1
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Bement WM, Goryachev AB, Miller AL, von Dassow G. Patterning of the cell cortex by Rho GTPases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:290-308. [PMID: 38172611 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The Rho GTPases - RHOA, RAC1 and CDC42 - are small GTP binding proteins that regulate basic biological processes such as cell locomotion, cell division and morphogenesis by promoting cytoskeleton-based changes in the cell cortex. This regulation results from active (GTP-bound) Rho GTPases stimulating target proteins that, in turn, promote actin assembly and myosin 2-based contraction to organize the cortex. This basic regulatory scheme, well supported by in vitro studies, led to the natural assumption that Rho GTPases function in vivo in an essentially linear matter, with a given process being initiated by GTPase activation and terminated by GTPase inactivation. However, a growing body of evidence based on live cell imaging, modelling and experimental manipulation indicates that Rho GTPase activation and inactivation are often tightly coupled in space and time via signalling circuits and networks based on positive and negative feedback. In this Review, we present and discuss this evidence, and we address one of the fundamental consequences of coupled activation and inactivation: the ability of the Rho GTPases to self-organize, that is, direct their own transition from states of low order to states of high order. We discuss how Rho GTPase self-organization results in the formation of diverse spatiotemporal cortical patterns such as static clusters, oscillatory pulses, travelling wave trains and ring-like waves. Finally, we discuss the advantages of Rho GTPase self-organization and pattern formation for cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Bement
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Andrew B Goryachev
- Center for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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2
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Bischof L, Schweitzer F, Heinisch JJ. Functional Conservation of the Small GTPase Rho5/Rac1-A Tale of Yeast and Men. Cells 2024; 13:472. [PMID: 38534316 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases are molecular switches that participate in many essential cellular processes. Amongst them, human Rac1 was first described for its role in regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics and cell migration, with a close relation to carcinogenesis. More recently, the role of Rac1 in regulating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), both as a subunit of NADPH oxidase complexes and through its association with mitochondrial functions, has drawn attention. Malfunctions in this context affect cellular plasticity and apoptosis, related to neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes. Some of these features of Rac1 are conserved in its yeast homologue Rho5. Here, we review the structural and functional similarities and differences between these two evolutionary distant proteins and propose yeast as a useful model and a device for high-throughput screens for specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnet Bischof
- AG Genetik, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Franziska Schweitzer
- AG Genetik, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jürgen J Heinisch
- AG Genetik, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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3
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Nanda S, Calderon A, Sachan A, Duong TT, Koch J, Xin X, Solouk-Stahlberg D, Wu YW, Nalbant P, Dehmelt L. Rho GTPase activity crosstalk mediated by Arhgef11 and Arhgef12 coordinates cell protrusion-retraction cycles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8356. [PMID: 38102112 PMCID: PMC10724141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases play a key role in the spatio-temporal coordination of cytoskeletal dynamics during cell migration. Here, we directly investigate crosstalk between the major Rho GTPases Rho, Rac and Cdc42 by combining rapid activity perturbation with activity measurements in mammalian cells. These studies reveal that Rac stimulates Rho activity. Direct measurement of spatio-temporal activity patterns show that Rac activity is tightly and precisely coupled to local cell protrusions, followed by Rho activation during retraction. Furthermore, we find that the Rho-activating Lbc-type GEFs Arhgef11 and Arhgef12 are enriched at transient cell protrusions and retractions and recruited to the plasma membrane by active Rac. In addition, their depletion reduces activity crosstalk, cell protrusion-retraction dynamics and migration distance and increases migration directionality. Thus, our study shows that Arhgef11 and Arhgef12 facilitate exploratory cell migration by coordinating cell protrusion and retraction by coupling the activity of the associated regulators Rac and Rho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchet Nanda
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Abram Calderon
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arya Sachan
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thanh-Thuy Duong
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Johannes Koch
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyi Xin
- SciLifeLab and Department of Chemistry, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Djamschid Solouk-Stahlberg
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yao-Wen Wu
- SciLifeLab and Department of Chemistry, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Perihan Nalbant
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Leif Dehmelt
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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4
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Nalbant P, Wagner J, Dehmelt L. Direct investigation of cell contraction signal networks by light-based perturbation methods. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1439-1452. [PMID: 37851146 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell contraction plays an important role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. This includes functions in skeletal, heart, and smooth muscle cells, which lead to highly coordinated contractions of multicellular assemblies, and functions in non-muscle cells, which are often highly localized in subcellular regions and transient in time. While the regulatory processes that control cell contraction in muscle cells are well understood, much less is known about cell contraction in non-muscle cells. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that control cell contraction in space and time in non-muscle cells, and how they can be investigated by light-based methods. The review particularly focusses on signal networks and cytoskeletal components that together control subcellular contraction patterns to perform functions on the level of cells and tissues, such as directional migration and multicellular rearrangements during development. Key features of light-based methods that enable highly local and fast perturbations are highlighted, and how experimental strategies can capitalize on these features to uncover causal relationships in the complex signal networks that control cell contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perihan Nalbant
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Room T03 R01 D33, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Jessica Wagner
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Room T03 R01 D33, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Leif Dehmelt
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, and Dortmund University of Technology, Room CP-02-157, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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5
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de Seze J, Gatin J, Coppey M. RhoA regulation in space and time. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:836-849. [PMID: 36658753 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RhoGTPases are well known for being controllers of cell cytoskeleton and share common features in the way they act and are controlled. These include their switch from GDP to GTP states, their regulations by different guanine exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase-activating proteins and guanosine dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), and their similar structure of active sites/membrane anchors. These very similar features often lead to the common consideration that the differences in their biological effects mainly arise from the different types of regulators and specific effectors associated with each GTPase. Focusing on data obtained through biosensors, live cell microscopy and recent optogenetic approaches, we highlight in this review that the regulation of RhoA appears to depart from Cdc42 and Rac1 modes of regulation through its enhanced lability at the plasma membrane. RhoA presents a high dynamic turnover at the membrane that is regulated not only by GDIs but also by GEFs, effectors and a possible soluble conformational state. This peculiarity of RhoA regulation may be important for the specificities of its functions, such as the existence of activity waves or its putative dual role in the initiation of protrusions and contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean de Seze
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Joséphine Gatin
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Coppey
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Paris, France
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Kowalczyk M, Kamps D, Wu Y, Dehmelt L, Nalbant P. Monitoring the Response of Multiple Signal Network Components to Acute Chemo-Optogenetic Perturbations in Living Cells. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100582. [PMID: 34897929 PMCID: PMC9303927 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cells process information via signal networks that typically involve multiple components which are interconnected by feedback loops. The combination of acute optogenetic perturbations and microscopy‐based fluorescent response readouts enables the direct investigation of causal links in such networks. However, due to overlaps in spectra of photosensitive and fluorescent proteins, current approaches that combine these methods are limited. Here, we present an improved chemo‐optogenetic approach that is based on switch‐like perturbations induced by a single, local pulse of UV light. We show that this approach can be combined with parallel monitoring of multiple fluorescent readouts to directly uncover relations between signal network components. We present the application of this technique to directly investigate feedback‐controlled regulation in the cell contraction signal network that includes GEF‐H1, Rho and Myosin, and functional interactions of this network with tumor relevant RhoA G17 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Dominic Kamps
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Systemic Cell Biology, TU Dortmund University and Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yaowen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leif Dehmelt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Systemic Cell Biology, TU Dortmund University and Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Perihan Nalbant
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
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7
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Keum S, Yang SJ, Park E, Kang T, Choi JH, Jeong J, Hwang YE, Kim JW, Park D, Rhee S. Beta-Pix-dynamin 2 complex promotes colorectal cancer progression by facilitating membrane dynamics. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:1287-1305. [PMID: 34582006 PMCID: PMC8648671 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Spatiotemporal regulation of cell membrane dynamics is a major process that promotes cancer cell invasion by acting as a driving force for cell migration. Beta-Pix (βPix), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1, has been reported to be involved in actin-mediated cellular processes, such as cell migration, by interacting with various proteins. As yet, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying βPix-mediated cancer cell invasion remain unclear. METHODS The clinical significance of βPix was analyzed in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) using public clinical databases. Pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays were employed to identify novel binding partners for βPix. Additionally, various cell biological assays including immunocytochemistry and time-lapse video microscopy were performed to assess the effects of βPix on CRC progression. A βPix-SH3 antibody delivery system was used to determine the effects of the βPix-Dyn2 complex in CRC cells. RESULTS We found that the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain of βPix interacts with the proline-rich domain of Dynamin 2 (Dyn2), a large GTPase. The βPix-Dyn2 interaction promoted lamellipodia formation, along with plasma membrane localization of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP). Furthermore, we found that Src kinase-mediated phosphorylation of the tyrosine residue at position 442 of βPix enhanced βPix-Dyn2 complex formation. Disruption of the βPix-Dyn2 complex by βPix-SH3 antibodies targeting intracellular βPix inhibited CRC cell invasion. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that spatiotemporal regulation of the Src-βPix-Dyn2 axis is crucial for CRC cell invasion by promoting membrane dynamics and MT1-MMP recruitment into the leading edge. The development of inhibitors that disrupt the βPix-Dyn2 complex may be a useful therapeutic strategy for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seula Keum
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Yang
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Esther Park
- School of Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - TaeIn Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hye Choi
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangho Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Eun Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongeun Park
- School of Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmyung Rhee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Shin EY, Lee CS, Kim HB, Park JH, Oh K, Lee GW, Cho EY, Kim HK, Kim EG. Kinesin-1-dependent transport of the βPIX/GIT complex in neuronal cells. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 34154701 PMCID: PMC8328822 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.7.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and 3Microbiology, College of Medicine, and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Chan-Soo Lee
- Department of Food Standard Division Scientific Office, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (KFDA), Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Han-Byeol Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and 3Microbiology, College of Medicine, and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Park
- Department of Biochemistry and 3Microbiology, College of Medicine, and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kwangseok Oh
- Department of Biochemistry and 3Microbiology, College of Medicine, and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Gun-Wu Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and 3Microbiology, College of Medicine, and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Eun-Yul Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and 3Microbiology, College of Medicine, and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | | | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and 3Microbiology, College of Medicine, and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Barvitenko N, Aslam M, Lawen A, Saldanha C, Skverchinskaya E, Uras G, Manca A, Pantaleo A. Two Motors and One Spring: Hypothetic Roles of Non-Muscle Myosin II and Submembrane Actin-Based Cytoskeleton in Cell Volume Sensing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7967. [PMID: 34360739 PMCID: PMC8347689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in plasma membrane curvature and intracellular ionic strength are two key features of cell volume perturbations. In this hypothesis we present a model of the responsible molecular apparatus which is assembled of two molecular motors [non-muscle myosin II (NMMII) and protrusive actin polymerization], a spring [a complex between the plasma membrane (PM) and the submembrane actin-based cytoskeleton (smACSK) which behaves like a viscoelastic solid] and the associated signaling proteins. We hypothesize that this apparatus senses changes in both the plasma membrane curvature and the ionic strength and in turn activates signaling pathways responsible for regulatory volume increase (RVI) and regulatory volume decrease (RVD). During cell volume changes hydrostatic pressure (HP) changes drive alterations in the cell membrane curvature. HP difference has opposite directions in swelling versus shrinkage, thus allowing distinction between them. By analogy with actomyosin contractility that appears to sense stiffness of the extracellular matrix we propose that NMMII and actin polymerization can actively probe the transmembrane gradient in HP. Furthermore, NMMII and protein-protein interactions in the actin cortex are sensitive to ionic strength. Emerging data on direct binding to and regulating activities of transmembrane mechanosensors by NMMII and actin cortex provide routes for signal transduction from transmembrane mechanosensors to cell volume regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Experimental Cardiology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Alfons Lawen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Carlota Saldanha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | | | - Giuseppe Uras
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK;
| | - Alessia Manca
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Antonella Pantaleo
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
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Physiological Basis of Smut Infectivity in the Early Stages of Sugar Cane Colonization. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010044. [PMID: 33445484 PMCID: PMC7827540 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar cane smut (Sporisorium scitamineum) interactions have been traditionally considered from the plant’s point of view: How can resistant sugar cane plants defend themselves against smut disease? Resistant plants induce several defensive mechanisms that oppose fungal attacks. Herein, an overall view of Sporisorium scitamineum’s mechanisms of infection and the defense mechanisms of plants are presented. Quorum sensing effects and a continuous reorganization of cytoskeletal components, where actin, myosin, and microtubules are required to work together, seem to be some of the keys to a successful attack.
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Kamps D, Koch J, Juma VO, Campillo-Funollet E, Graessl M, Banerjee S, Mazel T, Chen X, Wu YW, Portet S, Madzvamuse A, Nalbant P, Dehmelt L. Optogenetic Tuning Reveals Rho Amplification-Dependent Dynamics of a Cell Contraction Signal Network. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108467. [PMID: 33264629 PMCID: PMC7710677 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Local cell contraction pulses play important roles in tissue and cell morphogenesis. Here, we improve a chemo-optogenetic approach and apply it to investigate the signal network that generates these pulses. We use these measurements to derive and parameterize a system of ordinary differential equations describing temporal signal network dynamics. Bifurcation analysis and numerical simulations predict a strong dependence of oscillatory system dynamics on the concentration of GEF-H1, an Lbc-type RhoGEF, which mediates the positive feedback amplification of Rho activity. This prediction is confirmed experimentally via optogenetic tuning of the effective GEF-H1 concentration in individual living cells. Numerical simulations show that pulse amplitude is most sensitive to external inputs into the myosin component at low GEF-H1 concentrations and that the spatial pulse width is dependent on GEF-H1 diffusion. Our study offers a theoretical framework to explain the emergence of local cell contraction pulses and their modulation by biochemical and mechanical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Kamps
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Johannes Koch
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Victor O Juma
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sussex, Pevensey III, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
| | | | - Melanie Graessl
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Soumya Banerjee
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tomáš Mazel
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Xi Chen
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max-Planck Society, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Yao-Wen Wu
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max-Planck Society, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Portet
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Anotida Madzvamuse
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sussex, Pevensey III, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK; Department of Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Perihan Nalbant
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Leif Dehmelt
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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12
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Zhang E, Dong X, Chen S, Shao J, Zhang P, Wang Y, Wang X. Ubiquitin ligase KLHL2 promotes the degradation and ubiquitination of ARHGEF7 protein to suppress renal cell carcinoma progression. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:3345-3357. [PMID: 33163274 PMCID: PMC7642650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that ARHGEF7 is upregulated in many malignant tumors, but the underlying molecular mechanisms to this response remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we confirm that ARHGEF7 physically interacts with KLHL2, which was previously identified to be an E3 ubiquitin ligase. KLHL2 is capable of promoting ARHGEF7 degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. We identify that the Kelch domain of KLHL2 is necessary for binding with ARHGEF7 and downstream activities. In addition, we find that ARHGEF7 is overexpressed in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) specimens, and that the level of expression negatively correlates with that of KLHL2. Moreover, we utilize knockdown loss-of-function assays to demonstrate that ARHGEF7 in 786-O and A498 cell lines can act as a regulator of cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and that these effects can be reversed by KLHL2 inactivation. Taken together, our data suggest that ARHGEF7 is a putative oncogene that functions via an interaction with KLHL2, and control of ARHGEF7 can be a potential future target to inhibit tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Xiao Dong
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Siteng Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Jialiang Shao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Pingzhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
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13
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Abstract
Rho GTPases are known to play an essential role in fundamental processes such as defining cell shape, polarity and migration. As such, the majority of Rho GTPases localize and function at, or close to, the plasma membrane. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that a number of Rho family proteins are also associated with the Golgi complex, where they not only regulate events at this organelle but also more widely across the cell. Given the central location of this organelle, and the numerous membrane trafficking pathways that connect it to both the endocytic and secretory systems of cells, it is clear that the Golgi is fundamental for maintaining cellular homoeostasis. In this review, we describe these GTPases in the context of how they regulate Golgi architecture, membrane trafficking into and away from this organelle, and cell polarity and migration. We summarize the key findings that show the growing importance of the pool of Rho GTPases associated with Golgi function, namely Cdc42, RhoA, RhoD, RhoBTB1 and RhoBTB3, and we discuss how they act in concert with other key families of molecules associated with the Golgi, including Rab GTPases and matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaritha M Mysior
- Cell Screening Laboratory, School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin Ireland
| | - Jeremy C Simpson
- Cell Screening Laboratory, School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin Ireland
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14
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Shin EY, Park JH, You ST, Lee CS, Won SY, Park JJ, Kim HB, Shim J, Soung NK, Lee OJ, Schwartz MA, Kim EG. Integrin-mediated adhesions in regulation of cellular senescence. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay3909. [PMID: 32494696 PMCID: PMC7202880 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay3909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioinformatic and functional data link integrin-mediated cell adhesion to cellular senescence; however, the significance of and molecular mechanisms behind these connections are unknown. We now report that the focal adhesion-localized βPAK-interacting exchange factor (βPIX)-G protein-coupled receptor kinase interacting protein (GIT) complex controls cellular senescence in vitro and in vivo. βPIX and GIT levels decline with age. βPIX knockdown induces cellular senescence, which was prevented by reexpression. Loss of βPIX induced calpain cleavage of the endocytic adapter amphiphysin 1 to suppress clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME); direct competition of GIT1/2 for the calpain-binding site on paxillin mediates this effect. Decreased CME and thus integrin endocytosis induced abnormal integrin signaling, with elevated reactive oxygen species production. Blocking integrin signaling inhibited senescence in human fibroblasts and mouse lungs in vivo. These results reveal a central role for integrin signaling in cellular senescence, potentially identifying a new therapeutic direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Soon-Tae You
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Chan-Soo Lee
- Food Standard Division Scientific Office, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (KFDA), Osong-eup, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - So-Yoon Won
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jung-Jin Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Han-Byeol Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jaegal Shim
- Comparative Biomedicine Research Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Nak-Kyun Soung
- World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang-eup, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Ok-Jun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Martin Alexander Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Corresponding author. (E.-G.K.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Corresponding author. (E.-G.K.); (M.A.S.)
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15
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Sutherland A, Keller R, Lesko A. Convergent extension in mammalian morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:199-211. [PMID: 31734039 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Convergent extension is a fundamental morphogenetic process that underlies not only the generation of the elongated vertebrate body plan from the initially radially symmetrical embryo, but also the specific shape changes characteristic of many individual tissues. These tissue shape changes are the result of specific cell behaviors, coordinated in time and space, and affected by the physical properties of the tissue. While mediolateral cell intercalation is the classic cellular mechanism for producing tissue convergence and extension, other cell behaviors can also provide similar tissue-scale distortions or can modulate the effects of mediolateral cell intercalation to sculpt a specific shape. Regulation of regional tissue morphogenesis through planar polarization of the variety of underlying cell behaviors is well-recognized, but as yet is not well understood at the molecular level. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the cellular basis for convergence and extension and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sutherland
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Raymond Keller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
| | - Alyssa Lesko
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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16
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Vestre K, Kjos I, Guadagno NA, Borg Distefano M, Kohler F, Fenaroli F, Bakke O, Progida C. Rab6 regulates cell migration and invasion by recruiting Cdc42 and modulating its activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2593-2614. [PMID: 30830239 PMCID: PMC11105640 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rab proteins are master regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, but they also contribute to cell division, signaling, polarization, and migration. The majority of the works describing the mechanisms used by Rab proteins to regulate cell motility involve intracellular transport of key molecules important for migration. Interestingly, a few studies indicate that Rabs can modulate the activity of Rho GTPases, important regulators for the cytoskeleton rearrangements, but the mechanisms behind this crosstalk are still poorly understood. In this work, we identify Rab6 as a negative regulator of cell migration in vitro and in vivo. We show that the loss of Rab6 promotes formation of actin protrusions and influences actomyosin dynamics by upregulating Cdc42 activity and downregulating myosin II phosphorylation. We further provide the molecular mechanism behind this regulation demonstrating that Rab6 interacts with both Cdc42 and Trio, a GEF for Cdc42. In sum, our results uncover a mechanism used by Rab proteins to ensure spatial regulation of Rho GTPase activity for coordination of cytoskeleton rearrangements required in migrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Vestre
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Kjos
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Noemi Antonella Guadagno
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marita Borg Distefano
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Felix Kohler
- Department of Physics, The NJORD Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cinzia Progida
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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17
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Wu SK, Priya R. Spatio-Temporal Regulation of RhoGTPases Signaling by Myosin II. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:90. [PMID: 31192208 PMCID: PMC6546806 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RhoGTPase activation of non-muscle myosin II regulates cell division, extrusion, adhesion, migration, and tissue morphogenesis. However, the regulation of myosin II and mechanotransduction is not straightforward. Increasingly, the role of myosin II on the feedback regulation of RhoGTPase signaling is emerging. Indeed, myosin II controls RhoGTPase signaling through multiple mechanisms, namely contractility driven advection, scaffolding, and sequestration of signaling molecules. Here we discuss these mechanisms by which myosin II regulates RhoGTPase signaling in cell adhesion, migration, and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwin K Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rashmi Priya
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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18
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Braga V. Signaling by Small GTPases at Cell-Cell Junctions: Protein Interactions Building Control and Networks. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028746. [PMID: 28893858 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A number of interesting reports highlight the intricate network of signaling proteins that coordinate formation and maintenance of cell-cell contacts. We have much yet to learn about how the in vitro binding data is translated into protein association inside the cells and whether such interaction modulates the signaling properties of the protein. What emerges from recent studies is the importance to carefully consider small GTPase activation in the context of where its activation occurs, which upstream regulators are involved in the activation/inactivation cycle and the GTPase interacting partners that determine the intracellular niche and extent of signaling. Data discussed here unravel unparalleled cooperation and coordination of functions among GTPases and their regulators in supporting strong adhesion between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Braga
- Molecular Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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19
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Odenwald MA, Choi W, Kuo WT, Singh G, Sailer A, Wang Y, Shen L, Fanning AS, Turner JR. The scaffolding protein ZO-1 coordinates actomyosin and epithelial apical specializations in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17317-17335. [PMID: 30242130 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarized epithelia assemble into sheets that compartmentalize organs and generate tissue barriers by integrating apical surfaces into a single, unified structure. This tissue organization is shared across organs, species, and developmental stages. The processes that regulate development and maintenance of apical epithelial surfaces are, however, undefined. Here, using an intestinal epithelial-specific knockout (KO) mouse and cultured epithelial cells, we show that the tight junction scaffolding protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) is essential for development of unified apical surfaces in vivo and in vitro We found that U5 and GuK domains of ZO-1 are necessary for proper apical surface assembly, including organization of microvilli and cortical F-actin; however, direct interactions with F-actin through the ZO-1 actin-binding region (ABR) are not required. ZO-1 lacking the PDZ1 domain, which binds claudins, rescued apical structure in ZO-1-deficient epithelia, but not in cells lacking both ZO-1 and ZO-2, suggesting that heterodimerization with ZO-2 restores PDZ1-dependent ZO-1 interactions that are vital to apical surface organization. Pharmacologic F-actin disruption, myosin II motor inhibition, or dynamin inactivation restored apical epithelial structure in vitro and in vivo, indicating that ZO-1 directs epithelial organization by regulating actomyosin contraction and membrane traffic. We conclude that multiple ZO-1-mediated interactions contribute to coordination of epithelial actomyosin function and genesis of unified apical surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wangsun Choi
- the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Gurminder Singh
- From the Departments of Pathology and.,the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | | | | | - Le Shen
- From the Departments of Pathology and.,Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Alan S Fanning
- the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- From the Departments of Pathology and .,the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
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20
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Nalbant P, Dehmelt L. Exploratory cell dynamics: a sense of touch for cells? Biol Chem 2018; 399:809-819. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cells need to process multifaceted external cues to steer their dynamic behavior. To efficiently perform this task, cells implement several exploratory mechanisms to actively sample their environment. In particular, cells can use exploratory actin-based cell protrusions and contractions to engage and squeeze the environment and to actively probe its chemical and mechanical properties. Multiple excitable signal networks were identified that can generate local activity pulses to control these exploratory processes. Such excitable signal networks offer particularly efficient mechanisms to process chemical or mechanical signals to steer dynamic cell behavior, such as directional migration, tissue morphogenesis and cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perihan Nalbant
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Center for Medical Biotechnology , University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2 , D-45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Leif Dehmelt
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, and Dortmund University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a , D-44227 Dortmund , Germany
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21
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Mortal S, Iseppon F, Perissinotto A, D'Este E, Cojoc D, Napolitano LMR, Torre V. Actin Waves Do Not Boost Neurite Outgrowth in the Early Stages of Neuron Maturation. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:402. [PMID: 29326552 PMCID: PMC5741660 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During neurite development, Actin Waves (AWs) emerge at the neurite base and move up to its tip, causing a transient retraction of the Growth Cone (GC). Many studies have shown that AWs are linked to outbursts of neurite growth and, therefore, contribute to the fast elongation of the nascent axon. Using long term live cell-imaging, we show that AWs do not boost neurite outgrowth and that neurites without AWs can elongate for several hundred microns. Inhibition of Myosin II abolishes the transient GC retraction and strongly modifies the AWs morphology. Super-resolution nanoscopy shows that Myosin IIB shapes the growth cone-like AWs structure and is differently distributed in AWs and GCs. Interestingly, depletion of membrane cholesterol and inhibition of Rho GTPases decrease AWs frequency and velocity. Our results indicate that Myosin IIB, membrane tension, and small Rho GTPases are important players in the regulation of the AW dynamics. Finally, we suggest a role for AWs in maintaining the GCs active during environmental exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mortal
- Neurobiology Department, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Federico Iseppon
- Neurobiology Department, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Perissinotto
- Neurobiology Department, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisa D'Este
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dan Cojoc
- Optical Manipulation Lab, Istituto Officina dei Materiali (CNR), Trieste, Italy
| | - Luisa M R Napolitano
- Neurobiology Department, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Vincent Torre
- Neurobiology Department, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
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22
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Graessl M, Koch J, Calderon A, Kamps D, Banerjee S, Mazel T, Schulze N, Jungkurth JK, Patwardhan R, Solouk D, Hampe N, Hoffmann B, Dehmelt L, Nalbant P. An excitable Rho GTPase signaling network generates dynamic subcellular contraction patterns. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:4271-4285. [PMID: 29055010 PMCID: PMC5716289 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201706052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPase-based signaling networks control cellular dynamics by coordinating protrusions and retractions in space and time. Here, we reveal a signaling network that generates pulses and propagating waves of cell contractions. These dynamic patterns emerge via self-organization from an activator-inhibitor network, in which the small GTPase Rho amplifies its activity by recruiting its activator, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1. Rho also inhibits itself by local recruitment of actomyosin and the associated RhoGAP Myo9b. This network structure enables spontaneous, self-limiting patterns of subcellular contractility that can explore mechanical cues in the extracellular environment. Indeed, actomyosin pulse frequency in cells is altered by matrix elasticity, showing that coupling of contractility pulses to environmental deformations modulates network dynamics. Thus, our study reveals a mechanism that integrates intracellular biochemical and extracellular mechanical signals into subcellular activity patterns to control cellular contractility dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Graessl
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Koch
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Abram Calderon
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology and Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dominic Kamps
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology and Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Soumya Banerjee
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology and Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tomáš Mazel
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology and Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nina Schulze
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jana Kathrin Jungkurth
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology and Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rutuja Patwardhan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Djamschid Solouk
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology and Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nico Hampe
- Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Leif Dehmelt
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology and Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Perihan Nalbant
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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23
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Komarova YA, Kruse K, Mehta D, Malik AB. Protein Interactions at Endothelial Junctions and Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Endothelial Permeability. Circ Res 2017; 120:179-206. [PMID: 28057793 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.306534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The monolayer of endothelial cells lining the vessel wall forms a semipermeable barrier (in all tissue except the relatively impermeable blood-brain and inner retinal barriers) that regulates tissue-fluid homeostasis, transport of nutrients, and migration of blood cells across the barrier. Permeability of the endothelial barrier is primarily regulated by a protein complex called adherens junctions. Adherens junctions are not static structures; they are continuously remodeled in response to mechanical and chemical cues in both physiological and pathological settings. Here, we discuss recent insights into the post-translational modifications of junctional proteins and signaling pathways regulating plasticity of adherens junctions and endothelial permeability. We also discuss in the context of what is already known and newly defined signaling pathways that mediate endothelial barrier leakiness (hyperpermeability) that are important in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and lung diseases and vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Komarova
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Kevin Kruse
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Dolly Mehta
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Asrar B Malik
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago.
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24
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Priya R, Wee K, Budnar S, Gomez GA, Yap AS, Michael M. Coronin 1B supports RhoA signaling at cell-cell junctions through Myosin II. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:3033-3041. [PMID: 27650961 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1234549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle myosin II (NMII) motor proteins are responsible for generating contractile forces inside eukaryotic cells. There is also a growing interest in the capacity for these motor proteins to influence cell signaling through scaffolding, especially in the context of RhoA GTPase signaling. We previously showed that NMIIA accumulation and stability within specific regions of the cell cortex, such as the zonula adherens (ZA), allows the formation of a stable RhoA signaling zone. Now we demonstrate a key role for Coronin 1B in maintaining this junctional pool of NMIIA, as depletion of Coronin 1B significantly compromised myosin accumulation and stability at junctions. The loss of junctional NMIIA, upon Coronin 1B knockdown, perturbed RhoA signaling due to enhanced junctional recruitment of the RhoA antagonist, p190B Rho GAP. This effect was blocked by the expression of phosphomimetic MRLC-DD, thus reinforcing the central role of NMII in regulating RhoA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Priya
- a Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Program in Membrane Interface Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Kenneth Wee
- a Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Program in Membrane Interface Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Srikanth Budnar
- a Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Program in Membrane Interface Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Guillermo A Gomez
- a Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Program in Membrane Interface Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- a Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Program in Membrane Interface Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Magdalene Michael
- a Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Program in Membrane Interface Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia.,b Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus , London , UK
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25
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Abstract
Rho GTPases are crucial signaling molecules that regulate a plethora of biological functions. Traditional biochemical, cell biological, and genetic approaches have founded the basis of Rho GTPase biology. The development of biosensors then allowed measuring Rho GTPase activity with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. This revealed that Rho GTPase activity fluctuates on time and length scales of tens of seconds and micrometers, respectively. In this review, we describe Rho GTPase activity patterns observed in different cell systems. We then discuss the growing body of evidence that upstream regulators such as guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins shape these patterns by precisely controlling the spatio-temporal flux of Rho GTPase activity. Finally, we comment on additional mechanisms that might feed into the regulation of these signaling patterns and on novel technologies required to dissect this spatio-temporal complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Pertz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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26
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Sayyad WA, Fabris P, Torre V. The Role of Rac1 in the Growth Cone Dynamics and Force Generation of DRG Neurons. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146842. [PMID: 26766136 PMCID: PMC4713067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We used optical tweezers, video imaging, immunocytochemistry and a variety of inhibitors to analyze the role of Rac1 in the motility and force generation of lamellipodia and filopodia from developing growth cones of isolated Dorsal Root Ganglia neurons. When the activity of Rac1 was inhibited by the drug EHop-016, the period of lamellipodia protrusion/retraction cycles increased and the lamellipodia retrograde flow rate decreased; moreover, the axial force exerted by lamellipodia was reduced dramatically. Inhibition of Arp2/3 by a moderate amount of the drug CK-548 caused a transient retraction of lamellipodia followed by a complete recovery of their usual motility. This recovery was abolished by the concomitant inhibition of Rac1. The filopodia length increased upon inhibition of both Rac1 and Arp2/3, but the speed of filopodia protrusion increased when Rac1 was inhibited and decreased instead when Arp2/3 was inhibited. These results suggest that Rac1 acts as a switch that activates upon inhibition of Arp2/3. Rac1 also controls the filopodia dynamics necessary to explore the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim A. Sayyad
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Fabris
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Vincent Torre
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Han YE, Lim A, Park SH, Chang S, Lee SH, Ho WK. Rac-mediated actin remodeling and myosin II are involved in KATP channel trafficking in pancreatic β-cells. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e190. [PMID: 26471000 PMCID: PMC4673475 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic sensor activated during metabolic stress and it regulates various enzymes and cellular processes to maintain metabolic homeostasis. We previously reported that activation of AMPK by glucose deprivation (GD) and leptin increases KATP currents by increasing the surface levels of KATP channel proteins in pancreatic β-cells. Here, we show that the signaling mechanisms that mediate actin cytoskeleton remodeling are closely associated with AMPK-induced KATP channel trafficking. Using F-actin staining with Alexa 633-conjugated phalloidin, we observed that dense cortical actin filaments present in INS-1 cells cultured in 11 mM glucose were disrupted by GD or leptin treatment. These changes were blocked by inhibiting AMPK using compound C or siAMPK and mimicked by activating AMPK using AICAR, indicating that cytoskeletal remodeling induced by GD or leptin was mediated by AMPK signaling. AMPK activation led to the activation of Rac GTPase and the phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC). AMPK-dependent actin remodeling induced by GD or leptin was abolished by the inhibition of Rac with a Rac inhibitor (NSC23766), siRac1 or siRac2, and by inhibition of myosin II with a myosin ATPase inhibitor (blebbistatin). Immunocytochemistry, surface biotinylation and electrophysiological analyses of KATP channel activity and membrane potentials revealed that AMPK-dependent KATP channel trafficking to the plasma membrane was also inhibited by NSC23766 or blebbistatin. Taken together, these results indicate that AMPK/Rac-dependent cytoskeletal remodeling associated with myosin II motor function promotes the translocation of KATP channels to the plasma membrane in pancreatic β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Han
- Department of Physiology and Biomembrane Plasticity Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajin Lim
- Department of Physiology and Biomembrane Plasticity Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hyun Park
- Department of Physiology and Biomembrane Plasticity Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoe Chang
- Department of Physiology and Biomembrane Plasticity Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Ho Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biomembrane Plasticity Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Ho
- Department of Physiology and Biomembrane Plasticity Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Priya R, Gomez GA, Budnar S, Verma S, Cox HL, Hamilton NA, Yap AS. Feedback regulation through myosin II confers robustness on RhoA signalling at E-cadherin junctions. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1282-93. [PMID: 26368311 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Actomyosin at the epithelial zonula adherens (ZA) generates junctional tension for tissue integrity and morphogenesis. This requires the RhoA GTPase, which establishes a strikingly stable active zone at the ZA. Mechanisms must then exist to confer robustness on junctional RhoA signalling at the population level. We now identify a feedback network that generates a stable mesoscopic RhoA zone out of dynamic elements. The key is scaffolding of ROCK1 to the ZA by myosin II. ROCK1 protects junctional RhoA by phosphorylating Rnd3 to prevent the cortical recruitment of the Rho suppressor, p190B RhoGAP. Combining predictive modelling and experimentation, we show that this network constitutes a bistable dynamical system that is realized at the population level of the ZA. Thus, stability of the RhoA zone is an emergent consequence of the network of interactions that allow myosin II to feedback to RhoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Priya
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Guillermo A Gomez
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Srikanth Budnar
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Suzie Verma
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hayley L Cox
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Hamilton
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Son K, Smith TC, Luna EJ. Supervillin binds the Rac/Rho-GEF Trio and increases Trio-mediated Rac1 activation. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:47-64. [PMID: 25655724 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated cross-talk between the membrane-associated, myosin II-regulatory protein supervillin and the actin-regulatory small GTPases Rac1, RhoA, and Cdc42. Supervillin knockdown reduced Rac1-GTP loading, but not the GTP loading of RhoA or Cdc42, in HeLa cells with normal levels of the Rac1-activating protein Trio. No reduction in Rac1-GTP loading was observed when supervillin levels were reduced in Trio-depleted cells. Conversely, overexpression of supervillin isoform 1 (SV1) or, especially, isoform 4 (SV4) increased Rac1 activation. Inhibition of the Trio-mediated Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange activity with ITX3 partially blocked the SV4-mediated increase in Rac1-GTP. Both SV4 and SV1 co-localized with Trio at or near the plasma membrane in ruffles and cell surface projections. Two sequences within supervillin bound directly to Trio spectrin repeats 4-7: SV1-171, which contains N-terminal residues found in both SV1 and SV4 and the SV4-specific differentially spliced coding exons 3, 4, and 5 within SV4 (SV4-E345; SV4 amino acids 276-669). In addition, SV4-E345 interacted with the homologous sequence in rat kalirin (repeats 4-7, amino acids 531-1101). Overexpressed SV1-174 and SV4-E345 affected Rac1-GTP loading, but only in cells with endogenous levels of Trio. Trio residues 771-1057, which contain both supervillin-interaction sites, exerted a dominant-negative effect on cell spreading. Supervillin and Trio knockdowns, separately or together, inhibited cell spreading, suggesting that supervillin regulates the Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange activity of Trio, and potentially also kalirin, during cell spreading and lamellipodia extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyonghee Son
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program in Cell & Developmental Dynamics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Yu HW, Chen YQ, Huang CM, Liu CY, Chiou A, Wang YK, Tang MJ, Kuo JC. β-PIX controls intracellular viscoelasticity to regulate lung cancer cell migration. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:934-47. [PMID: 25683605 PMCID: PMC4420597 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis occurs via a progress involving abnormal cell migration. Cell migration, a dynamic physical process, is controlled by the cytoskeletal system, which includes the dynamics of actin organization and cellular adhesive organelles, focal adhesions (FAs). However, it is not known whether the organization of actin cytoskeletal system has a regulatory role in the physiologically relevant aspects of cancer metastasis. In the present studies, it was found that lung adenocarcinoma cells isolated from the secondary lung cancer of the lymph nodes, H1299 cells, show specific dynamics in terms of the actin cytoskeleton and FAs. This results in a higher level of mobility and this is regulated by an immature FA component, β-PIX (PAK-interacting exchange factor-β). In H1299 cells, β-PIX's activity was found not to be down-regulated by sequestration onto stress fibres, as the cells did not bundle actin filaments into stress fibres. Thus, β-PIX mainly remained localized at FAs, which allowed maturation of nascent adhesions into focal complexes; this resulted in actin polymerization, increased actin network integrity, changes in the intracellular microrheology at the peripheral of the cell, and cell polarity, which in turn regulated cell migration. Perturbation of β-PIX caused an inhibition of cell migration, including migration velocity, accumulated distance and directional persistence. Our results demonstrate the importance of β-PIX to the regulation of high mobility of lung adenocarcinoma cell line H1299 and that this occurs via regulation of FA dynamics, changes in actin cytoskeleton organization and cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Wenshin Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Goicoechea SM, Awadia S, Garcia-Mata R. I'm coming to GEF you: Regulation of RhoGEFs during cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2014; 8:535-49. [PMID: 25482524 PMCID: PMC4594598 DOI: 10.4161/cam.28721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a highly regulated multistep process that requires the coordinated regulation of cell adhesion, protrusion, and contraction. These processes require numerous protein–protein interactions and the activation of specific signaling pathways. The Rho family of GTPases plays a key role in virtually every aspect of the cell migration cycle. The activation of Rho GTPases is mediated by a large and diverse family of proteins; the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs). GEFs work immediately upstream of Rho proteins to provide a direct link between Rho activation and cell–surface receptors for various cytokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules, and G protein-coupled receptors. The regulated targeting and activation of RhoGEFs is essential to coordinate the migratory process. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the role of RhoGEFs in the regulation of cell migration.
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Key Words
- DH, Dbl-homology
- DHR, DOCK homology region
- DOCK, dedicator of cytokinesis
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- FA, focal adhesion
- FN, fibronectin
- GAP, GTPase activating protein
- GDI, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- LPA, lysophosphatidic acid
- MII, myosin II
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PH, pleckstrin-homology
- PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate
- PIP3, phosphatidylinositol (3, 4, 5)-trisphosphate.
- Rho GEFs
- Rho GTPases
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- cell migration
- cell polarization
- focal adhesions
- guanine nucleotide exchange factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Goicoechea
- a Department of Biological Sciences ; University of Toledo ; Toledo , OH USA
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Huang IH, Hsiao CT, Wu JC, Shen RF, Liu CY, Wang YK, Chen YC, Huang CM, del Álamo JC, Chang ZF, Tang MJ, Khoo KH, Kuo JC. GEF-H1 controls focal adhesion signaling that regulates mesenchymal stem cell lineage commitment. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4186-200. [PMID: 25107365 PMCID: PMC4179489 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.150227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs) undergo maturation that culminates in size and composition changes that modulate adhesion, cytoskeleton remodeling and differentiation. Although it is well recognized that stimuli for osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) drive FA maturation, actin organization and stress fiber polarization, the extent to which FA-mediated signals regulated by the FA protein composition specifies MSC commitment remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that, upon dexamethasone (osteogenic induction) treatment, guanine nucleotide exchange factor H1 (GEF-H1, also known as Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2, encoded by ARHGEF2) is significantly enriched in FAs. Perturbation of GEF-H1 inhibits FA formation, anisotropic stress fiber orientation and MSC osteogenesis in an actomyosin-contractility-independent manner. To determine the role of GEF-H1 in MSC osteogenesis, we explore the GEF-H1-modulated FA proteome that reveals non-muscle myosin-II heavy chain-B (NMIIB, also known as myosin-10, encoded by MYH10) as a target of GEF-H1 in FAs. Inhibition of targeting NMIIB into FAs suppresses FA formation, stress fiber polarization, cell stiffness and osteogenic commitments in MSCs. Our data demonstrate a role for FA signaling in specifying MSC commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Husan Huang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Te Hsiao
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chung Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Fong Shen
- Proteomics and Analytical Biochemistry Unit, Research Resources Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ching-Yi Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Kao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Huang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Juan C del Álamo
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zee-Fen Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jer Tang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jean-Cheng Kuo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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Coronin1 proteins dictate rac1 intracellular dynamics and cytoskeletal output. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3388-406. [PMID: 24980436 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00347-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rac1 regulates lamellipodium formation, myosin II-dependent contractility, and focal adhesions during cell migration. While the spatiotemporal assembly of those processes is well characterized, the signaling mechanisms involved remain obscure. We report here that the cytoskeleton-related Coronin1A and -1B proteins control a myosin II inactivation-dependent step that dictates the intracellular dynamics and cytoskeletal output of active Rac1. This step is signaling-branch specific, since it affects the functional competence of active Rac1 only when forming complexes with downstream ArhGEF7 and Pak proteins in actomyosin-rich structures. The pathway is used by default unless Rac1 is actively rerouted away from the structures by upstream activators and signals from other Rho GTPases. These results indicate that Coronin1 proteins are at the center of a regulatory hub that coordinates Rac1 activation, effector exchange, and the F-actin organization state during cell signaling. Targeting this route could be useful to hamper migration of cancer cells harboring oncogenic RAC1 mutations.
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Non-muscle myosin II regulates neuronal actin dynamics by interacting with guanine nucleotide exchange factors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95212. [PMID: 24752242 PMCID: PMC3994028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-muscle myosin II (NM II) regulates a wide range of cellular functions, including neuronal differentiation, which requires precise spatio-temporal activation of Rho GTPases. The molecular mechanism underlying the NM II-mediated activation of Rho GTPases is poorly understood. The present study explored the possibility that NM II regulates neuronal differentiation, particularly morphological changes in growth cones and the distal axon, through guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) of the Dbl family. Principal Findings NM II colocalized with GEFs, such as βPIX, kalirin and intersectin, in growth cones. Inactivation of NM II by blebbistatin (BBS) led to the increased formation of short and thick filopodial actin structures at the periphery of growth cones. In line with these observations, FRET analysis revealed enhanced Cdc42 activity in BBS-treated growth cones. BBS treatment also induced aberrant targeting of various GEFs to the distal axon where GEFs were seldom observed under physiological conditions. As a result, numerous protrusions and branches were generated on the shaft of the distal axon. The disruption of the NM II–GEF interactions by overexpression of the DH domains of βPIX or Tiam1, or by βPIX depletion with specific siRNAs inhibited growth cone formation and induced slender axons concomitant with multiple branches in cultured hippocampal neurons. Finally, stimulation with nerve growth factor induced transient dissociation of the NM II–GEF complex, which was closely correlated with the kinetics of Cdc42 and Rac1 activation. Conclusion Our results suggest that NM II maintains proper morphology of neuronal growth cones and the distal axon by regulating actin dynamics through the GEF–Rho GTPase signaling pathway.
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Komatsu S, Ikebe M. ZIPK is critical for the motility and contractility of VSMCs through the regulation of nonmuscle myosin II isoforms. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H1275-86. [PMID: 24633547 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00289.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Migration of medial vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into the intimal layer contributes to pathological remodeling of the blood vessel in arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis. It is well established that reorganization of cytoskeletal networks is an essential component of cellular motile events. However, there is currently a lack of insight into the cellular characteristics of VSMC migration under three-dimensional environments. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of VSMC migration and remodeling using two different collagen matrix assays as in vitro models: migration of VSMCs within a collagen matrix for VSMC invasion and contraction of a collagen gel by VSMCs for VSMC remodeling and contraction. We found that nonmuscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) and nonmuscle myosin IIB (NMIIB) differentially contribute to the migratory capacity of VSMCs via NMII isoform-dependent cytoskeletal reorganization. Depletion of NMIIA by short hairpin RNA revealed a unique interplay between actomyosin and microtubules during VSMC migration. On the other hand, NMIIB was required for the structural maintenance of migrating VSMC. Interestingly, there was a significant difference between NMIIA and NMIIB knockdown in the VSMC migration but not in the VSMC-mediated collagen gel contraction. Furthermore, depletion of zipper-interacting protein kinase by short hairpin RNA resulted in an impairment of VSMC migration and a substantial decrease of VSMC-mediated collagen gel contraction. These results suggest that NMIIA and NMIIB uniquely control VSMC migration and may contribute to vascular remodeling, which are both regulated by zipper-interacting protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Komatsu
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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36
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Bement WM, von Dassow G. Single cell pattern formation and transient cytoskeletal arrays. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 26:51-9. [PMID: 24529246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of developmental biology is to explain the emergence of pattern in cell layers, tissues and organs. Developmental biologists now accept that reaction diffusion-based mechanisms are broadly employed in developing organisms to direct pattern formation. Here we briefly consider these mechanisms and then apply some of the concepts derived from them to several processes that occur in single cells: wound repair, yeast budding, and cytokinesis. Two conclusions emerge from this analysis: first, there is considerable overlap at the level of general mechanisms between developmental and single cell pattern formation; second, dynamic structures based on the actin cytoskeleton may be far more ordered than is generally recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Bement
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, P.O. Box 5389, Charleston, OR 97420, USA.
| | - George von Dassow
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Tonazzini I, Meucci S, Faraci P, Beltram F, Cecchini M. Neuronal differentiation on anisotropic substrates and the influence of nanotopographical noise on neurite contact guidance. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6027-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Plotnikov SV, Waterman CM. Guiding cell migration by tugging. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:619-26. [PMID: 23830911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cells to move directionally toward areas of stiffer extracellular matrix (ECM) via a process known as 'durotaxis' is thought to be critical for development and wound healing, but durotaxis can also drive cancer metastasis. Migration is driven by integrin-mediated focal adhesions (FAs), protein assemblies that couple contractile actomyosin bundles to the plasma membrane, transmit force generated by the cytoskeleton to the ECM, and convert the mechanical properties of the microenvironment into biochemical signals. To probe the stiffness of the ECM, motile fibroblasts modulate FA mechanics on the nanoscale and exert forces that are reminiscent of repeated tugging on the ECM. Within a single cell, all FAs tug autonomously and thus act as local rigidity sensors, allowing discernment of differences in the extracellular matrix rigidity at high spatial resolution. In this article, we review current advances that may shed light on the mechanism of traction force fluctuations within FAs. We also examine plausible downstream effectors of tugging forces which may regulate cytoskeletal and FA dynamics to guide cell migration in response to ECM stiffness gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Plotnikov
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Petrosyan A, Cheng PW. A non-enzymatic function of Golgi glycosyltransferases: mediation of Golgi fragmentation by interaction with non-muscle myosin IIA. Glycobiology 2013; 23:690-708. [PMID: 23396488 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus undergoes morphological changes under stress or malignant transformation, but the precise mechanisms are not known. We recently showed that non-muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) binds to the cytoplasmic tail of Core 2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase mucus-type (C2GnT-M) and transports it to the endoplasmic reticulum for recycling. Here, we report that Golgi fragmentation induced by brefeldin A (BFA) or coatomer protein (β-COP) knockdown (KD) in Panc1-bC2GnT-M (c-Myc) cells is accompanied by the increased association of NMIIA with C2GnT-M and its degradation by proteasomes. Golgi fragmentation is prevented by inhibition or KD of NMIIA. Using multiple approaches, we have shown that the speed of BFA-induced Golgi fragmentation is positively correlated with the levels of this enzyme in the Golgi. The observation is reproduced in LNCaP cells which express high levels of two endogenous glycosyltransferases--C2GnT-L and β-galactoside α2,3 sialyltransferase 1. NMIIA is found to form complexes with these two enzymes but not Golgi matrix proteins. The KD of both enzymes or the prevention of Golgi glycosyltransferases from exiting endoplasmic reticulum reduced Golgi-associated NMIIA and decreased the BFA-induced fragmentation. Interestingly, the fragmented Golgi detected in colon cancer HT-29 cells can be restored to a compact morphology after inhibition or KD of NMIIA. The Golgi disorganization induced by the microtubule or actin destructive agent is NMIIA-independent and does not affect the levels of glycosyltransferases. We conclude that NMIIA interacts with Golgi residential but not matrix proteins, and this interaction is responsible for Golgi fragmentation induced by β-COP KD or BFA treatment. This is a novel non-enzymatic function of Golgi glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Petrosyan
- Department of Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105 USA
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Abstract
Small Rho-GTPases are enzymes that are bound to GDP or GTP, which determines their inactive or active state, respectively. The exchange of GDP for GTP is catalyzed by so-called Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Rho-GEFs are characterized by a Dbl-homology (DH) and adjacent Pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain that serves as enzymatic unit for the GDP/GTP exchange. Rho-GEFs show different GTPase specificities, meaning that a particular GEF can activate either multiple GTPases or only one specific GTPase. We recently reported that the Rho-GEF Trio, known to be able to exchange GTP on Rac1, RhoG and RhoA, regulates lamellipodia formation to mediate cell spreading and migration in a Rac1-dependent manner. In this commentary, we review the current knowledge of Trio in several aspects of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos van Rijssel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Sato K, Handa H, Kimura M, Okano Y, Nagaoka H, Nagase T, Sugiyama T, Kitade Y, Ueda H. Identification of a Rho family specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, FLJ00018, as a novel actin-binding protein. Cell Signal 2012; 25:41-9. [PMID: 23000341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
FLJ00018/PLEKHG2 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rho family small GTPases. FLJ00018 is directly activated by heterotrimeric G protein Gβγ subunits. Using two-hybrid screening, we have identified non-muscle cytosolic actin as a binding partner of FLJ00018. We found that there were two actin-binding regions in FLJ00018 at the N-terminal region (150-283 amino acids) and at the C-terminal region (465-1386 amino acids). The overexpression of non-muscle cytosolic actin attenuated the FLJ00018-induced serum response element-dependent gene transcription. These results suggest that non-muscle cytosolic actin may be a negative regulator of FLJ00018 through its interaction with the Dbl homology domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Sato
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Wormer D, Deakin NO, Turner CE. CdGAP regulates cell migration and adhesion dynamics in two-and three-dimensional matrix environments. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:644-58. [PMID: 22907917 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CdGAP is a Rac1/Cdc42 specific GTPase activating protein (GAP) that localizes to cell-matrix adhesions through an interaction with the adhesion scaffold α-parvin/actopaxin to regulate lamellipodia formation and cell spreading. Herein, we demonstrate, using a combination of siRNA-mediated silencing and overexpression, that cdGAP negatively regulates directed and random migration by controlling adhesion maturation and dynamics through the regulation of both adhesion assembly and disassembly. Interestingly, cdGAP was also localized to adhesions formed in three-dimensional (3D) matrix environments and cdGAP depletion promoted cancer cell migration and invasion through 3D matrices. These findings highlight the importance of GAP proteins in the regulation of Rho family GTPases and the coordination of the cell migration machinery..
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Wormer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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Functions of nonmuscle myosin II in assembly of the cellular contractile system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40814. [PMID: 22808267 PMCID: PMC3396643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The contractile system of nonmuscle cells consists of interconnected actomyosin networks and bundles anchored to focal adhesions. The initiation of the contractile system assembly is poorly understood structurally and mechanistically, whereas system's maturation heavily depends on nonmuscle myosin II (NMII). Using platinum replica electron microscopy in combination with fluorescence microscopy, we characterized the structural mechanisms of the contractile system assembly and roles of NMII at early stages of this process. We show that inhibition of NMII by a specific inhibitor, blebbistatin, in addition to known effects, such as disassembly of stress fibers and mature focal adhesions, also causes transformation of lamellipodia into unattached ruffles, loss of immature focal complexes, loss of cytoskeleton-associated NMII filaments and peripheral accumulation of activated, but unpolymerized NMII. After blebbistatin washout, assembly of the contractile system begins with quick and coordinated recovery of lamellipodia and focal complexes that occurs before reappearance of NMII bipolar filaments. The initial formation of focal complexes and subsequent assembly of NMII filaments preferentially occurred in association with filopodial bundles and concave actin bundles formed by filopodial roots at the lamellipodial base. Over time, accumulating NMII filaments help to transform the precursor structures, focal complexes and associated thin bundles, into stress fibers and mature focal adhesions. However, semi-sarcomeric organization of stress fibers develops at much slower rate. Together, our data suggest that activation of NMII motor activity by light chain phosphorylation occurs at the cell edge and is uncoupled from NMII assembly into bipolar filaments. We propose that activated, but unpolymerized NMII initiates focal complexes, thus providing traction for lamellipodial protrusion. Subsequently, the mechanical resistance of focal complexes activates a load-dependent mechanism of NMII polymerization in association with attached bundles, leading to assembly of stress fibers and maturation of focal adhesions.
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Kato K, Yazawa T, Taki K, Mori K, Wang S, Nishioka T, Hamaguchi T, Itoh T, Takenawa T, Kataoka C, Matsuura Y, Amano M, Murohara T, Kaibuchi K. The inositol 5-phosphatase SHIP2 is an effector of RhoA and is involved in cell polarity and migration. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2593-604. [PMID: 22593208 PMCID: PMC3386222 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-11-0958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarization in motile cells requires the coordination of several key signaling molecules, including RhoA small GTPases and phosphoinositides. It is found that SHIP2 interacts with RhoA in a GTP-dependent manner and this interaction is required for proper localization of PI(3,4,5)P3 and regulation of cell polarization and migration. Cell migration is essential for various physiological and pathological processes. Polarization in motile cells requires the coordination of several key signaling molecules, including RhoA small GTPases and phosphoinositides. Although RhoA participates in a front–rear polarization in migrating cells, little is known about the functional interaction between RhoA and lipid turnover. We find here that src-homology 2–containing inositol-5-phosphatase 2 (SHIP2) interacts with RhoA in a GTP-dependent manner. The association between SHIP2 and RhoA is observed in spreading and migrating U251 glioma cells. The depletion of SHIP2 attenuates cell polarization and migration, which is rescued by wild-type SHIP2 but not by a mutant defective in RhoA binding. In addition, the depletion of SHIP2 impairs the proper localization of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, which is not restored by a mutant defective in RhoA binding. These results suggest that RhoA associates with SHIP2 to regulate cell polarization and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Kato
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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PTK7 regulates myosin II activity to orient planar polarity in the mammalian auditory epithelium. Curr Biol 2012; 22:956-66. [PMID: 22560610 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling is a key regulator of epithelial morphogenesis, including neural tube closure and the orientation of inner ear sensory hair cells, and is mediated by a conserved noncanonical Wnt pathway. Ptk7 is a novel vertebrate-specific regulator of PCP, yet the mechanisms by which Ptk7 regulates mammalian epithelial PCP remain poorly understood. RESULTS Here we show that, in the mammalian auditory epithelium, Ptk7 is not required for membrane recruitment of Dishevelled 2; Ptk7 and Frizzled3/Frizzled6 receptors act in parallel and have opposing effects on hair cell PCP. Mosaic analysis identified a requirement of Ptk7 in neighboring supporting cells for hair cell PCP. Ptk7 and the noncanonical Wnt pathway differentially regulate a contractile myosin II network near the apical surface of supporting cells. We provide evidence that this apical myosin II network exerts polarized contractile tension on hair cells to align their PCP, as revealed by asymmetric junctional recruitment of vinculin, a tension-sensitive actin binding protein. In Ptk7 mutants, compromised myosin II activity resulted in loss of planar asymmetry and reduced junctional localization of vinculin. By contrast, vinculin planar asymmetry and stereociliary bundle orientation were restored in Fz3(-/-);Ptk7(-/-) double mutants. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that PTK7 acts in conjunction with the noncanonical Wnt pathway to orient epithelial PCP through modulation of myosin II-based contractile tension between supporting cells and hair cells.
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Du JY, Chen MC, Hsu TC, Wang JH, Brackenbury L, Lin TH, Wu YY, Yang Z, Streuli CH, Lee YJ. The RhoA-Rok-myosin II pathway is involved in extracellular matrix-mediated regulation of prolactin signaling in mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1553-60. [PMID: 21678418 PMCID: PMC3675639 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In mammary epithelial cells (MECs), prolactin-induced signaling and gene expression requires integrin-mediated cell adhesion to basement membrane (BM). In the absence of proper cell-BM interactions, for example, culturing cells on collagen-coated plastic dishes, signal propagation is substantially impaired. Here we demonstrate that the RhoA-Rok-myosin II pathway accounts for the ineffectiveness of prolactin signaling in MECs cultured on collagen I. Under these culture conditions, the RhoA pathway is activated, leading to downregulation of prolactin receptor expression and reduced prolactin signaling. Enforced activation of RhoA in MECs cultured on BM suppresses prolactin receptor levels, and prevents prolactin-induced Stat5 tyrosine phosphorylation and β-casein expression. Overexpression of dominant negative RhoA in MECs cultured on collagen I, or inhibiting Rok activity, increases prolactin receptor expression, and enhances prolactin signaling. In addition, inhibition of myosin II ATPase activity by blebbistatin also exerts a beneficial effect on prolactin receptor expression and prolactin signaling, suggesting that tension exerted by the collagen substratum, in collaboration with the RhoA-Rok-myosin II pathway, contributes to the failure of prolactin signaling. Furthermore, MECs cultured on laminin-coated plastic have similar morphology and response to prolactin as those cultured on collagen I. They display high levels of RhoA activity and are inefficient in prolactin signaling, stressing the importance of matrix stiffness in signal transduction. Our results reveal that RhoA has a central role in determining the fate decisions of MECs in response to cell-matrix interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyun-Yi Du
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Gloerich M, Vliem MJ, Prummel E, Meijer LAT, Rensen MGA, Rehmann H, Bos JL. The nucleoporin RanBP2 tethers the cAMP effector Epac1 and inhibits its catalytic activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 193:1009-20. [PMID: 21670213 PMCID: PMC3115801 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201011126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Direct interaction between the catalytic domain of Epac1 and the nuclear pore component RanBP2 blocks Epac1 catalytic activity and downstream cAMP signaling. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger that relays a wide range of hormone responses. In this paper, we demonstrate that the nuclear pore component RanBP2 acts as a negative regulator of cAMP signaling through Epac1, a cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rap. We show that Epac1 directly interacts with the zinc fingers (ZNFs) of RanBP2, tethering Epac1 to the nuclear pore complex (NPC). RanBP2 inhibits the catalytic activity of Epac1 in vitro by binding to its catalytic CDC25 homology domain. Accordingly, cellular depletion of RanBP2 releases Epac1 from the NPC and enhances cAMP-induced Rap activation and cell adhesion. Epac1 also is released upon phosphorylation of the ZNFs of RanBP2, demonstrating that the interaction can be regulated by posttranslational modification. These results reveal a novel mechanism of Epac1 regulation and elucidate an unexpected link between the NPC and cAMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Gloerich
- Molecular Cancer Research, Centre for Biomedical Genetics and Cancer Genomics Centre, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
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Baeyens N, de Meester C, Yerna X, Morel N. EBP50 is involved in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration and cytokinesis. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:2574-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Mutations in the MYH9 gene, coding for the non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMHC-IIA), are responsible for syndromes characterized by macrothrombocytopenia associated with deafness, cataracts, and severe glomerular disease. Electron microscopy of renal biopsies from these patients found glomerular abnormalities characterized by alterations in mesangial cells, podocytes, and thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. Knockout of NMHC-IIA in mice is lethal, and therefore little is known about the glomerular-related functions of Myh9. Here, we use zebrafish as a model to study the role and function of zNMHC-IIA in the glomerulus. Knockdown of zNMHC-IIA resulted in malformation of the glomerular capillary tuft characterized by few and dilated capillaries of the pronephros. In zNMHC-IIA morphants, endothelial cells failed to develop fenestrations, mesangial cells were absent or reduced, and the glomerular basement membrane appeared nonuniformly thickened. Knockdown of zNMHC-IIA did not impair the formation of podocyte foot processes or slit diaphragms; however, podocyte processes were less uniform in these morphants compared to controls. In vivo clearance of fluorescent dextran indicated that the glomerular barrier function was not compromised by zNMHC-IIA knockdown; however, glomerular filtration was significantly reduced. Thus, our results demonstrate an important role of zNMHC-IIA for the proper formation and function of the glomerulus in zebrafish.
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Lukyanenko V, Malyukova I, Hubbard A, Delannoy M, Boedeker E, Zhu C, Cebotaru L, Kovbasnjuk O. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection stimulates Shiga toxin 1 macropinocytosis and transcytosis across intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 301:C1140-9. [PMID: 21832249 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00036.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal infection with Shiga toxins producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli causes the spectrum of gastrointestinal and systemic complications, including hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome, which is fatal in ∼10% of patients. However, the molecular mechanisms of Stx endocytosis by enterocytes and the toxins cross the intestinal epithelium are largely uncharacterized. We have studied Shiga toxin 1 entry into enterohemorrhagic E. coli-infected intestinal epithelial cells and found that bacteria stimulate Shiga toxin 1 macropinocytosis through actin remodeling. This enterohemorrhagic E. coli-caused macropinocytosis occurs through a nonmuscle myosin II and cell division control 42 (Cdc42)-dependent mechanism. Macropinocytosis of Shiga toxin 1 is followed by its transcytosis to the basolateral environment, a step that is necessary for its systemic spread. Inhibition of Shiga toxin 1 macropinocytosis significantly decreases toxin uptake by intestinal epithelial cells and in this way provides an attractive, antibiotic-independent strategy for prevention of the harmful consequences of enterohemorrhagic E. coli infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy Lukyanenko
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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