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Nelson KA, Lenhart KF, Anllo L, DiNardo S. The Drosophila hematopoietic niche assembles through collective cell migration controlled by neighbor tissues and Slit-Robo signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.21.600069. [PMID: 38979182 PMCID: PMC11230208 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.21.600069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Niches are often found in specific positions in tissues relative to the stem cells they support. Consistency of niche position suggests that placement is important for niche function. However, the complexity of most niches has precluded a thorough understanding of how their proper placement is established. To address this, we investigated the formation of a genetically tractable niche, the Drosophila Posterior Signaling Center (PSC), the assembly of which had not been previously explored. This niche controls hematopoietic progenitors of the lymph gland (LG). PSC cells were previously shown to be specified laterally in the embryo, but ultimately reside dorsally, at the LG posterior. Here, using live-imaging, we show that PSC cells migrate as a tight collective and associate with multiple tissues during their trajectory to the LG posterior. We find that Slit emanating from two extrinsic sources, visceral mesoderm and cardioblasts, is required for the PSC to remain a collective, and for its attachment to cardioblasts during migration. Without proper Slit-Robo signaling, PSC cells disperse, form aberrant contacts, and ultimately fail to reach their stereotypical position near progenitors. Our work characterizes a novel example of niche formation and identifies an extrinsic signaling relay that controls precise niche positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara A Nelson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd. Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd. Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Kari F Lenhart
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St. Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Lauren Anllo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd. Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd. Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Stephen DiNardo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd. Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd. Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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Balaghi N, Erdemci-Tandogan G, McFaul C, Fernandez-Gonzalez R. Myosin waves and a mechanical asymmetry guide the oscillatory migration of Drosophila cardiac progenitors. Dev Cell 2023:S1534-5807(23)00238-1. [PMID: 37295436 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heart development begins with the formation of a tube as cardiac progenitors migrate from opposite sides of the embryo. Abnormal cardiac progenitor movements cause congenital heart defects. However, the mechanisms of cell migration during early heart development remain poorly understood. Using quantitative microscopy, we found that in Drosophila embryos, cardiac progenitors (cardioblasts) migrated through a sequence of forward and backward steps. Cardioblast steps were associated with oscillatory non-muscle myosin II waves that induced periodic shape changes and were necessary for timely heart tube formation. Mathematical modeling predicted that forward cardioblast migration required a stiff boundary at the trailing edge. Consistent with this, we found a supracellular actin cable at the trailing edge of the cardioblasts that limited the amplitude of the backward steps, thus biasing the direction of cell movement. Our results indicate that periodic shape changes coupled with a polarized actin cable produce asymmetrical forces that promote cardioblast migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Balaghi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Gonca Erdemci-Tandogan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Christopher McFaul
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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Wang X, Singh P, Zhou L, Sharafeldin N, Landier W, Hageman L, Burridge P, Yasui Y, Sapkota Y, Blanco JG, Oeffinger KC, Hudson MM, Chow EJ, Armenian SH, Neglia JP, Ritchey AK, Hawkins DS, Ginsberg JP, Robison LL, Armstrong GT, Bhatia S. Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies ROBO2 as a Novel Susceptibility Gene for Anthracycline-Related Cardiomyopathy in Childhood Cancer Survivors. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:1758-1769. [PMID: 36508697 PMCID: PMC10043563 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Interindividual variability in the dose-dependent association between anthracyclines and cardiomyopathy suggests a modifying role of genetic susceptibility. Few previous studies have examined gene-anthracycline interactions. We addressed this gap using the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (discovery) and the Children's Oncology Group (COG) study COG-ALTE03N1 (replication). METHODS A genome-wide association study (Illumina HumanOmni5Exome Array) in 1,866 anthracycline-exposed Childhood Cancer Survivor Study participants (126 with heart failure) was used to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with either main or gene-environment interaction effect on anthracycline-related cardiomyopathy that surpassed a prespecified genome-wide threshold for statistical significance. We attempted replication in a matched case-control set of anthracycline-exposed childhood cancer survivors with (n = 105) and without (n = 160) cardiomyopathy from COG-ALTE03N1. RESULTS Two SNPs (rs17736312 [ROBO2]) and rs113230990 (near a CCCTC-binding factor insulator [< 750 base pair]) passed the significance cutoff for gene-anthracycline dose interaction in discovery. SNP rs17736312 was successfully replicated. Compared with the GG/AG genotypes on rs17736312 and anthracyclines ≤ 250 mg/m2, the AA genotype and anthracyclines > 250 mg/m2 conferred a 2.2-fold (95% CI, 1.2 to 4.0) higher risk of heart failure in discovery and an 8.2-fold (95% CI, 2.0 to 34.4) higher risk in replication. ROBO2 encodes transmembrane Robo receptors that bind Slit ligands (SLIT). Slit-Robo signaling pathway promotes cardiac fibrosis by interfering with the transforming growth factor-β1/small mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad) pathway, resulting in disordered remodeling of the extracellular matrix and potentiating heart failure. We found significant gene-level associations with heart failure: main effect (TGF-β1, P = .007); gene*anthracycline interaction (ROBO2*anthracycline, P = .0003); and gene*gene*anthracycline interaction (SLIT2*TGF-β1*anthracycline, P = .009). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that high-dose anthracyclines combined with genetic variants involved in the profibrotic Slit-Robo signaling pathway promote cardiac fibrosis via the transforming growth factor-β1/Smad pathway, providing credence to the biologic plausibility of the association between SNP rs17736312 (ROBO2) and anthracycline-related cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liting Zhou
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | | | | | | | - Yutaka Yasui
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric J. Chow
- Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - A. Kim Ritchey
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Douglas S. Hawkins
- Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | - Smita Bhatia
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Jaouadi H, Jopling C, Bajolle F, Théron A, Faucherre A, Gerard H, Al Dybiat S, Ovaert C, Bonnet D, Avierinos JF, Zaffran S. Expanding the phenome and variome of the ROBO-SLIT pathway in congenital heart defects: toward improving the genetic testing yield of CHD. J Transl Med 2023; 21:160. [PMID: 36855159 PMCID: PMC9976407 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03994-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown the implication of the ROBO-SLIT pathway in heart development. Within this study, we aimed to further assess the implication of the ROBO and SLIT genes mainly in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and other human congenital heart defects (CHD). METHODS We have analyzed a cohort of singleton exome sequencing data comprising 40 adult BAV patients, 20 pediatric BAV patients generated by the Pediatric Cardiac Genomics Consortium, 10 pediatric cases with tetralogy of Fallot (ToF), and one case with coarctation of the aorta. A gene-centered analysis of data was performed. To further advance the interpretation of the variants, we intended to combine more than 5 prediction tools comprising the assessment of protein structure and stability. RESULTS A total of 24 variants were identified. Only 4 adult BAV patients (10%) had missense variants in the ROBO and SLIT genes. In contrast, 19 pediatric cases carried variants in ROBO or SLIT genes (61%). Three BAV patients with a severe phenotype were digenic. Segregation analysis was possible for two BAV patients. For the homozygous ROBO4: p.(Arg776Cys) variant, family segregation was consistent with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. The ROBO4: c.3001 + 3G > A variant segregates with the affected family members. Interestingly, these variants were also found in two unrelated patients with ToF highlighting that the same variant in the ROBO4 gene may underlie different cardiac phenotypes affecting the outflow tract development. CONCLUSION Our results further reinforce the implication of the ROBO4 gene not only in BAV but also in ToF hence the importance of its inclusion in clinical genetic testing. The remaining ROBO and SLIT genes may be screened in patients with negative or inconclusive genetic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hager Jaouadi
- Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG) U1251, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Chris Jopling
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, LabEx ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Fanny Bajolle
- Service de Cardiologie Congénitale Et Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence Malformations Cardiaques Congénitales Complexes - M3C, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP and Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Théron
- Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG) U1251, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, 13005, Marseille, France
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, La Timone Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Adèle Faucherre
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, LabEx ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Hilla Gerard
- Department of Cardiology, La Timone Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Sarab Al Dybiat
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Timone Enfant Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Ovaert
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Timone Enfant Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Damien Bonnet
- Service de Cardiologie Congénitale Et Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence Malformations Cardiaques Congénitales Complexes - M3C, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP and Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Avierinos
- Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG) U1251, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, 13005, Marseille, France
- Department of Cardiology, La Timone Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Zaffran
- Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG) U1251, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, 13005, Marseille, France.
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Mahabaleshwar H, Asharani PV, Loo TY, Koh SY, Pitman MR, Kwok S, Ma J, Hu B, Lin F, Li Lok X, Pitson SM, Saunders TE, Carney TJ. Slit‐Robo signalling establishes a Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate gradient to polarise fin mesenchyme. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54464. [DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Mahabaleshwar
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - PV Asharani
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore City Singapore
| | - Tricia Yi Loo
- Mechanobiology Institute National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
| | - Shze Yung Koh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Melissa R Pitman
- Centre for Cancer Biology University of South Australia, and SA Pathology North Tce Adelaide SA Australia
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Samuel Kwok
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Jiajia Ma
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology Carver College of Medicine The University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA
| | - Fang Lin
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology Carver College of Medicine The University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA
| | - Xue Li Lok
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore City Singapore
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology University of South Australia, and SA Pathology North Tce Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Timothy E Saunders
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore City Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
- Warwick Medical School University of Warwick Coventry UK
| | - Tom J Carney
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore City Singapore
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Guzmán-Palma P, Contreras EG, Mora N, Smith M, González-Ramírez MC, Campusano JM, Sierralta J, Hassan BA, Oliva C. Slit/Robo Signaling Regulates Multiple Stages of the Development of the Drosophila Motion Detection System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:612645. [PMID: 33968921 PMCID: PMC8097104 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.612645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is achieved through a sequence of steps that include specification and differentiation of progenitors into mature neurons. Frequently, precursors migrate to distinct positions before terminal differentiation. The Slit-Robo pathway, formed by the secreted ligand Slit and its membrane bound receptor Robo, was first discovered as a regulator of axonal growth. However, today, it is accepted that this pathway can regulate different cellular processes even outside the nervous system. Since most of the studies performed in the nervous system have been focused on axonal and dendritic growth, it is less clear how versatile is this signaling pathway in the developing nervous system. Here we describe the participation of the Slit-Robo pathway in the development of motion sensitive neurons of the Drosophila visual system. We show that Slit and Robo receptors are expressed in different stages during the neurogenesis of motion sensitive neurons. Furthermore, we find that Slit and Robo regulate multiple aspects of their development including neuronal precursor migration, cell segregation between neural stem cells and daughter cells and formation of their connectivity pattern. Specifically, loss of function of slit or robo receptors in differentiated motion sensitive neurons impairs dendritic targeting, while knocking down robo receptors in migratory progenitors or neural stem cells leads to structural defects in the adult optic lobe neuropil, caused by migration and cell segregation defects during larval development. Thus, our work reveals the co-option of the Slit-Robo signaling pathway in distinct developmental stages of a neural lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Guzmán-Palma
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban G Contreras
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Mora
- Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Macarena Smith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Constanza González-Ramírez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge M Campusano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimena Sierralta
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bassem A Hassan
- Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Oliva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Slit2 is necessary for optic axon organization in the zebrafish ventral midline. Cells Dev 2021; 166:203677. [PMID: 33994352 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Slit-Robo signaling has been implicated in regulating several steps of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance, with a central role assigned to Slit2. We report here the phenotypical characterization of a CRISPR-Cas9-generated zebrafish null mutant for this gene, along with a detailed analysis of its expression pattern by WM-FISH. All evident defects in the optic axons in slit2-/- mutants were detected outside the retina, coincident with the major sites of expression at the ventral forebrain, around the developing optic nerve and anterior to the optic chiasm/proximal tract. Anterograde axon tracing experiments in zygotic and maternal-zygotic mutants, as well as morphants, showed the occurrence of axon sorting defects, which appeared mild at the optic nerve level, but more severe in the optic chiasm and the proximal tract. A remarkable sorting defect was the usual splitting of one of the optic nerves in two branches that surrounded the contralateral nerve at the chiasm. Although all axons eventually crossed the midline, the retinotopic order appeared lost at the proximal optic tract, to eventually correct distally. Time-lapse analysis demonstrated the sporadic occurrence of axon misrouting at the chiasm level, which could be responsible for the sorting errors. Our results support previous evidence of a channeling role for Slit molecules in retinal ganglion cell axons at the optic nerve, in addition to a function in the segregation of axons coming from each nerve and from different retinal regions at the medio-ventral area of the forebrain.
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8
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King TR, Kramer J, Cheng YS, Swope D, Kramer SG. Enabled/VASP is required to mediate proper sealing of opposing cardioblasts during Drosophila dorsal vessel formation. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1173-1190. [PMID: 33587326 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Drosophila dorsal vessel (DV) is comprised of two opposing rows of cardioblasts (CBs) that migrate toward the dorsal midline during development. While approaching the midline, CBs change shape, enabling dorsal and ventral attachments with their contralateral partners to create a linear tube with a central lumen. We previously demonstrated DV closure occurs via a "buttoning" mechanism where specific CBs advance ahead of their lateral neighbors, and attach creating transient holes, which eventually seal. RESULTS Here, we investigate the role of the actin-regulatory protein enabled (Ena) in DV closure. Loss of Ena results in DV cell shape and alignment defects. Live analysis of DV formation in ena mutants shows a reduction in CB leading edge protrusion length and gaps in the DV between contralateral CB pairs. These gaps occur primarily between a specific genetic subtype of CBs, which express the transcription factor seven-up (Svp) and form the ostia inflow tracts of the heart. In WT embryos these gaps between Svp+ CBs are observed transiently during the final stages of DV closure. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Ena modulates the actin cytoskeleton in order to facilitate the complete sealing of the DV during the final stages of cardiac tube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R King
- Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph Kramer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yi-Shan Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - David Swope
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sunita G Kramer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Jammrath J, Reim I, Saumweber H. Cbl-Associated Protein CAP contributes to correct formation and robust function of the Drosophila heart tube. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233719. [PMID: 32469960 PMCID: PMC7259718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of a tube-like structure is a basic step in the making of functional hearts in vertebrates and invertebrates and therefore, its understanding provides important information on heart development and function. In Drosophila, the cardiac tube originates from two bilateral rows of dorsally migrating cells. On meeting at the dorsal midline, coordinated changes in cell shape and adhesive properties transform the two sheets of cells into a linear tube. ECM and transmembrane proteins linked to the cytoskeleton play an important role during these dynamic processes. Here we characterize the requirement of Cbl-Associated Protein (CAP) in Drosophila heart formation. In embryos, CAP is expressed in late migrating cardioblasts and is located preferentially at their luminal and abluminal periphery. CAP mutations result in irregular cardioblast alignment and imprecisely controlled cardioblast numbers. Furthermore, CAP mutant embryos show a strongly reduced heart lumen and an aberrant shape of lumen forming cardioblasts. Analysis of double heterozygous animals reveals a genetic interaction of CAP with Integrin- and Talin-encoding genes. In post-embryonic stages, CAP closely colocalizes with Integrin near Z-bands and at cell-cell contact sites. CAP mutants exhibit a reduced contractility in larval hearts and show a locally disrupted morphology, which correlates with a reduced pumping efficiency. Our observations imply a function of CAP in linking Integrin signaling with the actin cytoskeleton. As a modulator of the cytoskeleton, CAP is involved in the establishment of proper cell shapes during cardioblast alignment and cardiac lumen formation in the Drosophila embryo. Furthermore, CAP is required for correct heart function throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Jammrath
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Cytogenetics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingolf Reim
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Saumweber
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Cytogenetics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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10
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Loganathan R, Little CD, Rongish BJ. Extracellular matrix dynamics in tubulogenesis. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109619. [PMID: 32247774 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Biological tubes form in a variety of shapes and sizes. Tubular topology of cells and tissues is a widely recognizable histological feature of multicellular life. Fluid secretion, storage, transport, absorption, exchange, and elimination-processes central to metazoans-hinge on the exquisite tubular architectures of cells, tissues, and organs. In general, the apparent structural and functional complexity of tubular tissues and organs parallels the architectural and biophysical properties of their constitution, i.e., cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, cellular and ECM dynamics determine the developmental trajectory, topological characteristics, and functional efficacy of biological tubes. In this review of tubulogenesis, we highlight the multifarious roles of ECM dynamics-the less recognized and poorly understood morphogenetic counterpart of cellular dynamics. The ECM is a dynamic, tripartite composite spanning the luminal, abluminal, and interstitial space within the tubulogenic realm. The critical role of ECM dynamics in the determination of shape, size, and function of tubes is evinced by developmental studies across multiple levels-from morphological through molecular-in model tubular organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles D Little
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Brenda J Rongish
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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11
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Beamish IV, Hinck L, Kennedy TE. Making Connections: Guidance Cues and Receptors at Nonneural Cell-Cell Junctions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029165. [PMID: 28847900 PMCID: PMC6211390 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of axon guidance was revolutionized over the past three decades by the identification of highly conserved families of guidance cues and receptors. These proteins are essential for normal neural development and function, directing cell and axon migration, neuron-glial interactions, and synapse formation and plasticity. Many of these genes are also expressed outside the nervous system in which they influence cell migration, adhesion and proliferation. Because the nervous system develops from neural epithelium, it is perhaps not surprising that these guidance cues have significant nonneural roles in governing the specialized junctional connections between cells in polarized epithelia. The following review addresses roles for ephrins, semaphorins, netrins, slits and their receptors in regulating adherens, tight, and gap junctions in nonneural epithelia and endothelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian V Beamish
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Lindsay Hinck
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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12
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Dou C, Wang H, Zhou G, Zhu H, Wen H, Xu S. Slit3 regulates migration of endothelial progenitor cells by activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:3398-3404. [PMID: 31949717 PMCID: PMC6962882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nerves and blood vessels are in close proximity, indicating possible biomolecular interactions. Slit/Robo signaling pathways play critical roles in cell proliferation and motility. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) participate in angiogenesis and vascular homeostasis. EPC migration induced by Slit3 has not been fully characterized. Thus, the expression of Slit and Robo in EPCs was examined, and the chemotactic functions of Slit3 and the Slit/Robo signaling pathway regulatory mechanisms were explored. We observed that EPCs express mainly the Robo4 receptor, and its ligand Slit3 plays roles in regulation of EPCs migration through activating the RhoA/Rho related kinases. Regulation of Slit3/-Robo4 signaling in EPCs may provide a new therapeutic target for ischemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjiang Dou
- Medical College, Northwest University for NationalitiesLanzhou, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhou, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Gansu Provincial HospitalLanzhou, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Gansu Provincial HospitalLanzhou, China
| | - Huazhi Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Gansu Provincial HospitalLanzhou, China
| | - Shengkai Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Gansu Provincial HospitalLanzhou, China
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13
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Jewett CE, Prekeris R. Insane in the apical membrane: Trafficking events mediating apicobasal epithelial polarity during tube morphogenesis. Traffic 2018; 19:10.1111/tra.12579. [PMID: 29766620 PMCID: PMC6239989 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The creation of cellular tubes is one of the most vital developmental processes, resulting in the formation of most organ types. Cells have co-opted a number of different mechanisms for tube morphogenesis that vary among tissues and organisms; however, generation and maintenance of cell polarity is fundamental for successful lumenogenesis. Polarized membrane transport has emerged as a key driver not only for establishing individual epithelial cell polarity, but also for coordination of epithelial polarization during apical lumen formation and tissue morphogenesis. In recent years, much work has been dedicated to identifying membrane trafficking regulators required for lumenogenesis. In this review we will summarize the findings from the past couple of decades in defining the molecular machinery governing lumenogenesis both in 3D tissue culture models and during organ development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayla E. Jewett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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14
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Zhao J, Mommersteeg MTM. Slit-Robo signalling in heart development. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 114:794-804. [PMID: 29538649 PMCID: PMC5909645 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Slit ligands and their Robo receptors are well-known for their roles during axon guidance in the central nervous system but are still relatively unknown in the cardiac field. However, data from different animal models suggest a broad involvement of the pathway in many aspects of heart development, from cardiac cell migration and alignment, lumen formation, chamber formation, to the formation of the ventricular septum, semilunar and atrioventricular valves, caval veins, and pericardium. Absence of one or more of the genes in the pathway results in defects ranging from bicuspid aortic valves to ventricular septal defects and abnormal venous connections to the heart. Congenital heart defects are the most common congenital malformations found in life new-born babies and progress in methods for large scale human genetic testing has significantly enhanced the identification of new causative genes involved in human congenital heart disease. Recently, loss of function variants in ROBO1 have also been linked to ventricular septal defects and tetralogy of Fallot in patients. Here, we will give an overview of the role of the Slit-Robo signalling pathway in Drosophila, zebrafish, and mouse heart development. The extent of these data warrant further attention on the SLIT-ROBO signalling pathway as a candidate for an array of human congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Zhao
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Mathilda T M Mommersteeg
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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15
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Kruszka P, Tanpaiboon P, Neas K, Crosby K, Berger SI, Martinez AF, Addissie YA, Pongprot Y, Sittiwangkul R, Silvilairat S, Makonkawkeyoon K, Yu L, Wynn J, Bennett JT, Mefford HC, Reynolds WT, Liu X, Mommersteeg MTM, Chung WK, Lo CW, Muenke M. Loss of function in ROBO1 is associated with tetralogy of Fallot and septal defects. J Med Genet 2017; 54:825-829. [PMID: 28592524 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a common birth defect affecting approximately 1% of newborns. Great progress has been made in elucidating the genetic aetiology of CHD with advances in genomic technology, which we leveraged in recovering a new pathway affecting heart development in humans previously known to affect heart development in an animal model. METHODS Four hundred and sixteen individuals from Thailand and the USA diagnosed with CHD and/or congenital diaphragmatic hernia were evaluated with chromosomal microarray and whole exome sequencing. The DECIPHER Consortium and medical literature were searched for additional patients. Murine hearts from ENU-induced mouse mutants and transgenic mice were evaluated using both episcopic confocal histopathology and troponin I stained sections. RESULTS Loss of function ROBO1 variants were identified in three families; each proband had a ventricular septal defect, and one proband had tetralogy of Fallot. Additionally, a microdeletion in an individual with CHD was found in the medical literature. Mouse models showed perturbation of the Slit-Robo signalling pathway, causing septation and outflow tract defects and craniofacial anomalies. Two probands had variable facial features consistent with the mouse model. CONCLUSION Our findings identify Slit-Robo as a significant pathway in human heart development and CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pranoot Tanpaiboon
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katherine Neas
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand (Central Hub), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kathleen Crosby
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Seth I Berger
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ariel F Martinez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yonit A Addissie
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yupada Pongprot
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Chiangmai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Rekwan Sittiwangkul
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Chiangmai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Suchaya Silvilairat
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Chiangmai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Krit Makonkawkeyoon
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Chiangmai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julia Wynn
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - James T Bennett
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William T Reynolds
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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16
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Ahmad SM. Conserved signaling mechanisms in Drosophila heart development. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:641-656. [PMID: 28598558 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction through multiple distinct pathways regulates and orchestrates the numerous biological processes comprising heart development. This review outlines the roles of the FGFR, EGFR, Wnt, BMP, Notch, Hedgehog, Slit/Robo, and other signaling pathways during four sequential phases of Drosophila cardiogenesis-mesoderm migration, cardiac mesoderm establishment, differentiation of the cardiac mesoderm into distinct cardiac cell types, and morphogenesis of the heart and its lumen based on the proper positioning and cell shape changes of these differentiated cardiac cells-and illustrates how these same cardiogenic roles are conserved in vertebrates. Mechanisms bringing about the regulation and combinatorial integration of these diverse signaling pathways in Drosophila are also described. This synopsis of our present state of knowledge of conserved signaling pathways in Drosophila cardiogenesis and the means by which it was acquired should facilitate our understanding of and investigations into related processes in vertebrates. Developmental Dynamics 246:641-656, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaad M Ahmad
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana.,The Center for Genomic Advocacy, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana
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17
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Vaughen J, Igaki T. Slit-Robo Repulsive Signaling Extrudes Tumorigenic Cells from Epithelia. Dev Cell 2017; 39:683-695. [PMID: 27997825 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells dynamically interact throughout animal development to coordinate growth and deter disease. For example, cell-cell competition weeds out aberrant cells to enforce homeostasis. In Drosophila, tumorigenic cells mutant for the cell polarity gene scribble (scrib) are actively eliminated from epithelia when surrounded by wild-type cells. While scrib cell elimination depends critically on JNK signaling, JNK-dependent cell death cannot sufficiently explain scrib cell extirpation. Thus, how JNK executed cell elimination remained elusive. Here, we show that repulsive Slit-Robo2-Ena signaling exerts an extrusive force downstream of JNK to eliminate scrib cells from epithelia by disrupting E-cadherin. While loss of Slit-Robo2-Ena in scrib cells potentiates scrib tumor formation within the epithelium, Robo2-Ena hyperactivation surprisingly triggers luminal scrib tumor growth following excess extrusion. This extrusive signaling is amplified by a positive feedback loop between Slit-Robo2-Ena and JNK. Our observations provide a potential causal mechanism for Slit-Robo dysregulation in numerous human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Vaughen
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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18
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Dissecting the Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Heart Disease: Lessons from the Drosophila Genetic Model. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4020024. [PMID: 29056683 PMCID: PMC5606597 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic scaffold within organs and tissues that enables cell morphogenesis and provides structural support. Changes in the composition and organisation of the cardiac ECM are required for normal development. Congenital and age-related cardiac diseases can arise from mis-regulation of structural ECM proteins (Collagen, Laminin) or their receptors (Integrin). Key regulators of ECM turnover include matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs). MMP expression is increased in mice, pigs, and dogs with cardiomyopathy. The complexity and longevity of vertebrate animals makes a short-lived, genetically tractable model organism, such as Drosophila melanogaster, an attractive candidate for study. We survey ECM macromolecules and their role in heart development and growth, which are conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates, with focus upon the consequences of altered expression or distribution. The Drosophila heart resembles that of vertebrates during early development, and is amenable to in vivo analysis. Experimental manipulation of gene function in a tissue- or temporally-regulated manner can reveal the function of adhesion or ECM genes in the heart. Perturbation of the function of ECM proteins, or of the MMPs that facilitate ECM remodelling, induces cardiomyopathies in Drosophila, including cardiodilation, arrhythmia, and cardia bifida, that provide mechanistic insight into cardiac disease in mammals.
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19
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McFaul CMJ, Fernandez-Gonzalez R. Shape of my heart: Cell-cell adhesion and cytoskeletal dynamics during Drosophila cardiac morphogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2017; 358:65-70. [PMID: 28389210 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has recently emerged as an excellent system to investigate the genetics of cardiovascular development and disease. Drosophila provides an inexpensive and genetically-tractable in vivo system with a large number of conserved features. In addition, the Drosophila embryo is transparent, and thus amenable to time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, as well as biophysical and pharmacological manipulations. One of the conserved aspects of heart development from Drosophila to humans is the initial assembly of a tube. Here, we review the cellular behaviours and molecular dynamics important for the initial steps of heart morphogenesis in Drosophila, with particular emphasis on the cell-cell adhesion and cytoskeletal networks that cardiac precursors use to move, coordinate their migration, interact with other tissues and eventually sculpt a beating heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M J McFaul
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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20
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Wu MF, Liao CY, Wang LY, Chang JT. The role of Slit-Robo signaling in the regulation of tissue barriers. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1331155. [PMID: 28598714 PMCID: PMC5501134 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1331155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Slit/Robo signaling has extended from initial axon repulsion in the developing nervous system to organ morphogenesis, cancer development and angiogenesis. Slit/Robo signaling regulates similar pathways within these processes. Slit/Robo ensures the homeostasis of the dynamic interaction between cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The dysregulation of Slit/Robo signaling damages the tissue barrier, resulting in developmental abnormalities or disease. Here, we summarize how Slit/Robo controls kidney morphogenesis and describe the dual roles of Slit/Robo signaling in the regulation of tumorigenesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fang Wu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Divisions of Medical Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Chen-Yi Liao
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Ling-Yi Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Jinghua Tsai Chang
- Divisions of Medical Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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21
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Raza QS, Vanderploeg JL, Jacobs JR. Matrix Metalloproteinases are required for membrane motility and lumenogenesis during Drosophila heart development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171905. [PMID: 28192468 PMCID: PMC5305246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix Metalloproteinases (Mmps) degrade glycoproteins and proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix (ECM) or cell surface and are crucial for morphogenesis. Mmps and their inhibitors are expressed during early stages of cardiac development in vertebrates and expression is altered in multiple congenital cardiomyopathies such as cardia bifida. Drosophila genome encodes two copies of Mmps, Mmp1 and Mmp2 whereas in humans up to 25 Mmps have been identified with overlapping functions. We investigated the role of Mmps during embryonic heart development in Drosophila, a process which is morphogenetically similar to early heart tube formation in vertebrates. We demonstrate that the two Mmps in Drosophila have distinct and overlapping roles in cell motility, cell adhesion and cardiac lumenogenesis. We determined that Mmp1 and Mmp2 promote Leading Edge membrane dynamics of cardioblasts during collective migration. Mmp2 is essential for cardiac lumen formation, and mutants generate a cardia bifida phenotype. Mmp1 is required for luminal expansion. Mmp1 and Mmp2 both localise to the basal domains of cardiac cells, however, occupy non-overlapping domains apically. Mmp1 and Mmp2 regulate the proteoglycan composition and size of the apical and basal ECM, yet only Mmp2 is required to restrict ECM assembly to the lumen. Mmp1 negatively regulates the size of the adhesive Cadherin cell surface domain, whereas in a complementary fashion, Mmp2 negatively regulates the size of the Integrin-ECM domain and thereby prescribes the domain to establish and restrict Slit morphogen signalling. Inhibition of Mmp activity through ectopic expression of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase in the ectoderm blocks lumen formation. Therefore, Mmp expression and function identifies ECM differentiation and remodelling as a key element for cell polarisation and organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qanber S. Raza
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - J. Roger Jacobs
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Sedzinski J, Hannezo E, Tu F, Biro M, Wallingford JB. RhoA regulates actin network dynamics during apical surface emergence in multiciliated epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:420-428. [PMID: 28089989 PMCID: PMC5278671 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic replacement of epithelial cells from basal precursors is a multistep process involving progenitor cell specification, radial intercalation and, finally, apical surface emergence. Recent data demonstrate that actin-based pushing under the control of the formin protein Fmn1 drives apical emergence in nascent multiciliated epithelial cells (MCCs), but little else is known about this actin network or the control of Fmn1. Here, we explore the role of the small GTPase RhoA in MCC apical emergence. Disruption of RhoA function reduced the rate of apical surface expansion and decreased the final size of the apical domain. Analysis of cell shapes suggests that RhoA alters the balance of forces exerted on the MCC apical surface. Finally, quantitative time-lapse imaging and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching studies argue that RhoA works in concert with Fmn1 to control assembly of the specialized apical actin network in MCCs. These data provide new molecular insights into epithelial apical surface assembly and could also shed light on mechanisms of apical lumen formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sedzinski
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, J.J. Thomson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Fan Tu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Maté Biro
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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23
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Marciano DK. A holey pursuit: lumen formation in the developing kidney. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:7-20. [PMID: 26902755 PMCID: PMC5495142 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of polarized epithelial tubules is a hallmark of kidney development. One of the fundamental principles in tubulogenesis is that epithelia coordinate the polarity of individual cells with the surrounding cells and matrix. A central feature in this process is the segregation of membranes into spatially and functionally distinct apical and basolateral domains, and the generation of a luminal space at the apical surface. This review examines our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the establishment of apical-basal polarity and lumen formation in developing renal epithelia, including the roles of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and polarity complexes. We highlight growing evidence from animal models, and correlate these findings with models of tubulogenesis from other organ systems, and from in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise K. Marciano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. H5.102, Dallas, TX 75390-8856
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24
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Raza Q, Jacobs JR. Guidance signalling regulates leading edge behaviour during collective cell migration of cardiac cells in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2016; 419:285-297. [PMID: 27618756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is the coordinated movement of cells, which organize tissues during morphogenesis, repair and some cancers. The motile cell membrane of the advancing front in collective cell migration is termed the Leading Edge. The embryonic development of the vertebrate and Drosophila hearts are both characterized by the coordinated medial migration of a bilateral cluster of mesodermal cells. In Drosophila, the cardioblasts form cohesive bilateral rows that migrate collectively as a unit towards the dorsal midline to form the dorsal vessel. We have characterized the collective cell migration of cardioblasts as an in vivo quantitative model to study the behaviour of the Leading Edge. We investigated whether guidance signalling through Slit and Netrin pathways plays a role in cell migration during heart development. Through time-lapse imaging and quantitative assessment of migratory behaviour of the cardioblasts in loss-of-function mutants, we demonstrate that both Slit and Netrin mediated signals are autonomously and concomitantly required to maximize migration velocity, filopodial and lamellipodial activities. Additionally, we show that another Slit and Netrin receptor, Dscam1, the role of which during heart development was previously unknown, is required for both normal migration of cardioblasts and luminal expansion. Leading edge behaviour analysis revealed a dosage dependent genetic interaction between Slit and Netrin receptors suggesting that downstream signalling through these receptors converge on a common output that increases leading edge activity of the cardioblasts. Finally, we found that guidance signalling maintains the balance between epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics of the migrating cardioblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qanber Raza
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - J Roger Jacobs
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8.
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25
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Morin-Poulard I, Sharma A, Louradour I, Vanzo N, Vincent A, Crozatier M. Vascular control of the Drosophila haematopoietic microenvironment by Slit/Robo signalling. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11634. [PMID: 27193394 PMCID: PMC4874035 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-renewal and differentiation of mammalian haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are controlled by a specialized microenvironment called 'the niche'. In the bone marrow, HSCs receive signals from both the endosteal and vascular niches. The posterior signalling centre (PSC) of the larval Drosophila haematopoietic organ, the lymph gland, regulates blood cell differentiation under normal conditions and also plays a key role in controlling haematopoiesis under immune challenge. Here we report that the Drosophila vascular system also contributes to the lymph gland homoeostasis. Vascular cells produce Slit that activates Robo receptors in the PSC. Robo activation controls proliferation and clustering of PSC cells by regulating Myc, and small GTPase and DE-cadherin activity, respectively. These findings reveal that signals from the vascular system contribute to regulating the rate of blood cell differentiation via the regulation of PSC morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaël Morin-Poulard
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Fédération de Recherche de Biologie de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Fédération de Recherche de Biologie de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Isabelle Louradour
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Fédération de Recherche de Biologie de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Nathalie Vanzo
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Fédération de Recherche de Biologie de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Alain Vincent
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Fédération de Recherche de Biologie de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Michèle Crozatier
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Fédération de Recherche de Biologie de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
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On the Morphology of the Drosophila Heart. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3:jcdd3020015. [PMID: 29367564 PMCID: PMC5715677 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulatory system of Drosophilamelanogaster represents an easily amenable genetic model whose analysis at different levels, i.e., from single molecules up to functional anatomy, has provided new insights into general aspects of cardiogenesis, heart physiology and cardiac aging, to name a few examples. In recent years, the Drosophila heart has also attracted the attention of researchers in the field of biomedicine. This development is mainly due to the fact that several genes causing human heart disease are also present in Drosophila, where they play the same or similar roles in heart development, maintenance or physiology as their respective counterparts in humans. This review will attempt to briefly introduce the anatomy of the Drosophila circulatory system and then focus on the different cell types and non-cellular tissue that constitute the heart.
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27
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Asadzadeh J, Neligan N, Kramer SG, Labrador JP. Tinman Regulates NetrinB in the Cardioblasts of the Drosophila Dorsal Vessel. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148526. [PMID: 26840059 PMCID: PMC4740434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of the Drosophila dorsal vessel (DV) shares similarities with that of the vertebrate heart. Precursors line up at both sides of the embryo, migrate towards the midline and fuse to form a tubular structure. Guidance receptors and their ligands have been implicated in this process in vertebrates and invertebrates, as have been a series of evolutionarily conserved cardiogenic transcriptional regulators including Tinman, the Drosophila homolog of the transcription factor Nkx-2.5. NetrinB (NetB), a repulsive ligand for the Unc-5 receptor is required to preserve the dorsal vessel hollow. It localizes to the luminal space of the dorsal vessel but its source and its regulation is unknown. Here, using genetics together with in situ hybridization with single cell resolution, we show how tin is required for NetrinB expression in cardioblasts during DV tubulogenesis and sufficient to promote NetB transcription ectopically. We further identify a dorsal vessel-specific NetB enhancer and show that it is also regulated by tin in a similar fashion to NetB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Asadzadeh
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Neligan
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sunita G. Kramer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Juan-Pablo Labrador
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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28
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Asadzadeh J, Neligan N, Canabal-Alvear JJ, Daly AC, Kramer SG, Labrador JP. The Unc-5 Receptor Is Directly Regulated by Tinman in the Developing Drosophila Dorsal Vessel. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137688. [PMID: 26356221 PMCID: PMC4565662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During early heart morphogenesis cardiac cells migrate in two bilateral opposing rows, meet at the dorsal midline and fuse to form a hollow tube known as the primary heart field in vertebrates or dorsal vessel (DV) in Drosophila. Guidance receptors are thought to mediate this evolutionarily conserved process. A core of transcription factors from the NK2, GATA and T-box families are also believed to orchestrate this process in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Nevertheless, whether they accomplish their function, at least in part, through direct or indirect transcriptional regulation of guidance receptors is currently unknown. In our work, we demonstrate how Tinman (Tin), the Drosophila homolog of the Nkx-2.5 transcription factor, regulates the Unc-5 receptor during DV tube morphogenesis. We use genetics, expression analysis with single cell mRNA resolution and enhancer-reporter assays in vitro or in vivo to demonstrate that Tin is required for Unc-5 receptor expression specifically in cardioblasts. We show that Tin can bind to evolutionary conserved sites within an Unc-5 DV enhancer and that these sites are required for Tin-dependent transactivation both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Asadzadeh
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Neligan
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Judith J. Canabal-Alvear
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Amanda C. Daly
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sunita Gupta Kramer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Juan-Pablo Labrador
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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29
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Talin is required to position and expand the luminal domain of the Drosophila heart tube. Dev Biol 2015; 405:189-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Fine-Tuning of the Actin Cytoskeleton and Cell Adhesion During Drosophila Development by the Unconventional Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors Myoblast City and Sponge. Genetics 2015; 200:551-67. [PMID: 25908317 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.177063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Dock proteins function as unconventional guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Upon binding to engulfment and cell motility (ELMO) proteins, Dock-ELMO complexes activate the Rho family of small GTPases to mediate a diverse array of biological processes, including cell motility, apoptotic cell clearance, and axon guidance. Overlapping expression patterns and functional redundancy among the 11 vertebrate Dock family members, which are subdivided into four families (Dock A, B, C, and D), complicate genetic analysis. In both vertebrate and invertebrate systems, the actin dynamics regulator, Rac, is the target GTPase of the Dock-A subfamily. However, it remains unclear whether Rac or Rap1 are the in vivo downstream GTPases of the Dock-B subfamily. Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent genetic model organism for understanding Dock protein function as its genome encodes one ortholog per subfamily: Myoblast city (Mbc; Dock A) and Sponge (Spg; Dock B). Here we show that the roles of Spg and Mbc are not redundant in the Drosophila somatic muscle or the dorsal vessel. Moreover, we confirm the in vivo role of Mbc upstream of Rac and provide evidence that Spg functions in concert with Rap1, possibly to regulate aspects of cell adhesion. Together these data show that Mbc and Spg can have different downstream GTPase targets. Our findings predict that the ability to regulate downstream GTPases is dependent on cellular context and allows for the fine-tuning of actin cytoskeletal or cell adhesion events in biological processes that undergo cell morphogenesis.
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31
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Mommersteeg MTM, Yeh ML, Parnavelas JG, Andrews WD. Disrupted Slit-Robo signalling results in membranous ventricular septum defects and bicuspid aortic valves. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:55-66. [PMID: 25691540 PMCID: PMC4362403 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The mesenchymal cushions lining the early embryonic heart undergo complex remodelling to form the membranous ventricular septum as well as the atrioventricular and semilunar valves in later life. Disruption of this process underlies the most common congenital heart defects. Here, we identified a novel role for Slit-Robo signalling in the development of the murine membranous ventricular septum and cardiac valves. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of Robo1 and Robo2 receptors and their ligands, Slit2 and Slit3, was present in or adjacent to all cardiac cushions/valves. Loss of Robo1 or both Robo1 and Robo2 resulted in membranous ventricular septum defects at birth, a defect also found in Slit3, but not in Slit2 mutants. Additionally, Robo1;Robo2 double mutants showed thickened immature semilunar and atrioventricular valves as well as highly penetrant bicuspid aortic valves. Slit2 mutants recapitulated the semilunar phenotype, whereas Slit3 mutants displayed thickened atrioventricular valves. Bicuspid aortic cushions were already observed at E12.5 in the Robo1;Robo2 double mutants. Expression of Notch- and downstream Hey and Hes genes was down-regulated in Robo1 mutants, suggesting that reduced Notch signalling in mice lacking Robo might underlie the defects. Luciferase assays confirmed regulation of Notch signalling by Robo. CONCLUSION Cardiac defects in mutants for Robo or Slit range from membranous ventricular septum defects to bicuspid aortic valves. These ligands and receptors have unique functions during development of specific cardiac cushion derivatives, and the Slit-Robo signalling pathway likely enforces its role by regulating Notch signalling, making these mutants a valuable new model to study cardiac valve formation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aortic Valve/abnormalities
- Aortic Valve/physiopathology
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/physiology
- Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/physiopathology
- Heart Valve Diseases/genetics
- Heart Valve Diseases/physiopathology
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Notch/genetics
- Receptors, Notch/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transcription Factor HES-1
- Ventricular Septum/pathology
- Roundabout Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilda T M Mommersteeg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK
| | - Mason L Yeh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK
| | - John G Parnavelas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK
| | - William D Andrews
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK
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Abstract
Many of the major discoveries in the fields of genetics and developmental biology have been made using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. With regard to heart development, the conserved network of core cardiac transcription factors that underlies cardiogenesis has been studied in great detail in the fly, and the importance of several signaling pathways that regulate heart morphogenesis, such as Slit/Robo, was first shown in the fly model. Recent technological advances have led to a large increase in the genomic data available from patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). This has highlighted a number of candidate genes and gene networks that are potentially involved in CHD. To validate genes and genetic interactions among candidate CHD-causing alleles and to better understand heart formation in general are major tasks. The specific limitations of the various cardiac model systems currently employed (mammalian and fish models) provide a niche for the fly model, despite its evolutionary distance to vertebrates and humans. Here, we review recent advances made using the Drosophila embryo that identify factors relevant for heart formation. These underline how this model organism still is invaluable for a better understanding of CHD.
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33
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Vogler G, Liu J, Iafe TW, Migh E, Mihály J, Bodmer R. Cdc42 and formin activity control non-muscle myosin dynamics during Drosophila heart morphogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:909-22. [PMID: 25267295 PMCID: PMC4178965 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201405075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cdc42 and the formins dDAAM and Diaphanous play pivotal roles in heart lumen formation through the spatiotemporal regulation of the actomyosin network. During heart formation, a network of transcription factors and signaling pathways guide cardiac cell fate and differentiation, but the genetic mechanisms orchestrating heart assembly and lumen formation remain unclear. Here, we show that the small GTPase Cdc42 is essential for Drosophila melanogaster heart morphogenesis and lumen formation. Cdc42 genetically interacts with the cardiogenic transcription factor tinman; with dDAAM which belongs to the family of actin organizing formins; and with zipper, which encodes nonmuscle myosin II. Zipper is required for heart lumen formation, and its spatiotemporal activity at the prospective luminal surface is controlled by Cdc42. Heart-specific expression of activated Cdc42, or the regulatory formins dDAAM and Diaphanous caused mislocalization of Zipper and induced ectopic heart lumina, as characterized by luminal markers such as the extracellular matrix protein Slit. Placement of Slit at the lumen surface depends on Cdc42 and formin function. Thus, Cdc42 and formins play pivotal roles in heart lumen formation through the spatiotemporal regulation of the actomyosin network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Vogler
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jiandong Liu
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Timothy W Iafe
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ede Migh
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Mihály
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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34
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Stine RR, Greenspan LJ, Ramachandran KV, Matunis EL. Coordinate regulation of stem cell competition by Slit-Robo and JAK-STAT signaling in the Drosophila testis. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004713. [PMID: 25375180 PMCID: PMC4222695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells in tissues reside in and receive signals from local microenvironments called niches. Understanding how multiple signals within niches integrate to control stem cell function is challenging. The Drosophila testis stem cell niche consists of somatic hub cells that maintain both germline stem cells and somatic cyst stem cells (CySCs). Here, we show a role for the axon guidance pathway Slit-Roundabout (Robo) in the testis niche. The ligand Slit is expressed specifically in hub cells while its receptor, Roundabout 2 (Robo2), is required in CySCs in order for them to compete for occupancy in the niche. CySCs also require the Slit-Robo effector Abelson tyrosine kinase (Abl) to prevent over-adhesion of CySCs to the niche, and CySCs mutant for Abl outcompete wild type CySCs for niche occupancy. Both Robo2 and Abl phenotypes can be rescued through modulation of adherens junction components, suggesting that the two work together to balance CySC adhesion levels. Interestingly, expression of Robo2 requires JAK-STAT signaling, an important maintenance pathway for both germline and cyst stem cells in the testis. Our work indicates that Slit-Robo signaling affects stem cell function downstream of the JAK-STAT pathway by controlling the ability of stem cells to compete for occupancy in their niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R. Stine
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leah J. Greenspan
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kapil V. Ramachandran
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erika L. Matunis
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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35
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Haack T, Schneider M, Schwendele B, Renault AD. Drosophila heart cell movement to the midline occurs through both cell autonomous migration and dorsal closure. Dev Biol 2014; 396:169-82. [PMID: 25224224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila heart is a linear organ formed by the movement of bilaterally specified progenitor cells to the midline and adherence of contralateral heart cells. This movement occurs through the attachment of heart cells to the overlying ectoderm which is undergoing dorsal closure. Therefore heart cells are thought to move to the midline passively. Through live imaging experiments and analysis of mutants that affect the speed of dorsal closure we show that heart cells in Drosophila are autonomously migratory and part of their movement to the midline is independent of the ectoderm. This means that heart formation in flies is more similar to that in vertebrates than previously thought. We also show that defects in dorsal closure can result in failure of the amnioserosa to properly degenerate, which can physically hinder joining of contralateral heart cells leading to a broken heart phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Haack
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstr. 35, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstr. 35, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Schwendele
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstr. 35, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrew D Renault
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstr. 35, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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36
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Swope D, Kramer J, King TR, Cheng YS, Kramer SG. Cdc42 is required in a genetically distinct subset of cardiac cells during Drosophila dorsal vessel closure. Dev Biol 2014; 392:221-32. [PMID: 24949939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The embryonic heart tube is formed by the migration and subsequent midline convergence of two bilateral heart fields. In Drosophila the heart fields are organized into two rows of cardioblasts (CBs). While morphogenesis of the dorsal ectoderm, which lies directly above the Drosophila dorsal vessel (DV), has been extensively characterized, the migration and concomitant fundamental factors facilitating DV formation remain poorly understood. Here we provide evidence that DV closure occurs at multiple independent points along the A-P axis of the embryo in a "buttoning" pattern, divergent from the zippering mechanism observed in the overlying epidermis during dorsal closure. Moreover, we demonstrate that a genetically distinct subset of CBs is programmed to make initial contact with the opposing row. To elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying this process, we examined the role of Rho GTPases during cardiac migration using inhibitory and overexpression approaches. We found that Cdc42 shows striking cell-type specificity during DV formation. Disruption of Cdc42 function specifically prevents CBs that express the homeobox gene tinman from completing their dorsal migration, resulting in a failure to make connections with their partnering CBs. Conversely, neighboring CBs that express the orphan nuclear receptor, seven-up, are not sensitive to Cdc42 inhibition. Furthermore, this phenotype was specific to Cdc42 and was not observed upon perturbation of Rac or Rho function. Together with the observation that DV closure occurs through the initial contralateral pairing of tinman-expressing CBs, our studies suggest that the distinct buttoning mechanism we propose for DV closure is elaborated through signaling pathways regulating Cdc42 activity in this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Swope
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joseph Kramer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Tiffany R King
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yi-Shan Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sunita G Kramer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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37
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Hollfelder D, Frasch M, Reim I. Distinct functions of the laminin β LN domain and collagen IV during cardiac extracellular matrix formation and stabilization of alary muscle attachments revealed by EMS mutagenesis in Drosophila. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 14:26. [PMID: 24935095 PMCID: PMC4068974 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-14-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Drosophila heart (dorsal vessel) is a relatively simple tubular organ that serves as a model for several aspects of cardiogenesis. Cardiac morphogenesis, proper heart function and stability require structural components whose identity and ways of assembly are only partially understood. Structural components are also needed to connect the myocardial tube with neighboring cells such as pericardial cells and specialized muscle fibers, the so-called alary muscles. RESULTS Using an EMS mutagenesis screen for cardiac and muscular abnormalities in Drosophila embryos we obtained multiple mutants for two genetically interacting complementation groups that showed similar alary muscle and pericardial cell detachment phenotypes. The molecular lesions underlying these defects were identified as domain-specific point mutations in LamininB1 and Cg25C, encoding the extracellular matrix (ECM) components laminin β and collagen IV α1, respectively. Of particular interest within the LamininB1 group are certain hypomorphic mutants that feature prominent defects in cardiac morphogenesis and cardiac ECM layer formation, but in contrast to amorphic mutants, only mild defects in other tissues. All of these alleles carry clustered missense mutations in the laminin LN domain. The identified Cg25C mutants display weaker and largely temperature-sensitive phenotypes that result from glycine substitutions in different Gly-X-Y repeats of the triple helix-forming domain. While initial basement membrane assembly is not abolished in Cg25C mutants, incorporation of perlecan is impaired and intracellular accumulation of perlecan as well as the collagen IV α2 chain is detected during late embryogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Assembly of the cardiac ECM depends primarily on laminin, whereas collagen IV is needed for stabilization. Our data underscore the importance of a correctly assembled ECM particularly for the development of cardiac tissues and their lateral connections. The mutational analysis suggests that the β6/β3/β8 interface of the laminin β LN domain is highly critical for formation of contiguous cardiac ECM layers. Certain mutations in the collagen IV triple helix-forming domain may exert a semi-dominant effect leading to an overall weakening of ECM structures as well as intracellular accumulation of collagen and other molecules, thus paralleling observations made in other organisms and in connection with collagen-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Hollfelder
- Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Frasch
- Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingolf Reim
- Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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38
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Abstract
Roundabout receptors (Robo) and their Slit ligands were discovered in the 1990s and found to be key players in axon guidance. Slit was initially described s an extracellular matrix protein that was expressed by midline glia in Drosophila. A few years later, it was shown that, in vertebrates and invertebrates, Slits acted as chemorepellents for axons crossing the midline. Robo proteins were originally discovered in Drosophila in a mutant screen for genes involved in the regulation of midline crossing. This ligand-receptor pair has since been implicated in a variety of other neuronal and non-neuronal processes ranging from cell migration to angiogenesis, tumourigenesis and even organogenesis of tissues such as kidneys, lungs and breasts.
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39
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Abstract
Metazoans require epithelial and endothelial tubes to transport liquids and gasses throughout their bodies. Although biological tubes may look relatively similar at first glance, there are multiple and distinct mechanisms by which tubes form and even more regulatory events driving the cell shape changes that produce tubes of specific dimensions. An overview of the current understanding of the molecular processes and physical forces involved in tubulogenesis is presented in this review and the accompanying poster.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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40
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Harpaz N, Ordan E, Ocorr K, Bodmer R, Volk T. Multiplexin promotes heart but not aorta morphogenesis by polarized enhancement of slit/robo activity at the heart lumen. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003597. [PMID: 23825967 PMCID: PMC3694841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila heart tube represents a structure that similarly to vertebrates' primary heart tube exhibits a large lumen; the mechanisms promoting heart tube morphology in both Drosophila and vertebrates are poorly understood. We identified Multiplexin (Mp), the Drosophila orthologue of mammalian Collagen-XV/XVIII, and the only structural heart-specific protein described so far in Drosophila, as necessary and sufficient for shaping the heart tube lumen, but not that of the aorta. Mp is expressed specifically at the stage of heart tube closure, in a polarized fashion, uniquely along the cardioblasts luminal membrane, and its absence results in an extremely small heart tube lumen. Importantly, Mp forms a protein complex with Slit, and interacts genetically with both slit and robo in the formation of the heart tube. Overexpression of Mp in cardioblasts promotes a large heart lumen in a Slit-dependent manner. Moreover, Mp alters Slit distribution, and promotes the formation of multiple Slit endocytic vesicles, similarly to the effect of overexpression of Robo in these cells. Our data are consistent with Mp-dependent enhancement of Slit/Robo activity and signaling, presumably by affecting Slit protein stabilization, specifically at the lumen side of the heart tube. This activity results with a Slit-dependent, local reduction of F-actin levels at the heart luminal membrane, necessary for forming the large heart tube lumen. Consequently, lack of Mp results in decreased diastolic capacity, leading to reduced heart contractility, as measured in live fly hearts. In summary, these findings show that the polarized localization of Mp controls the direction, timing, and presumably the extent of Slit/Robo activity and signaling at the luminal membrane of the heart cardioblasts. This regulation is essential for the morphogenetic changes that sculpt the heart tube in Drosophila, and possibly in forming the vertebrates primary heart tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nofar Harpaz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elly Ordan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Karen Ocorr
- Development and Aging Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Development and Aging Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Talila Volk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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41
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Frazzled/DCC facilitates cardiac cell outgrowth and attachment during Drosophila dorsal vessel formation. Dev Biol 2013; 380:233-42. [PMID: 23685255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila embryonic dorsal vessel (DV) morphogenesis is a highly stereotyped process that involves the migration and morphogenesis of 52 pairs of cardioblasts (CBs) in order to form a linear tube. This process requires spatiotemporally-regulated localization of signaling and adhesive proteins in order to coordinate the formation of a central lumen while maintaining simultaneous adhesion between CBs. Previous studies have shown that the Slit/Roundabout and Netrin/Unc5 repulsive signaling pathways facilitate site-specific loss of adhesion between contralateral CBs in order to form a luminal space. However, the concomitant mechanism by which attraction initiates CB outgrowth and discrete localization of adhesive proteins remains poorly understood. Here we provide genetic evidence that Netrin signals through DCC (Deleted in Colorectal Carcinoma)/UNC-40/Frazzled (Fra) to mediate CB outgrowth and attachment and that this function occurs prior to and independently of Netrin/UNC-5 signaling. fra mRNA is expressed in the CBs prior to and during DV morphogenesis. Loss-of-fra-function results in significant defects in cell shape and alignment between contralateral CB rows. In addition, CB outgrowth and attachment is impaired in both fra loss- and gain-of-function mutants. Deletion of both Netrin genes (NetA and NetB) results in CB attachment phenotypes similar to fra mutants. Similar defects are also seen when both fra and unc5 are deleted. Finally we show that Fra accumulates at dorsal and ventral leading edges of paired CBs, and this localization is dependent upon Netrin. We propose that while repulsive guidance mechanisms contribute to lumen formation by preventing luminal domains from coming together, site-specific Netrin/Frazzled signaling mediates CB attachment.
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Abstract
The vascular system developed early in evolution. It is required in large multicellular organisms for the transport of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products to and from tissues. The vascular system is composed of hollow tubes, which have a high level of complexity in vertebrates. Vasculogenesis describes the de novo formation of blood vessels, e.g., aorta formation in vertebrate embryogenesis. In contrast, angiogenesis is the formation of blood vessels from preexisting ones, e.g., sprouting of intersomitic blood vessels from the aorta. Importantly, the lumen of all blood vessels in vertebrates is lined and formed by endothelial cells. In both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, lumen formation takes place in a cord of endothelial cells. It involves a complex molecular mechanism composed of endothelial cell repulsion at the cell-cell contacts within the endothelial cell cords, junctional rearrangement, and endothelial cell shape change. As the vascular system also participates in the course of many diseases, such as cancer, stroke, and myocardial infarction, it is important to understand and make use of the molecular mechanisms of blood vessel formation to better understand and manipulate the pathomechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckhard Lammert
- Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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43
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Nicholson TB, Singh AK, Su H, Hevi S, Wang J, Bajko J, Li M, Valdez R, Goetschkes M, Capodieci P, Loureiro J, Cheng X, Li E, Kinzel B, Labow M, Chen T. A hypomorphic lsd1 allele results in heart development defects in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60913. [PMID: 23637775 PMCID: PMC3634827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (Lsd1/Aof2/Kdm1a), the first enzyme with specific lysine demethylase activity to be described, demethylates histone and non-histone proteins and is essential for mouse embryogenesis. Lsd1 interacts with numerous proteins through several different domains, most notably the tower domain, an extended helical structure that protrudes from the core of the protein. While there is evidence that Lsd1-interacting proteins regulate the activity and specificity of Lsd1, the significance and roles of such interactions in developmental processes remain largely unknown. Here we describe a hypomorphic Lsd1 allele that contains two point mutations in the tower domain, resulting in a protein with reduced interaction with known binding partners and decreased enzymatic activity. Mice homozygous for this allele die perinatally due to heart defects, with the majority of animals suffering from ventricular septal defects. Molecular analyses revealed hyperphosphorylation of E-cadherin in the hearts of mutant animals. These results identify a previously unknown role for Lsd1 in heart development, perhaps partly through the control of E-cadherin phosphorylation.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Activation
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/metabolism
- Heart Defects, Congenital/pathology
- Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/genetics
- Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/metabolism
- Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/pathology
- Histone Demethylases
- Homozygote
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/genetics
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Point Mutation
- Pregnancy
- Protein Binding
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Nicholson
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anup K. Singh
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hui Su
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Hevi
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jing Wang
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeff Bajko
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mei Li
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Reginald Valdez
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Margaret Goetschkes
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paola Capodieci
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph Loureiro
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - En Li
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bernd Kinzel
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark Labow
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Taiping Chen
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mommersteeg MTM, Andrews WD, Ypsilanti AR, Zelina P, Yeh ML, Norden J, Kispert A, Chédotal A, Christoffels VM, Parnavelas JG. Slit-roundabout signaling regulates the development of the cardiac systemic venous return and pericardium. Circ Res 2013; 112:465-75. [PMID: 23255421 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.277426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The Slit-Roundabout (Robo) signaling pathway has pleiotropic functions during Drosophila heart development. However, its role in mammalian heart development is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To analyze the role of Slit-Robo signaling in the formation of the pericardium and the systemic venous return in the murine heart. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of genes encoding Robo1 and Robo2 receptors and their ligands Slit2 and Slit3 was found in or around the systemic venous return and pericardium during development. Analysis of embryos lacking Robo1 revealed partial absence of the pericardium, whereas Robo1/2 double mutants additionally showed severely reduced sinus horn myocardium, hypoplastic caval veins, and a persistent left inferior caval vein. Mice lacking Slit3 recapitulated the defects in the myocardialization, alignment, and morphology of the caval veins. Ligand binding assays confirmed Slit3 as the preferred ligand for the Robo1 receptor, whereas Slit2 showed preference for Robo2. Sinus node development was mostly unaffected in all mutants. In addition, we show absence of cross-regulation with previously identified regulators Tbx18 and Wt1. We provide evidence that pericardial defects are created by abnormal localization of the caval veins combined with ectopic pericardial cavity formation. Local increase in neural crest cell death and impaired neural crest adhesive and migratory properties underlie the ectopic pericardium formation. CONCLUSIONS A novel Slit-Robo signaling pathway is involved in the development of the pericardium, the sinus horn myocardium, and the alignment of the caval veins. Reduced Slit3 binding in the absence of Robo1, causing impaired cardiac neural crest survival, adhesion, and migration, underlies the pericardial defects.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Movement
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gestational Age
- Heart Defects, Congenital/embryology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/metabolism
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/deficiency
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Morphogenesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/deficiency
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neural Crest/abnormalities
- Neural Crest/metabolism
- Pericardium/abnormalities
- Pericardium/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Sinoatrial Node/abnormalities
- Sinoatrial Node/metabolism
- T-Box Domain Proteins/metabolism
- Tissue Culture Techniques
- Venae Cavae/abnormalities
- Venae Cavae/metabolism
- WT1 Proteins/metabolism
- Roundabout Proteins
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45
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Lehmacher C, Abeln B, Paululat A. The ultrastructure of Drosophila heart cells. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2012; 41:459-474. [PMID: 22426062 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The functionality of the Drosophila heart or dorsal vessel is achieved by contributions from several tissues. The heart tube itself is composed of different types of cardiomyocytes that form an anterior aorta and a posterior heart chamber, inflow tracts and intracardiac valves. Herein we present an in-depth ultrastructural analysis of all cell types present in the Drosophila heart at different developmental stages. We demonstrate that the lumen-forming cardiomyocytes reveal a complex subcellular architecture that changes during development. We show that ostial cells, for which it was previously shown that they are specified during embryogenesis, start to differentiate at the end of embryogenesis displaying opening structures that allow inflow of hemolymph. Furthermore we found, that intracardiac valve cells differentiate during larval development and become enlarged during the 3. instar larval stages by the formation of cellular cytoplasmic free cavities. Moreover we were able to demonstrate, that the alary muscles are not directly connected to the heart tube but by extracellular matrix fibers at any stage of development. Our present work will provide a reference for future investigations on normal heart development and for analyses of mutant phenotypes that are caused by defects on the subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lehmacher
- Department of Biology, Zoology/Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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47
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Slit1b-Robo3 signaling and N-cadherin regulate apical process retraction in developing retinal ganglion cells. J Neurosci 2012; 32:223-8. [PMID: 22219284 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2596-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
When neurons exit the cell cycle after their terminal mitosis, they detach from the apical surface of the neuroepithelium. Despite the fact that this detachment is crucial for further neurogenesis and neuronal migration, the underlying mechanisms are still not understood. Here, taking advantage of the genetics and imaging possibilities of the zebrafish retina as a model system, we show by knockdown experiments that the guidance molecule Slit1b and its receptor Robo3 are required for apical retraction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). In contrast, N-cadherin seems to be responsible for maintenance of apical attachment, as expression of dominant-negative N-cadherin causes RGCs to lose apical attachments prematurely and rescues retraction in slit1b morphants. These results suggest that Slit-Robo signaling downregulates N-cadherin activity to allow apical retraction in newly generated RGCs.
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48
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Vanderploeg J, Vazquez Paz LL, MacMullin A, Jacobs JR. Integrins are required for cardioblast polarisation in Drosophila. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 12:8. [PMID: 22353787 PMCID: PMC3305622 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-12-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of a tubular organ, such as the heart, requires the communication of positional and polarity signals between migratory cells. Key to this process is the establishment of a new luminal domain on the cell surface, generally from the apical domain of a migratory cell. This domain will also acquire basal properties, as it will produce a luminal extracellular matrix. Integrin receptors are the primary means of cell adhesion and adhesion signaling with the extracellular matrix. Here we characterise the requirement of Integrins in a genetic model of vasculogenesis, the formation of the heart in Drosophila. RESULTS As with vertebrates, the Drosophila heart arises from lateral mesoderm that migrates medially to meet their contralateral partners, to then assemble a midline vessel. During migration, Integrins are among the first proteins restricted to the presumptive luminal domain of cardioblasts. Integrins are required for normal levels of leading edge membrane motility. Apical accumulation of Integrins is enhanced by Robo, and reciprocally, apicalisation of luminal factors like Slit and Robo requires Integrin function. Integrins may provide a template for the formation of a lumen by stabilising lumen factors like Robo. Subsequent to migration, Integrin is required for normal cardioblast alignment and lumen formation. This phenotype is most readily modified by other mutations that affect adhesion, such as Talin and extracellular matrix ligands. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal an instructive role for Integrins in communicating polarising information to cells during migration, and during transition to an epithelial tube structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Vanderploeg
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - L Lourdes Vazquez Paz
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Allison MacMullin
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Life Technologies, Burlington, ON L7L 5Z1, Canada
| | - J Roger Jacobs
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Soplop NH, Cheng YS, Kramer SG. Roundabout is required in the visceral mesoderm for proper microvillus length in the hindgut epithelium. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:759-69. [PMID: 22334475 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study we examined Roundabout signaling in the Drosophila embryonic hindgut. RESULTS Slit and its receptors Roundabout (Robo) and Roundabout 2 (Robo2) localize to discrete regions in the hindgut epithelium and surrounding visceral mesoderm. Loss of robo, robo2 or slit did not disrupt overall hindgut patterning. However, slit and robo mutants showed a decrease in microvillus length on the boundary cells of the hindgut epithelium. Rescue and overexpression analysis revealed that robo is specifically required in the visceral mesoderm for correct microvillus length in the underlying hindgut epithelium. Expression of robo in the visceral mesoderm of robo mutant embryos restored normal microvillus length, while overexpression of robo resulted in an increase in microvillus length. Microvillus length was also increased in robo2 mutants suggesting that robo2 may antagonize robo function in the hindgut. CONCLUSION Together, these results establish a novel, dose-dependent role for Robo in regulating microvilli growth and provide in vivo evidence for the role of the visceral mesoderm in controlling morphological changes in the underlying intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine H Soplop
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020, USA
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50
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Jaworski A, Tessier-Lavigne M. Autocrine/juxtaparacrine regulation of axon fasciculation by Slit-Robo signaling. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:367-9. [PMID: 22306607 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Axons travel to their targets in bundles or fascicles, but the molecules regulating fasciculation remain incompletely characterized. We found that Slit2 and its Robo receptors are expressed by motor axons, and that inactivation of Slit2 or Robo1 and Robo2 in mice caused axons to defasciculate prematurely at muscle targets. In vitro, Slit2 secreted by motoneurons regulated fasciculation through Robo1 and Robo2. These results support the idea that Slit2 promotes axon fasciculation via an autocrine and/or juxtaparacrine mechanism.
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