1
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Singhal SS, Garg R, Mohanty A, Garg P, Ramisetty SK, Mirzapoiazova T, Soldi R, Sharma S, Kulkarni P, Salgia R. Recent Advancement in Breast Cancer Research: Insights from Model Organisms-Mouse Models to Zebrafish. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15112961. [PMID: 37296923 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been utilized for decades to investigate the causes of human diseases and provide platforms for testing novel therapies. Indeed, breakthrough advances in genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models and xenograft transplantation technologies have dramatically benefited in elucidating the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including cancer. The currently available GEM models have been employed to assess specific genetic changes that underlay many features of carcinogenesis, including variations in tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. In addition, mice models render it easier to locate tumor biomarkers for the recognition, prognosis, and surveillance of cancer progression and recurrence. Furthermore, the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model, which involves the direct surgical transfer of fresh human tumor samples to immunodeficient mice, has contributed significantly to advancing the field of drug discovery and therapeutics. Here, we provide a synopsis of mouse and zebrafish models used in cancer research as well as an interdisciplinary 'Team Medicine' approach that has not only accelerated our understanding of varied aspects of carcinogenesis but has also been instrumental in developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad S Singhal
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Rachana Garg
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Atish Mohanty
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Pankaj Garg
- Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sravani Keerthi Ramisetty
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Tamara Mirzapoiazova
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Raffaella Soldi
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85338, USA
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85338, USA
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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2
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Baraban M, Gordillo Pi C, Bonnet I, Gilles JF, Lejeune C, Cabrera M, Tep F, Breau MA. Actomyosin contractility in olfactory placode neurons opens the skin epithelium to form the zebrafish nostril. Dev Cell 2023; 58:361-375.e5. [PMID: 36841243 PMCID: PMC10023511 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite their barrier function, epithelia can locally lose their integrity to create physiological openings during morphogenesis. The mechanisms driving the formation of these epithelial breaks are only starting to be investigated. Here, we study the formation of the zebrafish nostril (the olfactory orifice), which opens in the skin epithelium to expose the olfactory neurons to external odorant cues. Combining live imaging, drug treatments, laser ablation, and tissue-specific functional perturbations, we characterize a mechanical interplay between olfactory placode neurons and the skin, which plays a crucial role in the formation of the orifice: the neurons pull on the overlying skin cells in an actomyosin-dependent manner which, in combination with a local reorganization of the skin epithelium, triggers the opening of the orifice. This work identifies an original mechanism to break an epithelial sheet, in which an adjacent group of cells mechanically assists the epithelium to induce its local rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Baraban
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire Jean Perrin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Clara Gordillo Pi
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnet
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Camille Lejeune
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mélody Cabrera
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florian Tep
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie Anne Breau
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire Jean Perrin, 75005 Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.
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3
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Espinosa-Medina I, Feliciano D, Belmonte-Mateos C, Linda Miyares R, Garcia-Marques J, Foster B, Lindo S, Pujades C, Koyama M, Lee T. TEMPO enables sequential genetic labeling and manipulation of vertebrate cell lineages. Neuron 2023; 111:345-361.e10. [PMID: 36417906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During development, regulatory factors appear in a precise order to determine cell fates over time. Consequently, to investigate complex tissue development, it is necessary to visualize and manipulate cell lineages with temporal control. Current strategies for tracing vertebrate cell lineages lack genetic access to sequentially produced cells. Here, we present TEMPO (Temporal Encoding and Manipulation in a Predefined Order), an imaging-readable genetic tool allowing differential labeling and manipulation of consecutive cell generations in vertebrates. TEMPO is based on CRISPR and powered by a cascade of gRNAs that drive orderly activation and inactivation of reporters and/or effectors. Using TEMPO to visualize zebrafish and mouse neurogenesis, we recapitulated birth-order-dependent neuronal fates. Temporally manipulating cell-cycle regulators in mouse cortex progenitors altered the proportion and distribution of neurons and glia, revealing the effects of temporal gene perturbation on serial cell fates. Thus, TEMPO enables sequential manipulation of molecular factors, crucial to study cell-type specification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Feliciano
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Carla Belmonte-Mateos
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Rosa Linda Miyares
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Jorge Garcia-Marques
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Benjamin Foster
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Sarah Lindo
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Cristina Pujades
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Minoru Koyama
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Tzumin Lee
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
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4
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Villalba Requena A, Hippenmeyer S. Going back in time with TEMPO. Neuron 2023; 111:291-293. [PMID: 36731425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Espinosa-Medina et al.1 present the TEMPO (Temporal Encoding and Manipulation in a Predefined Order) system, which enables the marking and genetic manipulation of sequentially generated cell lineages in vertebrate species in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Villalba Requena
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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5
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Hernández-Bejarano M, Gestri G, Monfries C, Tucker L, Dragomir EI, Bianco IH, Bovolenta P, Wilson SW, Cavodeassi F. Foxd1-dependent induction of a temporal retinal character is required for visual function. Development 2022; 149:285946. [PMID: 36520654 PMCID: PMC9845753 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate patterning of the retina during embryonic development is assumed to underlie the establishment of spatially localised specialisations that mediate the perception of specific visual features. For example, in zebrafish, an area involved in high acuity vision (HAA) is thought to be present in the ventro-temporal retina. Here, we show that the interplay of the transcription factor Rx3 with Fibroblast Growth Factor and Hedgehog signals initiates and restricts foxd1 expression to the prospective temporal retina, initiating naso-temporal regionalisation of the retina. Abrogation of Foxd1 results in the loss of temporal and expansion of nasal retinal character, and consequent absence of the HAA. These structural defects correlate with severe visual defects, as assessed in optokinetic and optomotor response assays. In contrast, optokinetic responses are unaffected in the opposite condition, in which nasal retinal character is lost at the expense of expanded temporal character. Our study indicates that the establishment of temporal retinal character during early retinal development is required for the specification of the HAA, and suggests a prominent role of the temporal retina in controlling specific visual functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaia Gestri
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Clinton Monfries
- St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Lisa Tucker
- St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Elena I. Dragomir
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Isaac H. Bianco
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK,Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Stephen W. Wilson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Florencia Cavodeassi
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain,St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK,Authors for correspondence (; )
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6
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Moore RE, Pop S, Alleyne C, Clarke JDW. Microtubules are not required to generate a nascent axon in embryonic spinal neurons
in vivo. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e52493. [DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Moore
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK
| | - Sînziana Pop
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK
- The Francis Crick Institute London UK
| | - Caché Alleyne
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK
| | - Jonathan D W Clarke
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK
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7
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Meka DP, Kobler O, Hong S, Friedrich CM, Wuesthoff S, Henis M, Schwanke B, Krisp C, Schmuelling N, Rueter R, Ruecker T, Betleja E, Cheng T, Mahjoub MR, Soba P, Schlüter H, Fornasiero EF, Calderon de Anda F. Centrosome-dependent microtubule modifications set the conditions for axon formation. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110686. [PMID: 35443171 PMCID: PMC10150443 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule (MT) modifications are critical during axon development, with stable MTs populating the axon. How these modifications are spatially coordinated is unclear. Here, via high-resolution microscopy, we show that early developing neurons have fewer somatic acetylated MTs restricted near the centrosome. At later stages, however, acetylated MTs spread out in soma and concentrate in growing axon. Live imaging in early plated neurons of the MT plus-end protein, EB3, show increased displacement and growth rate near the MTOC, suggesting local differences that might support axon selection. Moreover, F-actin disruption in early developing neurons, which show fewer somatic acetylated MTs, does not induce multiple axons, unlike later stages. Overexpression of centrosomal protein 120 (Cep120), which promotes MT acetylation/stabilization, induces multiple axons, while its knockdown downregulates proteins modulating MT dynamics and stability, hampering axon formation. Collectively, we show how centrosome-dependent MT modifications contribute to axon formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Praveen Meka
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kobler
- Combinatorial Neuroimaging Core Facility, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Shuai Hong
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carina Meta Friedrich
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Souhaila Wuesthoff
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melad Henis
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, 72511 El-Kharga, Egypt
| | - Birgit Schwanke
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Krisp
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics Group, Campus Forschung, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nessa Schmuelling
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - René Rueter
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tabitha Ruecker
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ewelina Betleja
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division), Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tao Cheng
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division), Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Moe R Mahjoub
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division), Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Peter Soba
- LIMES Institute, Department of Molecular Brain Physiology and Behavior, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics Group, Campus Forschung, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eugenio F Fornasiero
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Froylan Calderon de Anda
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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8
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Gao L, Meiring JCM, Varady A, Ruider IE, Heise C, Wranik M, Velasco CD, Taylor JA, Terni B, Weinert T, Standfuss J, Cabernard CC, Llobet A, Steinmetz MO, Bausch AR, Distel M, Thorn-Seshold J, Akhmanova A, Thorn-Seshold O. In Vivo Photocontrol of Microtubule Dynamics and Integrity, Migration and Mitosis, by the Potent GFP-Imaging-Compatible Photoswitchable Reagents SBTubA4P and SBTub2M. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5614-5628. [PMID: 35290733 PMCID: PMC8972266 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photoswitchable reagents are powerful tools for high-precision studies in cell biology. When these reagents are globally administered yet locally photoactivated in two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures, they can exert micron- and millisecond-scale biological control. This gives them great potential for use in biologically more relevant three-dimensional (3D) models and in vivo, particularly for studying systems with inherent spatiotemporal complexity, such as the cytoskeleton. However, due to a combination of photoswitch isomerization under typical imaging conditions, metabolic liabilities, and insufficient water solubility at effective concentrations, the in vivo potential of photoswitchable reagents addressing cytosolic protein targets remains largely unrealized. Here, we optimized the potency and solubility of metabolically stable, druglike colchicinoid microtubule inhibitors based on the styrylbenzothiazole (SBT) scaffold that are nonresponsive to typical fluorescent protein imaging wavelengths and so enable multichannel imaging studies. We applied these reagents both to 3D organoids and tissue explants and to classic model organisms (zebrafish, clawed frog) in one- and two-protein imaging experiments, in which spatiotemporally localized illuminations allowed them to photocontrol microtubule dynamics, network architecture, and microtubule-dependent processes in vivo with cellular precision and second-level resolution. These nanomolar, in vivo capable photoswitchable reagents should open up new dimensions for high-precision cytoskeleton research in cargo transport, cell motility, cell division, and development. More broadly, their design can also inspire similarly capable optical reagents for a range of cytosolic protein targets, thus bringing in vivo photopharmacology one step closer to general realization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Joyce C M Meiring
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht CH 3584, Netherlands
| | - Adam Varady
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Iris E Ruider
- Physics Department and Center for Protein Assemblies CPA, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85747, Germany
| | - Constanze Heise
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Maximilian Wranik
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia D Velasco
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Jennifer A Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Beatrice Terni
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Tobias Weinert
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Standfuss
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Clemens C Cabernard
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Artur Llobet
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland.,Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Andreas R Bausch
- Physics Department and Center for Protein Assemblies CPA, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85747, Germany
| | - Martin Distel
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna 1090, Austria.,Zebrafish Platform Austria for Preclinical Drug Screening (ZANDR), Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Julia Thorn-Seshold
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht CH 3584, Netherlands
| | - Oliver Thorn-Seshold
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
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9
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Moreno-Mármol T, Ledesma-Terrón M, Tabanera N, Martin-Bermejo MJ, Cardozo MJ, Cavodeassi F, Bovolenta P. Stretching of the retinal pigment epithelium contributes to zebrafish optic cup morphogenesis. eLife 2021; 10:63396. [PMID: 34545806 PMCID: PMC8530511 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate eye primordium consists of a pseudostratified neuroepithelium, the optic vesicle (OV), in which cells acquire neural retina or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) fates. As these fates arise, the OV assumes a cup shape, influenced by mechanical forces generated within the neural retina. Whether the RPE passively adapts to retinal changes or actively contributes to OV morphogenesis remains unexplored. We generated a zebrafish Tg(E1-bhlhe40:GFP) line to track RPE morphogenesis and interrogate its participation in OV folding. We show that, in virtual absence of proliferation, RPE cells stretch and flatten, thereby matching the retinal curvature and promoting OV folding. Localized interference with the RPE cytoskeleton disrupts tissue stretching and OV folding. Thus, extreme RPE flattening and accelerated differentiation are efficient solutions adopted by fast-developing species to enable timely optic cup formation. This mechanism differs in amniotes, in which proliferation drives RPE expansion with a much-reduced need of cell flattening. Rounded eyeballs help to optimize vision – but how do they acquire their distinctive shape? In animals with backbones, including humans, the eye begins to form early in development. A single layer of embryonic tissue called the optic vesicle reorganizes itself into a two-layered structure: a thin outer layer of cells, known as the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE for short), and a thicker inner layer called the neural retina. If this process fails, the animal may be born blind or visually impaired. How this flat two-layered structure becomes round is still being investigated. In fish, studies have shown that the inner cell layer – the neural retina – generates mechanical forces that cause the developing tissue to curve inwards to form a cup-like shape. But it was unclear whether the outer layer of cells (the RPE) also contributed to this process. Moreno-Marmol et al. were able to investigate this question by genetically modifying zebrafish to make all new RPE cells fluoresce. Following the early development of the zebrafish eye under a microscope revealed that RPE cells flattened themselves into long thin structures that stretched to cover the entire neural retina. This change was made possible by the cell’s internal skeleton reorganizing. In fact, preventing this reorganization stopped the RPE cells from flattening, and precluded the optic cup from acquiring its curved shape. The results thus confirmed a direct role for the RPE in generating curvature. The entire process did not require the RPE to produce new cells, allowing the curved shape to emerge in just a few hours. This is a major advantage for fast-developing species such as zebrafish. In species whose embryos develop more slowly, such as mice and humans, the RPE instead grows by producing additional cells – a process that takes many days. The development of the eye thus shows how various species use different evolutionary approaches to achieve a common goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Moreno-Mármol
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Ledesma-Terrón
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemi Tabanera
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jesús Martin-Bermejo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos J Cardozo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Florencia Cavodeassi
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
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10
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Almeida RG, Williamson JM, Madden ME, Early JJ, Voas MG, Talbot WS, Bianco IH, Lyons DA. Myelination induces axonal hotspots of synaptic vesicle fusion that promote sheath growth. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3743-3754.e5. [PMID: 34270947 PMCID: PMC8445327 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Myelination of axons by oligodendrocytes enables fast saltatory conduction. Oligodendrocytes are responsive to neuronal activity, which has been shown to induce changes to myelin sheaths, potentially to optimize conduction and neural circuit function. However, the cellular bases of activity-regulated myelination in vivo are unclear, partly due to the difficulty of analyzing individual myelinated axons over time. Activity-regulated myelination occurs in specific neuronal subtypes and can be mediated by synaptic vesicle fusion, but several questions remain: it is unclear whether vesicular fusion occurs stochastically along axons or in discrete hotspots during myelination and whether vesicular fusion regulates myelin targeting, formation, and/or growth. It is also unclear why some neurons, but not others, exhibit activity-regulated myelination. Here, we imaged synaptic vesicle fusion in individual neurons in living zebrafish and documented robust vesicular fusion along axons during myelination. Surprisingly, we found that axonal vesicular fusion increased upon and required myelination. We found that axonal vesicular fusion was enriched in hotspots, namely the heminodal non-myelinated domains into which sheaths grew. Blocking vesicular fusion reduced the stable formation and growth of myelin sheaths, and chemogenetically stimulating neuronal activity promoted sheath growth. Finally, we observed high levels of axonal vesicular fusion only in neuronal subtypes that exhibit activity-regulated myelination. Our results identify a novel "feedforward" mechanism whereby the process of myelination promotes the neuronal activity-regulated signal, vesicular fusion that, in turn, consolidates sheath growth along specific axons selected for myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G Almeida
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Jill M Williamson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Megan E Madden
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jason J Early
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew G Voas
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - William S Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Isaac H Bianco
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London, UK
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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11
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Elsaey MA, Namikawa K, Köster RW. Genetic Modeling of the Neurodegenerative Disease Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7351. [PMID: 34298970 PMCID: PMC8306488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are progredient neurodegenerative diseases commonly affecting the survival of Purkinje cells (PCs) in the human cerebellum. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is caused by the mutated ataxin1 (Atx1) gene product, in which a polyglutamine stretch encoded by CAG repeats is extended in affected SCA1 patients. As a monogenetic disease with the Atx1-polyQ protein exerting a gain of function, SCA1 can be genetically modelled in animals by cell type-specific overexpression. We have established a transgenic PC-specific SCA1 model in zebrafish coexpressing the fluorescent reporter protein mScarlet together with either human wild type Atx1[30Q] as control or SCA1 patient-derived Atx1[82Q]. SCA1 zebrafish display an age-dependent PC degeneration starting at larval stages around six weeks postfertilization, which continuously progresses during further juvenile and young adult stages. Interestingly, PC degeneration is observed more severely in rostral than in caudal regions of the PC population. Although such a neuropathology resulted in no gross locomotor control deficits, SCA1-fish with advanced PC loss display a reduced exploratory behaviour. In vivo imaging in this SCA1 model may help to better understand such patterned PC death known from PC neurodegeneration diseases, to elucidate disease mechanisms and to provide access to neuroprotective compound characterization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Elsaey
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Kazuhiko Namikawa
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Reinhard W. Köster
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
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12
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Shorey M, Rao K, Stone MC, Mattie FJ, Sagasti A, Rolls MM. Microtubule organization of vertebrate sensory neurons in vivo. Dev Biol 2021; 478:1-12. [PMID: 34147472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are the predominant cell type that innervates the vertebrate skin. They are typically described as pseudounipolar cells that have central and peripheral axons branching from a single root exiting the cell body. The peripheral axon travels within a nerve to the skin, where free sensory endings can emerge and branch into an arbor that receives and integrates information. In some immature vertebrates, DRG neurons are preceded by Rohon-Beard (RB) neurons. While the sensory endings of RB and DRG neurons function like dendrites, we use live imaging in zebrafish to show that they have axonal plus-end-out microtubule polarity at all stages of maturity. Moreover, we show both cell types have central and peripheral axons with plus-end-out polarity. Surprisingly, in DRG neurons these emerge separately from the cell body, and most cells never acquire the signature pseudounipolar morphology. Like another recently characterized cell type that has multiple plus-end-out neurites, ganglion cells in Nematostella, RB and DRG neurons maintain a somatic microtubule organizing center even when mature. In summary, we characterize key cellular and subcellular features of vertebrate sensory neurons as a foundation for understanding their function and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Shorey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kavitha Rao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Michelle C Stone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Floyd J Mattie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Alvaro Sagasti
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Department and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Melissa M Rolls
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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13
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Afanasyeva EA, Gartlgruber M, Ryl T, Decaesteker B, Denecker G, Mönke G, Toprak UH, Florez A, Torkov A, Dreidax D, Herrmann C, Okonechnikov K, Ek S, Sharma AK, Sagulenko V, Speleman F, Henrich KO, Westermann F. Kalirin-RAC controls nucleokinetic migration in ADRN-type neuroblastoma. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e201900332. [PMID: 33658318 PMCID: PMC8017594 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The migrational propensity of neuroblastoma is affected by cell identity, but the mechanisms behind the divergence remain unknown. Using RNAi and time-lapse imaging, we show that ADRN-type NB cells exhibit RAC1- and kalirin-dependent nucleokinetic (NUC) migration that relies on several integral components of neuronal migration. Inhibition of NUC migration by RAC1 and kalirin-GEF1 inhibitors occurs without hampering cell proliferation and ADRN identity. Using three clinically relevant expression dichotomies, we reveal that most of up-regulated mRNAs in RAC1- and kalirin-GEF1-suppressed ADRN-type NB cells are associated with low-risk characteristics. The computational analysis shows that, in a context of overall gene set poverty, the upregulomes in RAC1- and kalirin-GEF1-suppressed ADRN-type cells are a batch of AU-rich element-containing mRNAs, which suggests a link between NUC migration and mRNA stability. Gene set enrichment analysis-based search for vulnerabilities reveals prospective weak points in RAC1- and kalirin-GEF1-suppressed ADRN-type NB cells, including activities of H3K27- and DNA methyltransferases. Altogether, these data support the introduction of NUC inhibitors into cancer treatment research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Afanasyeva
- Department of Neuroblastoma Genomics, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Gartlgruber
- Department of Neuroblastoma Genomics, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tatsiana Ryl
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bieke Decaesteker
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, and Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Denecker
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, and Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gregor Mönke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratories, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Umut H Toprak
- Department of Neuroblastoma Genomics, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andres Florez
- Department of Neuroblastoma Genomics, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alica Torkov
- Department of Neuroblastoma Genomics, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Dreidax
- Department of Neuroblastoma Genomics, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carl Herrmann
- Group of Cancer Regulatory Genomics B086, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Okonechnikov
- Department of Pediatric Neurooncology, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Ek
- Department of Immunotechnology, CREATE Health, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ashwini Kumar Sharma
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vitaliya Sagulenko
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Frank Speleman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, and Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kai-Oliver Henrich
- Department of Neuroblastoma Genomics, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Westermann
- Department of Neuroblastoma Genomics, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the (NCT) Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Theisen U, Ernst AU, Heyne RLS, Ring TP, Thorn-Seshold O, Köster RW. Microtubules and motor proteins support zebrafish neuronal migration by directing cargo. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151951. [PMID: 32668451 PMCID: PMC7659711 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201908040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration during development is necessary to form an ordered and functional brain. Postmitotic neurons require microtubules and dynein to move, but the mechanisms by which they contribute to migration are not fully characterized. Using tegmental hindbrain nuclei neurons in zebrafish embryos together with subcellular imaging, optogenetics, and photopharmacology, we show that, in vivo, the centrosome's position relative to the nucleus is not linked to greatest motility in this cell type. Nevertheless, microtubules, dynein, and kinesin-1 are essential for migration, and we find that interference with endosome formation or the Golgi apparatus impairs migration to a similar extent as disrupting microtubules. In addition, an imbalance in the traffic of the model cargo Cadherin-2 also reduces neuronal migration. These results lead us to propose that microtubules act as cargo carriers to control spatiotemporal protein distribution, which in turn controls motility. This adds crucial insights into the variety of ways that microtubules can support successful neuronal migration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Theisen
- Technical University of Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexander U Ernst
- Technical University of Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany.,University of Bern, Institute of Anatomy, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ronja L S Heyne
- Technical University of Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany.,Danish Stem Cell Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias P Ring
- Technical University of Braunschweig, Institute for Acoustics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Oliver Thorn-Seshold
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Köster
- Technical University of Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany
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15
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Gamble JT, Elson DJ, Greenwood JA, Tanguay RL, Kolluri SK. The Zebrafish Xenograft Models for Investigating Cancer and Cancer Therapeutics. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040252. [PMID: 33804830 PMCID: PMC8063817 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The identification and development of new anti-cancer drugs requires extensive testing in animal models to establish safety and efficacy of drug candidates. The transplantation of human tumor tissue into mouse (tumor xenografts) is commonly used to study cancer progression and to test potential drugs for their anti-cancer activity. Mouse models do not afford the ability to test a large number of drug candidates quickly as it takes several weeks to conduct these experiments. In contrast, tumor xenograft studies in zebrafish provide an efficient platform for rapid testing of safety and efficacy in less than two weeks. Abstract In order to develop new cancer therapeutics, rapid, reliable, and relevant biological models are required to screen and validate drug candidates for both efficacy and safety. In recent years, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as an excellent model organism suited for these goals. Larval fish or immunocompromised adult fish are used to engraft human cancer cells and serve as a platform for screening potential drug candidates. With zebrafish sharing ~80% of disease-related orthologous genes with humans, they provide a low cost, high-throughput alternative to mouse xenografts that is relevant to human biology. In this review, we provide background on the methods and utility of zebrafish xenograft models in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T. Gamble
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Daniel J. Elson
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Juliet A. Greenwood
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Scotsdale, AZ 85257, USA;
| | - Robyn L. Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Siva K. Kolluri
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Willoughby PM, Allen M, Yu J, Korytnikov R, Chen T, Liu Y, So I, Macpherson N, Mitchell JA, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Bruce AE. The recycling endosome protein Rab25 coordinates collective cell movements in the zebrafish surface epithelium. eLife 2021; 10:66060. [PMID: 33755014 PMCID: PMC8034978 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In emerging epithelial tissues, cells undergo dramatic rearrangements to promote tissue shape changes. Dividing cells remain interconnected via transient cytokinetic bridges. Bridges are cleaved during abscission and currently, the consequences of disrupting abscission in developing epithelia are not well understood. We show that the Rab GTPase Rab25 localizes near cytokinetic midbodies and likely coordinates abscission through endomembrane trafficking in the epithelium of the zebrafish gastrula during epiboly. In maternal-zygotic Rab25a and Rab25b mutant embryos, morphogenic activity tears open persistent apical cytokinetic bridges that failed to undergo timely abscission. Cytokinesis defects result in anisotropic cell morphologies that are associated with a reduction of contractile actomyosin networks. This slows cell rearrangements and alters the viscoelastic responses of the tissue, all of which likely contribute to delayed epiboly. We present a model in which Rab25 trafficking coordinates cytokinetic bridge abscission and cortical actin density, impacting local cell shape changes and tissue-scale forces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Molly Allen
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jessica Yu
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology and Engineering Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roman Korytnikov
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tianhui Chen
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yupeng Liu
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Isis So
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Neil Macpherson
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology and Engineering Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ashley Ee Bruce
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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17
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Rieckhoff EM, Berndt F, Elsner M, Golfier S, Decker F, Ishihara K, Brugués J. Spindle Scaling Is Governed by Cell Boundary Regulation of Microtubule Nucleation. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4973-4983.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Cell-ECM contact-guided intracellular polarization is mediated via lamin A/C dependent nucleus-cytoskeletal connection. Biomaterials 2020; 268:120548. [PMID: 33260092 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarization plays a crucial role in dynamic cellular events, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and directional migration in response to diverse extracellular and intracellular signals. Although it is well known that cell polarization entails highly orchestrated intracellular molecular reorganization, the underlying mechanism of repositioning by intracellular organelles in the presence of multiple stimuli is still unclear. Here, we show that front-rear cell polarization based on the relative positions of nucleus and microtubule organizing center is precisely controlled by mechanical interactions including cellular adhesion to extracellular matrix and nucleus-cytoskeletal connections. By modulating the size and distribution of fibronectin-coated adhesive spots located in the polarized cell shape mimicking micropatterns, we monitored the alterations in cell polarity. We found that the localization of individual adhesive spots is more dominant than the cell shape itself to induce intracellular polarization. Further, the degree of cell polarization was diminished significantly by disrupting nuclear lamin A/C. We further confirm that geometrical cue-guided intracellular polarization determines directional cell migration via local activation of Cdc42. These findings provide novel insights into the role of nucleus-cytoskeletal connections in single cell polarization under a combination of physical, molecular, and genetic cues, where lamin A/C acts as a critical molecular mediator in ECM sensing and signal transduction via nucleus-cytoskeletal connection.
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19
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Lämmle CA, Varady A, Müller TG, Sturtzel C, Riepl M, Mathes B, Eichhorst J, Sporbert A, Lehmann M, Kräusslich HG, Distel M, Broichhagen J. Photocaged Hoechst Enables Subnuclear Visualization and Cell Selective Staining of DNA in vivo. Chembiochem 2020; 22:548-556. [PMID: 32974998 PMCID: PMC7894298 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Selective targeting of DNA by means of fluorescent labeling has become a mainstay in the life sciences. While genetic engineering serves as a powerful technique and allows the visualization of nucleic acid by using DNA‐targeting fluorescent fusion proteins in a cell‐type‐ and subcellular‐specific manner, it relies on the introduction of foreign genes. On the other hand, DNA‐binding small fluorescent molecules can be used without genetic engineering, but they are not spatially restricted. Herein, we report a photocaged version of the DNA dye Hoechst33342 (pcHoechst), which can be uncaged by using UV to blue light for the selective staining of chromosomal DNA in subnuclear regions of live cells. Expanding its application to a vertebrate model organism, we demonstrate uncaging in epithelial cells and short‐term cell tracking in vivo in zebrafish. We envision pcHoechst as a valuable tool for targeting and interrogating DNA with precise spatiotemporal resolution in living cells and wild‐type organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina A Lämmle
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adam Varady
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Innovative Cancer Models, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thorsten G Müller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Caterina Sturtzel
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Innovative Cancer Models, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Zebrafish Platform Austria for preclinical drug screening (ZANDR), Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Riepl
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Innovative Cancer Models, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Mathes
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Eichhorst
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anje Sporbert
- Advanced Light Microscopy, Max Delbrück Centrum for Molecular Medicine Berlin in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Distel
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Innovative Cancer Models, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Zebrafish Platform Austria for preclinical drug screening (ZANDR), Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Chemical Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Jossin Y. Molecular mechanisms of cell polarity in a range of model systems and in migrating neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 106:103503. [PMID: 32485296 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is defined as the asymmetric distribution of cellular components along an axis. Most cells, from the simplest single-cell organisms to highly specialized mammalian cells, are polarized and use similar mechanisms to generate and maintain polarity. Cell polarity is important for cells to migrate, form tissues, and coordinate activities. During development of the mammalian cerebral cortex, cell polarity is essential for neurogenesis and for the migration of newborn but as-yet undifferentiated neurons. These oriented migrations include both the radial migration of excitatory projection neurons and the tangential migration of inhibitory interneurons. In this review, I will first describe the development of the cerebral cortex, as revealed at the cellular level. I will then define the core molecular mechanisms - the Par/Crb/Scrib polarity complexes, small GTPases, the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, and phosphoinositides/PI3K signaling - that are required for asymmetric cell division, apico-basal and front-rear polarity in model systems, including C elegans zygote, Drosophila embryos and cultured mammalian cells. As I go through each core mechanism I will explain what is known about its importance in radial and tangential migration in the developing mammalian cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jossin
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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21
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Burakov AV, Nadezhdina ES. Centering and Shifting of Centrosomes in Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E1351. [PMID: 32485978 PMCID: PMC7348834 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes have a nonrandom localization in the cells: either they occupy the centroid of the zone free of the actomyosin cortex or they are shifted to the edge of the cell, where their presence is justified from a functional point of view, for example, to organize additional microtubules or primary cilia. This review discusses centrosome placement options in cultured and in situ cells. It has been proven that the central arrangement of centrosomes is due mainly to the pulling microtubules forces developed by dynein located on the cell cortex and intracellular vesicles. The pushing forces from dynamic microtubules and actomyosin also contribute, although the molecular mechanisms of their action have not yet been elucidated. Centrosomal displacement is caused by external cues, depending on signaling, and is drawn through the redistribution of dynein, the asymmetrization of microtubules through the capture of their plus ends, and the redistribution of actomyosin, which, in turn, is associated with basal-apical cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V. Burakov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena S. Nadezhdina
- Institute of Protein Research of Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia
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22
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Abstract
Directed cell migration is critical for embryogenesis and organ development, wound healing and the immune response. Microtubules are dynamic polymers that control directional migration through a number of coordinated processes: microtubules are the tracks for long-distance intracellular transport, crucial for delivery of new membrane components and signalling molecules to the leading edge of a migrating cell and the recycling of adhesion receptors. Microtubules act as force generators and compressive elements to support sustained cell protrusions. The assembly and disassembly of microtubules is coupled to Rho GTPase signalling, thereby controlling actin polymerisation, myosin-driven contractility and the turnover of cellular adhesions locally. Cross-talk of actin and microtubule dynamics is mediated through a number of common binding proteins and regulators. Furthermore, cortical microtubule capture sites are physically linked to focal adhesions, facilitating the delivery of secretory vesicles and efficient cross-talk. Here we summarise the diverse functions of microtubules during cell migration, aiming to show how they contribute to the spatially and temporally coordinated sequence of events that permit efficient, directional and persistent migration.
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Meka DP, Scharrenberg R, Calderon de Anda F. Emerging roles of the centrosome in neuronal development. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:84-96. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Durga Praveen Meka
- RG Neuronal Development, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Robin Scharrenberg
- RG Neuronal Development, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Froylan Calderon de Anda
- RG Neuronal Development, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
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24
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Belzunce I, Belmonte-Mateos C, Pujades C. The interplay of atoh1 genes in the lower rhombic lip during hindbrain morphogenesis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228225. [PMID: 32012186 PMCID: PMC6996848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lower Rhombic Lip (LRL) is a transient neuroepithelial structure of the dorsal hindbrain, which expands from r2 to r7, and gives rise to deep nuclei of the brainstem, such as the vestibular and auditory nuclei and most posteriorly the precerebellar nuclei. Although there is information about the contribution of specific proneural-progenitor populations to specific deep nuclei, and the distinct rhombomeric contribution, little is known about how progenitor cells from the LRL behave during neurogenesis and how their transition into differentiation is regulated. In this work, we investigated the atoh1 gene regulatory network operating in the specification of LRL cells, and the kinetics of cell proliferation and behavior of atoh1a-derivatives by using complementary strategies in the zebrafish embryo. We unveiled that atoh1a is necessary and sufficient for specification of LRL cells by activating atoh1b, which worked as a differentiation gene to transition progenitor cells towards neuron differentiation in a Notch-dependent manner. This cell state transition involved the release of atoh1a-derivatives from the LRL: atoh1a progenitors contributed first to atoh1b cells, which are committed non-proliferative precursors, and to the lhx2b-neuronal lineage as demonstrated by cell fate studies and functional analyses. Using in vivo cell lineage approaches we revealed that the proliferative cell capacity, as well as the mode of division, relied on the position of the atoh1a progenitors within the dorsoventral axis. We showed that atoh1a may behave as the cell fate selector gene, whereas atoh1b functions as a neuronal differentiation gene, contributing to the lhx2b neuronal population. atoh1a-progenitor cell dynamics (cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and neuronal migration) relies on their position, demonstrating the challenges that progenitor cells face in computing positional information from a dynamic two-dimensional grid in order to generate the stereotyped neuronal structures in the embryonic hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Belzunce
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Belmonte-Mateos
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Pujades
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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25
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Gibboney S, Orvis J, Kim K, Johnson CJ, Martinez-Feduchi P, Lowe EK, Sharma S, Stolfi A. Effector gene expression underlying neuron subtype-specific traits in the Motor Ganglion of Ciona. Dev Biol 2020; 458:52-63. [PMID: 31639337 PMCID: PMC6987015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system of the Ciona larva contains only 177 neurons. The precise regulation of neuron subtype-specific morphogenesis and differentiation observed during the formation of this minimal connectome offers a unique opportunity to dissect gene regulatory networks underlying chordate neurodevelopment. Here we compare the transcriptomes of two very distinct neuron types in the hindbrain/spinal cord homolog of Ciona, the Motor Ganglion (MG): the Descending decussating neuron (ddN, proposed homolog of Mauthner Cells in vertebrates) and the MG Interneuron 2 (MGIN2). Both types are invariantly represented by a single bilaterally symmetric left/right pair of cells in every larva. Supernumerary ddNs and MGIN2s were generated in synchronized embryos and isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting for transcriptome profiling. Differential gene expression analysis revealed ddN- and MGIN2-specific enrichment of a wide range of genes, including many encoding potential "effectors" of subtype-specific morphological and functional traits. More specifically, we identified the upregulation of centrosome-associated, microtubule-stabilizing/bundling proteins and extracellular guidance cues part of a single intrinsic regulatory program that might underlie the unique polarization of the ddNs, the only descending MG neurons that cross the midline. Consistent with our predictions, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated, tissue-specific elimination of two such candidate effectors, Efcab6-related and Netrin1, impaired ddN polarized axon outgrowth across the midline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gibboney
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jameson Orvis
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Kwantae Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Christopher J Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | | | - Elijah K Lowe
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Sarthak Sharma
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Alberto Stolfi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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26
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Generation and regulation of microtubule network asymmetry to drive cell polarity. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:86-95. [PMID: 31739264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules control cell architecture by serving as a scaffold for intracellular transport, signaling, and organelle positioning. Microtubules are intrinsically polarized, and their orientation, density, and post-translational modifications both respond and contribute to cell polarity. Animal cells that can rapidly reorient their polarity axis, such as fibroblasts, immune cells, and cancer cells, contain radially organized microtubule arrays anchored at the centrosome and the Golgi apparatus, whereas stably polarized cells often acquire non-centrosomal microtubule networks attached to the cell cortex, nucleus, or other structures. Microtubule density, longevity, and post-translational modifications strongly depend on the dynamics of their plus ends. Factors controlling microtubule plus-end dynamics are often part of cortical assemblies that integrate cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion, and secretion and are subject to microtubule-dependent feedback regulation. Finally, microtubules can mechanically contribute to cell asymmetry by promoting cell elongation, a property that might be important for cells with dense microtubule arrays growing in soft environments.
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27
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Kramer A, Wu Y, Baier H, Kubo F. Neuronal Architecture of a Visual Center that Processes Optic Flow. Neuron 2019; 103:118-132.e7. [PMID: 31147153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Animals use global image motion cues to actively stabilize their position by compensatory movements. Neurons in the zebrafish pretectum distinguish different optic flow patterns, e.g., rotation and translation, to drive appropriate behaviors. Combining functional imaging and morphological reconstruction of single cells, we revealed critical neuroanatomical features of this sensorimotor transformation. Terminals of direction-selective retinal ganglion cells (DS-RGCs) are located within the pretectal retinal arborization field 5 (AF5), where they meet dendrites of pretectal neurons with simple tuning to monocular optic flow. Translation-selective neurons, which respond selectively to optic flow in the same direction for both eyes, are intermingled with these simple cells but do not receive inputs from DS-RGCs. Mutually exclusive populations of pretectal projection neurons innervate either the reticular formation or the cerebellum, which in turn control motor responses. We posit that local computations in a defined pretectal circuit transform optic flow signals into neural commands driving optomotor behavior. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kramer
- Department Genes - Circuits - Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Yunmin Wu
- Department Genes - Circuits - Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Herwig Baier
- Department Genes - Circuits - Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Fumi Kubo
- Department Genes - Circuits - Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.
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28
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Namikawa K, Dorigo A, Zagrebelsky M, Russo G, Kirmann T, Fahr W, Dübel S, Korte M, Köster RW. Modeling Neurodegenerative Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 13 in Zebrafish Using a Purkinje Neuron Specific Tunable Coexpression System. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3948-3969. [PMID: 30862666 PMCID: PMC6520513 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1862-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cells (PCs) are primarily affected in neurodegenerative spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). For generating animal models for SCAs, genetic regulatory elements specifically targeting PCs are required, thereby linking pathological molecular effects with impaired function and organismic behavior. Because cerebellar anatomy and function are evolutionary conserved, zebrafish represent an excellent model to study SCAs in vivo We have isolated a 258 bp cross-species PC-specific enhancer element that can be used in a bidirectional manner for bioimaging of transgene-expressing PCs in zebrafish (both sexes) with variable copy numbers for tuning expression strength. Emerging ectopic expression at high copy numbers can be further eliminated by repurposing microRNA-mediated posttranslational mRNA regulation.Subsequently, we generated a transgenic SCA type 13 (SCA13) model, using a zebrafish-variant mimicking a human pathological SCA13R420H mutation, resulting in cell-autonomous progressive PC degeneration linked to cerebellum-driven eye-movement deficits as observed in SCA patients. This underscores that investigating PC-specific cerebellar neuropathologies in zebrafish allows for interconnecting bioimaging of disease mechanisms with behavioral analysis suitable for therapeutic compound testing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT SCA13 patients carrying a KCNC3R420H allele have been shown to display mid-onset progressive cerebellar atrophy, but genetic modeling of SCA13 by expressing this pathogenic mutant in different animal models has not resulted in neuronal degeneration so far; likely because the transgene was expressed in heterologous cell types. We developed a genetic system for tunable PC-specific coexpression of several transgenes to manipulate and simultaneously monitor cerebellar PCs. We modeled a SCA13 zebrafish accessible for bioimaging to investigate disease progression, revealing robust PC degeneration, resulting in impaired eye movement. Our transgenic zebrafish mimicking both neuropathological and behavioral changes manifested in SCA-affected patients will be suitable for investigating causes of cerebellar diseases in vivo from the molecular to the behavioral level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Zagrebelsky
- Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Biochemistry, Technical University Braunschweig 38106, Germany, and
| | | | - Wieland Fahr
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Biochemistry, Technical University Braunschweig 38106, Germany, and
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Biochemistry, Technical University Braunschweig 38106, Germany, and
| | - Martin Korte
- Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
- Research Group Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
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29
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Feng C, Thyagarajan P, Shorey M, Seebold DY, Weiner AT, Albertson RM, Rao KS, Sagasti A, Goetschius DJ, Rolls MM. Patronin-mediated minus end growth is required for dendritic microtubule polarity. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2309-2328. [PMID: 31076454 PMCID: PMC6605808 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201810155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Feng et al. describe persistent neuronal microtubule minus end growth that depends on the CAMSAP protein Patronin and is needed for dendritic minus-end-out polarity. Microtubule minus ends are thought to be stable in cells. Surprisingly, in Drosophila and zebrafish neurons, we observed persistent minus end growth, with runs lasting over 10 min. In Drosophila, extended minus end growth depended on Patronin, and Patronin reduction disrupted dendritic minus-end-out polarity. In fly dendrites, microtubule nucleation sites localize at dendrite branch points. Therefore, we hypothesized minus end growth might be particularly important beyond branch points. Distal dendrites have mixed polarity, and reduction of Patronin lowered the number of minus-end-out microtubules. More strikingly, extra Patronin made terminal dendrites almost completely minus-end-out, indicating low Patronin normally limits minus-end-out microtubules. To determine whether minus end growth populated new dendrites with microtubules, we analyzed dendrite development and regeneration. Minus ends extended into growing dendrites in the presence of Patronin. In sum, our data suggest that Patronin facilitates sustained microtubule minus end growth, which is critical for populating dendrites with minus-end-out microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengye Feng
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Pankajam Thyagarajan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Matthew Shorey
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Dylan Y Seebold
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Alexis T Weiner
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Richard M Albertson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Kavitha S Rao
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Alvaro Sagasti
- Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel J Goetschius
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Melissa M Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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30
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Fei Z, Bae K, Parent SE, Wan H, Goodwin K, Theisen U, Tanentzapf G, Bruce AEE. A cargo model of yolk syncytial nuclear migration during zebrafish epiboly. Development 2019; 146:dev.169664. [PMID: 30509968 DOI: 10.1242/dev.169664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In teleost fish, the multinucleate yolk syncytial layer functions as an extra-embryonic signaling center to pattern mesendoderm, coordinate morphogenesis and supply nutrients to the embryo. External yolk syncytial nuclei (e-YSN) undergo microtubule-dependent movements that distribute the nuclei over the large yolk mass. How e-YSN migration proceeds, and the role of the yolk microtubules, is not understood, but it is proposed that e-YSN are pulled vegetally as the microtubule network shortens from the vegetal pole. Live imaging revealed that nuclei migrate along microtubules, consistent with a cargo model in which e-YSN are moved down the microtubules by direct association with motor proteins. We found that blocking the plus-end directed microtubule motor kinesin significantly attenuated yolk nuclear movement. Blocking the outer nuclear membrane LINC complex protein Syne2a also slowed e-YSN movement. We propose that e-YSN movement is mediated by the LINC complex, which functions as the adaptor between yolk nuclei and motor proteins. Our work provides new insights into the role of microtubules in morphogenesis of an extra-embryonic tissue and further contributes to the understanding of nuclear migration mechanisms during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Fei
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Koeun Bae
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Serge E Parent
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Haoyu Wan
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Katharine Goodwin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Vancouver Campus, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ulrike Theisen
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Vancouver Campus, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ashley E E Bruce
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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31
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Roman AC, Garrido-Jimenez S, Diaz-Chamorro S, Centeno F, Carvajal-Gonzalez JM. Centriole Positioning: Not Just a Little Dot in the Cell. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 67:201-221. [PMID: 31435796 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23173-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Organelle positioning as many other morphological parameters in a cell is not random. Centriole positioning as centrosomes or ciliary basal bodies is not an exception to this rule in cell biology. Indeed, centriole positioning is a tightly regulated process that occurs during development, and it is critical for many organs to function properly, not just during development but also in the adulthood. In this book chapter, we overview our knowledge on centriole positioning in different and highly specialized animal cells like photoreceptor or ependymal cells. We will also discuss recent advances in the discovery of molecular pathways involved in this process, mostly related to the cytoskeleton and the cell polarity pathways. And finally, we present quantitative methods that have been used to assess centriole positioning in different cell types although mostly in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel-Carlos Roman
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sergio Garrido-Jimenez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Selene Diaz-Chamorro
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Francisco Centeno
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Carvajal-Gonzalez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
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32
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Voltes A, Hevia CF, Engel C, Dingare C, Calzolari S, Terriente J, Norden C, Lecaudey V, Pujades C. Yap/Taz-TEAD activity links mechanical cues to progenitor cell behavior during zebrafish hindbrain segmentation. Development 2019; 146:dev.176735. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.176735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cells perceive their microenvironment through chemical and physical cues. However, how mechanical signals are interpreted during embryonic tissue deformation resulting in specific cell behaviors is largely unknown. The Yap/Taz family of transcriptional co-activators has emerged as an important regulator of tissue growth and regeneration, responding to physical cues from the extracellular matrix, cell shape changes and actomyosin cytoskeleton. In this study, we demonstrated the role of Yap/Taz-TEAD activity as a sensor of mechanical signals in the regulation of the progenitor behavior of boundary cells during zebrafish hindbrain compartmentalization. Monitoring of in vivo Yap/Taz-activity during hindbrain segmentation indicated that boundary cells responded to mechanical cues in a cell-autonomous manner through Yap/Taz-TEAD activity. Cell-lineage analysis revealed that Yap/Taz-TEAD boundary cells decreased their proliferative activity when Yap/Taz-TEAD activity ceased, which preceded changes in their cell fate from proliferating progenitors to differentiated neurons. Functional experiments demonstrated the pivotal role of Yap/Taz-TEAD signaling in maintaining progenitor features in the hindbrain boundary cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Voltes
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Covadonga F. Hevia
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolyn Engel
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Simone Calzolari
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Terriente
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caren Norden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Cristina Pujades
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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33
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Natividad RJ, Lalli ML, Muthuswamy SK, Asthagiri AR. Golgi Stabilization, Not Its Front-Rear Bias, Is Associated with EMT-Enhanced Fibrillar Migration. Biophys J 2018; 115:2067-2077. [PMID: 30366626 PMCID: PMC6343588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and maturation of collagen fibrils in the tumor microenvironment play a significant role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Confinement along fiber-like tracks enhances cell migration. To what extent and in what manner EMT further promotes migration in a microenvironment already conducive to migration is poorly understood. Here, we show that TGFβ-mediated EMT significantly enhances migration on fiber-like micropatterned tracks of collagen, doubling migration speed and tripling persistence relative to untreated mammary epithelial cells. Thus, cell-intrinsic EMT and extrinsic fibrillar tracks have nonredundant effects on motility. To better understand EMT-enhanced fibrillar migration, we investigated the regulation of Golgi positioning, which is involved in front-rear polarization and persistent cell migration. Confinement along fiber-like tracks has been reported to favor posterior Golgi positioning, whereas anterior positioning is observed during 2-day wound healing. Although EMT also regulates cell polarity, little is known about its effect on Golgi positioning. Here, we show that EMT induces a 2:1 rearward bias in Golgi positioning; however, positional bias explains less than 2% of single-cell variability in migration speed and persistence. Meanwhile, EMT significantly stabilizes Golgi positioning. Cells that enhance migration in response to TGFβ maintain Golgi position for 2- to 4-fold longer than nonresponsive counterparts irrespective of whether the Golgi is ahead or behind the nucleus. In fact, 28% of TGFβ-responsive cells exhibit a fully committed Golgi phenotype with the organelle either in the anterior or posterior position for over 90% of the time. Furthermore, single-cell differences in Golgi stability capture up to 18% of variations in migration speed. These results suggest a hypothesis that the Golgi may be part of a core physical scaffold that affects how cell-generated forces are distributed during migration. A stable scaffold would be expected to more consistently and therefore more productively distribute forces over time, leading to efficient migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Natividad
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark L Lalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Senthil K Muthuswamy
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anand R Asthagiri
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
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34
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Mayr V, Sturtzel C, Stadler M, Grissenberger S, Distel M. Fast Dynamic in vivo Monitoring of Erk Activity at Single Cell Resolution in DREKA Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:111. [PMID: 30320107 PMCID: PMC6170801 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of signaling pathways in single cells underlies tissue development, maintenance and repair in multicellular organisms, but our ability to monitor signaling dynamics in living vertebrates is currently limited. We implemented kinase translocation reporter (KTR) technology to create DREKA ("dynamic reporter of Erk activity") zebrafish, which allow one to observe Erk activity in vivo at single cell level with high temporal resolution. DREKA zebrafish faithfully reported Erk activity after muscle cell wounding and revealed the kinetics of small compound uptake. Our results promise that kinase translocation reporters can be adapted for further applications in developmental biology, disease modeling, and in vivo pharmacology in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Mayr
- Innovative Cancer Models, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caterina Sturtzel
- Innovative Cancer Models, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Stadler
- Innovative Cancer Models, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Grissenberger
- Innovative Cancer Models, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Distel
- Innovative Cancer Models, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
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35
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Theisen U, Hey S, Hennig CD, Schnabel R, Köster RW. Glycine is able to induce both a motility speed in- and decrease during zebrafish neuronal migration. Commun Integr Biol 2018; 11:1-7. [PMID: 30214676 PMCID: PMC6132429 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2018.1493324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Various neurotransmitters influence neuronal migration in the developing zebrafish hindbrain. Migrating tegmental hindbrain nuclei neurons (THNs) are governed by depolarizing neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and glutamate), and glycine. In mature neurons, glycine binds to its receptor to hyperpolarize cells. This effect depends on the co-expression of the solute carrier KCC2. Immature precursors, however, typically express NKCC1 instead of KCC2, leading to membrane depolarization upon glycine receptor activation. As neuronal migration occurs in neurons after leaving the cell cycle and before terminal differentiation, we hypothesized that the switch from NKCC1 to KCC2 expression could alter the effect of glycine on THN migration. We tested this notion using in vivo cell tracking, overexpression of glycine receptor mutations and whole mount in situ hybridization. We summarize our findings in a speculative model, combining developmental age, glycine receptor strength and solute carrier expression to describe the effect of glycine on the migration of THNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Theisen
- TU Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Hey
- TU Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Schnabel
- TU Braunschweig, Institute for Genetics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Köster
- TU Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany
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36
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Mencarelli C, Nitarska J, Kroecher T, Ferraro F, Massey K, Riccio A, Pichaud F. RanBP1 Couples Nuclear Export and Golgi Regulation through LKB1 to Promote Cortical Neuron Polarity. Cell Rep 2018; 24:2529-2539.e4. [PMID: 30184488 PMCID: PMC6137820 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal polarity in the developing cortex begins during the early stages of neural progenitor migration toward the cortical plate and culminates with the specification of the axon and dendrites. Here, we demonstrate that the Ran-dependent nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery is essential for the establishment of cortical neuron polarity. We found that Ran-binding protein 1 (RanBP1) regulates axon specification and dendritic arborization in cultured neurons in vitro and radial neural migration in vivo. During axonogenesis, RanBP1 regulates the cytoplasmic levels of the polarity protein LKB1/Par4, and this is dependent on the nuclear export machinery. Our results show that downstream of RanBP1, LKB1 function is mediated by the STK25-GM130 pathway, which promotes axonogenesis through Golgi regulation. Our results indicate that the nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery is a main regulator of neuron polarity, including radial migration, and that the regulated export of LKB1 through RanBP1 is a limiting step of axonogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mencarelli
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Justyna Nitarska
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tim Kroecher
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Francesco Ferraro
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Katherine Massey
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Antonella Riccio
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Franck Pichaud
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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37
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Russo G, Lehne F, Pose Méndez SM, Dübel S, Köster RW, Sassen WA. Culture and Transfection of Zebrafish Primary Cells. J Vis Exp 2018:57872. [PMID: 30175992 PMCID: PMC6128108 DOI: 10.3791/57872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish embryos are transparent and develop rapidly outside the mother, thus allowing for excellent in vivo imaging of dynamic biological processes in an intact and developing vertebrate. However, the detailed imaging of the morphologies of distinct cell types and subcellular structures is limited in whole mounts. Therefore, we established an efficient and easy-to-use protocol to culture live primary cells from zebrafish embryos and adult tissue. In brief, 2 dpf zebrafish embryos are dechorionated, deyolked, sterilized, and dissociated to single cells with collagenase. After a filtration step, primary cells are plated onto glass bottom dishes and cultivated for several days. Fresh cultures, as much as long term differenciated ones, can be used for high resolution confocal imaging studies. The culture contains different cell types, with striated myocytes and neurons being prominent on poly-L-lysine coating. To specifically label subcellular structures by fluorescent marker proteins, we also established an electroporation protocol which allows the transfection of plasmid DNA into different cell types, including neurons. Thus, in the presence of operator defined stimuli, complex cell behavior, and intracellular dynamics of primary zebrafish cells can be assessed with high spatial and temporal resolution. In addition, by using adult zebrafish brain, we demonstrate that the described dissociation technique, as well as the basic culturing conditions, also work for adult zebrafish tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Russo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Braunschweig University of Technology; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Braunschweig University of Technology
| | - Franziska Lehne
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Braunschweig University of Technology
| | - Sol M Pose Méndez
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Braunschweig University of Technology
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Braunschweig University of Technology
| | - Reinhard W Köster
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Braunschweig University of Technology;
| | - Wiebke A Sassen
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Braunschweig University of Technology
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38
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Hapak SM, Ghosh S, Rothlin CV. Axon Regeneration: Antagonistic Signaling Pairs in Neuronal Polarization. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:615-629. [PMID: 29934283 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide screens, proteomics, and candidate-based approaches have identified numerous genes associated with neuronal regeneration following central nervous system (CNS) injury. Despite significant progress, functional recovery remains a challenge, even in model systems. Neuronal function depends on segregation of axonal versus dendritic domains. A key to functional recovery may lie in recapitulating the developmental signals that instruct axon specification and growth in adult neurons post-injury. Theoretically, binary activator-inhibitor elements operating as a Turing-like system within neurons can specify axonal versus dendritic domains and promote axon growth. We review here various molecules implicated in axon specification that function as signaling pairs driving neuronal polarization and axon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Hapak
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Equal contribution.
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Equal contribution.
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39
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Almeida RG, Pan S, Cole KLH, Williamson JM, Early JJ, Czopka T, Klingseisen A, Chan JR, Lyons DA. Myelination of Neuronal Cell Bodies when Myelin Supply Exceeds Axonal Demand. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1296-1305.e5. [PMID: 29628374 PMCID: PMC5912901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The correct targeting of myelin is essential for nervous system formation and function. Oligodendrocytes in the CNS myelinate some axons, but not others, and do not myelinate structures including cell bodies and dendrites [1]. Recent studies indicate that extrinsic signals, such as neuronal activity [2, 3] and cell adhesion molecules [4], can bias myelination toward some axons and away from cell bodies and dendrites, indicating that, in vivo, neuronal and axonal cues regulate myelin targeting. In vitro, however, oligodendrocytes have an intrinsic propensity to myelinate [5, 6, 7] and can promiscuously wrap inert synthetic structures resembling neuronal processes [8, 9] or cell bodies [4]. A current therapeutic goal for the treatment of demyelinating diseases is to greatly promote oligodendrogenesis [10, 11, 12, 13]; thus, it is important to test how accurately extrinsic signals regulate the oligodendrocyte’s intrinsic program of myelination in vivo. Here, we test the hypothesis that neurons regulate myelination with sufficient stringency to always ensure correct targeting. Surprisingly, however, we find that myelin targeting in vivo is not very stringent and that mistargeting occurs readily when oligodendrocyte and myelin supply exceed axonal demand. We find that myelin is mistargeted to neuronal cell bodies in zebrafish mutants with fewer axons and independently in drug-treated zebrafish with increased oligodendrogenesis. Additionally, by increasing myelin production of oligodendrocytes in zebrafish and mice, we find that excess myelin is also inappropriately targeted to cell bodies. Our results suggest that balancing oligodendrocyte-intrinsic programs of myelin supply with axonal demand is essential for correct myelin targeting in vivo and highlight potential liabilities of strongly promoting oligodendrogenesis. Balance between axons and myelin production regulates its targeting in vivo Excess myelin is mistargeted to cell bodies Low, but not zero, level of mistargeting during normal development Potential implications for myelin-promoting therapies
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G Almeida
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Simon Pan
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katy L H Cole
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jill M Williamson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jason J Early
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Tim Czopka
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, 80802 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Klingseisen
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
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40
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Theisen U, Hennig C, Ring T, Schnabel R, Köster RW. Neurotransmitter-mediated activity spatially controls neuronal migration in the zebrafish cerebellum. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2002226. [PMID: 29300740 PMCID: PMC5754045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration during embryonic development contributes to functional brain circuitry. Many neurons migrate in morphologically distinct stages that coincide with differentiation, requiring tight spatial regulation. It had been proposed that neurotransmitter-mediated activity could exert this control. Here, we demonstrate that intracellular calcium transients occur in cerebellar neurons of zebrafish embryos during migration. We show that depolarization increases and hyperpolarization reduces the speed of tegmental hindbrain neurons using optogenetic tools and advanced track analysis optimized for in vivo migration. Finally, we introduce a compound screening assay to identify acetylcholine (ACh), glutamate, and glycine as regulators of migration, which act regionally along the neurons’ route. We summarize our findings in a model describing how different neurotransmitters spatially interact to control neuronal migration. The high evolutionary conservation of the cerebellum and hindbrain makes it likely that polarization state-driven motility constitutes an important principle in building a functional brain. Postmitotic neurons migrate from their site of origin to their final destination in the developing brain to form functional structures. These neurons typically follow defined routes through the tissue. Previous studies investigating progress along such route have identified neurotransmitters—chemicals that transmit the signals between neurons—as important regulators in neuronal migration using mostly rodent brain slice cultures and cultivated neurons. In this study, we use live zebrafish embryos to test the influence of neurotransmitters on migrating hindbrain neurons. First, we demonstrate that calcium transients can be measured in these neurons using genetically encoded reporters. Next, we use optogenetic channels to specifically de- or hyperpolarize the plasma membrane of the neurons to show that the polarization state is linked to migratory speed. Finally, we use a screening method to identify the neurotransmitter systems involved in migration progress control. We summarize these findings in a model that suggests that there are regions of influence for different neurotransmitters that act successively on the neurons to ensure their timely arrival at their destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Theisen
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Hennig
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Genetics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Ring
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Engineering Design, Vibroacoustics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ralf Schnabel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Genetics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Reinhard W. Köster
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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41
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Muroyama A, Lechler T. Microtubule organization, dynamics and functions in differentiated cells. Development 2017; 144:3012-3021. [PMID: 28851722 DOI: 10.1242/dev.153171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, numerous studies have greatly expanded our knowledge about how microtubule organization and dynamics are controlled in cultured cells in vitro However, our understanding of microtubule dynamics and functions in vivo, in differentiated cells and tissues, remains under-explored. Recent advances in generating genetic tools and imaging technologies to probe microtubules in situ, coupled with an increased interest in the functions of this cytoskeletal network in differentiated cells, are resulting in a renaissance. Here, we discuss the lessons learned from such approaches, which have revealed that, although some differentiated cells utilize conserved strategies to remodel microtubules, there is considerable diversity in the underlying molecular mechanisms of microtubule reorganization. This highlights a continued need to explore how differentiated cells regulate microtubule geometry in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Muroyama
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Terry Lechler
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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42
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Sassen WA, Lehne F, Russo G, Wargenau S, Dübel S, Köster RW. Embryonic zebrafish primary cell culture for transfection and live cellular and subcellular imaging. Dev Biol 2017; 430:18-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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43
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Barros-Becker F, Lam PY, Fisher R, Huttenlocher A. Live imaging reveals distinct modes of neutrophil and macrophage migration within interstitial tissues. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3801-3808. [PMID: 28972134 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is required for diverse processes during immunity and inflammation. Classically, leukocyte motility is defined as an amoeboid type of migration, however some leukocytes, like macrophages, also employ a more mesenchymal mode of migration. Here, we sought to characterize the mechanisms that regulate neutrophil and macrophage migration in vivo by using real-time imaging of leukocyte motility within interstitial tissues in zebrafish larvae. Neutrophils displayed a rounded morphology and rapid protease-independent motility, lacked defined paxillin puncta, and had persistent rearward polarization of stable F-actin and the microtubule network. By contrast, macrophages displayed an elongated morphology with reduced speed and increased directional persistence and formed paxillin-containing puncta but had a less-defined polarization of the microtubule and actin networks. We also observed differential effects of protease inhibition, microtubule disruption and ROCK inhibition on the efficiency of neutrophil and macrophage motility. Taken together, our findings suggest that larval zebrafish neutrophils and macrophage display distinct modes of migration within interstitial tissues in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Barros-Becker
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Pui-Ying Lam
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Robert Fisher
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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44
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Zhang J, Wang YL. Centrosome defines the rear of cells during mesenchymal migration. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3240-3251. [PMID: 28855377 PMCID: PMC5687026 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking advantage of the strong polarity of cells migrating along micropatterned lines, combined with computational modeling and microsurgery, we found that the centrosome must be localized toward the rear of a cell, likely for controlling the distribution of tail formation signals. This discovery clarifies a long-standing controversy in cell biology. The importance of centrosome in directional cell migration has long been recognized. However, the conventional view that centrosome determines cell’s front, based on its often-observed position in front of the nucleus, has been challenged by contradictory observations. Here we show that centrosome defines the rear instead of the front, using cells plated on micropatterned adhesive strips to facilitate directional migration. We found that centrosome is always located proximal to the future rear before polarity is established through symmetry breaking or reversed as the cell reaches a dead end. In addition, using microsurgery to alter the distance of centrosomes from cells’ ends, we show that centrosomal proximity is predictive of the placement of the rear. Removal of centrosome impairs directional cell migration, whereas the removal of nucleus alone makes no difference in most cells. Computer modeling under the framework of a local-enhancement/global-inhibition mechanism further demonstrates that positioning of rear retraction, mediated by signals concentrated near the centrosome, recapitulates all the experimental observations. Our results resolve a long-standing controversy and explain how cells use centrosome and microtubules to maintain directional migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Yu-Li Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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45
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Belvindrah R, Natarajan K, Shabajee P, Bruel-Jungerman E, Bernard J, Goutierre M, Moutkine I, Jaglin XH, Savariradjane M, Irinopoulou T, Poncer JC, Janke C, Francis F. Mutation of the α-tubulin Tuba1a leads to straighter microtubules and perturbs neuronal migration. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2443-2461. [PMID: 28687665 PMCID: PMC5551700 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of α-tubulin isotypes is associated with cortical malformations. Belvindrah et al. show that Tuba1 mutation leads to impaired neuronal saltatory migration in vivo as a result of functional and structural microtubule defects. Comparative analyses of Tuba1a and Tuba8 in tubulin heterodimer structure and microtubule polymerization reveal an essential, noncompensated role for Tuba1a in the neuronal rostral migratory system. Brain development involves extensive migration of neurons. Microtubules (MTs) are key cellular effectors of neuronal displacement that are assembled from α/β-tubulin heterodimers. Mutation of the α-tubulin isotype TUBA1A is associated with cortical malformations in humans. In this study, we provide detailed in vivo and in vitro analyses of Tuba1a mutants. In mice carrying a Tuba1a missense mutation (S140G), neurons accumulate, and glial cells are dispersed along the rostral migratory stream in postnatal and adult brains. Live imaging of Tuba1a-mutant neurons revealed slowed migration and increased neuronal branching, which correlated with directionality alterations and perturbed nucleus–centrosome (N–C) coupling. Tuba1a mutation led to increased straightness of newly polymerized MTs, and structural modeling data suggest a conformational change in the α/β-tubulin heterodimer. We show that Tuba8, another α-tubulin isotype previously associated with cortical malformations, has altered function compared with Tuba1a. Our work shows that Tuba1a plays an essential, noncompensated role in neuronal saltatory migration in vivo and highlights the importance of MT flexibility in N–C coupling and neuronal-branching regulation during neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Belvindrah
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 06, UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Kathiresan Natarajan
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research Université (PSL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR 3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3348, Orsay, France
| | - Preety Shabajee
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 06, UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Bruel-Jungerman
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 06, UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Bernard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 06, UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Marie Goutierre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 06, UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Imane Moutkine
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 06, UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Xavier H Jaglin
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Smilow Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Mythili Savariradjane
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 06, UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Theano Irinopoulou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 06, UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Poncer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 06, UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research Université (PSL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR 3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3348, Orsay, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR S-839, Paris, France .,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 06, UMR S-839, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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46
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The use of fish models to study human neurological disorders. Neurosci Res 2017; 120:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Golgi trafficking defects in postnatal microcephaly: The evidence for “Golgipathies”. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 153:46-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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48
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Icha J, Kunath C, Rocha-Martins M, Norden C. Independent modes of ganglion cell translocation ensure correct lamination of the zebrafish retina. J Cell Biol 2017; 215:259-275. [PMID: 27810916 PMCID: PMC5084647 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Icha et al. show that retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can move by two different modes across the embryonic zebrafish retina and that correct RGC translocation is crucial for neuronal lamination and retinal development. The arrangement of neurons into distinct layers is critical for neuronal connectivity and function. During development, most neurons move from their birthplace to the appropriate layer, where they polarize. However, kinetics and modes of many neuronal translocation events still await exploration. In this study, we investigate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) translocation across the embryonic zebrafish retina. After completing their translocation, RGCs establish the most basal retinal layer where they form the optic nerve. Using in toto light sheet microscopy, we show that somal translocation of RGCs is a fast and directed event. It depends on basal process attachment and stabilized microtubules. Interestingly, interference with somal translocation induces a switch to multipolar migration. This multipolar mode is less efficient but still leads to successful RGC layer formation. When both modes are inhibited though, RGCs fail to translocate and induce lamination defects. This indicates that correct RGC translocation is crucial for subsequent retinal lamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Icha
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christiane Kunath
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mauricio Rocha-Martins
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caren Norden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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49
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Raab M, Discher DE. Matrix rigidity regulates microtubule network polarization in migration. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2017; 74:114-124. [PMID: 27935261 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule organizing center (MTOC) frequently polarizes to a position in front of the nucleus during cell migration, but recent work has shown conflicting evidence for MTOC location in migratory polarized cells. Here, we show that subcellular localization of the MTOC is modulated by extracellular matrix stiffness. In scratch wound assays as well as single cell migration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) the MTOC appears randomly positioned when cells are migrating on soft matrix, whereas on stiff matrix the MTOC is in front of the nucleus. The bulk of the microtubule density is also equally likely to be in front of or behind the nucleus on soft matrix, but it is polarized in front of the nucleus on stiff matrix. This occurred during cell migration with cells in interphase. During cytokinesis, the centrosomes polarize on either side of the chromosomes even on soft matrix, with MIIB localized strongly in the cleavage furrow which depolarizes only on soft matrix as cells exit cytokinesis. When cells are immobilized on micro-patterns printed on the top of substrates of different stiffness, MIIB polarized if the matrix was sufficiently stiff similar to results with migrating cells. However, the MTOC was randomly positioned with respect to the nucleus independent of matrix stiffness. We deduce that cell migration is necessary to orient the MTOC in front of the nucleus and that matrix stiffness helps to drive cell polarization during migration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Raab
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dennis E Discher
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Physical Sciences in Oncology Center @ Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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50
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Abstract
Myelination by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system is essential for nervous system function and health. Despite its importance, we have a relatively poor understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate myelination in the living animal, particularly in the CNS. This is partly due to the fact that myelination commences around birth in mammals, by which time the CNS is complex and largely inaccessible, and thus very difficult to image live in its intact form. As a consequence, in recent years much effort has been invested in the use of smaller, simpler, transparent model organisms to investigate mechanisms of myelination in vivo. Although the majority of such studies have employed zebrafish, the Xenopus tadpole also represents an important complementary system with advantages for investigating myelin biology in vivo. Here we review how the natural features of zebrafish embryos and larvae and Xenopus tadpoles make them ideal systems for experimentally interrogating myelination by live imaging. We outline common transgenic technologies used to generate zebrafish and Xenopus that express fluorescent reporters, which can be used to image myelination. We also provide an extensive overview of the imaging modalities most commonly employed to date to image the nervous system in these transparent systems, and also emerging technologies that we anticipate will become widely used in studies of zebrafish and Xenopus myelination in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenea M Bin
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, MS Society Centre for Translational Research, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, MS Society Centre for Translational Research, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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