1
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Stukey GJ, Han GS, Carman GM. Architecture and function of yeast phosphatidate phosphatase Pah1 domains/regions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159547. [PMID: 39103045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Phosphatidate (PA) phosphatase, which catalyzes the Mg2+-dependent dephosphorylation of PA to produce diacylglycerol, provides a direct precursor for the synthesis of the storage lipid triacylglycerol and the membrane phospholipids phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The enzyme controlling the key phospholipid PA also plays a crucial role in diverse aspects of lipid metabolism and cell physiology. PA phosphatase is a peripheral membrane enzyme that is composed of multiple domains/regions required for its catalytic function and subcellular localization. In this review, we discuss the domains/regions of PA phosphatase from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with reference to the homologous enzyme from mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geordan J Stukey
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Gil-Soo Han
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - George M Carman
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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2
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Khondker S, Han GS, Carman GM. Protein kinase Hsl1 phosphorylates Pah1 to inhibit phosphatidate phosphatase activity and regulate lipid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107572. [PMID: 39009344 PMCID: PMC11342776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pah1 phosphatidate (PA) phosphatase, which catalyzes the Mg2+-dependent dephosphorylation of PA to produce diacylglycerol, plays a key role in utilizing PA for the synthesis of the neutral lipid triacylglycerol and thereby controlling the PA-derived membrane phospholipids. The enzyme function is controlled by its subcellular location as regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Pah1 is initially inactivated in the cytosol through phosphorylation by multiple protein kinases and then activated via its recruitment and dephosphorylation by the protein phosphatase Nem1-Spo7 at the nuclear/endoplasmic reticulum membrane where the PA phosphatase reaction occurs. Many of the protein kinases that phosphorylate Pah1 have yet to be characterized with the identification of the target residues. Here, we established Pah1 as a bona fide substrate of septin-associated Hsl1, a protein kinase involved in mitotic morphogenesis checkpoint signaling. The Hsl1 activity on Pah1 was dependent on reaction time and the amounts of protein kinase, Pah1, and ATP. The Hsl1 phosphorylation of Pah1 occurred on Ser-748 and Ser-773, and the phosphorylated protein exhibited a 5-fold reduction in PA phosphatase catalytic efficiency. Analysis of cells expressing the S748A and S773A mutant forms of Pah1 indicated that Hsl1-mediated phosphorylation of Pah1 promotes membrane phospholipid synthesis at the expense of triacylglycerol, and ensures the dependence of Pah1 function on the Nem1-Spo7 protein phosphatase. This work advances the understanding of how Hsl1 facilitates membrane phospholipid synthesis through the phosphorylation-mediated regulation of Pah1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoily Khondker
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gil-Soo Han
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - George M Carman
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
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3
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Carrasquillo Rodríguez JW, Uche O, Gao S, Lee S, Airola MV, Bahmanyar S. Differential reliance of CTD-nuclear envelope phosphatase 1 on its regulatory subunit in ER lipid synthesis and storage. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar101. [PMID: 38776127 PMCID: PMC11244170 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-09-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipin 1 is an ER enzyme that produces diacylglycerol, the lipid intermediate that feeds into the synthesis of glycerophospholipids for membrane expansion or triacylglycerol for storage into lipid droplets. CTD-Nuclear Envelope Phosphatase 1 (CTDNEP1) regulates lipin 1 to restrict ER membrane synthesis, but a role for CTDNEP1 in lipid storage in mammalian cells is not known. Furthermore, how NEP1R1, the regulatory subunit of CTDNEP1, contributes to these functions in mammalian cells is not fully understood. Here, we show that CTDNEP1 is reliant on NEP1R1 for its stability and function in limiting ER expansion. CTDNEP1 contains an amphipathic helix at its N-terminus that targets to the ER, nuclear envelope and lipid droplets. We identify key residues at the binding interface of CTDNEP1 and NEP1R1 and show that they facilitate complex formation in vivo and in vitro. We demonstrate that NEP1R1 binding to CTDNEP1 shields CTDNEP1 from proteasomal degradation to regulate lipin 1 and restrict ER size. Unexpectedly, NEP1R1 was not required for CTDNEP1's role in restricting lipid droplet biogenesis. Thus, the reliance of CTDNEP1 function on NEP1R1 depends on cellular demands for membrane production versus lipid storage. Together, our work provides a framework into understanding how the ER regulates lipid synthesis under different metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Onyedikachi Uche
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Shujuan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY 11794
| | - Shoken Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Michael V. Airola
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY 11794
| | - Shirin Bahmanyar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
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4
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Koenig AB, Tan A, Abdelaal H, Monge F, Younossi ZM, Goodman ZD. Review article: Hepatic steatosis and its associations with acute and chronic liver diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024; 60:167-200. [PMID: 38845486 DOI: 10.1111/apt.18059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic steatosis is a common finding in liver histopathology and the hallmark of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), whose global prevalence is rising. AIMS To review the histopathology of hepatic steatosis and its mechanisms of development and to identify common and rare disease associations. METHODS We reviewed literature on the basic science of lipid droplet (LD) biology and clinical research on acute and chronic liver diseases associated with hepatic steatosis using the PubMed database. RESULTS A variety of genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of chronic hepatic steatosis or steatotic liver disease, which typically appears macrovesicular. Microvesicular steatosis is associated with acute mitochondrial dysfunction and liver failure. Fat metabolic processes in hepatocytes whose dysregulation leads to the development of steatosis include secretion of lipoprotein particles, uptake of remnant lipoprotein particles or free fatty acids from blood, de novo lipogenesis, oxidation of fatty acids, lipolysis and lipophagy. Hepatic insulin resistance is a key feature of MASLD. Seipin is a polyfunctional protein that facilitates LD biogenesis. Assembly of hepatitis C virus takes place on LD surfaces. LDs make important, functional contact with the endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles. CONCLUSIONS Diverse liver pathologies are associated with hepatic steatosis, with MASLD being the most important contributor. The biogenesis and dynamics of LDs in hepatocytes are complex and warrant further investigation. Organellar interfaces permit co-regulation of lipid metabolism to match generation of potentially toxic lipid species with their LD depot storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B Koenig
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Albert Tan
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
- Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Hala Abdelaal
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
- Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Fanny Monge
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
- Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Zobair M Younossi
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
- The Global NASH Council, Center for Outcomes Research in Liver Diseases, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zachary D Goodman
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
- Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
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5
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Santinho A, Carpentier M, Lopes Sampaio J, Omrane M, Thiam AR. Giant organelle vesicles to uncover intracellular membrane mechanics and plasticity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3767. [PMID: 38704407 PMCID: PMC11069511 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Tools for accessing and studying organelles remain underdeveloped. Here, we present a method by which giant organelle vesicles (GOVs) are generated by submitting cells to a hypotonic medium followed by plasma membrane breakage. By this means, GOVs ranging from 3 to over 10 µm become available for micromanipulation. GOVs are made from organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, endosomes, lysosomes and mitochondria, or in contact with one another such as giant mitochondria-associated ER membrane vesicles. We measure the mechanical properties of each organelle-derived GOV and find that they have distinct properties. In GOVs procured from Cos7 cells, for example, bending rigidities tend to increase from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. We also found that the mechanical properties of giant endoplasmic reticulum vesicles (GERVs) vary depending on their interactions with other organelles or the metabolic state of the cell. Lastly, we demonstrate GERVs' biochemical activity through their capacity to synthesize triglycerides and assemble lipid droplets. These findings underscore the potential of GOVs as valuable tools for studying the biophysics and biology of organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Santinho
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Carpentier
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Julio Lopes Sampaio
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Plateforme de Métabolomique et Lipidomique, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, France
| | - Mohyeddine Omrane
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Abdou Rachid Thiam
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005, Paris, France.
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6
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Klug YA, Ferreira JV, Carvalho P. A unifying mechanism for seipin-mediated lipid droplet formation. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1116-1126. [PMID: 38785192 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic organelles essential for cellular lipid homeostasis. Assembly of LDs occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the conserved ER membrane protein seipin emerged as a key player in this process. Here, we review recent advances provided by structural, biochemical, and in silico analysis that revealed mechanistic insights into the molecular role of the seipin complexes and led to an updated model for LD biogenesis. We further discuss how other ER components cooperate with seipin during LD biogenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying seipin-mediated LD assembly is important to uncover the fundamental aspects of lipid homeostasis and organelle biogenesis and to provide hints on the pathogenesis of lipid storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoel A Klug
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Pedro Carvalho
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
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7
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Salcedo-Tacuma D, Asad N, Howells G, Anderson R, Smith DM. Proteasome hyperactivation rewires the proteome enhancing stress resistance, proteostasis, lipid metabolism and ERAD in C. elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.04.588128. [PMID: 38617285 PMCID: PMC11014606 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Proteasome dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and age-related proteinopathies. Using a C. elegans model, we demonstrate that 20S proteasome hyperactivation, facilitated by 20S gate-opening, accelerates the targeting of intrinsically disordered proteins. This leads to increased protein synthesis, extensive rewiring of the proteome and transcriptome, enhanced oxidative stress defense, accelerated lipid metabolism, and peroxisome proliferation. It also promotes ER-associated degradation (ERAD) of aggregation-prone proteins, such as alpha-1 antitrypsin (ATZ) and various lipoproteins. Notably, our results reveal that 20S proteasome hyperactivation suggests a novel role in ERAD with broad implications for proteostasis-related disorders, simultaneously affecting lipid homeostasis and peroxisome proliferation. Furthermore, the enhanced cellular capacity to mitigate proteostasis challenges, alongside unanticipated acceleration of lipid metabolism is expected to contribute to the longevity phenotype of this mutant. Remarkably, the mechanism of longevity induced by 20S gate opening appears unique, independent of known longevity and stress-resistance pathways. These results support the therapeutic potential of 20S proteasome activation in mitigating proteostasis-related disorders broadly and provide new insights into the complex interplay between proteasome activity, cellular health, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Salcedo-Tacuma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 4 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Nadeeem. Asad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 4 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Giovanni Howells
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 4 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Raymond Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 4 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV USA
| | - David M. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 4 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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8
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Hsia JZ, Liu D, Haynes L, Cruz-Cosme R, Tang Q. Lipid Droplets: Formation, Degradation, and Their Role in Cellular Responses to Flavivirus Infections. Microorganisms 2024; 12:647. [PMID: 38674592 PMCID: PMC11051834 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are cellular organelles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), serving as lipid storage sites crucial for maintaining cellular lipid homeostasis. Recent attention has been drawn to their roles in viral replication and their interactions with viruses. However, the precise biological functions of LDs in viral replication and pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. To elucidate the interaction between LDs and viruses, it is imperative to comprehend the biogenesis of LDs and their dynamic interactions with other organelles. In this review, we explore the intricate pathways involved in LD biogenies within the cytoplasm, encompassing the uptake of fatty acid from nutrients facilitated by CD36-mediated membranous protein (FABP/FATP)-FA complexes, and FA synthesis via glycolysis in the cytoplasm and the TCL cycle in mitochondria. While LD biogenesis primarily occurs in the ER, matured LDs are intricately linked to multiple organelles. Viral infections can lead to diverse consequences in terms of LD status within cells post-infection, potentially involving the breakdown of LDs through the activation of lipophagy. However, the exact mechanisms underlying LD destruction or accumulation by viruses remain elusive. The significance of LDs in viral replication renders them effective targets for developing broad-spectrum antivirals. Moreover, considering that reducing neutral lipids in LDs is a strategy for anti-obesity treatment, LD depletion may not pose harm to cells. This presents LDs as promising antiviral targets for developing therapeutics that are minimally or non-toxic to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (J.Z.H.); (D.L.); (L.H.); (R.C.-C.)
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9
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Kazemisabet F, Bahrami A, Ghosh R, Różycki B, Bahrami AH. Molecular mechanisms and energetics of lipid droplet formation and directional budding. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:909-922. [PMID: 38189157 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01438j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The formation and budding of lipid droplets (LDs) are known to be governed by the LD size and by membrane tensions in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bilayer and LD-monolayers. Using coarse-grained simulations of an LD model, we first show that ER-embedded LDs of different sizes can form through a continuous transition from wide LD lenses to spherical LDs at a fixed LD size. The ER tendency to relax its bilayer modulates the transition via a subtle interplay between the ER and LD lipid densities. By calculating the energetic landscape of the LD transition, we demonstrate that this size-independent transition is regulated by the mechanical force balance of ER and LD-tensions, independent from membrane bending and line tension whose energetic contributions are negligible according to our calculations. Our findings explain experimental observation of stable LDs of various shapes. We then propose a novel mechanism for directional LD budding where the required membrane asymmetry is provided by the exchange of lipids between the LD-monolayers. Remarkably, we demonstrate that this budding process is energetically neutral. Consequently, LD budding can proceed by a modest energy input from proteins or other driving agents. We obtain equal lipid densities and membrane tensions in LD-monolayers throughout budding. Our findings indicate that unlike LD formation, LD budding by inter-monolayer lipid exchange is a tension-independent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kazemisabet
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, North Kargar St., 14399-57131 Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Bahrami
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, North Kargar St., 14399-57131 Tehran, Iran
| | - Rikhia Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York 10029, USA
| | - Bartosz Różycki
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Amir H Bahrami
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Living Matter Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Han GS, Kwiatek JM, Hu KS, Carman GM. Catalytic core function of yeast Pah1 phosphatidate phosphatase reveals structural insight into its membrane localization and activity control. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105560. [PMID: 38097185 PMCID: PMC10797186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The PAH1-encoded phosphatidate (PA) phosphatase is a major source of diacylglycerol for the production of the storage lipid triacylglycerol and a key regulator for the de novo phospholipid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The catalytic function of Pah1 depends on its membrane localization which is mediated through its phosphorylation by multiple protein kinases and dephosphorylation by the Nem1-Spo7 protein phosphatase complex. The full-length Pah1 is composed of a catalytic core (N-LIP and HAD-like domains, amphipathic helix, and the WRDPLVDID domain) and non-catalytic regulatory sequences (intrinsically disordered regions, RP domain, and acidic tail) for phosphorylation and interaction with Nem1-Spo7. How the catalytic core regulates Pah1 localization and cellular function is not clear. In this work, we analyzed a variant of Pah1 (i.e., Pah1-CC (catalytic core)) that is composed only of the catalytic core. Pah1-CC expressed on a low-copy plasmid complemented the pah1Δ mutant phenotypes (e.g., nuclear/ER membrane expansion, reduced levels of triacylglycerol, and lipid droplet formation) without requiring Nem1-Spo7. The cellular function of Pah1-CC was supported by its PA phosphatase activity mostly associated with the membrane fraction. Although functional, Pah1-CC was distinct from Pah1 in the protein and enzymological properties, which include overexpression toxicity, association with heat shock proteins, and significant reduction of the Vmax value. These findings on the Pah1 catalytic core enhance the understanding of its structural requirements for membrane localization and activity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil-Soo Han
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joanna M Kwiatek
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kam Shan Hu
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - George M Carman
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
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11
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Stribny J, Schneiter R. Binding of perilipin 3 to membranes containing diacylglycerol is mediated by conserved residues within its PAT domain. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105384. [PMID: 37898398 PMCID: PMC10694602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Perilipins (PLINs) constitute an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins that specifically associate with the surface of lipid droplets (LDs). These proteins function in LD biogenesis and lipolysis and help to stabilize the surface of LDs. PLINs are typically composed of three different protein domains. They share an N-terminal PAT domain of unknown structure and function, a central region containing 11-mer repeats that form amphipathic helices, and a C-terminal domain that adopts a 4-helix bundle structure. How exactly these three distinct domains contribute to PLIN function remains to be determined. Here, we show that the N-terminal PAT domain of PLIN3 binds diacylglycerol (DAG), the precursor to triacylglycerol, a major storage lipid of LDs. PLIN3 and its PAT domain alone bind liposomes with micromolar affinity and PLIN3 binds artificial LDs containing low concentrations of DAG with nanomolar affinity. The PAT domain of PLIN3 is predicted to adopt an amphipathic triangular shaped structure. In silico ligand docking indicates that DAG binds to one of the highly curved regions within this domain. A conserved aspartic acid residue in the PAT domain, E86, is predicted to interact with DAG, and we found that its substitution abrogates high affinity binding of DAG as well as DAG-stimulated association with liposome and artificial LDs. These results indicate that the PAT domain of PLINs harbor specific lipid-binding properties that are important for targeting these proteins to the surface of LDs and to ER membrane domains enriched in DAG to promote LD formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Stribny
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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12
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Kumari RM, Khatri A, Chaudhary R, Choudhary V. Concept of lipid droplet biogenesis. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151362. [PMID: 37742390 PMCID: PMC7615795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LD) are functionally conserved fat storage organelles found in all cell types. LDs have a unique structure comprising of a hydrophobic core of neutral lipids (fat), triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol esters (CE) surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. LD surface is decorated by a multitude of proteins and enzymes rendering this compartment functional. Accumulating evidence suggests that LDs originate from discrete ER-subdomains, demarcated by the lipodystrophy protein seipin, however, the mechanisms of which are not well understood. LD biogenesis factors together with biophysical properties of the ER membrane orchestrate spatiotemporal regulation of LD nucleation and growth at specific ER subdomains in response to metabolic cues. Defects in LD formation manifests in several human pathologies, including obesity, lipodystrophy, ectopic fat accumulation, and insulin resistance. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the molecular events during initial stages of eukaryotic LD assembly and discuss the critical role of factors that ensure fidelity of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mankamna Kumari
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Amit Khatri
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ritika Chaudhary
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Vineet Choudhary
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India.
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13
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Zhou S, Lin H, Kong L, Ma J, Long Z, Qin H, Huang Z, Lin Y, Liu L, Li Z. Effects of Mulberry Leaf Extract on the Liver Function of Juvenile Spotted Sea Bass ( Lateolabrax maculatus). AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:2892463. [PMID: 37908498 PMCID: PMC10615578 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2892463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the effect of mulberry leaf extract (ELM) on the liver function of spotted sea bass, 360 fish with healthy constitution (average body weight 9.00 ± 0.02 g) were selected and randomly divided into six groups with three repetitions, and six groups of fish were randomly placed into 18 test tanks (200 L) with 20 fish per tank for the 52-day feeding test. Every day, the fish were fed the experimental feed with different concentrations (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 g/kg) to the level of apparent satiation, with a crude protein content of 48.0% and a crude fat content of 8.6%. And the water temperature was maintained at 25-28°C with a salinity of 0.5%-1‰. After feeding, five fish were randomly selected to collect their livers and serum for detection of indicators. The results showed that, compared with the control group, ELM significantly increased the activities of lipase (LPS) and trypsin (TRS) in the liver, and reached the highest level when the amount of ELM added was 6 g/kg (P < 0.05). ELM significantly increased the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) involved in the metabolic process in liver tissue, and GOT activity reached the highest when ELM was added at 9 g/kg, and LDH activity reached the highest when ELM was added at 15 g/kg (P < 0.05). ELM had no significant effect on liver antioxidant enzymes (P > 0.05), but the content of malondialdehyde was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, ELM significantly increased the activities of AKP and ACP in the liver, and the AKP activity reached the highest when the ELM addition amount was 3 g/kg, and the ACP activity reached the highest when the ELM addition amount was 9 g/kg (P < 0.05). Through comparative transcriptomic analysis, it was indicated that ELM enhanced the hepatic lipids and carbohydrates metabolism ability, as manifested in the upregulation of expression of phosphatidate phosphatase, glucuronosyltransferase, inositol oxygenase, carbonic anhydrase, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2. ELM can also increase the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, ATP-dependent RNA helicase and C-X-C motif chemokine 9 involved in the immune process. The above results show that the ELM can enhance the digestion, metabolism, and immunity of the liver by increasing the activity of digestive enzymes, metabolic enzymes, and the expression of metabolism and immune regulation genes. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of ELM in the cultivation of spotted sea bass by exploring the effect of ELM on the liver function of spotted sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sishun Zhou
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lumin Kong
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianrong Ma
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhongying Long
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huihui Qin
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhangfan Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Longhui Liu
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhongbao Li
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
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14
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Carrasquillo Rodríguez JW, Uche O, Gao S, Lee S, Airola MV, Bahmanyar S. Differential reliance of CTD-nuclear envelope phosphatase 1 on its regulatory subunit in ER lipid synthesis and storage. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.12.562096. [PMID: 37873275 PMCID: PMC10592836 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site for the synthesis of the major membrane and storage lipids. Lipin 1 produces diacylglycerol, the lipid intermediate critical for the synthesis of both membrane and storage lipids in the ER. CTD-Nuclear Envelope Phosphatase 1 (CTDNEP1) regulates lipin 1 to restrict ER membrane synthesis, but its role in lipid storage in mammalian cells is unknown. Here, we show that the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway controls the levels of ER/nuclear envelope-associated CTDNEP1 to regulate ER membrane synthesis through lipin 1. The N-terminus of CTDNEP1 is an amphipathic helix that targets to the ER, nuclear envelope and lipid droplets. We identify key residues at the binding interface of CTDNEP1 with its regulatory subunit NEP1R1 and show that they facilitate complex formation in vivo and in vitro . We demonstrate a role for NEP1R1 in temporarily shielding CTDNEP1 from proteasomal degradation to regulate lipin 1 and restrict ER size. Unexpectedly, we found that NEP1R1 is not required for CTDNEP1's role in restricting lipid droplet biogenesis. Thus, the reliance of CTDNEP1 function on its regulatory subunit differs during ER membrane synthesis and lipid storage. Together, our work provides a framework into understanding how the ER regulates lipid synthesis and storage under fluctuating conditions.
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15
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Zhang C. Coherent Raman scattering microscopy of lipid droplets in cells and tissues. JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY : JRS 2023; 54:988-1000. [PMID: 38076450 PMCID: PMC10707480 DOI: 10.1002/jrs.6540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) play a key role as the hub for lipid metabolism to maintain cellular metabolic homeostasis. Understanding the functions and changes of LDs in different pathological conditions is crucial for identifying new markers for diagnosis and discovering new targets for treatment. In recent years, coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy has been popularized for the imaging and quantification of LDs in live cells. Compared to spontaneous Raman scattering microscopy, CRS microscopy offers a much higher imaging speed while maintaining similar chemical information. Due to the high lipid density, LDs usually have strong CRS signals and therefore are the most widely studied organelle in the CRS field. In this review, we discuss recent achievements using CRS to study the quantity, distribution, composition, and dynamics of LDs in various systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue Institute of Inflammation Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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16
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Fines DM, Schichnes D, Knight M, Anaya-Sanchez A, Thuong N, Cox J, Stanley SA. Mycobacterial formation of intracellular lipid inclusions is a dynamic process associated with rapid replication. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.10.552809. [PMID: 37609245 PMCID: PMC10441389 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.10.552809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular lipid inclusions (ILI) are triacylglyceride rich organelles produced by mycobacteria thought to serve as energy reservoirs. It is believed that ILI are formed as a result of a dosR mediated transition from replicative growth to non-replicating persistence (NRP). ILI rich Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacilli have been reported during infection and in sputum, establishing their importance in Mtb pathogenesis. Studies conducted in mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium abscessus, or lab Mtb strains have demonstrated ILI formation in the presence of hypoxic, nitric oxide, nutrient limitation, or low nitrogen stress, conditions believed to emulate the host environment within which Mtb resides. Here, we show that M. marinum and clinical Mtb isolates make ILI during active replication in axenic culture independent of environmental stressors. By tracking ILI formation dynamics we demonstrate that ILI are quickly formed in the presence of fresh media or exogenous fatty acids but are rapidly depleted while bacteria are still actively replicating. We also show that the cell envelope is an alternate site for neutral lipid accumulation observed during stationary phase. In addition, we screen a panel of 60 clinical isolates and observe variation in ILI production during early log phase growth between and among Mtb lineages. Finally, we show that dosR expression level does not strictly correlate with ILI accumulation in fresh clinical isolates. Taken together, our data provide evidence of an active ILI formation pathway in replicating mycobacteria cultured in the absence of stressors, suggesting a decoupling of ILI formation from NRP.
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17
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Stukey GJ, Han GS, Carman GM. Phosphatidate phosphatase Pah1 contains a novel RP domain that regulates its phosphorylation and function in yeast lipid synthesis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105025. [PMID: 37423305 PMCID: PMC10406625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae PAH1-encoded phosphatidate (PA) phosphatase, which catalyzes the Mg2+-dependent dephosphorylation of PA to produce diacylglycerol, is one of the most highly regulated enzymes in lipid metabolism. The enzyme controls whether cells utilize PA to produce membrane phospholipids or the major storage lipid triacylglycerol. PA levels, which are regulated by the enzyme reaction, also control the expression of UASINO-containing phospholipid synthesis genes via the Henry (Opi1/Ino2-Ino4) regulatory circuit. Pah1 function is largely controlled by its cellular location, which is mediated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Multiple phosphorylations sequester Pah1 in the cytosol and protect it from 20S proteasome-mediated degradation. The endoplasmic reticulum-associated Nem1-Spo7 phosphatase complex recruits and dephosphorylates Pah1 allowing the enzyme to associate with and dephosphorylate its membrane-bound substrate PA. Pah1 contains domains/regions that include the N-LIP and haloacid dehalogenase-like catalytic domains, N-terminal amphipathic helix for membrane binding, C-terminal acidic tail for Nem1-Spo7 interaction, and a conserved tryptophan within the WRDPLVDID domain required for enzyme function. Through bioinformatics, molecular genetics, and biochemical approaches, we identified a novel RP (regulation of phosphorylation) domain that regulates the phosphorylation state of Pah1. We showed that the ΔRP mutation results in a 57% reduction in the endogenous phosphorylation of the enzyme (primarily at Ser-511, Ser-602, and Ser-773/Ser-774), an increase in membrane association and PA phosphatase activity, but reduced cellular abundance. This work not only identifies a novel regulatory domain within Pah1 but emphasizes the importance of the phosphorylation-based regulation of Pah1 abundance, location, and function in yeast lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geordan J Stukey
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gil-Soo Han
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - George M Carman
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
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18
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Herrera-Moro Huitron L, De Jesús-González LA, Martínez-Castillo M, Ulloa-Aguilar JM, Cabello-Gutierrez C, Helguera-Repetto C, Garcia-Cordero J, León Juárez M. Multifaceted Nature of Lipid Droplets in Viral Interactions and Pathogenesis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1851. [PMID: 37513023 PMCID: PMC10386712 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Once regarded as inert organelles with limited and ill-defined roles, lipid droplets (LDs) have emerged as dynamic entities with multifaceted functions within the cell. Recent research has illuminated their pivotal role as primary energy reservoirs in the form of lipids, capable of being metabolized to meet cellular energy demands. Their high dynamism is underscored by their ability to interact with numerous cellular organelles, notably the endoplasmic reticulum (the site of LD genesis) and mitochondria, which utilize small LDs for energy production. Beyond their contribution to cellular bioenergetics, LDs have been associated with viral infections. Evidence suggests that viruses can co-opt LDs to facilitate their infection cycle. Furthermore, recent discoveries highlight the role of LDs in modulating the host's immune response. Observations of altered LD levels during viral infections suggest their involvement in disease pathophysiology, potentially through production of proinflammatory mediators using LD lipids as precursors. This review explores these intriguing aspects of LDs, shedding light on their multifaceted nature and implications in viral interactions and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Herrera-Moro Huitron
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | | | - Macario Martínez-Castillo
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Ulloa-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cabello-Gutierrez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Departamento de Investigación en Virología y Micología, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Belisario Domínguez, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Helguera-Repetto
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Julio Garcia-Cordero
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Cinvestav, Av. IPN# 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Moisés León Juárez
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
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19
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Lu Z, Wang Y, Li Z, Zhang Y, He S, Zhang Z, Leong S, Wong A, Zhang CY, Yu A. Combining Metabolic Engineering and Lipid Droplet Storage Engineering for Improved α-Bisabolene Production in Yarrowia Lipolytica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37463315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Bisabolene is a bioactive sesquiterpene with a wide range of applications in food, cosmetics, medicine, and aviation fuels. Microbial production offers a green, efficient, and sustainable alternative. In this study, we focused on improving the titers of α-bisabolene in Yarrowia lipolytica by applying two strategies, (i) optimizing the metabolic flux of α-bisabolene biosynthetic pathway and (ii) sequestering α-bisabolene in lipid droplet, thus alleviating its inherent toxicity to host cells. We showed that overexpression of DGA1 and OLE1 to increase lipid content and unsaturated fatty acid levels was essential for boosting the α-bisabolene synthesis when supplemented with auxiliary carbon sources. The final engineered strain Po1gαB10 produced 1954.3 mg/L α-bisabolene from the waste cooking oil under shake flask fermentation, which was 96-fold higher than the control strain Po1gαB0. At the time of writing, our study represents the highest reported α-bisabolene titer in the engineered Y. lipolytica cell factory. This work describes novel strategies to improve the bioproduction of α-bisabolene that potentially may be applicable for other high-value terpene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yahui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Sicheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Ziyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Susanna Leong
- Food, Chemical and Biotechnology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 138683, Singapore
| | - Adison Wong
- Food, Chemical and Biotechnology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 138683, Singapore
| | - Cui-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Aiqun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China
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20
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Khaddaj R, Stribny J, Cottier S, Schneiter R. Perilipin 3 promotes the formation of membrane domains enriched in diacylglycerol and lipid droplet biogenesis proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1116491. [PMID: 37465010 PMCID: PMC10350540 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1116491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) serve as intracellular stores of energy-rich neutral lipids. LDs form at discrete sites in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and they remain closely associated with the ER during lipogenic growth and lipolytic consumption. Their hydrophobic neutral lipid core is covered by a monolayer of phospholipids, which harbors a specific set of proteins. This LD surface is coated and stabilized by perilipins, a family of soluble proteins that specifically target LDs from the cytosol. We have previously used chimeric fusion proteins between perilipins and integral ER membrane proteins to test whether proteins that are anchored to the ER bilayer could be dragged onto the LD monolayer. Expression of these chimeric proteins induces repositioning of the ER membrane around LDs. Here, we test the properties of membrane-anchored perilipins in cells that lack LDs. Unexpectedly, membrane-anchored perilipins induce expansion and vesiculation of the perinuclear membrane resulting in the formation of crescent-shaped membrane domains that harbor LD-like properties. These domains are stained by LD-specific lipophilic dyes, harbor LD marker proteins, and they transform into nascent LDs upon induction of neutral lipid synthesis. These ER domains are enriched in diacylglycerol (DAG) and in ER proteins that are important for early steps of LD biogenesis, including seipin and Pex30. Formation of the domains in vivo depends on DAG levels, and we show that perilipin 3 (PLIN3) binds to liposomes containing DAG in vitro. Taken together, these observations indicate that perilipin not only serve to stabilize the surface of mature LDs but that they are likely to exert a more active role in early steps of LD biogenesis at ER subdomains enriched in DAG, seipin, and neutral lipid biosynthetic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Khaddaj
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jiri Stribny
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Cottier
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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21
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Zadoorian A, Du X, Yang H. Lipid droplet biogenesis and functions in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023:10.1038/s41574-023-00845-0. [PMID: 37221402 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitous yet unique, lipid droplets are intracellular organelles that are increasingly being recognized for their versatility beyond energy storage. Advances uncovering the intricacies of their biogenesis and the diversity of their physiological and pathological roles have yielded new insights into lipid droplet biology. Despite these insights, the mechanisms governing the biogenesis and functions of lipid droplets remain incompletely understood. Moreover, the causal relationship between the biogenesis and function of lipid droplets and human diseases is poorly resolved. Here, we provide an update on the current understanding of the biogenesis and functions of lipid droplets in health and disease, highlighting a key role for lipid droplet biogenesis in alleviating cellular stresses. We also discuss therapeutic strategies of targeting lipid droplet biogenesis, growth or degradation that could be applied in the future to common diseases, such as cancer, hepatic steatosis and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armella Zadoorian
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ximing Du
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hongyuan Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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22
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Papsdorf K, Miklas JW, Hosseini A, Cabruja M, Morrow CS, Savini M, Yu Y, Silva-García CG, Haseley NR, Murphy LM, Yao P, de Launoit E, Dixon SJ, Snyder MP, Wang MC, Mair WB, Brunet A. Lipid droplets and peroxisomes are co-regulated to drive lifespan extension in response to mono-unsaturated fatty acids. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:672-684. [PMID: 37127715 PMCID: PMC10185472 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dietary mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are linked to longevity in several species. But the mechanisms by which MUFAs extend lifespan remain unclear. Here we show that an organelle network involving lipid droplets and peroxisomes is critical for MUFA-induced longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. MUFAs upregulate the number of lipid droplets in fat storage tissues. Increased lipid droplet number is necessary for MUFA-induced longevity and predicts remaining lifespan. Lipidomics datasets reveal that MUFAs also modify the ratio of membrane lipids and ether lipids-a signature associated with decreased lipid oxidation. In agreement with this, MUFAs decrease lipid oxidation in middle-aged individuals. Intriguingly, MUFAs upregulate not only lipid droplet number but also peroxisome number. A targeted screen identifies genes involved in the co-regulation of lipid droplets and peroxisomes, and reveals that induction of both organelles is optimal for longevity. Our study uncovers an organelle network involved in lipid homeostasis and lifespan regulation, opening new avenues for interventions to delay aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason W Miklas
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amir Hosseini
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matias Cabruja
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher S Morrow
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marzia Savini
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Carlos G Silva-García
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Pallas Yao
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Scott J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Meng C Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - William B Mair
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Institute of Neurosciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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23
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Jog R, Han GS, Carman GM. Conserved regions of the regulatory subunit Spo7 are required for Nem1-Spo7/Pah1 phosphatase cascade function in yeast lipid synthesis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104683. [PMID: 37030502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Nem1-Spo7 complex is a protein phosphatase that activates Pah1 phosphatidate (PA) phosphatase at the nuclear/endoplasmic reticulum membrane for the synthesis of triacylglycerol. The Nem1-Spo7/Pah1 phosphatase cascade largely controls whether PA is partitioned into the storage lipid triacylglycerol or into membrane phospholipids. The regulated synthesis of the lipids is crucial for diverse physiological processes during cell growth. Spo7 in the protein phosphatase complex is required as a regulatory subunit for the Nem1 catalytic subunit to dephosphorylate Pah1. The regulatory subunit contains three conserved homology regions (CR1, CR2, and CR3). Previous work showed that the hydrophobicity of LLI (residues 54-56) within CR1 is important for Spo7 function in the Nem1-Spo7/Pah1 phosphatase cascade. In this work, by deletion and site-specific mutational analyses, we revealed that CR2 and CR3 are also required for Spo7 function. Mutations in any one of the conserved regions were sufficient to disrupt the function of the Nem1-Spo7 complex. We determined that the uncharged hydrophilicity of STN (residues 141-143) within CR2 was required for Nem1-Spo7 complex formation. Additionally, the hydrophobicity of LL (residues 217 and 219) within CR3 was important for Spo7 stability, which indirectly affected complex formation. Finally, we showed the loss of Spo7 CR2 or CR3 function by the phenotypes (e.g., reduced amounts of triacylglycerol and lipid droplets, temperature sensitivity) that are attributed to defects in membrane translocation and dephosphorylation of Pah1 by the Nem1-Spo7 complex. These findings advance knowledge of the Nem1-Spo7 complex and its role in lipid synthesis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruta Jog
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gil-Soo Han
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - George M Carman
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
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Pradhan SS, Rao KR, Manjunath M, Saiswaroop R, Patnana DP, Phalguna KS, Choudhary B, Sivaramakrishnan V. Vitamin B 6, B 12 and folate modulate deregulated pathways and protein aggregation in yeast model of Huntington disease. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:96. [PMID: 36852176 PMCID: PMC9958225 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable and progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting the basal ganglia of the brain. HD is caused due to expansion of the polyglutamine tract in the protein Huntingtin resulting in aggregates. The increased PolyQ length results in aggregation of protein Huntingtin leading to neuronal cell death. Vitamin B6, B12 and folate are deficient in many neurodegenerative diseases. We performed an integrated analysis of transcriptomic, metabolomic and cofactor-protein network of vitamin B6, B12 and folate was performed. Our results show considerable overlap of pathways modulated by Vitamin B6, B12 and folate with those obtained from transcriptomic and metabolomic data of HD patients and model systems. Further, in yeast model of HD we showed treatment of B6, B12 or folate either alone or in combination showed impaired aggregate formation. Transcriptomic analysis of yeast model treated with B6, B12 and folate showed upregulation of pathways like ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, autophagy, peroxisome, fatty acid, lipid and nitrogen metabolism. Metabolomic analysis of yeast model shows deregulation of pathways like aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, metabolism of various amino acids, nitrogen metabolism and glutathione metabolism. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of yeast model showed concordance in the pathways obtained. Knockout of Peroxisomal (PXP1 and PEX7) and Autophagy (ATG5) genes in yeast increased aggregates which is mitigated by vitamin B6, B12 and folate treatment. Taken together our results show a role for Vitamin B6, B12 and folate mediated modulation of pathways important for preventing protein aggregation with potential implications for HD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03525-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sanwid Pradhan
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - K. Raksha Rao
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100 India
| | - Meghana Manjunath
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100 India
| | - R. Saiswaroop
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - Durga Prasad Patnana
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - Kanikaram Sai Phalguna
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - Bibha Choudhary
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100 India
| | - Venketesh Sivaramakrishnan
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
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25
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Salo VT. Seipin-still a mysterious protein? Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1112954. [PMID: 36819093 PMCID: PMC9935593 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1112954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells store excess energy in the form of lipid droplets (LDs), a specialized sub-compartment of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network. The lipodystrophy protein seipin is a key player in LD biogenesis and ER-LD contact site maintenance. Recent structural and in silico studies have started to shed light on the molecular function of seipin as a LD nucleator in early LD biogenesis, whilst new cell biological work implies a role for seipin in ER-mitochondria contact sites and calcium metabolism. In this minireview, I discuss recent insights into the molecular function of seipin.
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26
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Tuchmann-Durand C, Roda C, Renard P, Mortamet G, Bérat CM, Altenburger L, de Larauz MH, Thevenet E, Cottart CH, Moulin F, Bouchereau J, Brassier A, Arnoux JB, Schiff M, Bednarek N, Lamireau D, Garros A, Mention K, Cano A, Finger L, Pelosi M, Brochet CS, Caccavelli L, Raphalen JH, Renolleau S, Oualha M, de Lonlay P. Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of acute episodes of rhabdomyolysis in lipin-1-deficient patients. J Inherit Metab Dis 2023. [PMID: 36680547 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the LPIN1 gene constitute a major cause of severe rhabdomyolysis (RM). The TLR9 activation prompted us to treat patients with corticosteroids in acute conditions. In patients with LPIN1 mutations, RM and at-risk situations that can trigger RM have been treated in a uniform manner. Since 2015, these patients have also received intravenous corticosteroids. We retrospectively compared data on hospital stays by corticosteroid-treated patients vs. patients not treated with corticosteroids. Nineteen patients were hospitalized. The median number of admissions per patient was 21 overall and did not differ when comparing the 10 corticosteroid-treated patients with the 9 patients not treated with corticosteroids. Four patients in the non-corticosteroid group died during a RM (mean age at death: 5.6 years). There were no deaths in the corticosteroid group. The two groups did not differ significantly in the number of RM episodes. However, for the six patients who had RM and occasionally been treated with corticosteroids, the median number of RM episodes was significantly lower when intravenous steroids had been administered. The peak plasma creatine kinase level and the area under the curve were or tended to be higher in patients treated with corticosteroids-even after the exclusion of deceased patients or focusing on the period after 2015. The median length of stay (10 days overall) was significantly longer for corticosteroid-treated patients but was similar after the exclusion of deceased patients. The absence of deaths and the higher severity of RM observed among corticosteroid-treated patients could suggest that corticotherapy is associated with greater survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tuchmann-Durand
- Imagine Institute, Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Biotherapy Department, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Célina Roda
- Université Paris Cité, Health Environmental Risk Assessment (HERA) Team, CRESS, INSERM, INRAE, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Perrine Renard
- INSERM U1151, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Mortamet
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire-Marine Bérat
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Altenburger
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
| | - Marie Hug de Larauz
- Imagine Institute, Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Biotherapy Department, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Eloise Thevenet
- Imagine Institute, Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Biotherapy Department, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Charles-Henry Cottart
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Biochemistry Unit, Biology Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Florence Moulin
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit for, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Juliette Bouchereau
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
| | - Anais Brassier
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Arnoux
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Schiff
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
- Medical School, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Bednarek
- Intensive Care Unit and Competence Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Delphine Lamireau
- Competence Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexa Garros
- Competence Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Karine Mention
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, MetabERN, Lille, France
| | - Aline Cano
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, La Timone University Hospital, MetabERN, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Finger
- Biochemistry Unit, Biology Department, Troyes Hospital, Troyes, France
| | - Michele Pelosi
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
| | | | - Laure Caccavelli
- INSERM U1151, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), Paris, France
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Herlé Raphalen
- Adult Intensive Care Unit, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Renolleau
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit for, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- Medical School, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Oualha
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit for, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- Medical School, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pascale de Lonlay
- INSERM U1151, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), Paris, France
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
- Medical School, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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27
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Chen L, Xiao W, Yao M, Wang Y, Yuan Y. Compartmentalization engineering of yeasts to overcome precursor limitations and cytotoxicity in terpenoid production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1132244. [PMID: 36911190 PMCID: PMC9997727 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1132244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic engineering strategies for terpenoid production have mainly focused on bottlenecks in the supply of precursor molecules and cytotoxicity to terpenoids. In recent years, the strategies involving compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells has rapidly developed and have provided several advantages in the supply of precursors, cofactors and a suitable physiochemical environment for product storage. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of organelle compartmentalization for terpenoid production, which can guide the rewiring of subcellular metabolism to make full use of precursors, reduce metabolite toxicity, as well as provide suitable storage capacity and environment. Additionally, the strategies that can enhance the efficiency of a relocated pathway by increasing the number and size of organelles, expanding the cell membrane and targeting metabolic pathways in several organelles are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of this approach for the terpenoid biosynthesis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Chen
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, Tianjin University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingdong Yao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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28
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Dianat M, Münchberg U, Blank LM, Freier E, Ebert BE. Non-invasive monitoring of microbial triterpenoid production using nonlinear microscopy techniques. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1106566. [PMID: 36926686 PMCID: PMC10012247 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1106566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Bioproduction of plant-derived triterpenoids in recombinant microbes is receiving great attention to make these biologically active compounds industrially accessible as nutraceuticals, pharmaceutics, and cosmetic ingredients. So far, there is no direct method for detecting triterpenoids under physiological conditions on a cellular level, information yet highly relevant to rationalizing microbial engineering. Methods: Here, we show in a proof-of-concept study, that triterpenoids can be detected and monitored in living yeast cells by combining coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and second-harmonic-generation (SHG) microscopy techniques. We applied CARS and SHG microscopy measurements, and for comparison classical Nile Red staining, on immobilized and growing triterpenoid-producing, and non-producing reference Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Results and Discussion: We found that the SHG signal in triterpenoid-producing strains is significantly higher than in a non-producing reference strain, correlating with lipophile content as determined by Nile red staining. In growing cultures, both CARS and SHG signals showed changes over time, enabling new insights into the dynamics of triterpenoid production and storage inside cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Dianat
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ute Münchberg
- University Development and Strategy, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Erik Freier
- Interdisciplinary Center for Machine Learning and Data Analytics (IZMD), University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Birgitta E Ebert
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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29
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Metabolism balance regulation for squalene production by disturbing triglyceride (TAG) synthesis in Schizochytrium sp. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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30
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Zhang Y, Zhang S, Chu Y, Zhang Q, Zhou R, Yu D, Wang S, Lyu L, Xu G, Zhao ZK. Genetic manipulation of the interconversion between diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols in Rhodosporidium toruloides. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1034972. [PMID: 36394004 PMCID: PMC9643831 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1034972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycetous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides (R. toruloides) is an excellent producer for neutral lipids, including triacylglycerols (TAG). Partially because genetic tools for this yeast were less developed, limited efforts were shown to explore its capacity for the production of higher-value lipids such as diacylglycerols (DAG). Here, four genes linked to the interconversion between DAG and TAG were manipulated to promote the production of DAG and free fatty acids (FFA). Among them, three TAG synthesis-related genes, DGA1, LRO1, and ARE1, were down-regulated successively via the RNA interference technology, and an endogenous TAG lipase encoded by TGL5 was fused with LDP1 and over-expressed to convert TAG into DAG and FFA. Results showed that those engineered R. toruloides strains grew normally under nutrient-rich conditions but notably slower than the parental strain NP11 in the lipid production stage. When cultivated in nitrogen-limited media, engineered strains were able to produce total lipids with improved contents of DAG and FFA by up to two-fold and three-fold, respectively. Further correlation analysis between lipid composition and cell density indicated that the formation of TAG correlated positively with cell growth; however, other lipids including DAG did negatively. This study offered valuable information and strains to engineer R. toruloides for advanced production of fatty acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sufang Zhang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, China
| | - Yadong Chu
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renhui Zhou
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, China
| | - Di Yu
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liting Lyu
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, China
| | - Zongbao Kent Zhao
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Zongbao Kent Zhao,
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31
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Qin ZL, Yao QF, Ren H, Zhao P, Qi ZT. Lipid Droplets and Their Participation in Zika Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012584. [PMID: 36293437 PMCID: PMC9604050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are highly conserved and dynamic intracellular organelles. Their functions are not limited to serving as neutral lipid reservoirs; they also participate in non-energy storage functions, such as cell lipid metabolism, protection from cell stresses, maintaining protein homeostasis, and regulating nuclear function. During a Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, the viruses hijack the LDs to provide energy and lipid sources for viral replication. The co-localization of ZIKV capsid (C) protein with LDs supports its role as a virus replication platform and a key compartment for promoting the generation of progeny virus particles. However, in view of the multiple functions of LDs, their role in ZIKV infection needs further elucidation. Here, we review the basic mechanism of LD biogenesis and biological functions and discuss how ZIKV infection utilizes these effects of LDs to facilitate virus replication, along with the future application strategy of developing new antiviral drugs based on the interaction of ZIKV with LDs.
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32
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Exogenous Regulators Enhance the Yield and Stress Resistance of Chlamydospores of the Biocontrol Agent Trichoderma harzianum T4. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101017. [PMID: 36294583 PMCID: PMC9604748 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma strains have been successfully used in plant disease control. However, the poor stress resistance of mycelia and conidia makes processing and storage difficult. Furthermore, they cannot produce chlamydospores in large quantities during fermentation, which limits the industrialization process of chlamydospore preparation. It is important to explore an efficient liquid fermentation strategy for ensuring chlamydospore production in Trichoderma harzianum. We found that the addition of mannitol, glycine betaine, and N-acetylglucosamine (N-A-G) during liquid fermentation effectively increases the yield of chlamydospores. Furthermore, we provided evidence that chlamydospores have stronger tolerance to high temperature, ultraviolet, and hypertonic stress after the addition of mannitol and trehalose. Lipids are an important component of microbial cells and impact the stress resistance of microorganisms. We studied the internal relationship between lipid metabolism and the stress resistance of chlamydospores by detecting changes in the lipid content and gene expression. Our results showed that mannitol and trehalose cause lipid accumulation in chlamydospores and increase the unsaturated fatty acid content. In conclusion, we verified that these exogenous regulators increase the production of chlamydospores and enhance their stress resistance by regulating lipid metabolism. In addition, we believe that lipid metabolism is an important part of the chlamydospore production process and impacts the stress resistance of chlamydospores. Our findings provide clues for studying the differentiation pathway of chlamydospores in filamentous fungi and a basis for the industrial production of chlamydospores.
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33
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Guyard V, Monteiro-Cardoso VF, Omrane M, Sauvanet C, Houcine A, Boulogne C, Ben Mbarek K, Vitale N, Faklaris O, El Khallouki N, Thiam AR, Giordano F. ORP5 and ORP8 orchestrate lipid droplet biogenesis and maintenance at ER-mitochondria contact sites. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202112107. [PMID: 35969857 PMCID: PMC9375143 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202112107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are the primary organelles of lipid storage, buffering energy fluctuations of the cell. They store neutral lipids in their core that is surrounded by a protein-decorated phospholipid monolayer. LDs arise from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER protein seipin, localizing at ER-LD junctions, controls LD nucleation and growth. However, how LD biogenesis is spatially and temporally coordinated remains elusive. Here, we show that the lipid transfer proteins ORP5 and ORP8 control LD biogenesis at mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) subdomains, enriched in phosphatidic acid. We found that ORP5/8 regulates seipin recruitment to these MAM-LD contacts, and their loss impairs LD biogenesis. Importantly, the integrity of ER-mitochondria contact sites is crucial for ORP5/8 function in regulating seipin-mediated LD biogenesis. Our study uncovers an unprecedented ORP5/8 role in orchestrating LD biogenesis and maturation at MAMs and brings novel insights into the metabolic crosstalk between mitochondria, ER, and LDs at the membrane contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Guyard
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Inserm U1280, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Vera Filipa Monteiro-Cardoso
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Inserm U1280, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mohyeddine Omrane
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Sauvanet
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Inserm U1280, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Audrey Houcine
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Claire Boulogne
- Imagerie-Gif, Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kalthoum Ben Mbarek
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Vitale
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UPR-321267000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Orestis Faklaris
- MRI, BioCampus Montpellier, CRBM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Naima El Khallouki
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Inserm U1280, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Abdou Rachid Thiam
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Francesca Giordano
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Inserm U1280, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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34
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Renne MF, Corey RA, Ferreira JV, Stansfeld PJ, Carvalho P. Seipin concentrates distinct neutral lipids via interactions with their acyl chain carboxyl esters. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202112068. [PMID: 35938957 PMCID: PMC9365673 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202112068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are essential for cellular lipid homeostasis by storing diverse neutral lipids (NLs), such as triacylglycerol (TAG), steryl esters (SE), and retinyl esters (RE). A proper assembly of TAG-containing LDs at the ER requires Seipin, a conserved protein often mutated in lipodystrophies. Here, we show that the yeast Seipin Sei1 and its partner Ldb16 also promote the storage of other NL in LDs. Importantly, this role of Sei1/Ldb16 is evolutionarily conserved as expression of human-Seipin restored normal SE-containing LDs in yeast Seipin mutants. As in the case of TAG, the formation of SE-containing LDs requires interactions between hydroxyl-residues in human Seipin or yeast Ldb16 with NL carboxyl esters. These findings provide a universal mechanism for Seipin-mediated LD formation and suggest a model for how Seipin distinguishes NLs from aliphatic phospholipid acyl chains in the center of the membrane bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike F. Renne
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robin A. Corey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Phillip J. Stansfeld
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Life Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Pedro Carvalho
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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35
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Kwiatek JM, Gutierrez B, Izgu EC, Han GS, Carman GM. Phosphatidic acid mediates the Nem1-Spo7/Pah1 phosphatase cascade in yeast lipid synthesis. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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36
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Khondker S, Kwiatek JM, Han GS, Carman GM. Glycogen synthase kinase homolog Rim11 regulates lipid synthesis through the phosphorylation of Pah1 phosphatidate phosphatase in yeast. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102221. [PMID: 35780834 PMCID: PMC9352556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pah1 phosphatidate (PA) phosphatase plays a major role in triacylglycerol synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by producing its precursor diacylglycerol and concurrently regulates de novo phospholipid synthesis by consuming its precursor PA. The function of Pah1 requires its membrane localization, which is controlled by its phosphorylation state. Pah1 is dephosphorylated by the Nem1-Spo7 protein phosphatase, whereas its phosphorylation occurs by multiple known and unknown protein kinases. In this work, we show that Rim11, a yeast homolog of mammalian glycogen synthase kinase-3β, is a protein kinase that phosphorylates Pah1 on serine (Ser12, Ser602, and Ser818) and threonine (Thr163, Thr164, Thr522) residues. Enzymological characterization of Rim11 showed that its Km for Pah1 (0.4 μM) is similar to those of other Pah1-phosphorylating protein kinases, but its Km for ATP (30 μM) is significantly higher than those of these same kinases. Furthermore, we demonstrate Rim11 phosphorylation of Pah1 does not require substrate prephosphorylation but was increased ∼2-fold upon its prephosphorylation by the Pho85-Pho80 protein kinase. In addition, we show Rim11-phosphorylated Pah1 was a substrate for dephosphorylation by Nem1-Spo7. Finally, we demonstrate the Rim11 phosphorylation of Pah1 exerted an inhibitory effect on its PA phosphatase activity by reduction of its catalytic efficiency. Mutational analysis of the major phosphorylation sites (Thr163, Thr164, and Ser602) indicated that Rim11-mediated phosphorylation at these sites was required to ensure Nem1-Spo7-dependent localization of the enzyme to the membrane. Overall, these findings advance our understanding of the phosphorylation-mediated regulation of Pah1 function in lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoily Khondker
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joanna M Kwiatek
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gil-Soo Han
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - George M Carman
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
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37
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Ranganathan PR, Narayanan AK, Nawada N, Rao MJ, Reju KS, Priya SC, Gujarathi T, Manjithaya R, Venkata Rao DK. Diacylglycerol kinase alleviates autophagic degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum in SPT10-deficient yeast to enhance triterpene biosynthesis. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:1778-1794. [PMID: 35661158 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A recent study showed that deletion of the gene encoding the transcription regulator SuPpressor of Ty10 (SPT10) increases total phospholipids, and our previous study established a critical link between phospholipids and the mevalonate/ergosterol (MEV/ERG) pathway, which synthesizes triterpenes. This study aims to use spt10Δ yeast to improve triterpene production. Though MEV/ERG pathway was highly expressed in spt10Δ yeast, results showed insufficient accumulation of key metabolites and also revealed massive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) degradation. We found a stable, massive ER structure when we overexpressed diacylglycerol kinase1 (DGK1OE ) in spt10Δ yeast. Analyses of ER-stress and autophagy suggest that DGK1OE in the spt10Δ strain decreased autophagy, resulting in increased MEV/ERG pathway activity. Heterologous expression of β-amyrin synthase showed significant production of the triterpene β-amyrin in DGK1OE spt10Δ yeast. Overall, our study provides a strategic approach to improve triterpene production by increasing ER biogenesis while limiting ER degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Ramani Ranganathan
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Sector 19, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
| | - Ananth Krishna Narayanan
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Sector 19, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
| | - Niveditha Nawada
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Sector 19, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
| | - Monala Jayaprakash Rao
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore-560064, India
| | - Kalyani Sai Reju
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India
| | - S Chaithra Priya
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India
| | - Tejal Gujarathi
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore-560064, India
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore-560064, India
| | - D K Venkata Rao
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Sector 19, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
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38
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Jin K, Xia H, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Lv X, Liu L. Compartmentalization and transporter engineering strategies for terpenoid synthesis. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:92. [PMID: 35599322 PMCID: PMC9125818 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial cell factories for terpenoid synthesis form a less expensive and more environment-friendly approach than chemical synthesis and extraction, and are thus being regarded as mainstream research recently. Organelle compartmentalization for terpenoid synthesis has received much attention from researchers owing to the diverse physiochemical characteristics of organelles. In this review, we first systematically summarized various compartmentalization strategies utilized in terpenoid production, mainly plant terpenoids, which can provide catalytic reactions with sufficient intermediates and a suitable environment, while bypassing competing metabolic pathways. In addition, because of the limited storage capacity of cells, strategies used for the expansion of specific organelle membranes were discussed. Next, transporter engineering strategies to overcome the cytotoxic effects of terpenoid accumulation were analyzed. Finally, we discussed the future perspectives of compartmentalization and transporter engineering strategies, with the hope of providing theoretical guidance for designing and constructing cell factories for the purpose of terpenoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Jin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Hongzhi Xia
- Richen Bioengineering Co., Ltd, Nantong, 226000, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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39
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Zhao J, Sun P, Sun Q, Li R, Qin Z, Sha G, Zhou Y, Bi R, Zhang H, Zheng L, Chen X, Yang L, Li Q, Li G. The MoPah1 phosphatidate phosphatase is involved in lipid metabolism, development, and pathogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:720-732. [PMID: 35191164 PMCID: PMC8995063 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As with the majority of the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens, the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae uses highly specialized infection structures called appressoria for plant penetration. Appressoria differentiated from germ tubes rely on enormous turgor pressure to directly penetrate the plant cell, in which process lipid metabolism plays a critical role. In this study, we characterized the MoPAH1 gene in M. oryzae, encoding a putative highly conserved phosphatidate phosphatase. The expression of MoPAH1 was up-regulated during plant infection. The MoPah1 protein is expressed at all developmental and infection stages, and is localized to the cytoplasm. Disruption of MoPAH1 causes pleiotropic defects in vegetative growth, sporulation, and heat tolerance. The lipid profile is significantly altered in the Mopah1 mutant. Lipidomics assays showed that the level of phosphatidic acid (PA) was increased in the mutant, which had reduced levels of diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol. Using a PA biosensor, we showed that the increased level of PA in the Mopah1 mutant was primarily accumulated in the vacuole. The Mopah1 mutant was blocked in both conidiation and the formation of appressorium-like structures at hyphal tips. It was nonpathogenic and failed to cause any blast lesions on rice and barley seedlings. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that MoPah1 regulates the expression of transcription factors critical for various developmental and infection-related processes. The Mopah1 mutant was reduced in the expression and phosphorylation of Pmk1 MAP kinase and delayed in autophagy. Our study demonstrates that MoPah1 is necessary for lipid metabolism, fungal development, and pathogenicity in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qiping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Renjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ziting Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Gan Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yaru Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ruiqing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiao‐Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Guotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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40
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Khondker S, Han GS, Carman GM. Phosphorylation-mediated regulation of the Nem1-Spo7/Pah1 phosphatase cascade in yeast lipid synthesis. Adv Biol Regul 2022; 84:100889. [PMID: 35231723 PMCID: PMC9149063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2022.100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The PAH1-encoded phosphatidate phosphatase, which catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidate to produce diacylglycerol, controls the divergence of phosphatidate into triacylglycerol synthesis and phospholipid synthesis. Pah1 is inactive in the cytosol as a phosphorylated form and becomes active on the nuclear/endoplasmic reticulum membrane as a dephosphorylated form by the Nem1-Spo7 protein phosphatase complex. The phosphorylation of Pah1 by protein kinases, which include casein kinases I and II, Pho85-Pho80, Cdc28-cyclin B, and protein kinases A and C, controls its cellular location, catalytic activity, and susceptibility to proteasomal degradation. Nem1 (catalytic subunit) and Spo7 (regulatory subunit), which form a protein phosphatase complex catalyzing the dephosphorylation of Pah1 for its activation, are phosphorylated by protein kinases A and C. In this review, we discuss the functions and interrelationships of the protein kinases in the control of the Nem1-Spo7/Pah1 phosphatase cascade and lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoily Khondker
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Gil-Soo Han
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - George M Carman
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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41
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Metabolic Engineering Strategies for Improved Lipid Production and Cellular Physiological Responses in Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050427. [PMID: 35628683 PMCID: PMC9144191 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial lipids have been a hot topic in the field of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology due to their increased market and important applications in biofuels, oleochemicals, cosmetics, etc. This review first compares the popular hosts for lipid production and explains the four modules for lipid synthesis in yeast, including the fatty acid biosynthesis module, lipid accumulation module, lipid sequestration module, and fatty acid modification module. This is followed by a summary of metabolic engineering strategies that could be used for enhancing each module for lipid production. In addition, the efforts being invested in improving the production of value-added fatty acids in engineered yeast, such as cyclopropane fatty acid, ricinoleic acid, gamma linoleic acid, EPA, and DHA, are included. A discussion is further made on the potential relationships between lipid pathway engineering and consequential changes in cellular physiological properties, such as cell membrane integrity, intracellular reactive oxygen species level, and mitochondrial membrane potential. Finally, with the rapid development of synthetic biology tools, such as CRISPR genome editing tools and machine learning models, this review proposes some future trends that could be employed to engineer yeast with enhanced intracellular lipid production while not compromising much of its cellular health.
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42
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Jiang YQ, Lin JP. Recent progress in strategies for steroid production in yeasts. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:93. [PMID: 35441962 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As essential structural molecules of fungal cell membrane, ergosterol is not only an important component of fungal growth and stress-resistance but also a key precursor for manufacturing steroid drugs of pharmaceutical or agricultural significance. So far, ergosterol biosynthesis in yeast has been elucidated elaborately, and efforts have been made to increase ergosterol production through regulation of ergosterol metabolism and storage. Furthermore, the same intermediates shared by yeasts and animals or plants make the construction of heterologous sterol pathways in yeast a promising approach to synthesize valuable steroids, such as phytosteroids and animal steroid hormones. During these challenging processes, several obstacles have arisen and been combated with great endeavors. This paper reviews recent research progress of yeast metabolic engineering for improving the production of ergosterol and heterologous steroids. The remaining tactics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jian-Ping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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43
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Gong J, Peng Y, Yu J, Pei W, Zhang Z, Fan D, Liu L, Xiao X, Liu R, Lu Q, Li P, Shang H, Shi Y, Li J, Ge Q, Liu A, Deng X, Fan S, Pan J, Chen Q, Yuan Y, Gong W. Linkage and association analyses reveal that hub genes in energy-flow and lipid biosynthesis pathways form a cluster in upland cotton. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1841-1859. [PMID: 35521543 PMCID: PMC9046884 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Upland cotton is an important allotetraploid crop that provides both natural fiber for the textile industry and edible vegetable oil for the food or feed industry. To better understand the genetic mechanism that regulates the biosynthesis of storage oil in cottonseed, we identified the genes harbored in the major quantitative trait loci/nucleotides (QTLs/QTNs) of kernel oil content (KOC) in cottonseed via both multiple linkage analyses and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In ‘CCRI70′ RILs, six stable QTLs were simultaneously identified by linkage analysis of CHIP and SLAF-seq strategies. In ‘0-153′ RILs, eight stable QTLs were detected by consensus linkage analysis integrating multiple strategies. In the natural panel, thirteen and eight loci were associated across multiple environments with two algorithms of GWAS. Within the confidence interval of a major common QTL on chromosome 3, six genes were identified as participating in the interaction network highly correlated with cottonseed KOC. Further observations of gene differential expression showed that four of the genes, LtnD, PGK, LPLAT1, and PAH2, formed hub genes and two of them, FER and RAV1, formed the key genes in the interaction network. Sequence variations in the coding regions of LtnD, FER, PGK, LPLAT1, and PAH2 genes may support their regulatory effects on oil accumulation in mature cottonseed. Taken together, clustering of the hub genes in the lipid biosynthesis interaction network provides new insights to understanding the mechanism of fatty acid biosynthesis and TAG assembly and to further genetic improvement projects for the KOC in cottonseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Third Division of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Agricultural Research Institute, Tumushuke, Xijiang 843900, China
| | - Jiwen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wenfeng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Daoran Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Linjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruixian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Quanwei Lu
- College of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Pengtao Li
- College of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Haihong Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yuzhen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Junwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Qun Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Aiying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoying Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Senmiao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Jingtao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Quanjia Chen
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Youlu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wankui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
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Schneiter R, Choudhary V. Seipin collaborates with the ER membrane to control the sites of lipid droplet formation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 75:102070. [PMID: 35306312 PMCID: PMC7615794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most cells store metabolic energy in lipid droplets (LDs). LDs are composed of a hydrophobic core, covered by a phospholipid monolayer, and functionalized by a specific set of proteins. Formation of LDs takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where neutral lipid biosynthetic enzymes are located. Recent evidence indicate that this process is confined to specific ER subdomains, where proteins meet to initiate LD assembly. The lipodystrophy protein Seipin, is emerging as a major coordinator of LD biogenesis. Seipin forms a large oligomeric toroidal structure, which traps neutral lipids to promote LD nucleation. Here, we discuss the role of LD biogenesis factors that associate with Seipin to assemble functional LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Schneiter
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Vineet Choudhary
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Genetic regulation and fermentation strategy for squalene production in Schizochytrium sp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2415-2431. [PMID: 35352151 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Squalene, as an important terpenoid, is extensively used in the medicine and health care fields owing to its functions of anti-oxidation, blood lipid regulation and cancer prevention. The marine microalgae, Schizochytrium sp., which acts as an excellent strain with potential of high squalene production was selected as the starting strain. The overexpressed strain with sqs gene got the reduced biomass and lipid, while the squalene titer was increased by 79.6% ± 4.7% to 12.8 ± 0.2 mg/L. In order to further increase squalene production, the recombinant strain (HS strain) with sqs and hmgr gene co-overexpression was further constructed. The biomass and squalene titer of the HS strain were increased by 13.6% ± 1.2% and 88.8% ± 5.3%, respectively, which indicated the carbon flux of the mevalonate pathway was enhanced for squalene accumulation. Regarding the squalene synthesis is completely coupled with cell growth, fermentation strategy to prolong the logarithmic growth phase was conducive to improve squalene production. Under the condition of optimal composition and concentrated medium, the squalene titer of HS strain was 27.0 ± 1.3 mg/L, which was 2.0 times that of the basal medium condition (13.5 ± 0.4 mg/L). This study which combined the metabolic engineering and fermentation strategy provides a new strategy for squalene production in Schizochytrium sp. KEY POINTS: •The overexpression of sqs and hmgr genes promoted carbon metabolism for squalene. •The optimal and concentrated media can increase squalene yield.
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Pressly JD, Gurumani MZ, Varona Santos JT, Fornoni A, Merscher S, Al-Ali H. Adaptive and maladaptive roles of lipid droplets in health and disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C468-C481. [PMID: 35108119 PMCID: PMC8917915 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00239.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of lipid droplet biology have revealed essential roles for these organelles in mediating proper cellular homeostasis and stress response. Lipid droplets were initially thought to play a passive role in energy storage. However, recent studies demonstrate that they have substantially broader functions, including protection from reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and lipotoxicity. Dysregulation of lipid droplet homeostasis is associated with various pathologies spanning neurological, metabolic, cardiovascular, oncological, and renal diseases. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of lipid droplet biology in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Pressly
- 1Katz Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida,2Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Margaret Z. Gurumani
- 1Katz Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida,2Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Javier T. Varona Santos
- 1Katz Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida,2Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- 1Katz Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida,2Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Sandra Merscher
- 1Katz Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida,2Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Hassan Al-Ali
- 1Katz Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida,2Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida,3Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida,4The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida,5Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Fader Kaiser CM, Romano PS, Vanrell MC, Pocognoni CA, Jacob J, Caruso B, Delgui LR. Biogenesis and Breakdown of Lipid Droplets in Pathological Conditions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:826248. [PMID: 35198567 PMCID: PMC8860030 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.826248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LD) have long been considered as mere fat drops; however, LD have lately been revealed to be ubiquitous, dynamic and to be present in diverse organelles in which they have a wide range of key functions. Although incompletely understood, the biogenesis of eukaryotic LD initiates with the synthesis of neutral lipids (NL) by enzymes located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The accumulation of NL leads to their segregation into nanometric nuclei which then grow into lenses between the ER leaflets as they are further filled with NL. The lipid composition and interfacial tensions of both ER and the lenses modulate their shape which, together with specific ER proteins, determine the proneness of LD to bud from the ER toward the cytoplasm. The most important function of LD is the buffering of energy. But far beyond this, LD are actively integrated into physiological processes, such as lipid metabolism, control of protein homeostasis, sequestration of toxic lipid metabolic intermediates, protection from stress, and proliferation of tumours. Besides, LD may serve as platforms for pathogen replication and defense. To accomplish these functions, from biogenesis to breakdown, eukaryotic LD have developed mechanisms to travel within the cytoplasm and to establish contact with other organelles. When nutrient deprivation occurs, LD undergo breakdown (lipolysis), which begins with the LD-associated members of the perilipins family PLIN2 and PLIN3 chaperone-mediated autophagy degradation (CMA), a specific type of autophagy that selectively degrades a subset of cytosolic proteins in lysosomes. Indeed, PLINs CMA degradation is a prerequisite for further true lipolysis, which occurs via cytosolic lipases or by lysosome luminal lipases when autophagosomes engulf portions of LD and target them to lysosomes. LD play a crucial role in several pathophysiological processes. Increased accumulation of LD in non-adipose cells is commonly observed in numerous infectious diseases caused by intracellular pathogens including viral, bacterial, and parasite infections, and is gradually recognized as a prominent characteristic in a variety of cancers. This review discusses current evidence related to the modulation of LD biogenesis and breakdown caused by intracellular pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio M Fader Kaiser
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Patricia S Romano
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - M Cristina Vanrell
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Cristian A Pocognoni
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Julieta Jacob
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Benjamín Caruso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas y Tecnologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Laura R Delgui
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
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Liao PC, Yang EJ, Borgman T, Boldogh IR, Sing CN, Swayne TC, Pon LA. Touch and Go: Membrane Contact Sites Between Lipid Droplets and Other Organelles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:852021. [PMID: 35281095 PMCID: PMC8908909 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.852021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) have emerged not just as storage sites for lipids but as central regulators of metabolism and organelle quality control. These critical functions are achieved, in part, at membrane contact sites (MCS) between LDs and other organelles. MCS are sites of transfer of cellular constituents to or from LDs for energy mobilization in response to nutrient limitations, as well as LD biogenesis, expansion and autophagy. Here, we describe recent findings on the mechanisms underlying the formation and function of MCS between LDs and mitochondria, ER and lysosomes/vacuoles and the role of the cytoskeleton in promoting LD MCS through its function in LD movement and distribution in response to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Chao Liao
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Emily J. Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Taylor Borgman
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Istvan R. Boldogh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cierra N. Sing
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Theresa C. Swayne
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Liza A. Pon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Liza A. Pon,
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Park Y, Stukey GJ, Jog R, Kwiatek JM, Han GS, Carman GM. Mutant phosphatidate phosphatase Pah1-W637A exhibits altered phosphorylation, membrane association, and enzyme function in yeast. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101578. [PMID: 35026226 PMCID: PMC8819029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae PAH1-encoded phosphatidate (PA) phosphatase, which catalyzes the dephosphorylation of PA to produce diacylglycerol, controls the bifurcation of PA into triacylglycerol synthesis and phospholipid synthesis. Pah1 is inactive in the cytosol as a phosphorylated form and becomes active on the membrane as a dephosphorylated form by the Nem1-Spo7 protein phosphatase. We show that the conserved Trp-637 residue of Pah1, located in the intrinsically disordered region, is required for normal synthesis of membrane phospholipids, sterols, triacylglycerol, and the formation of lipid droplets. Analysis of mutant Pah1-W637A showed that the tryptophan residue is involved in the phosphorylation-mediated/dephosphorylation-mediated membrane association of the enzyme and its catalytic activity. The endogenous phosphorylation of Pah1-W637A was increased at the sites of the N-terminal region but was decreased at the sites of the C-terminal region. The altered phosphorylation correlated with an increase in its membrane association. In addition, membrane-associated PA phosphatase activity in vitro was elevated in cells expressing Pah1-W637A as a result of the increased membrane association of the mutant enzyme. However, the inherent catalytic function of Pah1 was not affected by the W637A mutation. Prediction of Pah1 structure by AlphaFold shows that Trp-637 and the catalytic residues Asp-398 and Asp-400 in the haloacid dehalogenase-like domain almost lie in the same plane, suggesting that these residues are important to properly position the enzyme for substrate recognition at the membrane surface. These findings underscore the importance of Trp-637 in Pah1 regulation by phosphorylation, membrane association of the enzyme, and its function in lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonhee Park
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Geordan J Stukey
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ruta Jog
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joanna M Kwiatek
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gil-Soo Han
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - George M Carman
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
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50
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Lipid Droplet-a New Target in Ischemic Heart Disease. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 15:730-739. [PMID: 34984637 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-021-10204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplet (LD) is a kind of subcellular organelle, which originates from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). LDs can move flexibly between other organelles and store energy in the cells. In recent years, LDs and lipid droplet-associated proteins have attracted added attention at home and abroad, especially in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular diseases, especially ischemic heart disease (IHD), have always been the focus of attention because of their high morbidity and mortality. Atherosclerosis and myocardial remodeling are two important pathologic processes of IHD, and LDs and other organelles are involved in the development of the disease. The interaction between LDs and ER is involved in the formation of foam cells in atherosclerosis. And LDs, mitochondria, and lysosomes also affect the remodeling of cardiomyocytes by affecting ROS production and regulating PI3K/AKT pathways. In this article, we will review the role of LDs in IHD.
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