaptic perspective: Axonal transport defects in neurodevelopmental disorders. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202401145. [PMID: 38568173 PMCID: PMC10988239 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202401145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Disruption of synapse assembly and maturation leads to a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders. Presynaptic proteins are largely synthesized in the soma, where they are packaged into precursor vesicles and transported into distal axons to ensure precise assembly and maintenance of presynapses. Due to their morphological features, neurons face challenges in the delivery of presynaptic cargos to nascent boutons. Thus, targeted axonal transport is vital to build functional synapses. A growing number of mutations in genes encoding the transport machinery have been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. Emerging lines of evidence have started to uncover presynaptic mechanisms underlying axonal transport defects, thus broadening the view of neurodevelopmental disorders beyond postsynaptic mechanisms. In this review, we discuss presynaptic perspectives of neurodevelopmental disorders by focusing on impaired axonal transport and disturbed assembly and maintenance of presynapses. We also discuss potential strategies for restoring axonal transport as an early therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Jing Xiong
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Wu Y, Ding C, Sharif B, Weinreb A, Swaim G, Hao H, Yogev S, Watanabe S, Hammarlund M. Polarized localization of kinesin-1 and RIC-7 drives axonal mitochondria anterograde transport. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202305105. [PMID: 38470363 PMCID: PMC10932739 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202305105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria transport is crucial for axonal mitochondria distribution and is mediated by kinesin-1-based anterograde and dynein-based retrograde motor complexes. While Miro and Milton/TRAK were identified as key adaptors between mitochondria and kinesin-1, recent studies suggest the presence of additional mechanisms. In C. elegans, ric-7 is the only single gene described so far, other than kinesin-1, that is absolutely required for axonal mitochondria localization. Using CRISPR engineering in C. elegans, we find that Miro is important but is not essential for anterograde traffic, whereas it is required for retrograde traffic. Both the endogenous RIC-7 and kinesin-1 act at the leading end to transport mitochondria anterogradely. RIC-7 binding to mitochondria requires its N-terminal domain and partially relies on MIRO-1, whereas RIC-7 accumulation at the leading end depends on its disordered region, kinesin-1, and metaxin2. We conclude that transport complexes containing kinesin-1 and RIC-7 polarize at the leading edge of mitochondria and are required for anterograde axonal transport in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Wu
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chen Ding
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Behrang Sharif
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexis Weinreb
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Grace Swaim
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hongyan Hao
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shaul Yogev
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shigeki Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marc Hammarlund
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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3
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Cason SE, Holzbaur EL. Axonal transport of autophagosomes is regulated by dynein activators JIP3/JIP4 and ARF/RAB GTPases. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202301084. [PMID: 37909920 PMCID: PMC10620608 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202301084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal autophagosomes form and engulf cargos at presynaptic sites in the axon and are then transported to the soma to recycle their cargo. Autophagic vacuoles (AVs) mature en route via fusion with lysosomes to become degradatively competent organelles; transport is driven by the microtubule motor protein cytoplasmic dynein, with motor activity regulated by a sequential series of adaptors. Using lysate-based single-molecule motility assays and live-cell imaging in primary neurons, we show that JNK-interacting proteins 3 (JIP3) and 4 (JIP4) are activating adaptors for dynein that are regulated on autophagosomes and lysosomes by the small GTPases ARF6 and RAB10. GTP-bound ARF6 promotes formation of the JIP3/4-dynein-dynactin complex. Either knockdown or overexpression of RAB10 stalls transport, suggesting that this GTPase is also required to coordinate the opposing activities of bound dynein and kinesin motors. These findings highlight the complex coordination of motor regulation during organelle transport in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney E. Cason
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erika L.F. Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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4
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Tan Z, Yue Y, Leprevost F, Haynes S, Basrur V, Nesvizhskii AI, Verhey KJ, Cianfrocco MA. Autoinhibited kinesin-1 adopts a hierarchical folding pattern. eLife 2023; 12:RP86776. [PMID: 37910016 PMCID: PMC10619981 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional kinesin-1 is the primary anterograde motor in cells for transporting cellular cargo. While there is a consensus that the C-terminal tail of kinesin-1 inhibits motility, the molecular architecture of a full-length autoinhibited kinesin-1 remains unknown. Here, we combine crosslinking mass spectrometry (XL-MS), electron microscopy (EM), and AlphaFold structure prediction to determine the architecture of the full-length autoinhibited kinesin-1 homodimer (kinesin-1 heavy chain [KHC]) and kinesin-1 heterotetramer (KHC bound to kinesin light chain 1 [KLC1]). Our integrative analysis shows that kinesin-1 forms a compact, bent conformation through a break in coiled-coil 3. Moreover, our XL-MS analysis demonstrates that kinesin light chains stabilize the folded inhibited state rather than inducing a new structural state. Using our structural model, we show that disruption of multiple interactions between the motor, stalk, and tail domains is required to activate the full-length kinesin-1. Our work offers a conceptual framework for understanding how cargo adaptors and microtubule-associated proteins relieve autoinhibition to promote activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tan
- Department of Biophysics, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Life Sciences Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Felipe Leprevost
- Department of Pathology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Sarah Haynes
- Department of Pathology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Venkatesha Basrur
- Department of Pathology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Alexey I Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Michael A Cianfrocco
- Life Sciences Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
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5
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Glomb O, Swaim G, Munoz LLancao P, Lovejoy C, Sutradhar S, Park J, Wu Y, Cason SE, Holzbaur ELF, Hammarlund M, Howard J, Ferguson SM, Gramlich MW, Yogev S. A kinesin-1 adaptor complex controls bimodal slow axonal transport of spectrin in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1847-1863.e12. [PMID: 37751746 PMCID: PMC10574138 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
An actin-spectrin lattice, the membrane periodic skeleton (MPS), protects axons from breakage. MPS integrity relies on spectrin delivery via slow axonal transport, a process that remains poorly understood. We designed a probe to visualize endogenous spectrin dynamics at single-axon resolution in vivo. Surprisingly, spectrin transport is bimodal, comprising fast runs and movements that are 100-fold slower than previously reported. Modeling and genetic analysis suggest that the two rates are independent, yet both require kinesin-1 and the coiled-coil proteins UNC-76/FEZ1 and UNC-69/SCOC, which we identify as spectrin-kinesin adaptors. Knockdown of either protein led to disrupted spectrin motility and reduced distal MPS, and UNC-76 overexpression instructed excessive transport of spectrin. Artificially linking spectrin to kinesin-1 drove robust motility but inefficient MPS assembly, whereas impairing MPS assembly led to excessive spectrin transport, suggesting a balance between transport and assembly. These results provide insight into slow axonal transport and MPS integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Glomb
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Grace Swaim
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Pablo Munoz LLancao
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Christopher Lovejoy
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sabyasachi Sutradhar
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Junhyun Park
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Youjun Wu
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sydney E Cason
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marc Hammarlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jonathon Howard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Quantitative Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shawn M Ferguson
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Shaul Yogev
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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6
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Tan Z, Yue Y, da Veiga Leprevost F, Haynes SE, Basrur V, Nesvizhskii AI, Verhey KJ, Cianfrocco MA. Autoinhibited kinesin-1 adopts a hierarchical folding pattern. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.26.525761. [PMID: 36747757 PMCID: PMC9901034 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.26.525761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Conventional kinesin-1 is the primary anterograde motor in cells for transporting cellular cargo. While there is a consensus that the C-terminal tail of kinesin-1 inhibits motility, the molecular architecture of a full-length autoinhibited kinesin-1 remains unknown. Here, we combine cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS), electron microscopy (EM), and AlphaFold structure prediction to determine the architecture of the full-length autoinhibited kinesin-1 homodimer [kinesin-1 heavy chain (KHC)] and kinesin-1 heterotetramer [KHC bound to kinesin light chain 1 (KLC1)]. Our integrative analysis shows that kinesin-1 forms a compact, bent conformation through a break in coiled coil 3. Moreover, our XL-MS analysis demonstrates that kinesin light chains stabilize the folded inhibited state rather than inducing a new structural state. Using our structural model, we show that disruption of multiple interactions between the motor, stalk, and tail domains is required to activate the full-length kinesin-1. Our work offers a conceptual framework for understanding how cargo adaptors and microtubule-associated proteins relieve autoinhibition to promote activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tan
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan
| | | | | | | | - Alexey I. Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan
| | | | - Michael A. Cianfrocco
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan
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7
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Wu Y, Ding C, Weinreb A, Manning L, Swaim G, Yogev S, Colón-Ramos DA, Hammarlund M. Polarized localization of kinesin-1 and RIC-7 drives axonal mitochondria anterograde transport. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.12.548706. [PMID: 37502914 PMCID: PMC10369933 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.12.548706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria transport is crucial for mitochondria distribution in axons and is mediated by kinesin-1-based anterograde and dynein-based retrograde motor complexes. While Miro and Milton/TRAK were identified as key adaptors between mitochondria and kinesin-1, recent studies suggest the presence of additional mechanisms. In C. elegans, ric-7 is the only single gene described so far, other than kinesin-1, that is absolutely required for axonal mitochondria localization. Using CRISPR engineering in C. elegans, we find that Miro is important but is not essential for anterograde traffic, whereas it is required for retrograde traffic. Both the endogenous RIC-7 and kinesin-1 act at the leading end to transport mitochondria anterogradely. RIC-7 recruitment to mitochondria requires its N-terminal domain and partially relies on MIRO-1, whereas RIC-7 accumulation at the leading end depends on its disordered region, kinesin-1 and metaxin2. We conclude that polarized transport complexes containing kinesin-1 and RIC-7 form at the leading edge of mitochondria, and that these complexes are required for anterograde axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Wu
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Chen Ding
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Alexis Weinreb
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Laura Manning
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Grace Swaim
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Shaul Yogev
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Daniel A Colón-Ramos
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Marc Hammarlund
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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8
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Warecki B, Tao L. Centralspindlin-mediated transport of RhoGEF positions the cleavage plane for cytokinesis. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadh0601. [PMID: 37402224 PMCID: PMC10501416 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adh0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
During cytokinesis, the cell membrane furrows inward along a cleavage plane. The positioning of the cleavage plane is critical to faithful cell division and is determined by the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF)-mediated activation of the small guanosine triphosphatase RhoA and the conserved motor protein complex centralspindlin. Here, we explored whether and how centralspindlin mediates the positioning of RhoGEF. In dividing neuroblasts from Drosophila melanogaster, we observed that immediately before cleavage, first centralspindlin and then RhoGEF localized to the sites where cleavage subsequently initiated. Using in vitro assays with purified Drosophila proteins and stabilized microtubules, we found that centralspindlin directly transported RhoGEF as cargo along single microtubules and sequestered it at microtubule plus-ends for prolonged periods of time. In addition, the binding of RhoGEF to centralspindlin appeared to stimulate centralspindlin motor activity. Thus, the motor activity and microtubule association of centralspindlin can translocate RhoGEF to areas where microtubule plus-ends are abundant, such as at overlapping astral microtubules, to locally activate RhoA and accurately position the cleavage plane during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandt Warecki
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz; Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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9
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Qiu R, Zhang J, Xiang X. Kinesin-1 autoinhibition facilitates the initiation of dynein cargo transport. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202205136. [PMID: 36524956 PMCID: PMC9802684 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional significance of Kinesin-1 autoinhibition has been unclear. Kinesin-1 transports multiple cargoes including cytoplasmic dynein to microtubule plus ends. From a genetic screen for Aspergillus mutants defective in dynein-mediated early endosome transport, we identified a kinesin-1 mutation kinAK895* at the C-terminal IAK motif involved in autoinhibition. The kinA∆IAK and kinAK895E mutants exhibited a similar defect in dynein-mediated early endosome transport, verifying the importance of kinesin-1 autoinhibition in dynein-mediated transport. Kinesin-1 autoinhibition is not critical for dynein accumulation at microtubule plus ends or for the secretory vesicle cargoes of kinesin-1 to reach the hyphal tip. However, it facilitates dynein to initiate early endosome transport. This is unrelated to a direct competition between dynein and kinesin-1 on early endosomes because kinesin-3 rather than kinesin-1 drives the plus-end-directed early endosome movement. This effect of kinesin-1 autoinhibition on dynein-mediated early endosome transport is related to cargo adapter-mediated dynein activation but at a step beyond the switching of dynein from its autoinhibited conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongde Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MA, USA
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10
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Xu A, Basant A, Schleich S, Newsome TP, Way M. Kinesin-1 transports morphologically distinct intracellular virions during vaccinia infection. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260175. [PMID: 36093836 PMCID: PMC9659004 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular mature viruses (IMVs) are the first and most abundant infectious form of vaccinia virus to assemble during its replication cycle. IMVs can undergo microtubule-based motility, but their directionality and the motor involved in their transport remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that IMVs, like intracellular enveloped viruses (IEVs), the second form of vaccinia that are wrapped in Golgi-derived membranes, recruit kinesin-1 and undergo anterograde transport. In vitro reconstitution of virion transport in infected cell extracts revealed that IMVs and IEVs move toward microtubule plus ends with respective velocities of 0.66 and 0.56 µm/s. Quantitative imaging established that IMVs and IEVs recruit an average of 139 and 320 kinesin-1 motor complexes, respectively. In the absence of kinesin-1, there was a near-complete loss of in vitro motility and reduction in the intracellular spread of both types of virions. Our observations demonstrate that kinesin-1 transports two morphologically distinct forms of vaccinia. Reconstitution of vaccinia-based microtubule motility in vitro provides a new model to elucidate how motor number and regulation impacts transport of a bona fide kinesin-1 cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeus Xu
- Cellular signalling and cytoskeletal function laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Angika Basant
- Cellular signalling and cytoskeletal function laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sibylle Schleich
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - Timothy P. Newsome
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular signalling and cytoskeletal function laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3PX, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK
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11
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Río-Bergé C, Cong Y, Reggiori F. Getting on the right track: Interactions between viruses and the cytoskeletal motor proteins. Traffic 2023; 24:114-130. [PMID: 35146839 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is an essential component of the cell and it is involved in multiple physiological functions, including intracellular organization and transport. It is composed of three main families of proteinaceous filaments; microtubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments and their accessory proteins. Motor proteins, which comprise the dynein, kinesin and myosin superfamilies, are a remarkable group of accessory proteins that mainly mediate the intracellular transport of cargoes along with the cytoskeleton. Like other cellular structures and pathways, viruses can exploit the cytoskeleton to promote different steps of their life cycle through associations with motor proteins. The complexity of the cytoskeleton and the differences among viruses, however, has led to a wide diversity of interactions, which in most cases remain poorly understood. Unveiling the details of these interactions is necessary not only for a better comprehension of specific infections, but may also reveal new potential drug targets to fight dreadful diseases such as rabies disease and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In this review, we describe a few examples of the mechanisms that some human viruses, that is, rabies virus, adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus and papillomavirus, have developed to hijack dyneins, kinesins and myosins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clàudia Río-Bergé
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yingying Cong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Weijman JF, Yadav SKN, Surridge KJ, Cross JA, Borucu U, Mantell J, Woolfson DN, Schaffitzel C, Dodding MP. Molecular architecture of the autoinhibited kinesin-1 lambda particle. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp9660. [PMID: 36112680 PMCID: PMC9481135 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite continuing progress in kinesin enzyme mechanochemistry and emerging understanding of the cargo recognition machinery, it is not known how these functions are coupled and controlled by the α-helical coiled coils encoded by a large component of kinesin protein sequences. Here, we combine computational structure prediction with single-particle negative-stain electron microscopy to reveal the coiled-coil architecture of heterotetrameric kinesin-1 in its compact state. An unusual flexion in the scaffold enables folding of the complex, bringing the kinesin heavy chain-light chain interface into close apposition with a tetrameric assembly formed from the region of the molecule previously assumed to be the folding hinge. This framework for autoinhibition is required to uncover how engagement of cargo and other regulatory factors drives kinesin-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F. Weijman
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Sathish K. N. Yadav
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Katherine J. Surridge
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jessica A. Cross
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Ufuk Borucu
- GW4 Facility for High-Resolution Electron Cryo-Microscopy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Judith Mantell
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Derek N. Woolfson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- Bristol BioDesign Institute, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Christiane Schaffitzel
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- Bristol BioDesign Institute, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Mark P. Dodding
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- Bristol BioDesign Institute, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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13
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Hannaford MR, Liu R, Billington N, Swider ZT, Galletta BJ, Fagerstrom CJ, Combs C, Sellers JR, Rusan NM. Pericentrin interacts with Kinesin-1 to drive centriole motility. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202112097. [PMID: 35929834 PMCID: PMC9361567 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202112097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosome positioning is essential for their function. Typically, centrosomes are transported to various cellular locations through the interaction of centrosomal microtubules (MTs) with motor proteins anchored at the cortex or the nuclear surface. However, it remains unknown how centrioles migrate in cellular contexts in which they do not nucleate MTs. Here, we demonstrate that during interphase, inactive centrioles move directly along the interphase MT network as Kinesin-1 cargo. We identify Pericentrin-Like-Protein (PLP) as a novel Kinesin-1 interacting molecule essential for centriole motility. In vitro assays show that PLP directly interacts with the cargo binding domain of Kinesin-1, allowing PLP to migrate on MTs. Binding assays using purified proteins revealed that relief of Kinesin-1 autoinhibition is critical for its interaction with PLP. Finally, our studies of neural stem cell asymmetric divisions in the Drosophila brain show that the PLP-Kinesin-1 interaction is essential for the timely separation of centrioles, the asymmetry of centrosome activity, and the age-dependent centrosome inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Hannaford
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rong Liu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Neil Billington
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zachary T. Swider
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Brian J. Galletta
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Carey J. Fagerstrom
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Christian Combs
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - James R. Sellers
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nasser M. Rusan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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14
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Kumari D, Ray K. Phosphoregulation of Kinesins Involved in Long-Range Intracellular Transport. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:873164. [PMID: 35721476 PMCID: PMC9203973 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.873164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesins, the microtubule-dependent mechanochemical enzymes, power a variety of intracellular movements. Regulation of Kinesin activity and Kinesin-Cargo interactions determine the direction, timing and flux of various intracellular transports. This review examines how phosphorylation of Kinesin subunits and adaptors influence the traffic driven by Kinesin-1, -2, and -3 family motors. Each family of Kinesins are phosphorylated by a partially overlapping set of serine/threonine kinases, and each event produces a unique outcome. For example, phosphorylation of the motor domain inhibits motility, and that of the stalk and tail domains induces cargo loading and unloading effects according to the residue and context. Also, the association of accessory subunits with cargo and adaptor proteins with the motor, respectively, is disrupted by phosphorylation. In some instances, phosphorylation by the same kinase on different Kinesins elicited opposite outcomes. We discuss how this diverse range of effects could manage the logistics of Kinesin-dependent, long-range intracellular transport.
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15
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Liu H, Zhang X, Liu Y, Xin N, Deng Y, Li Y. Semen Ziziphi Spinosae attenuates blood-brain barrier dysfunction induced by lipopolysaccharide by targeting the FAK-DOCK180-Rac1-WAVE2-Arp3 signaling pathway. NPJ Sci Food 2022; 6:27. [PMID: 35655066 PMCID: PMC9163036 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-022-00142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (SZS) has been extensively used in the daily diet as a functional food for neuroprotective health-benefit in China for many years. However, the neuroprotective mechanism of SZS associated with blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity remains unexplored. The present study suggests SZS could protect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BBB dysfunction. Proteomics indicate that 135 proteins in rat brain are significantly altered by SZS. These differentially expressed proteins are mainly clustered into cell–cell adhesion and adherens junctions, which are closely related with BBB integrity. SZS reversed LPS-induces BBB breakdown by activating the FAK-DOCK180-Rac1-WAVE2-Arp3 pathway. Molecular docking between signaling pathway proteins and identified SZS components in rat plasma reveals that 6”‘-feruloylspinosin, spinosin, and swertisin strongly binds to signaling proteins at multiple amino acid sites. These novel findings suggest a health benefit of SZS in prevention of cerebral diseases and contributes to the further application of SZS as a functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayan Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Nian Xin
- BIT&GS Technologies Co. Ltd, 100074, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China.
| | - Yujuan Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China.
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16
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Razar RBBA, Qu Y, Gunaseelan S, Chua JJE. The importance of fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 in neural circuit establishment and neurological disorders. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1165-1171. [PMID: 34782550 PMCID: PMC8643053 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain contains an estimated 100 billion neurons that must be systematically organized into functional neural circuits for it to function properly. These circuits range from short-range local signaling networks between neighboring neurons to long-range networks formed between various brain regions. Compelling converging evidence indicates that alterations in neural circuits arising from abnormalities during early neuronal development or neurodegeneration contribute significantly to the etiology of neurological disorders. Supporting this notion, efforts to identify genetic causes of these disorders have uncovered an over-representation of genes encoding proteins involved in the processes of neuronal differentiation, maturation, synaptogenesis and synaptic function. Fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1, a Kinesin-1 adapter, has emerged as a key central player involved in many of these processes. Fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1-dependent transport of synaptic cargoes and mitochondria is essential for neuronal development and synapse establishment. Furthermore, it acts downstream of guidance cue pathways to regulate axo-dendritic development. Significantly, perturbing its function causes abnormalities in neuronal development and synapse formation both in the brain as well as the peripheral nervous system. Mutations and deletions of the fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 gene are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, altered phosphorylation of the protein contributes to neurodegenerative disorders. Together, these findings strongly implicate the importance of fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 in the establishment of neuronal circuits and its maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafhanah Banu Bte Abdul Razar
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yinghua Qu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saravanan Gunaseelan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John Jia En Chua
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Chiba K, Ori-McKenney KM, Niwa S, McKenney RJ. Synergistic autoinhibition and activation mechanisms control kinesin-1 motor activity. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110900. [PMID: 35649356 PMCID: PMC9365671 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1 activity is regulated by autoinhibition. Intramolecular interactions within the kinesin heavy chain (KHC) are proposed to be one facet of motor regulation. The KHC also binds to the kinesin light chain (KLC), which has been implicated in both autoinhibition and activation of the motor. We show that the KLC inhibits the kinesin-microtubule interaction independently from the proposed intramolecular interaction within KHC. Cargo-adaptor proteins that bind the KLC stimulated processive movement, but the landing rate of activated kinesin complexes remained low. Mitogen-activated protein 7 (MAP7) enhanced motility by increasing the landing rate and run length of the activated kinesin motors. Our results support a model whereby the motor activity of the kinesin is regulated by synergistic inhibition mechanisms and that cargo-adaptor binding to the KLC releases both mechanisms. However, a non-motor MAP is required for robust microtubule association of the activated motor. Thus, human kinesin is regulated by synergistic autoinhibition and activation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Chiba
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, 145 Briggs Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Miyagi, 6-3 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Kassandra M Ori-McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, 145 Briggs Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shinsuke Niwa
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Miyagi, 6-3 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, 145 Briggs Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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18
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Selective motor activation in organelle transport along axons. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:699-714. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00491-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Baron DM, Fenton AR, Saez-Atienzar S, Giampetruzzi A, Sreeram A, Shankaracharya, Keagle PJ, Doocy VR, Smith NJ, Danielson EW, Andresano M, McCormack MC, Garcia J, Bercier V, Van Den Bosch L, Brent JR, Fallini C, Traynor BJ, Holzbaur ELF, Landers JE. ALS-associated KIF5A mutations abolish autoinhibition resulting in a toxic gain of function. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110598. [PMID: 35385738 PMCID: PMC9134378 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of disease mutations is critical to advancing treatments. ALS-associated mutations in the gene encoding the microtubule motor KIF5A result in skipping of exon 27 (KIF5AΔExon27) and the encoding of a protein with a novel 39 amino acid residue C-terminal sequence. Here, we report that expression of ALS-linked mutant KIF5A results in dysregulated motor activity, cellular mislocalization, altered axonal transport, and decreased neuronal survival. Single-molecule analysis revealed that the altered C terminus of mutant KIF5A results in a constitutively active state. Furthermore, mutant KIF5A possesses altered protein and RNA interactions and its expression results in altered gene expression/splicing. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that causative ALS mutations result in a toxic gain of function in the intracellular motor KIF5A that disrupts intracellular trafficking and neuronal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree M Baron
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Adam R Fenton
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony Giampetruzzi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Aparna Sreeram
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shankaracharya
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Pamela J Keagle
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Victoria R Doocy
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nathan J Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Eric W Danielson
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Megan Andresano
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Mary C McCormack
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jaqueline Garcia
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Valérie Bercier
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan R Brent
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Claudia Fallini
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Therapeutic Development Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John E Landers
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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20
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Gibson JM, Cui H, Ali MY, Zhao X, Debler EW, Zhao J, Trybus KM, Solmaz SR, Wang C. Coil-to-α-helix transition at the Nup358-BicD2 interface activates BicD2 for dynein recruitment. eLife 2022; 11:74714. [PMID: 35229716 PMCID: PMC8956292 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nup358, a protein of the nuclear pore complex, facilitates a nuclear positioning pathway that is essential for many biological processes, including neuromuscular and brain development. Nup358 interacts with the dynein adaptor Bicaudal D2 (BicD2), which in turn recruits the dynein machinery to position the nucleus. However, the molecular mechanisms of the Nup358/BicD2 interaction and the activation of transport remain poorly understood. Here for the first time, we show that a minimal Nup358 domain activates dynein/dynactin/BicD2 for processive motility on microtubules. Using nuclear magnetic resonance titration and chemical exchange saturation transfer, mutagenesis, and circular dichroism spectroscopy, a Nup358 α-helix encompassing residues 2162–2184 was identified, which transitioned from a random coil to an α-helical conformation upon BicD2 binding and formed the core of the Nup358-BicD2 interface. Mutations in this region of Nup358 decreased the Nup358/BicD2 interaction, resulting in decreased dynein recruitment and impaired motility. BicD2 thus recognizes Nup358 through a ‘cargo recognition α-helix,’ a structural feature that may stabilize BicD2 in its activated state and promote processive dynein motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Gibson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, United States
| | - Heying Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, United States
| | - M Yusuf Ali
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | - Xioaxin Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, United States
| | - Erik W Debler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, United States
| | - Kathleen M Trybus
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | - Sozanne R Solmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, United States
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, United States
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21
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Solon AL, Tan Z, Schutt KL, Jepsen L, Haynes SE, Nesvizhskii AI, Sept D, Stumpff J, Ohi R, Cianfrocco MA. Kinesin-binding protein remodels the kinesin motor to prevent microtubule binding. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj9812. [PMID: 34797717 PMCID: PMC8604404 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Kinesins are regulated in space and time to ensure activation only in the presence of cargo. Kinesin-binding protein (KIFBP), which is mutated in Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome, binds to and inhibits the catalytic motor heads of 8 of 45 kinesin superfamily members, but the mechanism remains poorly defined. Here, we used cryo–electron microscopy and cross-linking mass spectrometry to determine high-resolution structures of KIFBP alone and in complex with two mitotic kinesins, revealing structural remodeling of kinesin by KIFBP. We find that KIFBP remodels kinesin motors and blocks microtubule binding (i) via allosteric changes to kinesin and (ii) by sterically blocking access to the microtubule. We identified two regions of KIFBP necessary for kinesin binding and cellular regulation during mitosis. Together, this work further elucidates the molecular mechanism of KIFBP-mediated kinesin inhibition and supports a model in which structural rearrangement of kinesin motor domains by KIFBP abrogates motor protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- April L. Solon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhenyu Tan
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katherine L. Schutt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Lauren Jepsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah E. Haynes
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexey I. Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Sept
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason Stumpff
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael A. Cianfrocco
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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22
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Hadpech S, Moonmuang S, Chupradit K, Yasamut U, Tayapiwatana C. Updating on Roles of HIV Intrinsic Factors: A Review of Their Antiviral Mechanisms and Emerging Functions. Intervirology 2021; 65:67-79. [PMID: 34464956 DOI: 10.1159/000519241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host restriction factors are cellular proteins that inhibit specific steps of the viral life cycle. Since the 1970s, several new factors have been identified, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication restriction. Evidence accumulated in the last decade has substantially broadened our understanding of the molecular mechanisms utilized to abrogate the HIV-1 life cycle. SUMMARY In this review, we focus on the interaction between host restriction factors participating in the early phase of HIV-1 infection, particularly CA-targeting proteins. Host factors involved in the late phase of the replication cycle, such as viral assembly and egress factors, are also described. Additionally, current reports on well-known antiviral intrinsic factors, as well as other viral restriction factors with their emerging roles, are included. CONCLUSION A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between viruses and hosts is expected to provide insight into the design of novel HIV-1 therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarat Hadpech
- Division of Pharmacology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | - Sutpirat Moonmuang
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Koollawat Chupradit
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Siriraj Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Umpa Yasamut
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Tayapiwatana
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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23
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Antón Z, Weijman JF, Williams C, Moody ERR, Mantell J, Yip YY, Cross JA, Williams TA, Steiner RA, Crump MP, Woolfson DN, Dodding MP. Molecular mechanism for kinesin-1 direct membrane recognition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/31/eabg6636. [PMID: 34321209 PMCID: PMC8318374 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg6636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cargo-binding capabilities of cytoskeletal motor proteins have expanded during evolution through both gene duplication and alternative splicing. For the light chains of the kinesin-1 family of microtubule motors, this has resulted in an array of carboxyl-terminal domain sequences of unknown molecular function. Here, combining phylogenetic analyses with biophysical, biochemical, and cell biology approaches, we identify a highly conserved membrane-induced curvature-sensitive amphipathic helix within this region of a subset of long kinesin light-chain paralogs and splice isoforms. This helix mediates the direct binding of kinesin-1 to lipid membranes. Membrane binding requires specific anionic phospholipids, and it contributes to kinesin-1-dependent lysosome positioning, a canonical activity that, until now, has been attributed exclusively the recognition of organelle-associated cargo adaptor proteins. This leads us to propose a protein-lipid coincidence detection framework for kinesin-1-mediated organelle transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuriñe Antón
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Johannes F Weijman
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Christopher Williams
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- Bristol BioDesign Institute, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Edmund R R Moody
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Judith Mantell
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Yan Y Yip
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica A Cross
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Tom A Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Roberto A Steiner
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Matthew P Crump
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- Bristol BioDesign Institute, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Derek N Woolfson
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- Bristol BioDesign Institute, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Mark P Dodding
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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24
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Wirth M, Mouilleron S, Zhang W, Sjøttem E, Princely Abudu Y, Jain A, Lauritz Olsvik H, Bruun JA, Razi M, Jefferies HB, Lee R, Joshi D, O'Reilly N, Johansen T, Tooze SA. Phosphorylation of the LIR Domain of SCOC Modulates ATG8 Binding Affinity and Specificity. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166987. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
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25
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Cutillas V, Johnston CA. Mud binds the kinesin-14 Ncd in Drosophila. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:101016. [PMID: 34027137 PMCID: PMC8134030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of proper mitotic spindle structure is necessary for error-free chromosome segregation and cell division. Spindle assembly is controlled by force-generating kinesin motors that contribute to its geometry and bipolarity, and balancing motor-dependent forces between opposing kinesins is critical to the integrity of this process. Non-claret dysjunctional (Ncd), a Drosophila kinesin-14 member, crosslinks and slides microtubule minus-ends to focus spindle poles and sustain bipolarity. However, mechanisms that regulate Ncd activity during mitosis are underappreciated. Here, we identify Mushroom body defect (Mud), the fly ortholog of human NuMA, as a direct Ncd binding partner. We demonstrate this interaction involves a short coiled-coil domain within Mud (MudCC) binding the N-terminal, non-motor microtubule-binding domain of Ncd (NcdnMBD). We further show that the C-terminal ATPase motor domain of Ncd (NcdCTm) directly interacts with NcdnMBD as well. Mud binding competes against this self-association and also increases NcdnMBD microtubule binding in vitro. Our results describe an interaction between two spindle-associated proteins and suggest a potentially new mode of minus-end motor protein regulation at mitotic spindle poles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Cutillas
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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26
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Phosphorylation of the LIR Domain of SCOC Modulates ATG8 Binding Affinity and Specificity. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166987. [PMID: 33845085 PMCID: PMC8202330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved degradative pathway, essential for cellular homeostasis and implicated in diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. Autophagy-related 8 (ATG8) proteins play a central role in autophagosome formation and selective delivery of cytoplasmic cargo to lysosomes by recruiting autophagy adaptors and receptors. The LC3-interacting region (LIR) docking site (LDS) of ATG8 proteins binds to LIR motifs present in autophagy adaptors and receptors. LIR-ATG8 interactions can be highly selective for specific mammalian ATG8 family members (LC3A-C, GABARAP, and GABARAPL1-2) and how this specificity is generated and regulated is incompletely understood. We have identified a LIR motif in the Golgi protein SCOC (short coiled-coil protein) exhibiting strong binding to GABARAP, GABARAPL1, LC3A and LC3C. The residues within and surrounding the core LIR motif of the SCOC LIR domain were phosphorylated by autophagy-related kinases (ULK1-3, TBK1) increasing specifically LC3 family binding. More distant flanking residues also contributed to ATG8 binding. Loss of these residues was compensated by phosphorylation of serine residues immediately adjacent to the core LIR motif, indicating that the interactions of the flanking LIR regions with the LDS are important and highly dynamic. Our comprehensive structural, biophysical and biochemical analyses support and provide novel mechanistic insights into how phosphorylation of LIR domain residues regulates the affinity and binding specificity of ATG8 proteins towards autophagy adaptors and receptors.
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27
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Broix L, Turchetto S, Nguyen L. Coordination between Transport and Local Translation in Neurons. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:372-386. [PMID: 33526339 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The axonal microtubules (MTs) support long-distance transport of cargoes that are dispatched to distinct cellular subcompartments. Among them, mRNAs are directly transported in membraneless ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules that, together with ribosomes, can also hitchhike on fast-moving membrane-bound organelles for accurate transport along MTs. These organelles serve as platforms for mRNA translation, thus generating axonal foci of newly synthesized proteins. Local translation along axons not only supports MT network integrity but also modulates the processivity and function of molecular motors to allow proper trafficking of cargoes along MTs. Thus, identifying the mechanisms that coordinate axonal transport with local protein synthesis will shed new light on the processes underlying axon development and maintenance, whose deregulation often contribute to neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Broix
- GIGA Stem Cells, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Silvia Turchetto
- GIGA Stem Cells, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA Stem Cells, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium.
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28
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Monzon GA, Scharrel L, DSouza A, Henrichs V, Santen L, Diez S. Stable tug-of-war between kinesin-1 and cytoplasmic dynein upon different ATP and roadblock concentrations. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/22/jcs249938. [PMID: 33257498 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of intracellular processes, like organelle transport and cell division, depend on bidirectional movement along microtubules. These processes typically require kinesin and dynein motor proteins, which move with opposite directionality. Because both types of motors are often simultaneously bound to the cargo, regulatory mechanisms are required to ensure controlled directional transport. Recently, it has been shown that parameters like mechanical motor activation, ATP concentration and roadblocks on the microtubule surface differentially influence the activity of kinesin and dynein motors in distinct manners. However, how these parameters affect bidirectional transport systems has not been studied. Here, we investigate the regulatory influence of these three parameters using in vitro gliding motility assays and stochastic simulations. We find that the number of active kinesin and dynein motors determines the transport direction and velocity, but that variations in ATP concentration and roadblock density have no significant effect. Thus, factors influencing the force balance between opposite motors appear to be important, whereas the detailed stepping kinetics and bypassing capabilities of the motors only have a small effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina A Monzon
- Center for Biophysics, Department of Physics, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lara Scharrel
- B CUBE Center for Molecular Bioengineering and Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ashwin DSouza
- B CUBE Center for Molecular Bioengineering and Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Verena Henrichs
- B CUBE Center for Molecular Bioengineering and Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, CZ-25250 Prague West, Czech Republic
| | - Ludger Santen
- Center for Biophysics, Department of Physics, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE Center for Molecular Bioengineering and Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany .,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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29
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Keren-Kaplan T, Bonifacino JS. ARL8 Relieves SKIP Autoinhibition to Enable Coupling of Lysosomes to Kinesin-1. Curr Biol 2020; 31:540-554.e5. [PMID: 33232665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Long-range movement of organelles within the cytoplasm relies on coupling to microtubule motors, a process that is often mediated by adaptor proteins. In many cases, this coupling involves organelle- or adaptor-induced activation of the microtubule motors by conformational reversal of an autoinhibited state. Herein, we show that a similar regulatory mechanism operates for an adaptor protein named SKIP (also known as PLEKHM2). SKIP binds to the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) ARL8 on the lysosomal membrane to couple lysosomes to the anterograde microtubule motor kinesin-1. Structure-function analyses of SKIP reveal that the C-terminal region comprising three pleckstrin homology (PH) domains interacts with the N-terminal region comprising ARL8- and kinesin-1-binding sites. This interaction inhibits coupling of lysosomes to kinesin-1 and, consequently, lysosome movement toward the cell periphery. We also find that ARL8 does not just recruit SKIP to the lysosomal membrane but also relieves SKIP autoinhibition, promoting kinesin-1-driven, anterograde lysosome transport. Finally, our analyses show that the largely disordered middle region of SKIP mediates self-association and that this self-association enhances the interaction of SKIP with kinesin-1. These findings indicate that SKIP is not just a passive connector of lysosome-bound ARL8 to kinesin-1 but is itself subject to intra- and inter-molecular interactions that regulate its function. We anticipate that similar organelle- or GTPase-induced conformational changes could regulate the activity of other kinesin adaptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Keren-Kaplan
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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30
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Twelvetrees AE. The lifecycle of the neuronal microtubule transport machinery. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 107:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Vasudevan A, Koushika SP. Molecular mechanisms governing axonal transport: a C. elegans perspective. J Neurogenet 2020; 34:282-297. [PMID: 33030066 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1823385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Axonal transport is integral for maintaining neuronal form and function, and defects in axonal transport have been correlated with several neurological diseases, making it a subject of extensive research over the past several years. The anterograde and retrograde transport machineries are crucial for the delivery and distribution of several cytoskeletal elements, growth factors, organelles and other synaptic cargo. Molecular motors and the neuronal cytoskeleton function as effectors for multiple neuronal processes such as axon outgrowth and synapse formation. This review examines the molecular mechanisms governing axonal transport, specifically highlighting the contribution of studies conducted in C. elegans, which has proved to be a tractable model system in which to identify both novel and conserved regulatory mechanisms of axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Vasudevan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sandhya P Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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32
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Alberdi L, Vergnes A, Manneville JB, Tembo DL, Fang Z, Zhao Y, Schroeder N, Dumont A, Lagier M, Bassereau P, Redondo-Morata L, Gorvel JP, Méresse S. Regulation of kinesin-1 activity by the Salmonella enterica effectors PipB2 and SifA. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/9/jcs239863. [PMID: 32409568 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an intracellular bacterial pathogen. The formation of its replication niche, which is composed of a vacuole associated with a network of membrane tubules, depends on the secretion of a set of bacterial effector proteins whose activities deeply modify the functions of the eukaryotic host cell. By recruiting and regulating the activity of the kinesin-1 molecular motor, Salmonella effectors PipB2 and SifA play an essential role in the formation of the bacterial compartments. In particular, they allow the formation of tubules from the vacuole and their extension along the microtubule cytoskeleton, and thus promote membrane exchanges and nutrient supply. We have developed in vitro and in cellulo assays to better understand the specific role played by these two effectors in the recruitment and regulation of kinesin-1. Our results reveal a specific interaction between the two effectors and indicate that, contrary to what studies on infected cells suggested, interaction with PipB2 is sufficient to relieve the autoinhibition of kinesin-1. Finally, they suggest the involvement of other Salmonella effectors in the control of the activity of this molecular motor.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Manneville
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Ziyan Fang
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Yaya Zhao
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Nina Schroeder
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Dumont
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Margaux Lagier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, 1 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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33
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Vitre B, Taulet N, Guesdon A, Douanier A, Dosdane A, Cisneros M, Maurin J, Hettinger S, Anguille C, Taschner M, Lorentzen E, Delaval B. IFT proteins interact with HSET to promote supernumerary centrosome clustering in mitosis. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49234. [PMID: 32270908 PMCID: PMC7271317 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosome amplification is a hallmark of cancer, and centrosome clustering is essential for cancer cell survival. The mitotic kinesin HSET is an essential contributor to this process. Recent studies have highlighted novel functions for intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins in regulating motors and mitotic processes. Here, using siRNA knock‐down of various IFT proteins or AID‐inducible degradation of endogenous IFT88 in combination with small‐molecule inhibition of HSET, we show that IFT proteins together with HSET are required for efficient centrosome clustering. We identify a direct interaction between the kinesin HSET and IFT proteins, and we define how IFT proteins contribute to clustering dynamics during mitosis using high‐resolution live imaging of centrosomes. Finally, we demonstrate the requirement of IFT88 for efficient centrosome clustering in a variety of cancer cell lines naturally harboring supernumerary centrosomes and its importance for cancer cell proliferation. Overall, our data unravel a novel role for the IFT machinery in centrosome clustering during mitosis in cells harboring supernumerary centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Vitre
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Centrosome, Cilia and Pathologies Lab, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Taulet
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Centrosome, Cilia and Pathologies Lab, Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey Guesdon
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Centrosome, Cilia and Pathologies Lab, Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey Douanier
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Centrosome, Cilia and Pathologies Lab, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurelie Dosdane
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Centrosome, Cilia and Pathologies Lab, Montpellier, France
| | - Melanie Cisneros
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Centrosome, Cilia and Pathologies Lab, Montpellier, France
| | - Justine Maurin
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Centrosome, Cilia and Pathologies Lab, Montpellier, France
| | - Sabrina Hettinger
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Centrosome, Cilia and Pathologies Lab, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Anguille
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Centrosome, Cilia and Pathologies Lab, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Taschner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esben Lorentzen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Benedicte Delaval
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Centrosome, Cilia and Pathologies Lab, Montpellier, France
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34
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Drp1 overexpression induces desmin disassembling and drives kinesin-1 activation promoting mitochondrial trafficking in skeletal muscle. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2383-2401. [PMID: 32042098 PMCID: PMC7370230 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria change distribution across cells following a variety of pathophysiological stimuli. The mechanisms presiding over this redistribution are yet undefined. In a murine model overexpressing Drp1 specifically in skeletal muscle, we find marked mitochondria repositioning in muscle fibres and we demonstrate that Drp1 is involved in this process. Drp1 binds KLC1 and enhances microtubule-dependent transport of mitochondria. Drp1-KLC1 coupling triggers the displacement of KIF5B from kinesin-1 complex increasing its binding to microtubule tracks and mitochondrial transport. High levels of Drp1 exacerbate this mechanism leading to the repositioning of mitochondria closer to nuclei. The reduction of Drp1 levels decreases kinesin-1 activation and induces the partial recovery of mitochondrial distribution. Drp1 overexpression is also associated with higher cyclin-dependent kinase-1 (Cdk-1) activation that promotes the persistent phosphorylation of desmin at Ser-31 and its disassembling. Fission inhibition has a positive effect on desmin Ser-31 phosphorylation, regardless of Cdk-1 activation, suggesting that induction of both fission and Cdk-1 are required for desmin collapse. This altered desmin architecture impairs mechanotransduction and compromises mitochondrial network stability priming mitochondria transport through microtubule-dependent trafficking with a mechanism that involves the Drp1-dependent regulation of kinesin-1 complex.
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35
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Twelvetrees AE, Lesept F, Holzbaur ELF, Kittler JT. The adaptor proteins HAP1a and GRIP1 collaborate to activate the kinesin-1 isoform KIF5C. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.215822. [PMID: 31757889 PMCID: PMC6955223 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.215822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of motor proteins to cellular cargoes is regulated by adaptor proteins. HAP1 and GRIP1 are kinesin-1 adaptors that have been implicated individually in the transport of vesicular cargoes in the dendrites of neurons. We find that HAP1a and GRIP1 form a protein complex in the brain, and co-operate to activate the kinesin-1 subunit KIF5C in vitro. Based upon this co-operative activation of kinesin-1, we propose a modification to the kinesin activation model that incorporates stabilisation of the central hinge region known to be critical to autoinhibition of kinesin-1. Summary: The adaptor proteins HAP1a and GRIP1 form a protein complex in the brain, and co-operate to activate the kinesin-1 subunit KIF5C in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Twelvetrees
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Flavie Lesept
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA
| | - Josef T Kittler
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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36
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Cui H, Noell CR, Behler RP, Zahn JB, Terry LR, Russ BB, Solmaz SR. Adapter Proteins for Opposing Motors Interact Simultaneously with Nuclear Pore Protein Nup358. Biochemistry 2019; 58:5085-5097. [PMID: 31756096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nup358 is a protein subunit of the nuclear pore complex that recruits the opposing microtubule motors kinesin-1 and dynein [via the dynein adaptor Bicaudal D2 (BicD2)] to the nuclear envelope. This pathway is important for positioning of the nucleus during the early steps of mitotic spindle assembly and also essential for an important process in brain development. It is unknown whether dynein and kinesin-1 interact with Nup358 simultaneously or whether they compete. Here, we have reconstituted and characterized a minimal complex of kinesin-1 light chain 2 (KLC2) and Nup358. The proteins interact through a W-acidic motif in Nup358, which is highly conserved among vertebrates but absent in insects. While Nup358 and KLC2 form predominantly monomers, their interaction results in the formation of 2:2 complexes, and the W-acidic motif is required for the oligomerization. In active motor complexes, BicD2 and KLC2 each form dimers. Notably, we show that the dynein adaptor BicD2 and KLC2 interact simultaneously with Nup358, resulting in the formation of 2:2:2 complexes. Mutation of the W-acidic motif results in the formation of 1:1:1 complexes. On the basis of our data, we propose that Nup358 recruits simultaneously one kinesin-1 motor and one dynein motor via BicD2 to the nucleus. We hypothesize that the binding sites are close enough to promote direct interactions between these motor recognition domains, which may be important for the regulation of the motility of these opposing motors. Our data provide important insights into a nuclear positioning pathway that is crucial for brain development and faithful chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heying Cui
- Department of Chemistry , Binghamton University , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Crystal R Noell
- Department of Chemistry , Binghamton University , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Rachael P Behler
- Department of Chemistry , Binghamton University , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Jacqueline B Zahn
- Department of Chemistry , Binghamton University , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Lynn R Terry
- Department of Chemistry , Binghamton University , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Blaine B Russ
- Department of Chemistry , Binghamton University , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Sozanne R Solmaz
- Department of Chemistry , Binghamton University , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
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37
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Huang PT, Summers BJ, Xu C, Perilla JR, Malikov V, Naghavi MH, Xiong Y. FEZ1 Is Recruited to a Conserved Cofactor Site on Capsid to Promote HIV-1 Trafficking. Cell Rep 2019; 28:2373-2385.e7. [PMID: 31422020 PMCID: PMC6736649 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 uses the microtubule network to traffic the viral capsid core toward the nucleus. Viral nuclear trafficking and infectivity require the kinesin-1 adaptor protein FEZ1. Here, we demonstrate that FEZ1 directly interacts with the HIV-1 capsid and specifically binds capsid protein (CA) hexamers. FEZ1 contains multiple acidic, poly-glutamate stretches that interact with the positively charged central pore of CA hexamers. The FEZ1-capsid interaction directly competes with nucleotides and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) that bind at the same location. In addition, all-atom molecular dynamic (MD) simulations establish the molecular details of FEZ1-capsid interactions. Functionally, mutation of the FEZ1 capsid-interacting residues significantly reduces trafficking of HIV-1 particles toward the nucleus and early infection. These findings support a model in which the central capsid hexamer pore is a general HIV-1 cofactor-binding hub and FEZ1 serves as a unique CA hexamer pattern sensor to recognize this site and promote capsid trafficking in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Tzu Huang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Brady James Summers
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Chaoyi Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Juan R Perilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Viacheslav Malikov
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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A Large Scale Systemic RNAi Screen in the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum Identifies Novel Genes Involved in Insect Muscle Development. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:1009-1026. [PMID: 30733381 PMCID: PMC6469426 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although muscle development has been widely studied in Drosophila melanogaster there are still many gaps in our knowledge, and it is not known to which extent this knowledge can be transferred to other insects. To help in closing these gaps we participated in a large-scale RNAi screen that used the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, as a screening platform. The effects of systemic RNAi were screened upon double-stranded RNA injections into appropriate muscle-EGFP tester strains. Injections into pupae were followed by the analysis of the late embryonic/early larval muscle patterns, and injections into larvae by the analysis of the adult thoracic muscle patterns. Herein we describe the results of the first-pass screens with pupal and larval injections, which covered ∼8,500 and ∼5,000 genes, respectively, of a total of ∼16,500 genes of the Tribolium genome. Apart from many genes known from Drosophila as regulators of muscle development, a collection of genes previously unconnected to muscle development yielded phenotypes in larval body wall and leg muscles as well as in indirect flight muscles. We then present the main candidates from the pupal injection screen that remained after being processed through a series of verification and selection steps. Further, we discuss why distinct though overlapping sets of genes are revealed by the Drosophila and Tribolium screening approaches.
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Motor-cargo adaptors at the organelle-cytoskeleton interface. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 59:16-23. [PMID: 30952037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal motors of the dynein, kinesin and myosin superfamilies maintain and adapt subcellular organelle organization to meet functional demands and support the vesicular transport of material between organelles. These motors require the capacity to specifically recognize the vesicle/organelle to be transported and are capable of selective recognition of multiple cargo. Recent studies have begun to uncover the molecular basis for motor recruitment and have highlighted the role of organelle-associated 'cargo-adaptor' proteins in cellular transport. These adaptors possess sequences and/or structural features that enable both motor recruitment and activation from regulated, inactive, states to enable motility on the cytoskeleton. Motor-cargo adaptor interactions define a key organelle-cytoskeleton interface, acting as crucial regulatory hubs to enable the cell to finely control membrane trafficking and organelle dynamics. Understanding the molecular basis of these interactions may offer new opportunities to control and manipulate cytoskeletal and organelle dynamics for the development of new research tools and potentially therapeutics.
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40
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Teixeira MB, Alborghetti MR, Kobarg J. Fasciculation and elongation zeta proteins 1 and 2: From structural flexibility to functional diversity. World J Biol Chem 2019; 10:28-43. [PMID: 30815230 PMCID: PMC6388297 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v10.i2.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciculation and elongation zeta/zygin (FEZ) proteins are a family of hub proteins and share many characteristics like high connectivity in interaction networks, they are involved in several cellular processes, evolve slowly and in general have intrinsically disordered regions. In 1985, unc-76 gene was firstly described and involved in axonal growth in C. elegans, and in 1997 Bloom and Horvitz enrolled also the human homologues genes, FEZ1 and FEZ2, in this process. While nematodes possess one gene (unc-76), mammalians have one more copy (FEZ1 and FEZ2). Several animal models have been used to study FEZ family functions like: C. elegans, D. melanogaster, R. novergicus and human cells. Complementation assays were performed and demonstrated the function conservation between paralogues. Human FEZ1 protein is more studied followed by UNC-76 and FEZ2 proteins, respectively. While FEZ1 and UNC-76 shared interaction partners, FEZ2 evolved and increased the number of protein-protein interactions (PPI) with cytoplasmatic partners. FEZ proteins are implicated in intracellular transport, acting as bivalent cargo transport adaptors in kinesin-mediated movement. Especially in light of this cellular function, this family of proteins has been involved in several processes like neuronal development, neurological disorders, viral infection and autophagy. However, nuclear functions of FEZ proteins have been explored as well, due to high content of PPI with nuclear proteins, correlating FEZ1 expression to Sox2 and Hoxb4 gene regulation and retinoic acid signaling. These recent findings open new avenue to study FEZ proteins functions and its involvement in already described processes. This review intends to reunite aspects of evolution, structure, interaction partners and function of FEZ proteins and correlate them to physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bertini Teixeira
- Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | | | - Jörg Kobarg
- Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
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41
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Cockburn JJB, Hesketh SJ, Mulhair P, Thomsen M, O'Connell MJ, Way M. Insights into Kinesin-1 Activation from the Crystal Structure of KLC2 Bound to JIP3. Structure 2018; 26:1486-1498.e6. [PMID: 30197037 PMCID: PMC6224480 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin-1 transports numerous cellular cargoes along microtubules. The kinesin-1 light chain (KLC) mediates cargo binding and regulates kinesin-1 motility. To investigate the molecular basis for kinesin-1 recruitment and activation by cargoes, we solved the crystal structure of the KLC2 tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain bound to the cargo JIP3. This, combined with biophysical and molecular evolutionary analyses, reveals a kinesin-1 cargo binding site, located on KLC TPR1, which is conserved in homologs from sponges to humans. In the complex, JIP3 crosslinks two KLC2 TPR domains via their TPR1s. We show that TPR1 forms a dimer interface that mimics JIP3 binding in all crystal structures of the unbound KLC TPR domain. We propose that cargo-induced dimerization of the KLC TPR domains via TPR1 is a general mechanism for activating kinesin-1. We relate this to activation by tryptophan-acidic cargoes, explaining how different cargoes activate kinesin-1 through related molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J B Cockburn
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Sophie J Hesketh
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Peter Mulhair
- Computational and Molecular Evolutionary Biology Research Group, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Maren Thomsen
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mary J O'Connell
- Computational and Molecular Evolutionary Biology Research Group, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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42
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Pernigo S, Chegkazi MS, Yip YY, Treacy C, Glorani G, Hansen K, Politis A, Bui S, Dodding MP, Steiner RA. Structural basis for isoform-specific kinesin-1 recognition of Y-acidic cargo adaptors. eLife 2018; 7:38362. [PMID: 30320553 PMCID: PMC6214655 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The light chains (KLCs) of the heterotetrameric microtubule motor kinesin-1, that bind to cargo adaptor proteins and regulate its activity, have a capacity to recognize short peptides via their tetratricopeptide repeat domains (KLCTPR). Here, using X-ray crystallography, we show how kinesin-1 recognizes a novel class of adaptor motifs that we call ‘Y-acidic’ (tyrosine flanked by acidic residues), in a KLC-isoform specific manner. Binding specificities of Y-acidic motifs (present in JIP1 and in TorsinA) to KLC1TPR are distinct from those utilized for the recognition of W-acidic motifs found in adaptors that are KLC- isoform non-selective. However, a partial overlap on their receptor binding sites implies that adaptors relying on Y-acidic and W-acidic motifs must act independently. We propose a model to explain why these two classes of motifs that bind to the concave surface of KLCTPR with similar low micromolar affinity can exhibit different capacities to promote kinesin-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pernigo
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magda S Chegkazi
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Y Yip
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Conor Treacy
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Glorani
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kjetil Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Argyris Politis
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Soi Bui
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Dodding
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto A Steiner
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Nguyen TQ, Aumont-Nicaise M, Andreani J, Velours C, Chenon M, Vilela F, Geneste C, Varela PF, Llinas P, Ménétrey J. Characterization of the binding mode of JNK-interacting protein 1 (JIP1) to kinesin-light chain 1 (KLC1). J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13946-13960. [PMID: 30026235 PMCID: PMC6130945 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
JIP1 was first identified as scaffold protein for the MAP kinase JNK and is a cargo protein for the kinesin1 molecular motor. JIP1 plays significant and broad roles in neurons, mainly as a regulator of kinesin1-dependent transport, and is associated with human pathologies such as cancer and Alzheimer disease. JIP1 is specifically recruited by the kinesin-light chain 1 (KLC1) of kinesin1, but the details of this interaction are not yet fully elucidated. Here, using calorimetry, we extensively biochemically characterized the interaction between KLC1 and JIP1. Using various truncated fragments of the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain of KLC1, we narrowed down its JIP1-binding region and identified seven KLC1 residues critical for JIP1 binding. These isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC)-based binding data enabled us to footprint the JIP1-binding site on KLC1-TPR. This footprint was used to uncover the structural basis for the marginal inhibition of JIP1 binding by the autoinhibitory LFP-acidic motif of KLC1, as well as for the competition between JIP1 and another cargo protein of kinesin1, the W-acidic motif-containing alcadein-α. Also, we examined the role of each of these critical residues of KLC1 for JIP1 binding in light of the previously reported crystal structure of the KLC1-TPR:JIP1 complex. Finally, sequence search in eukaryotic genomes identified several proteins, among which is SH2D6, that exhibit a motif similar to the KLC1-binding motif of JIP1. Overall, our extensive biochemical characterization of the KLC:JIP1 interaction, as well as identification of potential KLC1-binding partners, improves the understanding of how this growing family of cargos is recruited to kinesin1 by KLC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Quyen Nguyen
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Magali Aumont-Nicaise
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Jessica Andreani
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Christophe Velours
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Mélanie Chenon
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Fernando Vilela
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Clémentine Geneste
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Paloma F Varela
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Paola Llinas
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Julie Ménétrey
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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Tajielyato N, Li L, Peng Y, Alper J, Alexov E. E-hooks provide guidance and a soft landing for the microtubule binding domain of dynein. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13266. [PMID: 30185874 PMCID: PMC6125590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular binding is a complex process that involves sensing and approaching the binding partner, adopting the proper orientation, and performing the physical binding. We computationally investigated the role of E-hooks, which are intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) at the C-terminus of tubulin, on dynein microtubule binding domain (MTBD) binding to the microtubule as a function of the distance between the MTBD and its binding site on the microtubule. Our results demonstrated that the contacts between E-hooks and the MTBD are dynamical; multiple negatively charted patches of amino acids on the E-hooks grab and release the same positively charged patches on the MTBD as it approaches the microtubule. Even when the distance between the MTBD and the microtubule was greater than the E-hook length, the E-hooks sensed and guided MTBD via long-range electrostatic interactions in our simulations. Moreover, we found that E-hooks exerted electrostatic forces on the MTBD that were distance dependent; the force pulls the MTBD toward the microtubule at long distances but opposes binding at short distances. This mechanism provides a "soft-landing" for the MTBD as it binds to the microtubule. Finally, our analysis of the conformational states of E-hooks in presence and absence of the MTBD indicates that the binding process is a mixture of the induced-fit and lock-and-key macromolecular binding hypotheses. Overall, this novel binding mechanism is termed "guided-soft-binding" and could have broad-reaching impacts on the understanding of how IDRs dock to structured proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayere Tajielyato
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79912, USA
| | - Yunhui Peng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Joshua Alper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| | - Emil Alexov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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45
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Tropea D, Hardingham N, Millar K, Fox K. Mechanisms underlying the role of DISC1 in synaptic plasticity. J Physiol 2018; 596:2747-2771. [PMID: 30008190 PMCID: PMC6046077 DOI: 10.1113/jp274330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is an important hub protein, forming multimeric complexes by self-association and interacting with a large number of synaptic and cytoskeletal molecules. The synaptic location of DISC1 in the adult brain suggests a role in synaptic plasticity, and indeed, a number of studies have discovered synaptic plasticity impairments in a variety of different DISC1 mutants. This review explores the possibility that DISC1 is an important molecule for organizing proteins involved in synaptic plasticity and examines why mutations in DISC1 impair plasticity. It concentrates on DISC1's role in interacting with synaptic proteins, controlling dendritic structure and cellular trafficking of mRNA, synaptic vesicles and mitochondria. N-terminal directed mutations appear to impair synaptic plasticity through interactions with phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) and hence protein kinase A (PKA)/GluA1 and PKA/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signalling pathways, and affect spine structure through interactions with kalirin 7 (Kal-7) and Rac1. C-terminal directed mutations also impair plasticity possibly through altered interactions with lissencephaly protein 1 (LIS1) and nuclear distribution protein nudE-like 1 (NDEL1), thereby affecting developmental processes such as dendritic structure and spine maturation. Many of the same molecules involved in DISC1's cytoskeletal interactions are also involved in intracellular trafficking, raising the possibility that impairments in intracellular trafficking affect cytoskeletal development and vice versa. While the multiplicity of DISC1 protein interactions makes it difficult to pinpoint a single causal signalling pathway, we suggest that the immediate-term effects of N-terminal influences on GluA1, Rac1 and CREB, coupled with the developmental effects of C-terminal influences on trafficking and the cytoskeleton make up the two main branches of DISC1's effect on synaptic plasticity and dendritic spine stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Tropea
- Neurospychiatric GeneticsTrinity Center for Health Sciences and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience (TCIN)Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Neil Hardingham
- School of BiosciencesMuseum AvenueCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Kirsty Millar
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental MedicineMRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular MedicineWestern General HospitalUniversity of EdinburghCrewe RoadEdinburghUK
| | - Kevin Fox
- School of BiosciencesMuseum AvenueCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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Retraction of rod-like mitochondria during microtubule-dependent transport. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180208. [PMID: 29752335 PMCID: PMC6013701 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular motors play relevant roles on the regulation of mitochondria size and shape, essential properties for the cell homeostasis. In this work, we tracked single rod-shaped mitochondria with nanometer precision to explore the performance of microtubule motor teams during processive anterograde and retrograde transport. We analyzed simultaneously the organelle size and verified that mitochondria retracted during retrograde transport with their leading tip moving slower in comparison with the rear tip. In contrast, mitochondria preserved their size during anterograde runs indicating a different performance of plus-end directed teams. These results were interpreted considering the different performance of dynein and kinesin teams and provide valuable information on the collective action of motors during mitochondria transport.
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UNC-16/JIP3 and UNC-76/FEZ1 limit the density of mitochondria in C. elegans neurons by maintaining the balance of anterograde and retrograde mitochondrial transport. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8938. [PMID: 29895958 PMCID: PMC5997755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the role of axonal transport in regulating neuronal mitochondrial density. We show that the density of mitochondria in the touch receptor neuron (TRN) of adult Caenorhabditis elegans is constant. Mitochondrial density and transport are controlled both by the Kinesin heavy chain and the Dynein-Dynactin complex. However, unlike in other models, the presence of mitochondria in C. elegans TRNs depends on a Kinesin light chain as well. Mutants in the three C. elegans miro genes do not alter mitochondrial density in the TRNs. Mutants in the Kinesin-1 associated proteins, UNC-16/JIP3 and UNC-76/FEZ1, show increased mitochondrial density and also have elevated levels of both the Kinesin Heavy and Light Chains in neurons. Genetic analyses suggest that, the increased mitochondrial density at the distal end of the neuronal process in unc-16 and unc-76 depends partly on Dynein. We observe a net anterograde bias in the ratio of anterograde to retrograde mitochondrial flux in the neuronal processes of unc-16 and unc-76, likely due to both increased Kinesin-1 and decreased Dynein in the neuronal processes. Our study shows that UNC-16 and UNC-76 indirectly limit mitochondrial density in the neuronal process by maintaining a balance in anterograde and retrograde mitochondrial axonal transport.
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48
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Localized Phosphorylation of a Kinesin-1 Adaptor by a Capsid-Associated Kinase Regulates HIV-1 Motility and Uncoating. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2792-2799. [PMID: 28930676 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microtubule motors mediate intracellular virus transport, the underlying interactions and control mechanisms remain poorly defined. This is particularly true for HIV-1 cores, which undergo complex, interconnected processes of cytosolic transport, reverse transcription, and uncoating of the capsid shell. Although kinesins have been implicated in regulating these events, curiously, there are no direct kinesin-core interactions. We recently showed that the capsid-associated kinesin-1 adaptor protein, fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 (FEZ1), regulates HIV-1 trafficking. Here, we show that FEZ1 and kinesin-1 heavy, but not light, chains regulate not only HIV-1 transport but also uncoating. This required FEZ1 phosphorylation, which controls its interaction with kinesin-1. HIV-1 did not stimulate widespread FEZ1 phosphorylation but, instead, bound microtubule (MT) affinity-regulating kinase 2 (MARK2) to stimulate FEZ1 phosphorylation on viral cores. Our findings reveal that HIV-1 binds a regulatory kinase to locally control kinesin-1 adaptor function on viral cores, thereby regulating both particle motility and uncoating.
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49
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Importin-β Directly Regulates the Motor Activity and Turnover of a Kinesin-4. Dev Cell 2018; 44:642-651.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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50
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Chen X, Ku L, Mei R, Liu G, Xu C, Wen Z, Zhao X, Wang F, Xiao L, Feng Y. Novel schizophrenia risk factor pathways regulate FEZ1 to advance oligodendroglia development. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:1293. [PMID: 29249816 PMCID: PMC5802537 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders, represented by schizophrenia, affect not only neurons but also myelinating oligodendroglia (OL), both contribute to the complex etiology. Although numerous susceptibility genes for schizophrenia have been identified, their function has been primarily studied in neurons. Whether malfunction of risk genes underlies OL defects in schizophrenia pathogenesis remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the function and regulation of the well-recognized schizophrenia risk factor, Fasciculation and Elongation Protein Zeta-1 (FEZ1), in OL. We found that FEZ1 is expressed in oligodendroglia progenitor cells (OPCs) derived from rodent brains and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in culture and in myelinating oligodendrocytes in the brain. In addition, a vigorous upregulation of FEZ1 occurs during OPC differentiation and myelinogenesis, whereas knockdown of FEZ1 significantly attenuates the development of OL process arbors. We further showed that transcription of the Fez1 gene in OL cells is governed by a sophisticated functional interplay between histone acetylation-mediated chromatin modification and transcription factors that are dysregulated in schizophrenia. At the post-transcriptional level, the selective RNA-binding protein QKI, a glia-specific risk factor of schizophrenia, binds FEZ1 mRNA. Moreover, QKI deficiency results in a marked reduction of FEZ1 specifically in OL cells of the quakingviable (qkv) hypomyelination mutant mice. These observations have uncovered novel pathways that involve multifaceted genetic lesions and/or epigenetic dysregulations in schizophrenia, which converge on FEZ1 regulation and cause OL impairment in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Li Ku
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ruyi Mei
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Guanglu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chongchong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry and Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Psychiatry and Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Yue Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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