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Egami Y, Kawai K, Araki N. Rit1-TBC1D10B signaling modulates FcγR-mediated phagosome formation in RAW264 macrophages. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202402651. [PMID: 39084876 PMCID: PMC11291910 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202402651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an important immune response that protects the host from pathogen invasion. Rit1 GTPase is known to be involved in diverse cellular processes. However, its role in FcγR-mediated phagocytosis remains unclear. Our live-cell imaging analysis revealed that Rit1 was localized to the membranes of F-actin-rich phagocytic cups in RAW264 macrophages. Rit1 knockout and expression of the GDP-locked Rit1 mutant suppressed phagosome formation. We also found that TBC1D10B, a GAP for the Rab family GTPases, colocalizes with Rit1 in the membranes of phagocytic cups. Expression and knockout studies have shown that TBC1D10B decreases phagosome formation in both Rab-GAP activity-dependent and -independent manners. Notably, the expression of the GDP-locked Rit1 mutant or Rit1 knockout inhibited the dissociation of TBC1D10B from phagocytic cups. In addition, the expression of the GTP-locked Rit1 mutant promoted the dissociation of TBC1D10B in phagocytic cups and restored the rate of phagosome formation in TBC1D10B-expressing cells. These data suggest that Rit1-TBC1D10B signaling regulates FcγR-mediated phagosome formation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Egami
- https://ror.org/04j7mzp05 Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kawai
- https://ror.org/04j7mzp05 Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- https://ror.org/04j7mzp05 Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
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2
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Yang Y, Liu H, Guo K, Yu Q, Zhao Y, Wang J, Huang Y, Li W. Extracellular Vesicles from Compression-Loaded Cementoblasts Promote the Tissue Repair Function of Macrophages. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2402529. [PMID: 39101239 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Treatment strategies for hard tissue defects aim to establish a mineralized microenvironment that facilitates tissue remodeling. As a mineralized tissue, cementum shares a similar structure with bone and exhibits an excellent capacity to resist resorption under compression. Macrophages are crucial for mineralized remodeling; however, their functional alterations in the microenvironment of cementum remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study explores the mechanisms by which cementum resists resorption under compression and the regulatory roles of cementoblasts in macrophage functions. As a result, extracellular vesicles from compression-loaded cementoblasts (Comp-EVs) promote macrophage M2 polarization and enhance the clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) by 2- to 3-fold. Local injection of Comp-EVs relieves cementum destruction in mouse root resorption model by activating the tissue repair function of macrophages. Moreover, Comp-EV-loaded hydrogels achieve significant bone healing in calvarial bone defect. Unexpectedly, under compression, EV secretion in cementoblasts is reduced by half. RNA-Seq analysis and verification reveal that Rab35 expression decreases by 60% under compression, thereby hampering the release of EVs. Rab35 overexpression is proposed as a modification of cementoblasts to boost the yield of Comp-EVs. Collectively, Comp-EVs activate the repair function of macrophages, which will be a potential therapeutic strategy for hard tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Kunyao Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Qianyao Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
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3
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Liu J, Qin J, Liang L, Zhang X, Gao J, Hao Y, Zhao P. Novel insights into the regulation of exosomal PD-L1 in cancer: From generation to clinical application. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 979:176831. [PMID: 39047964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) interacts with programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), leading to T cell exhaustion and promoting tumor cell survival, ultimately mediating immunosuppression. While FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction have shown success in cancer treatment, some patients experience limited and short-lived therapeutic outcomes. Recent studies have identified PD-L1 expression not only on tumor cell surfaces but also on exosomes, with secretion pathways including both conventional and unconventional endocytosis routes, presenting a unique therapeutic opportunity. Emerging evidence suggests that exosomal PD-L1 contributes to systemic immunosuppression, potentially counteracting the effects of anti-PD-1 checkpoint therapies. However, the significance of exosomal PD-L1 in clinical cancer patients unresponsive to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy, as well as the factors regulating its generation, remain unclear. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying PD-L1 expression on exosomes and its regulation in cancer are yet to be fully elucidated. This review primarily focuses on the mechanisms modulating exosomal PD-L1 generation in cancer, while also outlining its involvement in immunosuppression, tumor proliferation, and response to cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, we explore the potential of exosomal PD-L1 as a cancer biomarker and therapeutic target, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of this emerging field and its implications for cancer treatment and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- The Dermatology Department of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Five Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030012, China; Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Junxia Qin
- The Dermatology Department of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Five Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Lili Liang
- The Dermatology Department of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Five Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- The Dermatology Department of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Five Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Jie Gao
- The Dermatology Department of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Five Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Youwei Hao
- Department of Cardiology, Taiyuan People's Hospital, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- The Dermatology Department of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Five Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030012, China.
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4
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Zhao W, Li K, Li L, Wang R, Lei Y, Yang H, Sun L. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as Drug Delivery Vehicles in Disease Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7715. [PMID: 39062956 PMCID: PMC11277139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles containing proteins, nucleic acids, and biological lipids, which are responsible for intercellular communication. Studies have shown that exosomes can be utilized as effective drug delivery vehicles to accurately deliver therapeutic substances to target tissues, enhancing therapeutic effects and reducing side effects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a class of stem cells widely used for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and immunotherapy. Exosomes derived from MSCs have special immunomodulatory functions, low immunogenicity, the ability to penetrate tumor tissues, and high yield, which are expected to be engineered into efficient drug delivery systems. Despite the promising promise of MSC-derived exosomes, exploring their optimal preparation methods, drug-loading modalities, and therapeutic potential remains challenging. Therefore, this article reviews the related characteristics, preparation methods, application, and potential risks of MSC-derived exosomes as drug delivery systems in order to find potential therapeutic breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (W.Z.); (K.L.); (L.L.); (R.W.); (Y.L.)
- Dongguan Sanhang Innovation Institute, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Kaixuan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (W.Z.); (K.L.); (L.L.); (R.W.); (Y.L.)
- Dongguan Sanhang Innovation Institute, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Liangbo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (W.Z.); (K.L.); (L.L.); (R.W.); (Y.L.)
- Dongguan Sanhang Innovation Institute, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ruichen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (W.Z.); (K.L.); (L.L.); (R.W.); (Y.L.)
- Dongguan Sanhang Innovation Institute, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yang Lei
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (W.Z.); (K.L.); (L.L.); (R.W.); (Y.L.)
- Dongguan Sanhang Innovation Institute, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (W.Z.); (K.L.); (L.L.); (R.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Leming Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (W.Z.); (K.L.); (L.L.); (R.W.); (Y.L.)
- Dongguan Sanhang Innovation Institute, Dongguan 523808, China
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5
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Nambiar D, Le QT, Pucci F. A case for the study of native extracellular vesicles. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1430971. [PMID: 39091922 PMCID: PMC11292793 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1430971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Three main areas of research revolve around extracellular vesicles (EVs): their use as early detection diagnostics for cancer prevention, engineering of EVs or other enveloped viral-like particles for therapeutic purposes and to understand how EVs impact biological processes. When investigating the biology of EVs, it is important to consider strategies able to track and alter EVs directly in vivo, as they are released by donor cells. This can be achieved by suitable engineering of EV donor cells, either before implantation or directly in vivo. Here, we make a case for the study of native EVs, that is, EVs released by cells living within a tissue. Novel genetic approaches to detect intercellular communications mediated by native EVs and profile recipient cells are discussed. The use of Rab35 dominant negative mutant is proposed for functional in vivo studies on the roles of native EVs. Ultimately, investigations on native EVs will tremendously advance our understanding of EV biology and open novel opportunities for therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Nambiar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ferdinando Pucci
- Otolaryngology Department, Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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6
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Zanirati G, Dos Santos PG, Alcará AM, Bruzzo F, Ghilardi IM, Wietholter V, Xavier FAC, Gonçalves JIB, Marinowic D, Shetty AK, da Costa JC. Extracellular Vesicles: The Next Generation of Biomarkers and Treatment for Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7371. [PMID: 39000479 PMCID: PMC11242541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been widely established that the characterization of extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly small EVs (sEVs), shed by different cell types into biofluids, helps to identify biomarkers and therapeutic targets in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies are also exploring the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles naturally enriched with therapeutic microRNAs and proteins for treating various diseases. In addition, EVs released by various neural cells play a crucial function in the modulation of signal transmission in the brain in physiological conditions. However, in pathological conditions, such EVs can facilitate the spread of pathological proteins from one brain region to the other. On the other hand, the analysis of EVs in biofluids can identify sensitive biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and disease progression. This review discusses the potential therapeutic use of stem cell-derived EVs in several central nervous system diseases. It lists their differences and similarities and confers various studies exploring EVs as biomarkers. Further advances in EV research in the coming years will likely lead to the routine use of EVs in therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Zanirati
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Gabrielli Dos Santos
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Allan Marinho Alcará
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bruzzo
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Isadora Machado Ghilardi
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Wietholter
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Antônio Costa Xavier
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - João Ismael Budelon Gonçalves
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Marinowic
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX 77807, USA
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
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7
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Lin PW, Chu ML, Liu YW, Chen YC, Shih YH, Lan SH, Wu SY, Kuo IY, Chang HY, Liu HS, Lee YR. Revealing potential Rab proteins participate in regulation of secretory autophagy machinery. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2024; 40:642-649. [PMID: 38804615 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy can be classified as degradative and secretory based on distinct functions. The small GTPase proteins Rab8a and Rab37 are responsible for secretory autophagy-mediated exocytosis of IL-1β, insulin, and TIMP1 (tissue inhibitor of 54 metalloproteinase 1). Other Rab family members participating in secretory autophagy are poorly understood. Herein, we identified 26 overlapped Rab proteins in purified autophagosomes of mouse pancreatic β-cell "Min-6" and human lung cancer cell "CL1-5-Q89L" with high secretory autophagy tendency by LC-MS/MS proteomics analysis. Six Rab proteins (Rab8a, Rab11b, Rab27a, Rab35, Rab37, and Rab7a) were detected in autophagosomes of four cell lines, associating them with autophagy-related vesicle trafficking. We used CL1-5-Q89L cell line model to evaluate the levels of Rab proteins colocalization with autophagy LC3 proteins and presence in purified autophagosomes. We found five Rab proteins (Rab8a, Rab11b, Rab27a, Rab35, and Rab37) are highly expressed in the autophagosome compared to the normal control by immunoblotting under active secretion conditions. However, only Rab8a, Rab35, and Rab37 showing high colocalization with LC3 protein by cofocal microscopy. Despite the discrepancy between the image and immunoblotting analysis, our data sustains the speculation that Rab8a, Rab11b, Rab27a, Rab35, and Rab37 are possibly associated with the secretory autophagy machinery. In contrast, Rab7a shows low colocalization with LC3 puncta and low level in the autophagosome, suggesting it regulates different vesicle trafficking machineries. Our findings open a new direction toward exploring the role of Rab proteins in secretory autophagy-related cargo exocytosis and identifying the cargoes and effectors regulated by specific Rab proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Lin
- Master of Science Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Man-Ling Chu
- Master of Science Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Liu
- Master of Science Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cing Chen
- Master of Science Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsiang Shih
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hui Lan
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Ying Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Ying Kuo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yi Chang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Sheng Liu
- Master of Science Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Teaching and Research Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ray Lee
- Master of Science Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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8
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Lin Y, Wei D, He X, Huo L, Wang J, Zhang X, Wu Y, Zhang R, Gao Y, Kang T. RAB22A sorts epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) from early endosomes to recycling endosomes for microvesicles release. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12494. [PMID: 39051763 PMCID: PMC11270584 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Microvesicles (MVs) containing proteins, nucleic acid or organelles are shed from the plasma membrane. Although the mechanisms of MV budding are well elucidated, the connection between endosomal trafficking and MV formation remains poorly understood. In this report, RAB22A is revealed to be crucial for EGFR-containing MVs formation by the RAB GTPase family screening. RAB22A recruits TBC1D2B, a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) of RAB7A, to inactivate RAB7A, thus preventing EGFR from being transported to late endosomes and lysosomes. RAB22A also engages SH3BP5L, a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) of RAB11A, to activate RAB11A on early endosomes. Consequently, EGFR is recycled to the cell surface and packaged into MVs. Furthermore, EGFR can phosphorylate RAB22A at Tyr136, which in turn promotes EGFR-containing MVs formation. Our findings illustrate that RAB22A acts as a sorter on early endosomes to sort EGFR to recycling endosomes for MV shedding by both activating RAB11A and inactivating RAB7A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for CancerSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Denghui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for CancerSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Xiaobo He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for CancerSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Lanqing Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for CancerSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Jingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for CancerSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for CancerSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Yuanzhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for CancerSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Ruhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for CancerSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Ying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for CancerSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Tiebang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for CancerSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouP. R. China
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9
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Liu M, Wen Z, Zhang T, Zhang L, Liu X, Wang M. The role of exosomal molecular cargo in exosome biogenesis and disease diagnosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1417758. [PMID: 38983854 PMCID: PMC11231912 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1417758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes represent a type of extracellular vesicles derived from the endosomal pathway that transport diverse molecular cargoes such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These cargoes have emerged as crucial elements impacting disease diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, and are integral to the process of exosome formation. This review delves into the essential molecular cargoes implicated in the phases of exosome production and release. Emphasis is placed on their significance as cancer biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets, accompanied by an exploration of the obstacles and feasible applications linked to these developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijin Liu
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wen
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
| | - Linghan Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
| | - Maoyuan Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, GanZhou, China
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10
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Clearman KR, Timpratoom N, Patel D, Rains AB, Haycraft CJ, Croyle MJ, Reiter JF, Yoder BK. Rab35 Is Required for Embryonic Development and Kidney and Ureter Homeostasis through Regulation of Epithelial Cell Junctions. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:719-732. [PMID: 38530365 PMCID: PMC11164122 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Points Loss of Rab35 leads to nonobstructive hydronephrosis because of loss of ureter epithelium. Rab35 regulates kidney and ureter epithelial cell adhesion and polarity. Rab35 is required for embryonic development. Background Rab35 is a member of a GTPase family of endocytic trafficking proteins. Studies in cell lines have indicated that Rab35 participates in cell adhesion, polarity, cytokinesis, and primary cilia length and composition. In addition, sea urchin Rab35 regulates actin organization and is required for gastrulation. In mice, loss of Rab35 in the central nervous system disrupts hippocampal development and neuronal organization. Outside of the central nervous system, the functions of mammalian Rab35 in vivo are unknown. Methods We generated and analyzed the consequences of both congenital and conditional null Rab35 mutations in mice. Using a LacZ reporter allele, we assessed Rab35 expression during development and postnatally. We assessed Rab35 loss in the kidney and ureter using histology, immunofluorescence microscopy, and western blotting. Results Congenital Rab35 loss of function caused embryonic lethality: homozygous mutants arrested at E7.5 with cardiac edema. Conditional loss of Rab35, either during gestation or postnatally, caused hydronephrosis. The kidney and ureter phenotype were associated with disrupted actin cytoskeletal architecture, altered Arf6 epithelial polarity, reduced adherens junctions, loss of tight junction formation, defects in epithelial growth factor receptor expression and localization, disrupted cell differentiation, and shortened primary cilia. Conclusions Rab35 may be essential for mammalian development and the maintenance of kidney and ureter architecture. Loss of Rab35 leads to nonobstructive hydronephrosis, making the Rab35 mutant mouse a novel mammalian model to study mechanisms underlying this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R. Clearman
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Napassawon Timpratoom
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Dharti Patel
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Addison B. Rains
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Courtney J. Haycraft
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mandy J. Croyle
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jeremy F. Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California
| | - Bradley K. Yoder
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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11
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Moreno-Corona NC, de León-Bautista MP, León-Juárez M, Hernández-Flores A, Barragán-Gálvez JC, López-Ortega O. Rab GTPases, Active Members in Antigen-Presenting Cells, and T Lymphocytes. Traffic 2024; 25:e12950. [PMID: 38923715 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Processes such as cell migration, phagocytosis, endocytosis, and exocytosis refer to the intense exchange of information between the internal and external environment in the cells, known as vesicular trafficking. In eukaryotic cells, these essential cellular crosstalks are controlled by Rab GTPases proteins through diverse adaptor proteins like SNAREs complex, coat proteins, phospholipids, kinases, phosphatases, molecular motors, actin, or tubulin cytoskeleton, among others, all necessary for appropriate mobilization of vesicles and distribution of molecules. Considering these molecular events, Rab GTPases are critical components in specific biological processes of immune cells, and many reports refer primarily to macrophages; therefore, in this review, we address specific functions in immune cells, concretely in the mechanism by which the GTPase contributes in dendritic cells (DCs) and, T/B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mercedes Piedad de León-Bautista
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Vasco de Quiroga, Morelia, Mexico
- Human Health, Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Genómica (INEX LAB), Morelia, Mexico
| | - Moises León-Juárez
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquimica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Juan Carlos Barragán-Gálvez
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Orestes López-Ortega
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institute Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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12
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Menjivar NG, Oropallo J, Gebremedhn S, Souza LA, Gad A, Puttlitz CM, Tesfaye D. MicroRNA Nano-Shuttles: Engineering Extracellular Vesicles as a Cutting-Edge Biotechnology Platform for Clinical Use in Therapeutics. Biol Proced Online 2024; 26:14. [PMID: 38773366 PMCID: PMC11106895 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-024-00241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous transporters of various active biomolecules with inflicting phenotypic capabilities, that are naturally secreted by almost all cells with a promising vantage point as a potential leading drug delivery platform. The intrinsic characteristics of their low toxicity, superior structural stability, and cargo loading capacity continue to fuel a multitude of research avenues dedicated to loading EVs with therapeutic and diagnostic cargos (pharmaceutical compounds, nucleic acids, proteins, and nanomaterials) in attempts to generate superior natural nanoscale delivery systems for clinical application in therapeutics. In addition to their well-known role in intercellular communication, EVs harbor microRNAs (miRNAs), which can alter the translational potential of receiving cells and thus act as important mediators in numerous biological and pathological processes. To leverage this potential, EVs can be structurally engineered to shuttle therapeutic miRNAs to diseased recipient cells as a potential targeted 'treatment' or 'therapy'. Herein, this review focuses on the therapeutic potential of EV-coupled miRNAs; summarizing the biogenesis, contents, and function of EVs, as well as providing both a comprehensive discussion of current EV loading techniques and an update on miRNA-engineered EVs as a next-generation platform piloting benchtop studies to propel potential clinical translation on the forefront of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico G Menjivar
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jaiden Oropallo
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory (OBRL), Translational Medicine Institute (TMI), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Orthopaedic Research Center (ORC), Translational Medicine Institute (TMI), Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Samuel Gebremedhn
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- J.R. Simplot Company, 1099 W. Front St, Boise, ID, 83702, USA
| | - Luca A Souza
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, 225 Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Ahmed Gad
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Christian M Puttlitz
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory (OBRL), Translational Medicine Institute (TMI), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Dawit Tesfaye
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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13
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Xu X, Xu L, Wang J, Wen C, Xia J, Zhang Y, Liang Y. Bioinspired cellular membrane-derived vesicles for mRNA delivery. Theranostics 2024; 14:3246-3266. [PMID: 38855184 PMCID: PMC11155408 DOI: 10.7150/thno.93755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid advancement of mRNA as vaccines and therapeutic agents in the biomedical field has sparked hope in the fight against untreatable diseases. Successful clinical application of mRNA therapeutics largely depends on the carriers. Recently, a new and exciting focus has emerged on natural cell-derived vesicles. These nanovesicles offer many functions, including enhanced drug delivery capabilities and immune evasion, thereby presenting a unique and promising platform for the effective and safe delivery of mRNA therapeutics. In this study, we summarize the characteristics and properties of biomimetic delivery systems for mRNA therapeutics. In particular, we discuss the unique features of cellular membrane-derived vesicles (CDVs) and the combination of synthetic nanovesicles with CDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Limei Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jingzhi Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Caining Wen
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanmin Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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14
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Kang Y, Wu W, Yang Y, Luo J, Lu Y, Yin L, Cui X. Progress in extracellular vesicle homeostasis as it relates to cardiovascular diseases. J Physiol Biochem 2024:10.1007/s13105-024-01027-w. [PMID: 38687443 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-024-01027-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in both physiological and pathological processes in many organ systems and are essential in mediating intercellular communication and maintaining organismal homeostasis. It is helpful to propose new strategies for disease treatment by elucidating the mechanisms of EV release and sorting. An increasing number of studies have shown that there is specific homeostasis in EVs, which is helpful for the human body to carry out physiological activities. In contrast, an EV homeostasis im-balance promotes or accelerates disease onset and development. Alternatively, regulating the quality of EVs can maintain homeostasis and even achieve the purpose of treating conditions. An analysis of the role of EV homeostasis in the onset and development of cardiovascular disease is presented in this review. This article also summarizes the methods that regulate EV homeostasis and their application in cardiovascular diseases. In particular, this study focuses on the connection between EV steady states and the cardiovascular system and the potential value of EVs in treating cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Kang
- College of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China
- Clinical Medical School, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Wenqian Wu
- Clinical Medical School, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Clinical Medical School, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jinxi Luo
- Clinical Medical School, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yajie Lu
- Clinical Medical School, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Luchang Yin
- Clinical Medical School, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China.
- Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaodong Cui
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China.
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15
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Mason AJ, Deppmann C, Winckler B. Emerging Roles of Neuronal Extracellular Vesicles at the Synapse. Neuroscientist 2024; 30:199-213. [PMID: 36942881 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231160521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from most, if not all, cell types and are implicated in short- and long-distance signaling throughout the body. EVs are also secreted from neurons and represent an emergent neuronal communication platform. Understanding the functional implications of EV signaling to recipient neurons and glia requires understanding the cell biology involved in EV biogenesis, cargo loading, secretion, uptake, and signal transduction in the recipient cell. Here we review these major questions of EV biology while highlighting recent new insights and examples within the nervous system, such as modulating synaptic function or morphogenesis in recipient neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Mason
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christopher Deppmann
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bettina Winckler
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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16
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Aguila A, Salah S, Kulasekaran G, Shweiki M, Shaul-Lotan N, Mor-Shaked H, Daana M, Harel T, McPherson PS. A neurodevelopmental disorder associated with a loss-of-function missense mutation in RAB35. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107124. [PMID: 38432637 PMCID: PMC10966776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Rab35 (Ras-associated binding protein) is a small GTPase that regulates endosomal membrane trafficking and functions in cell polarity, cytokinesis, and growth factor signaling. Altered Rab35 function contributes to progression of glioblastoma, defects in primary cilia formation, and altered cytokinesis. Here, we report a pediatric patient with global developmental delay, hydrocephalus, a Dandy-Walker malformation, axial hypotonia with peripheral hypertonia, visual problems, and conductive hearing impairment. Exome sequencing identified a homozygous missense variant in the GTPase fold of RAB35 (c.80G>A; p.R27H) as the most likely candidate. Functional analysis of the R27H-Rab35 variant protein revealed enhanced interaction with its guanine-nucleotide exchange factor, DENND1A and decreased interaction with a known effector, MICAL1, indicating that the protein is in an inactive conformation. Cellular expression of the variant drives the activation of Arf6, a small GTPase under negative regulatory control of Rab35. Importantly, variant expression leads to delayed cytokinesis and altered length, number, and Arl13b composition of primary cilia, known factors in neurodevelopmental disease. Our findings provide evidence of altered Rab35 function as a causative factor of a neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Aguila
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Somaya Salah
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gopinath Kulasekaran
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Moatasem Shweiki
- Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nava Shaul-Lotan
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagar Mor-Shaked
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Muhannad Daana
- Child Development Centers, Clalit Health Care Services, Yokne'am Illit, Israel
| | - Tamar Harel
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Peter S McPherson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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17
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Gupta R, Gupta J, Roy S. Exosomes: Key Players for Treatment of Cancer and Their Future Perspectives. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2024; 22:118-147. [PMID: 38407852 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2023.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reena Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Suchismita Roy
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
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18
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Eriksson I, Öllinger K. Lysosomes in Cancer-At the Crossroad of Good and Evil. Cells 2024; 13:459. [PMID: 38474423 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Although it has been known for decades that lysosomes are central for degradation and recycling in the cell, their pivotal role as nutrient sensing signaling hubs has recently become of central interest. Since lysosomes are highly dynamic and in constant change regarding content and intracellular position, fusion/fission events allow communication between organelles in the cell, as well as cell-to-cell communication via exocytosis of lysosomal content and release of extracellular vesicles. Lysosomes also mediate different forms of regulated cell death by permeabilization of the lysosomal membrane and release of their content to the cytosol. In cancer cells, lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy are increased to support the increased metabolism and allow growth even under nutrient- and oxygen-poor conditions. Tumor cells also induce exocytosis of lysosomal content to the extracellular space to promote invasion and metastasis. However, due to the enhanced lysosomal function, cancer cells are often more susceptible to lysosomal membrane permeabilization, providing an alternative strategy to induce cell death. This review summarizes the current knowledge of cancer-associated alterations in lysosomal structure and function and illustrates how lysosomal exocytosis and release of extracellular vesicles affect disease progression. We focus on functional differences depending on lysosomal localization and the regulation of intracellular transport, and lastly provide insight how new therapeutic strategies can exploit the power of the lysosome and improve cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Eriksson
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karin Öllinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
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19
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Kumar MA, Baba SK, Sadida HQ, Marzooqi SA, Jerobin J, Altemani FH, Algehainy N, Alanazi MA, Abou-Samra AB, Kumar R, Al-Shabeeb Akil AS, Macha MA, Mir R, Bhat AA. Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:27. [PMID: 38311623 PMCID: PMC10838959 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous structures secreted into the extracellular space. They exhibit diverse sizes, contents, and surface markers and are ubiquitously released from cells under normal and pathological conditions. Human serum is a rich source of these EVs, though their isolation from serum proteins and non-EV lipid particles poses challenges. These vesicles transport various cellular components such as proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, DNA, and lipids across distances, influencing numerous physiological and pathological events, including those within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Their pivotal roles in cellular communication make EVs promising candidates for therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and disease biomarkers. Especially in cancer diagnostics, EV detection can pave the way for early identification and offers potential as diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, various EV subtypes are emerging as targeted drug delivery tools, highlighting their potential clinical significance. The need for non-invasive biomarkers to monitor biological processes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes remains unfulfilled. Tapping into the unique composition of EVs could unlock advanced diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in the future. In this review, we discuss in detail the roles of EVs across various conditions, including cancers (encompassing head and neck, lung, gastric, breast, and hepatocellular carcinoma), neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, viral infections, autoimmune and renal diseases, emphasizing the potential advancements in molecular diagnostics and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir A Kumar
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Sadaf K Baba
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Hana Q Sadida
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Al Marzooqi
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jayakumar Jerobin
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Faisal H Altemani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseh Algehainy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Alanazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Badi Abou-Samra
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India
| | - Ammira S Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Rashid Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
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20
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Arya SB, Collie SP, Parent CA. The ins-and-outs of exosome biogenesis, secretion, and internalization. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:90-108. [PMID: 37507251 PMCID: PMC10811273 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are specialized cargo delivery vesicles secreted from cells by fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane (PM). While the function of exosomes during physiological and pathological events has been extensively reported, there remains a lack of understanding of the mechanisms that regulate exosome biogenesis, secretion, and internalization. Recent technological and methodological advances now provide details about MVB/exosome structure as well as the pathways of exosome biogenesis, secretion, and uptake. In this review, we outline our current understanding of these processes and highlight outstanding questions following on recent discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash B Arya
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Samuel P Collie
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carole A Parent
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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21
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Yang Y, Luo J, Kang Y, Wu W, Lu Y, Fu J, Zhang X, Cheng M, Cui X. Progression in the Relationship between Exosome Production and Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:1099-1111. [PMID: 37493161 DOI: 10.2174/1389201024666230726114920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease, causing a major burden on patients as well as families and society. Exosomes generally refer to various lipid bilayer microvesicles originating from different cells that deliver various bioactive molecules to the recipient cells, exerting biological effects in cellular communication and thereby changing the internal environment of the body. The mechanisms of correlation between exosomes and the disease process of atherosclerosis have been recently clarified. Exosomes are rich in nucleic acid molecules and proteins. For example, the exosome miRNAs reportedly play important roles in the progression of atherosclerotic diseases. In this review, we focus on the composition of exosomes, the mechanism of their biogenesis and release, and the commonly used methods for exosome extraction. By summarizing the latest research progress on exosomes and atherosclerosis, we can explore the advances in the roles of exosomes in atherosclerosis to provide new ideas and targets for atherosclerosis prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Clinical Medical School, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, P.R. China
| | - Jinxi Luo
- Clinical Medical School, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, P.R. China
| | - Yunan Kang
- College of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, P.R. China
| | - Wenqian Wu
- Clinical Medical School, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, P.R. China
| | - Yajie Lu
- Clinical Medical School, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, P.R. China
| | - Jie Fu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, P.R. China
| | - Min Cheng
- Clinical Medical School, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, P.R. China
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Cui
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, P.R. China
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22
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Singh S, Dansby C, Agarwal D, Bhat PD, Dubey PK, Krishnamurthy P. Exosomes: Methods for Isolation and Characterization in Biological Samples. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2835:181-213. [PMID: 39105917 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3995-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are small lipid bilayer-encapsulated nanosized extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin. Exosomes are secreted by almost all cell types and are a crucial player in intercellular communication. Exosomes transmit cellular information from donor to recipient cells in the form of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids and influence several physiological and pathological responses. Due to their capacity to carry a variety of cellular cargo, low immunogenicity and cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, these nanosized vesicles are considered excellent diagnostic tools and drug-delivery vehicles. Despite their tremendous potential, the progress in therapeutic applications of exosomes is hindered by inadequate isolation techniques, poor characterization, and scarcity of specific biomarkers. The current research in the field is focused on overcoming these limitations. In this chapter, we have reviewed conventional exosome isolation and characterization methods and recent advancements, their advantages and limitations, persistent challenges in exosome research, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarojini Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Heersink School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Cassidy Dansby
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Heersink School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Divyanshi Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Heersink School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Purnima Devaki Bhat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Heersink School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Praveen Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Heersink School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Heersink School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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23
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Alam MR, Rahman MM, Li Z. The link between intracellular calcium signaling and exosomal PD-L1 in cancer progression and immunotherapy. Genes Dis 2024; 11:321-334. [PMID: 37588227 PMCID: PMC10425812 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles containing microRNA, RNA, DNA fragments, and proteins that are transferred from donor cells to recipient cells. Tumor cells release exosomes to reprogram the factors associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME) causing tumor metastasis and immune escape. Emerging evidence revealed that cancer cell-derived exosomes carry immune inhibitory molecule program death ligand 1 (PD-L1) that binds with receptor program death protein 1 (PD-1) and promote tumor progression by escaping immune response. Currently, some FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies are clinically used for cancer treatment by blocking PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Despite notable treatment outcomes, some patients show poor drug response. Exosomal PD-L1 plays a vital role in lowering the treatment response, showing resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockage therapy through recapitulating the effect of cell surface PD-L1. To enhance therapeutic response, inhibition of exosomal PD-L1 is required. Calcium signaling is the central regulator of tumorigenesis and can regulate exosome biogenesis and secretion by modulating Rab GTPase family and membrane fusion factors. Immune checkpoints are also connected with calcium signaling and calcium channel blockers like amlodipine, nifedipine, lercanidipine, diltiazem, and verapamil were also reported to suppress cellular PD-L1 expression. Therefore, to enhance the PD-1/PD-L1 blockage therapy response, the reduction of exosomal PD-L1 secretion from cancer cells is in our therapeutic consideration. In this review, we proposed a therapeutic strategy by targeting calcium signaling to inhibit the expression of PD-L1-containing exosome levels that could reduce the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy resistance and increase the patient's drug response rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rakibul Alam
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Md Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6E2H7, Canada
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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24
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Wang Y, Xiao T, Zhao C, Li G. The Regulation of Exosome Generation and Function in Physiological and Pathological Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:255. [PMID: 38203424 PMCID: PMC10779122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle with a diameter of approximately 100 nm that is secreted by all cells, regulate the phenotype and function of recipient cells by carrying molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids and are important mediators of intercellular communication. Exosomes are involved in various physiological and pathological processes such as immunomodulation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Due to their excellent properties, exosomes have shown their potential application in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of disease. The functions of exosomes depend on their biogenesis, uptake, and composition. Thus, a deeper understanding of these processes and regulatory mechanisms can help to find new targets for disease diagnosis and therapy. Therefore, this review summarizes and integrates the recent advances in the regulatory mechanisms of the entire biological process of exosomes, starting from the formation of early-sorting endosomes (ESCs) by plasma membrane invagination to the release of exosomes by fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane, as well as the regulatory process of the interactions between exosomes and recipient cells. We also describe and discuss the regulatory mechanisms of exosome production in tumor cells and the potential of exosomes used in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guiying Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (Y.W.); (T.X.); (C.Z.)
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25
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Menaceur C, Dusailly O, Gosselet F, Fenart L, Saint-Pol J. Vesicular Trafficking, a Mechanism Controlled by Cascade Activation of Rab Proteins: Focus on Rab27. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1530. [PMID: 38132356 PMCID: PMC10740503 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular trafficking is essential for the cell to internalize useful proteins and soluble substances, for cell signaling or for the degradation of pathogenic elements such as bacteria or viruses. This vesicular trafficking also enables the cell to engage in secretory processes for the elimination of waste products or for the emission of intercellular communication vectors such as cytokines, chemokines and extracellular vesicles. Ras-related proteins (Rab) and their effector(s) are of crucial importance in all of these processes, and mutations/alterations to them have serious pathophysiological consequences. This review presents a non-exhaustive overview of the role of the major Rab involved in vesicular trafficking, with particular emphasis on their involvement in the biogenesis and secretion of extracellular vesicles, and on the role of Rab27 in various pathophysiological processes. Therefore, Rab and their effector(s) are central therapeutic targets, given their involvement in vesicular trafficking and their importance for cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Julien Saint-Pol
- Univ. Artois, UR 2465, Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory (LBHE), F-62300 Lens, France; (C.M.); (O.D.); (F.G.); (L.F.)
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26
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Du Y, Wu L, Wang L, Reiter RJ, Lip GYH, Ren J. Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases: From pathophysiology to diagnosis and therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 74:40-55. [PMID: 37798169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), encompassing exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies (ABs), are cell-derived heterogeneous nanoparticles with a pivotal role in intercellular communication. EVs are enclosed by a lipid-bilayer membrane to escape enzymatic degradation. EVs contain various functional molecules (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and metabolites) which can be transferred from donor cells to recipient cells. EVs provide many advantages including accessibility, modifiability and easy storage, stability, biocompatibility, heterogeneity and they readily penetrate through biological barriers, making EVs ideal and promising candidates for diagnosis/prognosis biomarkers and therapeutic tools. Recently, EVs were implicated in both physiological and pathophysiological settings of cardiovascular system through regulation of cell-cell communication. Numerous studies have reported a role for EVs in the pathophysiological progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and have evaluated the utility of EVs for the diagnosis/prognosis and therapeutics of CVDs. In this review, we summarize the biology of EVs, evaluate the perceived biological function of EVs in different CVDs along with a consideration of recent progress for the application of EVs in diagnosis/prognosis and therapies of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Du
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Litao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA98195, USA.
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27
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Xu X, Wu T, Lin R, Zhu S, Ji J, Jin D, Huang M, Zheng W, Ni W, Jiang F, Xuan S, Xiao M. Differences between migrasome, a 'new organelle', and exosome. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3672-3680. [PMID: 37665060 PMCID: PMC10718147 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The migrasome is a new organelle discovered by Professor Yu Li in 2015. When cells migrate, the membranous organelles that appear at the end of the retraction fibres are migrasomes. With the migration of cells, the retraction fibres which connect migrasomes and cells finally break. The migrasomes detach from the cell and are released into the extracellular space or directly absorbed by the recipient cell. The cytoplasmic contents are first transported to the migrasome and then released from the cell through the migrasome. This release mechanism, which depends on cell migration, is named 'migracytosis'. The main components of the migrasome are extracellular vesicles after they leave the cell, which are easy to remind people of the current hot topic of exosomes. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles wrapped by the lipid bimolecular layer. With extensive research, exosomes have solved many disease problems. This review summarizes the differences between migrasomes and exosomes in size, composition, property and function, extraction method and regulation mechanism for generation and release. At the same time, it also prospects for the current hotspot of migrasomes, hoping to provide literature support for further research on the generation and release mechanism of migrasomes and their clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Renjie Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Shengze Zhu
- Medical School of Nantong University oral medcine192NantongChina
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Dandan Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Mengxiang Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Research Center of Clinical MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Wenkai Ni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Shihai Xuan
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryAffiliated Dongtai Hospital of Nantong UniversityDongtaiChina
| | - Mingbing Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
- Research Center of Clinical MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
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28
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Liu DA, Tao K, Wu B, Yu Z, Szczepaniak M, Rames M, Yang C, Svitkina T, Zhu Y, Xu F, Nan X, Guo W. A phosphoinositide switch mediates exocyst recruitment to multivesicular endosomes for exosome secretion. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6883. [PMID: 37898620 PMCID: PMC10613218 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted to the extracellular milieu when multivesicular endosomes (MVEs) dock and fuse with the plasma membrane. However, MVEs are also known to fuse with lysosomes for degradation. How MVEs are directed to the plasma membrane for exosome secretion rather than to lysosomes is unclear. Here we report that a conversion of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI(3)P) to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI(4)P) catalyzed sequentially by Myotubularin 1 (MTM1) and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIα (PI4KIIα) on the surface of MVEs mediates the recruitment of the exocyst complex. The exocyst then targets the MVEs to the plasma membrane for exosome secretion. We further demonstrate that disrupting PI(4)P generation or exocyst function blocked exosomal secretion of Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), a key immune checkpoint protein in tumor cells, and led to its accumulation in lysosomes. Together, our study suggests that the PI(3)P to PI(4)P conversion on MVEs and the recruitment of the exocyst direct the exocytic trafficking of MVEs for exosome secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Ao Liu
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kai Tao
- Program in Quantitative and Systems Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 2730 S. Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ziyan Yu
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Malwina Szczepaniak
- Program in Quantitative and Systems Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 2730 S. Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Matthew Rames
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 2720 S. Moody Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Changsong Yang
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tatyana Svitkina
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yueyao Zhu
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Fengyuan Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xiaolin Nan
- Program in Quantitative and Systems Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 2730 S. Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 2720 S. Moody Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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29
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Lee Y, Ni J, Wasinger VC, Graham P, Li Y. Comparison Study of Small Extracellular Vesicle Isolation Methods for Profiling Protein Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Liquid Biopsies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15462. [PMID: 37895140 PMCID: PMC10607056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are an important intercellular communicator, participating in all stages of cancer metastasis, immunity, and therapeutic resistance. Therefore, protein cargoes within sEVs are considered as a superior source for breast cancer (BC) biomarker discovery. Our study aimed to optimise the approach for sEV isolation and sEV proteomic analysis to identify potential sEV protein biomarkers for BC diagnosis. sEVs derived from BC cell lines, BC patients' plasma, and non-cancer controls were isolated using ultracentrifugation (UC), a Total Exosome Isolation kit (TEI), and a combined approach named UCT. In BC cell lines, the UC isolates showed a higher sEV purity and marker expression, as well as a higher number of sEV proteins. In BC plasma samples, the UCT isolates showed the highest proportion of sEV-related proteins and the lowest percentage of lipoprotein-related proteins. Our data suggest that the assessment of both the quantity and quality of sEV isolation methods is important in selecting the optimal approach for the specific sEV research purpose, depending on the sample types and downstream analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Lee
- School of Clinical Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.N.); (P.G.)
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Jie Ni
- School of Clinical Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.N.); (P.G.)
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Valerie C. Wasinger
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Peter Graham
- School of Clinical Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.N.); (P.G.)
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.N.); (P.G.)
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
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30
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Zhang M, Xing J, Zhao S, Chen H, Yin X, Zhu X. Engineered extracellular vesicles in female reproductive disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115284. [PMID: 37572637 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologically active and nanoscale extracellular vesicles (EVs) participate in a variety of cellular physiological and pathological processes in a cell-free manner. Unlike cells, EVs not only do not cause acute immune rejection, but are much smaller and have a low risk of tumorigenicity or embolization. Because of their unique advantages, EVs show promise in applications in the diagnosis and treatment of reproductive disorders. As research broadens, engineering strategies for EVs have been developed, and engineering strategies for EVs have substantially improved their application potential while circumventing the defects of natural EVs, driving EVs toward clinical applications. In this paper, we will review the engineering strategies of EVs, as well as their regulatory effects and mechanisms on reproductive disorders (including premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), intrauterine adhesion (IUA), and endometriosis (EMS)) and their application prospects. This work provides new ideas for the treatment of female reproductive disorders by engineering EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 20 Zhengdong Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, PR China; Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Jiangsu University, 20 Zhengdong Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, PR China; Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Jie Xing
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 20 Zhengdong Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, PR China; Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Jiangsu University, 20 Zhengdong Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, PR China; Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Shijie Zhao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 20 Zhengdong Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, PR China; Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Jiangsu University, 20 Zhengdong Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, PR China; Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Xinming Yin
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 20 Zhengdong Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, PR China; Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Jiangsu University, 20 Zhengdong Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, PR China.
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31
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Vrablova V, Kosutova N, Blsakova A, Bertokova A, Kasak P, Bertok T, Tkac J. Glycosylation in extracellular vesicles: Isolation, characterization, composition, analysis and clinical applications. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108196. [PMID: 37307942 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of our understanding of the role that glycans play in the formation, loading and release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). The capture of EVs (typically with a size of 100-200 nm) is described, including approaches based on glycan recognition with glycan-based analysis offering highly sensitive detection of EVs. Furthermore, detailed information is provided about the use of EV glycans and glycan processing enzymes as potential biomarkers, therapeutic targets or tools applied for regenerative medicine. The review also provides a short introduction into advanced methods for the characterization of EVs, new insights into the biomolecular corona covering EVs and bioanalytical tools available for glycan analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Vrablova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Natalia Kosutova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Anna Blsakova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Aniko Bertokova
- Glycanostics sro., Kudlakova 7, Bratislava 841 01, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Kasak
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Tomas Bertok
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic; Glycanostics sro., Kudlakova 7, Bratislava 841 01, Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Tkac
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic; Glycanostics sro., Kudlakova 7, Bratislava 841 01, Slovak Republic.
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32
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Moosazadeh Moghaddam M, Fazel P, Fallah A, Sedighian H, Kachuei R, Behzadi E, Imani Fooladi AA. Host and Pathogen-Directed Therapies against Microbial Infections Using Exosome- and Antimicrobial Peptide-derived Stem Cells with a Special look at Pulmonary Infections and Sepsis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:2166-2191. [PMID: 37495772 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbial diseases are a great threat to global health and cause considerable mortality and extensive economic losses each year. The medications for treating this group of diseases (antibiotics, antiviral, antifungal drugs, etc.) directly attack the pathogenic agents by recognizing the target molecules. However, it is necessary to note that excessive use of any of these drugs can lead to an increase in microbial resistance and infectious diseases. New therapeutic methods have been studied recently using emerging drugs such as mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which act based on two completely different strategies against pathogens including Host-Directed Therapy (HDT) and Pathogen-Directed Therapy (PDT), respectively. In the PDT approach, AMPs interact directly with pathogens to interrupt their intrusion, survival, and proliferation. These drugs interact directly with the cell membrane or intracellular components of pathogens and cause the death of pathogens or inhibit their replication. The mechanism of action of MSC-Exos in HDT is based on immunomodulation and regulation, promotion of tissue regeneration, and reduced host toxicity. This review studies the potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes/ATPs therapeutic properties against microbial infectious diseases especially pulmonary infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Moosazadeh Moghaddam
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvindokht Fazel
- Department of Microbiology, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Fallah
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Sedighian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Kachuei
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behzadi
- Academy of Medical Sciences of the I.R. of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Lin W, Lin Y, Chao H, Lin Y, Hwang W. Haematopoietic cell-derived exosomes in cancer development and therapeutics: From basic science to clinical practice. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1448. [PMID: 37830387 PMCID: PMC10571015 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumour microenvironment (TME) is a specialised niche involving intercellular communication among cancer cells and various host cells. Among the host cells, the quantity and quality of immune cells within the TME play essential roles in cancer development and management. The immunologically suppressive, so-called 'cold' TME established by a series of tumour-host interactions, including generating immunosuppressive cytokines and recruiting regulatory host immune cells, is associated with resistance to therapies and worse clinical outcomes. MAIN BODY Various therapeutic approaches have been used to target the cold TME, including immune checkpoint blockade therapy and adoptive T-cell transfer. A promising, less explored therapeutic strategy involves targeting TME-associated exosomes. Exosomes are nanometer-sized, extracellular vesicles that transfer material from donor to recipient cells. These particles can reprogram the recipient cells and modulate the TME. In particular, exosomes from haematopoietic cells are known to promote or suppress cancer progression under specific conditions. Understanding the effects of haematopoietic cell-secreted exosomes may foster the development of therapeutic exosomes (tExos) for personalised cancer treatment. However, the development of exosome-based therapies has unique challenges, including scalable production, purification, storage and delivery of exosomes and controlling batch variations. Clinical trials are being conducted to verify the safety, feasibility, availability and efficacy of tExos. CONCLUSION This review summarises our understanding of how haematopoietic cell-secreted exosomes regulate the TME and antitumour immunity and highlights present challenges and solutions for haematopoietic cell-derived exosome-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Chun Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - You‐Tong Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hui‐Ching Chao
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yen‐Yu Lin
- Department of Pathology, Fu Jen Catholic University HospitalFu Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
- School of Medicine, College of MedicineFu Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Lun Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Cancer and Immunology Research CenterNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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Clearman KR, Timpratoom N, Patel D, Rains AB, Haycraft CJ, Croyle MJ, Reiter JF, Yoder BK. Rab35 is required for embryonic development and kidney and ureter homeostasis through regulation of epithelial cell junctions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.11.556924. [PMID: 37745459 PMCID: PMC10515836 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.11.556924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Rab35 is a member of a GTPase family of endocytic trafficking proteins. Studies in cell lines have indicated that Rab35 participates in cell adhesion, polarity, cytokinesis, and primary cilia length and composition. Additionally, sea urchin Rab35 regulates actin organization and is required for gastrulation. In mice, loss of Rab35 in the CNS disrupts hippocampal development and neuronal organization. Outside of the CNS, the functions of mammalian Rab35 in vivo are unknown. Methods We generated and analyzed the consequences of both congenital and conditional null Rab35 mutations in mice. Using a LacZ reporter allele, we assessed Rab35 expression during development and postnatally. We assessed Rab35 loss in the kidney and ureter using histology, immunofluorescence microscopy, and western blotting. Results Congenital Rab35 loss of function caused embryonic lethality: homozygous mutants arrested at E7.5 with cardiac edema. Conditional loss of Rab35, either during gestation or postnatally, caused hydronephrosis. The kidney and ureter phenotype were associated with disrupted actin cytoskeletal architecture, altered Arf6 epithelial polarity, reduced adherens junctions, loss of tight junction formation, defects in EGFR expression and localization, disrupted cell differentiation, and shortened primary cilia. Conclusion Rab35 is essential for mammalian development and the maintenance of kidney and ureter architecture. Loss of Rab35 leads to non-obstructive hydronephrosis, making the Rab35 mutant mouse a novel mammalian model to study mechanisms underlying this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R. Clearman
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Napassawon Timpratoom
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Dharti Patel
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Addison B. Rains
- Department of Craniofacial Biology at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Co, United States
| | - Courtney J. Haycraft
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mandy J. Croyle
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jeremy F. Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bradley K. Yoder
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Liu Y, Lyu X, Tan S, Zhang X. Research Progress of Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs in Cardiac Remodeling. Int J Med Sci 2023; 20:1469-1478. [PMID: 37790853 PMCID: PMC10542190 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.83808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are vesicles with a size range of 50 to 200 nm and released by different cells, which are essential for the exchange of information between cells. They have attracted a lot of interest from medical researchers. Exosomal non-coding RNAs play an important part in pathological cardiac remodelings, such as cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and cardiac fibrosis. This review summarizes the origins and functions of exosomes, the role of exosomal non-coding RNAs in the process of pathological cardiac remodeling, as well as their theoretical basis for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xing Lyu
- Department of Clinical laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Shengyu Tan
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center for Geriatric Syndrome, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center for Geriatric Syndrome, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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Li S, Song Y, Wang K, Liu G, Dong X, Yang F, Chen G, Cao C, Zhang H, Wang M, Li Y, Zeng T, Liu C, Li B. USP32 deubiquitinase: cellular functions, regulatory mechanisms, and potential as a cancer therapy target. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:338. [PMID: 37679322 PMCID: PMC10485055 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01629-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An essential protein regulatory system in cells is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The substrate is modified by the ubiquitin ligase system (E1-E2-E3) in this pathway, which is a dynamic protein bidirectional modification regulation system. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are tasked with specifically hydrolyzing ubiquitin molecules from ubiquitin-linked proteins or precursor proteins and inversely regulating protein degradation, which in turn affects protein function. The ubiquitin-specific peptidase 32 (USP32) protein level is associated with cell cycle progression, proliferation, migration, invasion, and other cellular biological processes. It is an important member of the ubiquitin-specific protease family. It is thought that USP32, a unique enzyme that controls the ubiquitin process, is closely linked to the onset and progression of many cancers, including small cell lung cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, epithelial ovarian cancer, glioblastoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, acute myeloid leukemia, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In this review, we focus on the multiple mechanisms of USP32 in various tumor types and show that USP32 controls the stability of many distinct proteins. Therefore, USP32 is a key and promising therapeutic target for tumor therapy, which could provide important new insights and avenues for antitumor drug development. The therapeutic importance of USP32 in cancer treatment remains to be further proven. In conclusion, there are many options for the future direction of USP32 research.
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Grants
- Bing Li, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China Chunyan Liu, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guoxiang Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaolei Dong
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fanghao Yang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Can Cao
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huhu Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengjun Wang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Teng Zeng
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Hu S, Hu Y, Yan W. Extracellular vesicle-mediated interorgan communication in metabolic diseases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:571-582. [PMID: 37394346 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The body partially maintains metabolic homeostasis through interorgan communication between metabolic organs under physiological conditions. This crosstalk is known to be mediated by hormones or metabolites, and has recently been expanding to include extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs participate in interorgan communication under physiological and pathological conditions by encapsulating various bioactive cargoes, including proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids. In this review we summarize the latest findings about the metabolic regulation of EV biogenesis, secretion, and components, and highlight the biological role of EV cargoes in interorgan communication in cancer, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. We also discuss the potential application of EVs as diagnostic markers, and corresponding therapeutic strategies by EV engineering for both early detection and treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Zou Z, Li H, Xu G, Hu Y, Zhang W, Tian K. Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives of Exosomes as Nanocarriers in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4751-4778. [PMID: 37635911 PMCID: PMC10454833 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s417422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, as natural nanocarriers, characterized with low immunogenicity, non-cytotoxicity and targeted delivery capability, which have advantages over synthetic nanocarriers. Recently, exosomes have shown great potential as diagnostic markers for diseases and are also considered as a promising cell-free therapy. Engineered exosomes have significantly enhanced the efficacy and precision of delivering therapeutic agents, and are currently being extensively employed in targeted therapeutic investigations for various ailments, including oncology, inflammatory disorders, and degenerative conditions. Particularly, engineered exosomes enable therapeutic agent loading, targeted modification, evasion of MPS phagocytosis, intelligent control, and bioimaging, and have been developed as multifunctional nano-delivery platforms in recent years. The utilization of bioactive scaffolds that are loaded with exosome delivery has been shown to substantially augment retention, extend exosome release, and enhance efficacy. This approach has advanced from conventional hydrogels to nanocomposite hydrogels, nanofiber hydrogels, and 3D printing, resulting in superior physical and biological properties that effectively address the limitations of natural scaffolds. Additionally, plant-derived exosomes, which can participate in gut flora remodeling via oral administration, are considered as an ideal delivery platform for the treatment of intestinal diseases. Consequently, there is great interest in exosomes and exosomes as nanocarriers for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the biogenesis, composition, and isolation methods of exosomes. Additionally, it examines the pathological and diagnostic mechanisms of exosomes in various diseases, including tumors, degenerative disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, this review highlights the significance of gut microbial-derived exosomes. Strategies and specific applications of engineered exosomes and bioactive scaffold-loaded exosome delivery are further summarized, especially some new techniques such as large-scale loading technique, macromolecular loading technique, development of multifunctional nano-delivery platforms and nano-scaffold-loaded exosome delivery. The potential benefits of using plant-derived exosomes for the treatment of gut-related diseases are also discussed. Additionally, the challenges, opportunities, and prospects of exosome-based nanocarriers for disease diagnosis and treatment are summarized from both preclinical and clinical viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaijun Zou
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- School of Graduates, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- School of Graduates, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopaedic Disease, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunxiang Hu
- School of Graduates, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopaedic Disease, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kang Tian
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopaedic Disease, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116011, People’s Republic of China
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Roy R, Kuo PL, Candia J, Sarantopoulou D, Ubaida-Mohien C, Hernandez D, Kaileh M, Arepalli S, Singh A, Bektas A, Kim J, Moore AZ, Tanaka T, McKelvey J, Zukley L, Nguyen C, Wallace T, Dunn C, Wood W, Piao Y, Coletta C, De S, Sen J, Weng NP, Sen R, Ferrucci L. Epigenetic signature of human immune aging in the GESTALT study. eLife 2023; 12:e86136. [PMID: 37589453 PMCID: PMC10506794 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated DNA methylation in blood cells convey information on health status. However, the mechanisms that drive these changes in circulating cells and their relationships to gene regulation are unknown. We identified age-associated DNA methylation sites in six purified blood-borne immune cell types (naive B, naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, granulocytes, monocytes, and NK cells) collected from healthy individuals interspersed over a wide age range. Of the thousands of age-associated sites, only 350 sites were differentially methylated in the same direction in all cell types and validated in an independent longitudinal cohort. Genes close to age-associated hypomethylated sites were enriched for collagen biosynthesis and complement cascade pathways, while genes close to hypermethylated sites mapped to neuronal pathways. In silico analyses showed that in most cell types, the age-associated hypo- and hypermethylated sites were enriched for ARNT (HIF1β) and REST transcription factor (TF) motifs, respectively, which are both master regulators of hypoxia response. To conclude, despite spatial heterogeneity, there is a commonality in the putative regulatory role with respect to TF motifs and histone modifications at and around these sites. These features suggest that DNA methylation changes in healthy aging may be adaptive responses to fluctuations of oxygen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Roy
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Pei-Lun Kuo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Julián Candia
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Dimitra Sarantopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | | | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on AgingBethesdaUnited States
| | - Mary Kaileh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Sampath Arepalli
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on AgingBethesdaUnited States
| | - Amit Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Arsun Bektas
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jaekwan Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Ann Z Moore
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Julia McKelvey
- Clinical Research Core, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Linda Zukley
- Clinical Research Core, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Cuong Nguyen
- Flow Cytometry Unit, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Tonya Wallace
- Flow Cytometry Unit, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Christopher Dunn
- Flow Cytometry Unit, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - William Wood
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Yulan Piao
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Christopher Coletta
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Supriyo De
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jyoti Sen
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Nan-ping Weng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Ranjan Sen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on AgingBaltimoreUnited States
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Jeppesen DK, Zhang Q, Franklin JL, Coffey RJ. Extracellular vesicles and nanoparticles: emerging complexities. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:667-681. [PMID: 36737375 PMCID: PMC10363204 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and nanoparticles (NPs) is rapidly expanding because recent discoveries have revealed a much greater complexity and diversity than was appreciated only a few years ago. New types of EVs and NPs have recently been described. Proteins and nucleic acids previously thought to be packaged in exosomes appear to be more enriched in different types of EVs and in two recently identified amembranous NPs, exomeres and supermeres. Thus, our understanding of the cell biology and intercellular communication facilitated by the release of EVs and NPs is in a state of flux. In this review, we describe the different types of EVs and NPs, highlight recent advances, and present major outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K Jeppesen
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Mishra A, Bharti PS, Rani N, Nikolajeff F, Kumar S. A tale of exosomes and their implication in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188908. [PMID: 37172650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a cause of high deaths worldwide and also a huge burden for the health system. Cancer cells have unique properties such as a high rate of proliferation, self-renewal, metastasis, and treatment resistance, therefore, the development of novel diagnoses of cancers is a tedious task. Exosomes are secreted by virtually all cell types and have the ability to carry a multitude of biomolecules crucial for intercellular communication, hence, contributing a crucial part in the onset and spread of cancer. These exosomal components can be utilized in the development of markers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes for various cancers. This review emphasized primarily the following topics: exosomes structure and functions, isolation and characterization strategies of exosomes, the role of exosomal contents in cancer with a focus in particular on noncoding RNA and protein, exosomes, and the cancer microenvironment interactions, cancer stem cells, and tumor diagnosis and prognosis based on exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Mishra
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Prahalad Singh Bharti
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Neerja Rani
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Fredrik Nikolajeff
- Department of Health, Education, and Technology, Lulea University of Technology, 97187, Sweden
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; Department of Health, Education, and Technology, Lulea University of Technology, 97187, Sweden.
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Yuan YG, Wang JL, Zhang YX, Li L, Reza AMMT, Gurunathan S. Biogenesis, Composition and Potential Therapeutic Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Exosomes in Various Diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3177-3210. [PMID: 37337578 PMCID: PMC10276992 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s407029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles with a wide range of chemical compositions used in many different applications. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSCs-EXOs) are spherical vesicles that have been shown to mediate tissue regeneration in a variety of diseases, including neurological, autoimmune and inflammatory, cancer, ischemic heart disease, lung injury, and liver fibrosis. They can modulate the immune response by interacting with immune effector cells due to the presence of anti-inflammatory compounds and are involved in intercellular communication through various types of cargo. MSCs-EXOs exhibit cytokine storm-mitigating properties in response to COVID-19. This review discussed the potential function of MSCs-EXOs in a variety of diseases including neurological, notably epileptic encephalopathy and Parkinson's disease, cancer, angiogenesis, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We provided an overview of exosome biogenesis and factors that regulate exosome biogenesis. Additionally, we highlight the functions and potential use of MSCs-EXOs in the treatment of the inflammatory disease COVID-19. Finally, we covered a strategies and challenges of MSCs-EXOs. Finally, we discuss conclusion and future perspectives of MSCs-EXOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Guo Yuan
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Xin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abu Musa Md Talimur Reza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Türkiye
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Fathi-Karkan S, Heidarzadeh M, Narmi MT, Mardi N, Amini H, Saghati S, Abrbekoh FN, Saghebasl S, Rahbarghazi R, Khoshfetrat AB. Exosome-loaded microneedle patches: Promising factor delivery route. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125232. [PMID: 37302628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During the past decades, the advent of different microneedle patch (MNPs) systems paves the way for the targeted and efficient delivery of several growth factors into the injured sites. MNPs consist of several micro-sized (25-1500 μm) needle rows for painless delivery of incorporated therapeutics and increase of regenerative outcomes. Recent data have indicated the multifunctional potential of varied MNP types for clinical applications. Advances in the application of materials and fabrication processes enable researchers and clinicians to apply several MNP types for different purposes such as inflammatory conditions, ischemic disease, metabolic disorders, vaccination, etc. Exosomes (Exos) are one of the most interesting biological bioshuttles that participate in cell-to-cell paracrine interaction with the transfer of signaling biomolecules. These nano-sized particles, ranging from 50 to 150 nm, can exploit several mechanisms to enter the target cells and deliver their cargo into the cytosol. In recent years, both intact and engineered Exos have been increasingly used to accelerate the healing process and restore the function of injured organs. Considering the numerous benefits provided by MNPs, it is logical to hypothesize that the development of MNPs loaded with Exos provides an efficient therapeutic platform for the alleviation of several pathologies. In this review article, the authors collected recent advances in the application of MNP-loaded Exos for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fathi-Karkan
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Morteza Heidarzadeh
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450 Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Narges Mardi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Amini
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Saghati
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Solmaz Saghebasl
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Xiong J, Chi H, Yang G, Zhao S, Zhang J, Tran LJ, Xia Z, Yang F, Tian G. Revolutionizing anti-tumor therapy: unleashing the potential of B cell-derived exosomes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188760. [PMID: 37342327 PMCID: PMC10277631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells occupy a vital role in the functioning of the immune system, working in tandem with T cells to either suppress or promote tumor growth within the tumor microenvironment(TME). In addition to direct cell-to-cell communication, B cells and other cells release exosomes, small membrane vesicles ranging in size from 30-150 nm, that facilitate intercellular signaling. Exosome research is an important development in cancer research, as they have been shown to carry various molecules such as major histocompatibility complex(MHC) molecules and integrins, which regulate the TME. Given the close association between TME and cancer development, targeting substances within the TME has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer therapy. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the contributions made by B cells and exosomes to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, we delve into the potential role of B cell-derived exosomes in the progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Xiong
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Songyun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Lisa Jia Tran
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhijia Xia
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Krämer-Albers EM, Werner HB. Mechanisms of axonal support by oligodendrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023:10.1038/s41583-023-00711-y. [PMID: 37258632 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as versatile elements of cell communication in the nervous system, mediating tissue homeostasis. EVs influence the physiology of their target cells via horizontal transfer of molecular cargo between cells and by triggering signalling pathways. In this Review, we discuss recent work revealing that EVs mediate interactions between oligodendrocytes and neurons, which are relevant for maintaining the structural integrity of axons. In response to neuronal activity, myelinating oligodendrocytes release EVs, which are internalized by neurons and provide axons with key factors that improve axonal transport, stress resistance and energy homeostasis. Glia-to-neuron transfer of EVs is thus a crucial facet of axonal preservation. When glial support is impaired, axonal integrity is progressively lost, as observed in myelin-related disorders, other neurodegenerative diseases and with normal ageing. We highlight the mechanisms that oligodendroglial EVs use to sustain axonal integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
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Wu Z, Fang ZX, Hou YY, Wu BX, Deng Y, Wu HT, Liu J. Exosomes in metastasis of colorectal cancers: Friends or foes? World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:731-756. [PMID: 37275444 PMCID: PMC10237026 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i5.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most common type of cancer worldwide, threaten human health and quality of life. With multidisciplinary, including surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, patients with an early diagnosis of CRC can have a good prognosis. However, metastasis in CRC patients is the main risk factor causing cancer-related death. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of CRC metastasis is the difficult and research focus on the investigation of the CRC mechanism. On the other hand, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been confirmed as having an essential role in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of malignancies, including CRCs. Among the different factors in the TME, exosomes as extracellular vesicles, function as bridges in the communication between cancer cells and different components of the TME to promote the progression and metastasis of CRC. MicroRNAs packaged in exosomes can be derived from different sources and transported into the TME to perform oncogenic or tumor-suppressor roles accordingly. This article focuses on CRC exosomes and illustrates their role in regulating the metastasis of CRC, especially through the packaging of miRNAs, to evoke exosomes as novel biomarkers for their impact on the metastasis of CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ze-Xuan Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan-Yu Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bing-Xuan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
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Belenchia AM, Boukhalfa A, DeMarco VG, Mehm A, Mahmood A, Liu P, Tang Y, Gavini MP, Mooney B, Chen HH, Pulakat L. Cardiovascular Protective Effects of NP-6A4, a Drug with the FDA Designation for Pediatric Cardiomyopathy, in Female Rats with Obesity and Pre-Diabetes. Cells 2023; 12:1373. [PMID: 37408206 PMCID: PMC10216951 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obese and pre-diabetic women have a higher risk for cardiovascular death than age-matched men with the same symptoms, and there are no effective treatments. We reported that obese and pre-diabetic female Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF-F) rats recapitulate metabolic and cardiac pathology of young obese and pre-diabetic women and exhibit suppression of cardio-reparative AT2R. Here, we investigated whether NP-6A4, a new AT2R agonist with the FDA designation for pediatric cardiomyopathy, mitigate heart disease in ZDF-F rats by restoring AT2R expression. METHODS ZDF-F rats on a high-fat diet (to induce hyperglycemia) were treated with saline, NP-6A4 (10 mg/kg/day), or NP-6A4 + PD123319 (AT2R-specific antagonist, 5 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks (n = 21). Cardiac functions, structure, and signaling were assessed by echocardiography, histology, immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and cardiac proteome analysis. RESULTS NP-6A4 treatment attenuated cardiac dysfunction, microvascular damage (-625%) and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (-263%), and increased capillary density (200%) and AT2R expression (240%) (p < 0.05). NP-6A4 activated a new 8-protein autophagy network and increased autophagy marker LC3-II but suppressed autophagy receptor p62 and autophagy inhibitor Rubicon. Co-treatment with AT2R antagonist PD123319 suppressed NP-6A4's protective effects, confirming that NP-6A4 acts through AT2R. NP-6A4-AT2R-induced cardioprotection was independent of changes in body weight, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, or blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac autophagy impairment underlies heart disease induced by obesity and pre-diabetes, and there are no drugs to re-activate autophagy. We propose that NP-6A4 can be an effective drug to reactivate cardiac autophagy and treat obesity- and pre-diabetes-induced heart disease, particularly for young and obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M. Belenchia
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Asma Boukhalfa
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | - Alexander Mehm
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Abuzar Mahmood
- Department of Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Pei Liu
- Charles W. Gehrke Proteomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Yinian Tang
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | - Brian Mooney
- Charles W. Gehrke Proteomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Howard H. Chen
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Lakshmi Pulakat
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Lin H, Deaton CA, Johnson GVW. Commentary: BAG3 as a Mediator of Endosome Function and Tau Clearance. Neuroscience 2023; 518:4-9. [PMID: 35550160 PMCID: PMC9646927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tauopathies are a group of heterogeneous neurodegenerative conditions characterized by the deposition of abnormal tau protein in the brain. The underlying mechanisms that contribute to the accumulation of tau in these neurodegenerative diseases are multifactorial; nonetheless, there is a growing awareness that dysfunction of endosome-lysosome pathways is a pivotal factor. BCL2 associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) is a multidomain protein that plays a key role in maintaining neuronal proteostasis. Further, recent data indicate that BAG3 plays an important role in mediating vacuolar-dependent degradation of tau. Overexpression of BAG3 in a tauopathy mouse model decreased pathological tau levels and alleviated synapse loss. High throughput screens of BAG3 interactors have identified key players in the vacuolar system; these include clathrin and regulators of small GTPases. These findings suggest that BAG3 is an important regulator of endocytic pathways. In this commentary, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which BAG3 regulates the vacuolar system and tau proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 604, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Carol A Deaton
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 604, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Gail V W Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 604, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Rädler J, Gupta D, Zickler A, Andaloussi SE. Exploiting the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles for bioengineering and therapeutic cargo loading. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1231-1250. [PMID: 36805147 PMCID: PMC10188647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining increasing attention for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in various diseases. These natural nanoparticles benefit from favorable safety profiles and unique biodistribution capabilities, rendering them attractive drug-delivery modalities over synthetic analogs. However, the widespread use of EVs is limited by technological shortcomings and biological knowledge gaps that fail to unravel their heterogeneity. An in-depth understanding of their biogenesis is crucial to unlocking their full therapeutic potential. Here, we explore how knowledge about EV biogenesis can be exploited for EV bioengineering to load therapeutic protein or nucleic acid cargos into or onto EVs. We summarize more than 75 articles and discuss their findings on the formation and composition of exosomes and microvesicles, revealing multiple pathways that may be stimulation and/or cargo dependent. Our analysis further identifies key regulators of natural EV cargo loading and we discuss how this knowledge is integrated to develop engineered EV biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rädler
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Dhanu Gupta
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Antje Zickler
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.
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50
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Maejima I, Hara T, Tsukamoto S, Koizumi H, Kawauchi T, Akuzawa T, Hirai R, Kobayashi H, Isobe I, Emoto K, Kosako H, Sato K. RAB35 is required for murine hippocampal development and functions by regulating neuronal cell distribution. Commun Biol 2023; 6:440. [PMID: 37085665 PMCID: PMC10121692 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
RAB35 is a multifunctional small GTPase that regulates endocytic recycling, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and cytokinesis. However, its physiological functions in mammalian development remain unclear. Here, we generated Rab35-knockout mice and found that RAB35 is essential for early embryogenesis. Interestingly, brain-specific Rab35-knockout mice displayed severe defects in hippocampal lamination owing to impaired distribution of pyramidal neurons, although defects in cerebral cortex formation were not evident. In addition, Rab35-knockout mice exhibited defects in spatial memory and anxiety-related behaviors. Quantitative proteomics indicated that the loss of RAB35 significantly affected the levels of other RAB proteins associated with endocytic trafficking, as well as some neural cell adhesion molecules, such as contactin-2. Collectively, our findings revealed that RAB35 is required for precise neuronal distribution in the developing hippocampus by regulating the expression of cell adhesion molecules, thereby influencing spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Maejima
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Taichi Hara
- Laboratory of Food and Life Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsukamoto
- Laboratory Animal and Genome Sciences Section, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koizumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8611, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Adaptive and Maladaptive Responses in Health and Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoko Akuzawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Rika Hirai
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Hisae Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Inoya Isobe
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
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