1
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Rodriguez Torres CS, Wicker NB, Puccini de Castro V, Sefinko M, Bennett DC, Bernhardt B, Garcia Montes de Oca M, Jallow S, Flitcroft K, Palalay JJS, Payán Parra OA, Stern YE, Koelle M, Voisine C, G Woods I, Lo TW, Stern MJ, de la Cova CC. The Caenorhabditis elegans protein SOC-3 permits an alternative mode of signal transduction by the EGL-15 FGF receptor. Dev Biol 2024:S0012-1606(24)00219-7. [PMID: 39173814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factors and their receptors (FGFRs) comprise a cell signaling module that can stimulate signaling by Ras and the kinases Raf, MEK, and ERK to regulate animal development and homeostatic functions. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the sole FGFR ortholog EGL-15 acts with the GRB2 ortholog SEM-5 to promote chemoattraction and migration by the sex myoblasts (SMs) and fluid homeostasis by the hypodermis (Hyp7). Cell-specific differences in EGL-15 signaling were suggested by the phenotypes caused by egl-15(n1457), an allele that removes a region of its C-terminal domain (CTD) known to bind SEM-5. To determine how mutations altered EGL-15 activity in the SMs and Hyp7, we used the kinase reporter ERK-KTR to measure activation of the ERK ortholog MPK-1. Consequences of egl-15(n1457) were cell-specific, resulting in loss of MPK-1 activity in the SMs and elevated activity in Hyp7. Previous studies of Hyp7 showed that loss of the CLR-1 phosphatase causes a fluid homeostasis defect termed "Clear" that is suppressed by reduction of EGL-15 signaling, a phenotype termed "Suppressor of Clear" (Soc). To identify mechanisms that permit EGL-15 signaling in Hyp7, we conducted a genetic screen for Soc mutants in the clr-1; egl-15(n1457) genotype. We report the identification of SOC-3, a protein with putative SEM-5-binding motifs and PH and PTB domains similar to DOK and IRS proteins. In combination with the egl-15(n1457) mutation, loss of either soc-3, the GAB1 ortholog soc-1, or the SHP2 ortholog ptp-2, reduced MPK-1 activation. We generated alleles of soc-3 to test the requirement for the SEM-5-binding motifs, finding that residue Tyr356 is required for function. We propose that EGL-15-mediated SM chemoattraction relies solely on the direct interaction between SEM-5 and the EGL-15 CTD. In Hyp7, EGL-15 signaling uses two mechanisms: the direct SEM-5 binding mechanism; and an alternative, CTD-independent mechanism involving SOC-3, SOC-1, and PTP-2. This work demonstrates that FGF signaling uses distinct, tissue-specific mechanisms in development, and identifies SOC-3 as a potential adaptor that facilitates Ras pathway activation by FGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole B Wicker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201 USA
| | | | - Mariya Sefinko
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, Illinois, 60625 USA
| | - Daniel C Bennett
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520 USA
| | - Brooke Bernhardt
- Department of Biology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York, 14850 USA
| | | | - Sainabou Jallow
- Department of Biology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York, 14850 USA
| | - Katelyn Flitcroft
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201 USA
| | - Jessica-Jae S Palalay
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, Illinois, 60625 USA
| | - Omar A Payán Parra
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, Illinois, 60625 USA
| | - Yaakov E Stern
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, 33612 USA
| | - Michael Koelle
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520 USA
| | - Cindy Voisine
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, Illinois, 60625 USA
| | - Ian G Woods
- Department of Biology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York, 14850 USA
| | - Te-Wen Lo
- Department of Biology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York, 14850 USA
| | - Michael J Stern
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, Illinois, 60625 USA
| | - Claire C de la Cova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201 USA.
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2
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Lin CC, Suen KM, Lidster J, Ladbury JE. The emerging role of receptor tyrosine kinase phase separation in cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:371-379. [PMID: 37777392 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated signal transduction is fundamental to cell function and drives important cellular outcomes which, when dysregulated, can lead to malignant tumour growth and metastasis. The initiation of signals from plasma membrane-bound RTKs is subjected to multiple regulatory mechanisms that control downstream effector protein recruitment and function. The high propensity of RTKs to condense via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) into membraneless organelles with downstream effector proteins provides a further fundamental mechanism for signal regulation. Herein we highlight how this phenomenon contributes to cancer signalling and consider the potential impact of LLPS on outcomes for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chuan Lin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Kin Man Suen
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jessica Lidster
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - John E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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3
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Ye Z, Xu S, Shi Y, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Roy S, Namjoshi S, Longo MA, Link TM, Schlacher K, Peng G, Yu D, Wang B, Tainer JA, Ahmed Z. GRB2 stabilizes RAD51 at reversed replication forks suppressing genomic instability and innate immunity against cancer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2132. [PMID: 38459011 PMCID: PMC10923831 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) is a cytoplasmic adapter for tyrosine kinase signaling and a nuclear adapter for homology-directed-DNA repair. Here we find nuclear GRB2 protects DNA at stalled replication forks from MRE11-mediated degradation in the BRCA2 replication fork protection axis. Mechanistically, GRB2 binds and inhibits RAD51 ATPase activity to stabilize RAD51 on stalled replication forks. In GRB2-depleted cells, PARP inhibitor (PARPi) treatment releases DNA fragments from stalled forks into the cytoplasm that activate the cGAS-STING pathway to trigger pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Moreover in a syngeneic mouse metastatic ovarian cancer model, GRB2 depletion in the context of PARPi treatment reduced tumor burden and enabled high survival consistent with immune suppression of cancer growth. Collective findings unveil GRB2 function and mechanism for fork protection in the BRCA2-RAD51-MRE11 axis and suggest GRB2 as a potential therapeutic target and an enabling predictive biomarker for patient selection for PARPi and immunotherapy combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu Ye
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Shengfeng Xu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yin Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xueqian Cheng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sunetra Roy
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sarita Namjoshi
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael A Longo
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Todd M Link
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Katharina Schlacher
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Guang Peng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dihua Yu
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John A Tainer
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Zamal Ahmed
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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4
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Wang D, Liu G, Meng Y, Chen H, Ye Z, Jing J. The Configuration of GRB2 in Protein Interaction and Signal Transduction. Biomolecules 2024; 14:259. [PMID: 38540680 PMCID: PMC10968029 DOI: 10.3390/biom14030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Growth-factor-receptor-binding protein 2 (GRB2) is a non-enzymatic adaptor protein that plays a pivotal role in precisely regulated signaling cascades from cell surface receptors to cellular responses, including signaling transduction and gene expression. GRB2 binds to numerous target molecules, thereby modulating a complex cell signaling network with diverse functions. The structural characteristics of GRB2 are essential for its functionality, as its multiple domains and interaction mechanisms underpin its role in cellular biology. The typical signaling pathway involving GRB2 is initiated by the ligand stimulation to its receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The activation of RTKs leads to the recruitment of GRB2 through its SH2 domain to the phosphorylated tyrosine residues on the receptor. GRB2, in turn, binds to the Son of Sevenless (SOS) protein through its SH3 domain. This binding facilitates the activation of Ras, a small GTPase, which triggers a cascade of downstream signaling events, ultimately leading to cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Further research and exploration into the structure and function of GRB2 hold great potential for providing novel insights and strategies to enhance medical approaches for related diseases. In this review, we provide an outline of the proteins that engage with domains of GRB2, along with the function of different GRB2 domains in governing cellular signaling pathways. This furnishes essential points of current studies for the forthcoming advancement of therapeutic medications aimed at GRB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Guoxia Liu
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 200072, China
| | - Yuxin Meng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Hongjie Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Zu Ye
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Ji Jing
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer, Hangzhou 310022, China
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5
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Clark JF, Soriano P. FRS2-independent GRB2 interaction with FGFR2 is not required for embryonic development. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio059942. [PMID: 37421147 PMCID: PMC10399203 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
FGF activation is known to engage canonical signals, including ERK/MAPK and PI3K/AKT, through various effectors including FRS2 and GRB2. Fgfr2FCPG/FCPG mutants that abrogate canonical intracellular signaling exhibit a range of mild phenotypes but are viable, in contrast to embryonic lethal Fgfr2-/- mutants. GRB2 has been reported to interact with FGFR2 through a non-traditional mechanism, by binding to the C-terminus of FGFR2 independently of FRS2 recruitment. To investigate whether this interaction provides functionality beyond canonical signaling, we generated mutant mice harboring a C-terminal truncation (T). We found that Fgfr2T/T mice are viable and have no distinguishable phenotype, indicating that GRB2 binding to the C-terminal end of FGFR2 is not required for development or adult homeostasis. We further introduced the T mutation on the sensitized FCPG background but found that Fgfr2FCPGT/FCPGT mutants did not exhibit significantly more severe phenotypes. We therefore conclude that, although GRB2 can bind to FGFR2 independently of FRS2, this binding does not have a critical role in development or homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. Clark
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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6
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Lin CC, Wieteska L, Poncet-Montange G, Suen KM, Arold ST, Ahmed Z, Ladbury JE. The combined action of the intracellular regions regulates FGFR2 kinase activity. Commun Biol 2023; 6:728. [PMID: 37452126 PMCID: PMC10349056 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are typically activated through a precise sequence of intracellular phosphorylation events starting with a tyrosine residue on the activation loop (A-loop) of the kinase domain (KD). From this point the mono-phosphorylated enzyme is active, but subject to stringent regulatory mechanisms which can vary dramatically across the different RTKs. In the absence of extracellular stimulation, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) exists in the mono-phosphorylated state in which catalytic activity is regulated to allow rapid response upon ligand binding, whilst restricting ligand-independent activation. Failure of this regulation is responsible for pathologic outcomes including cancer. Here we reveal the molecular mechanistic detail of KD control based on combinatorial interactions of the juxtamembrane (JM) and the C-terminal tail (CT) regions of the receptor. JM stabilizes the asymmetric dimeric KD required for substrate phosphorylation, whilst CT binding opposes dimerization, and down-regulates activity. Direct binding between JM and CT delays the recruitment of downstream effector proteins adding a further control step as the receptor proceeds to full activation. Our findings underscore the diversity in mechanisms of RTK oligomerisation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chuan Lin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lukasz Wieteska
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Guillaume Poncet-Montange
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Kin Man Suen
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stefan T Arold
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Computational Bioscience Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Zamal Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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7
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Welsh CL, Allen S, Madan LK. Setting sail: Maneuvering SHP2 activity and its effects in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 160:17-60. [PMID: 37704288 PMCID: PMC10500121 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of tyrosine phosphorylation being a critical modulator of cancer signaling, proteins regulating phosphotyrosine levels in cells have fast become targets of therapeutic intervention. The nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) coded by the PTPN11 gene "SHP2" integrates phosphotyrosine signaling from growth factor receptors into the RAS/RAF/ERK pathway and is centrally positioned in processes regulating cell development and oncogenic transformation. Dysregulation of SHP2 expression or activity is linked to tumorigenesis and developmental defects. Even as a compelling anti-cancer target, SHP2 was considered "undruggable" for a long time owing to its conserved catalytic PTP domain that evaded drug development. Recently, SHP2 has risen from the "undruggable curse" with the discovery of small molecules that manipulate its intrinsic allostery for effective inhibition. SHP2's unique domain arrangement and conformation(s) allow for a truly novel paradigm of inhibitor development relying on skillful targeting of noncatalytic sites on proteins. In this review we summarize the biological functions, signaling properties, structural attributes, allostery and inhibitors of SHP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin L Welsh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Sarah Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Lalima K Madan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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8
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Clark JF, Soriano P. FRS2-independent GRB2 interaction with FGFR2 is not required for embryonic development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.23.534012. [PMID: 36993499 PMCID: PMC10055321 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.23.534012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
FGF activation is known to engage canonical signals, including ERK/MAPK and PI3K/AKT, through various effectors including FRS2 and GRB2. Fgfr2 FCPG/FCPG mutants that abrogate canonical intracellular signaling exhibit a range of mild phenotypes but are viable in contrast to embryonic lethal Fgfr2 -/- mutants. GRB2 has been reported to interact with FGFR2 through a non-traditional mechanism, by binding to the C-terminus of FGFR2 independently of FRS2 recruitment. To investigate if this interaction provides functionality beyond canonical signaling, we generated mutant mice harboring a C-terminal truncation (T). We found that Fgfr2 T/T mice are viable and have no distinguishable phenotype, indicating that GRB2 binding to the C-terminal end of FGFR2 is not required for development or adult homeostasis. We further introduced the T mutation on the sensitized FCPG background but found that Fgfr2 FCPGT/FCPGT mutants did not exhibit significantly more severe phenotypes. We therefore conclude that, while GRB2 can bind to FGFR2 independently of FRS2, this binding does not have a critical role in development or homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Clark
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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9
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Abstract
Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is the second most common primary liver cancer after hepatocellular carcinoma and accounts for 2% of cancer-related deaths. BTCs are classified according to their anatomical origin into intrahepatic (iCCA), perihilar, or distal cholangiocarcinoma, as well as gall bladder carcinoma. While the mutational profiles in these anatomical BTC subtypes overlap to a large extent, iCCA is notable for the high frequency of IDH1/2 mutations (10-22%) and the nearly exclusive occurrence of FGFR2 fusions in 10-15% of patients. In recent years, FGFR2 fusions have become one of the most promising targets for precision oncology targeting BTC, with FGFR inhibitors already approved in Europe and the United States for patients with advanced, pretreated iCCA. While the therapeutic potential of nonfusion alterations is still under debate, it is expected that the field of FGFR2-directed therapies will be subject to rapid further evolution and optimization. The scope of this review is to provide an overview of oncogenic FGFR signaling in iCCA cells and highlight the pathophysiology, diagnostic testing strategies, and therapeutic promises and challenges associated with FGFR2-altered iCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt Vogel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; .,Center for Personalized Medicine (ZPM), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oreste Segatto
- Translational Oncology Research Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Saborowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; .,Center for Personalized Medicine (ZPM), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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10
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Ryan A, Janosko CP, Courtney TM, Deiters A. Engineering SHP2 Phosphatase for Optical Control. Biochemistry 2022; 61:2687-2697. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Chasity P. Janosko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Taylor M. Courtney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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11
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Rohwedder A, Knipp S, Esteves FO, Hale M, Ketchen SE, Treanor D, Brüning-Richardson A. 'Cloudbuster': a Python-based open source application for three-dimensional reconstruction and quantification of stacked biological imaging samples. Interface Focus 2022; 12:20220016. [PMID: 35996739 PMCID: PMC9372645 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2022.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures are generating increasing interest in cancer research, e.g. for the evaluation of pharmacological effects of novel small molecule inhibitors. This is mainly due to the fact that such 3D structures reflect physiological characteristics of tumours and the cellular microenvironments they reside in more faithfully than two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures; in addition, they allow the reduction of animal experiments while providing significantly relevant human-based models. Quantification of such organoid structures as well as the mainly slice-based acquisition and thus forced 2D representation of 3D spheroids provide a challenge for the interpretation of the associated generated data. Here, we provide a novel open-source workflow to reconstruct a 3D entity from slice-recorded microscopical images with or without treatment with anti-migratory small molecule inhibitors. This reconstruction produces distinct point clouds as basis for subsequent comparison of basic readout parameters using average computer processor, memory and graphics resources within an acceptable time frame. We were able to validate the usefulness of this workflow using 3D data generated by various imaging techniques, including z-stacks from confocal microscopy and histochemically labelled spheroid sectioning, and demonstrate the possibility to accurately characterize inhibitor effects in great detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rohwedder
- Light Laboratories, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - S. Knipp
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - F. O. Esteves
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - M. Hale
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - S. E. Ketchen
- Light Laboratories, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - D. Treanor
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- Department of Clinical Pathology, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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12
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Asmamaw MD, Shi XJ, Zhang LR, Liu HM. A comprehensive review of SHP2 and its role in cancer. Cell Oncol 2022; 45:729-753. [PMID: 36066752 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase ubiquitously expressed mainly in the cytoplasm of several tissues. SHP2 modulates diverse cell signaling events that control metabolism, cell growth, differentiation, cell migration, transcription and oncogenic transformation. It interacts with diverse molecules in the cell, and regulates key signaling events including RAS/ERK, PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT and PD-1 pathways downstream of several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) upon stimulation by growth factors and cytokines. SHP2 acts as both a phosphatase and a scaffold, and plays prominently oncogenic functions but can be tumor suppressor in a context-dependent manner. It typically acts as a positive regulator of RTKs signaling with some inhibitory functions reported as well. SHP2 expression and activity is regulated by such factors as allosteric autoinhibition, microRNAs, ubiquitination and SUMOylation. Dysregulation of SHP2 expression or activity causes many developmental diseases, and hematological and solid tumors. Moreover, upregulated SHP2 expression or activity also decreases sensitivity of cancer cells to anticancer drugs. SHP2 is now considered as a compelling anticancer drug target and several classes of SHP2 inhibitors with different mode of action are developed with some already in clinical trial phases. Moreover, novel SHP2 substrates and functions are rapidly growing both in cell and cancer. In view of this, we comprehensively and thoroughly reviewed literatures about SHP2 regulatory mechanisms, substrates and binding partners, biological functions, roles in human cancers, and different classes of small molecule inhibitors target this oncoprotein in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moges Dessale Asmamaw
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jing Shi
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Lin CC, Suen KM, Jeffrey PA, Wieteska L, Lidster JA, Bao P, Curd AP, Stainthorp A, Seiler C, Koss H, Miska E, Ahmed Z, Evans SD, Molina-París C, Ladbury JE. Receptor tyrosine kinases regulate signal transduction through a liquid-liquid phase separated state. Mol Cell 2022; 82:1089-1106.e12. [PMID: 35231400 PMCID: PMC8937303 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The recruitment of signaling proteins into activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) to produce rapid, high-fidelity downstream response is exposed to the ambiguity of random diffusion to the target site. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) overcomes this by providing elevated, localized concentrations of the required proteins while impeding competitor ligands. Here, we show a subset of phosphorylation-dependent RTK-mediated LLPS states. We then investigate the formation of phase-separated droplets comprising a ternary complex including the RTK, (FGFR2); the phosphatase, SHP2; and the phospholipase, PLCγ1, which assembles in response to receptor phosphorylation. SHP2 and activated PLCγ1 interact through their tandem SH2 domains via a previously undescribed interface. The complex of FGFR2 and SHP2 combines kinase and phosphatase activities to control the phosphorylation state of the assembly while providing a scaffold for active PLCγ1 to facilitate access to its plasma membrane substrate. Thus, LLPS modulates RTK signaling, with potential consequences for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chuan Lin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Kin Man Suen
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | | | - Lukasz Wieteska
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jessica A Lidster
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Peng Bao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alistair P Curd
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Amy Stainthorp
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Caroline Seiler
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hans Koss
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Eric Miska
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Zamal Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephen D Evans
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - John E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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14
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Dong L, Lu D, Chen R, Lin Y, Zhu H, Zhang Z, Cai S, Cui P, Song G, Rao D, Yi X, Wu Y, Song N, Liu F, Zou Y, Zhang S, Zhang X, Wang X, Qiu S, Zhou J, Wang S, Zhang X, Shi Y, Figeys D, Ding L, Wang P, Zhang B, Rodriguez H, Gao Q, Gao D, Zhou H, Fan J. Proteogenomic characterization identifies clinically relevant subgroups of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:70-87.e15. [PMID: 34971568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We performed proteogenomic characterization of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) using paired tumor and adjacent liver tissues from 262 patients. Integrated proteogenomic analyses prioritized genetic aberrations and revealed hallmarks of iCCA pathogenesis. Aflatoxin signature was associated with tumor initiation, proliferation, and immune suppression. Mutation-associated signaling profiles revealed that TP53 and KRAS co-mutations may contribute to iCCA metastasis via the integrin-FAK-SRC pathway. FGFR2 fusions activated the Rho GTPase pathway and could be a potential source of neoantigens. Proteomic profiling identified four patient subgroups (S1-S4) with subgroup-specific biomarkers. These proteomic subgroups had distinct features in prognosis, genetic alterations, microenvironment dysregulation, tumor microbiota composition, and potential therapeutics. SLC16A3 and HKDC1 were further identified as potential prognostic biomarkers associated with metabolic reprogramming of iCCA cells. This study provides a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians to further identify molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities in iCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangqing Dong
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dayun Lu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ran Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Youpei Lin
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongwen Zhu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Burning Rock Biotech, Shanghai 201114, China
| | - Shangli Cai
- Burning Rock Biotech, Shanghai 201114, China
| | - Peng Cui
- Burning Rock Biotech, Shanghai 201114, China
| | - Guohe Song
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dongning Rao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinpei Yi
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yingcheng Wu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Nixue Song
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fen Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yunhao Zou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuangjian Qiu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shisheng Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Institutes for Systems Genetics, Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, MOH, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica-University of Ottawa Joint Research Center in Systems and Personalized Pharmacology, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongyong Shi
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Figeys
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica-University of Ottawa Joint Research Center in Systems and Personalized Pharmacology, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Medicine, McDonnell Genome Institute, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MI 63108, USA
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NewYork, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Daming Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Hu Zhou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica-University of Ottawa Joint Research Center in Systems and Personalized Pharmacology, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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15
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Pinet L, Assrir N, van Heijenoort C. Expanding the Disorder-Function Paradigm in the C-Terminal Tails of Erbbs. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1690. [PMID: 34827688 PMCID: PMC8615588 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ErbBs are receptor tyrosine kinases involved not only in development, but also in a wide variety of diseases, particularly cancer. Their extracellular, transmembrane, juxtamembrane, and kinase folded domains were described extensively over the past 20 years, structurally and functionally. However, their whole C-terminal tails (CTs) following the kinase domain were only described at atomic resolution in the last 4 years. They were shown to be intrinsically disordered. The CTs are known to be tyrosine-phosphorylated when the activated homo- or hetero-dimers of ErbBs are formed. Their phosphorylation triggers interaction with phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) or Src Homology 2 (SH2) domains and activates several signaling pathways controling cellular motility, proliferation, adhesion, and apoptosis. Beyond this passive role of phosphorylated domain and site display for partners, recent structural and function studies unveiled active roles in regulation of phosphorylation and interaction: the CT regulates activity of the kinase domain; different phosphorylation states have different compaction levels, potentially modulating the succession of phosphorylation events; and prolines have an important role in structure, dynamics, and possibly regulatory interactions. Here, we review both the canonical role of the disordered CT domains of ErbBs as phosphotyrosine display domains and the recent findings that expand the known range of their regulation functions linked to specific structural and dynamic features.
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16
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Ye Z, Xu S, Shi Y, Bacolla A, Syed A, Moiani D, Tsai CL, Shen Q, Peng G, Leonard PG, Jones DE, Wang B, Tainer JA, Ahmed Z. GRB2 enforces homology-directed repair initiation by MRE11. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/32/eabe9254. [PMID: 34348893 PMCID: PMC8336959 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe9254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair is initiated by MRE11 nuclease for both homology-directed repair (HDR) and alternative end joining (Alt-EJ). Here, we found that GRB2, crucial to timely proliferative RAS/MAPK pathway activation, unexpectedly forms a biophysically validated GRB2-MRE11 (GM) complex for efficient HDR initiation. GRB2-SH2 domain targets the GM complex to phosphorylated H2AX at DSBs. GRB2 K109 ubiquitination by E3 ubiquitin ligase RBBP6 releases MRE11 promoting HDR. RBBP6 depletion results in prolonged GM complex and HDR defects. GRB2 knockout increased MRE11-XRCC1 complex and Alt-EJ. Reconstitution with separation-of-function GRB2 mutant caused HDR deficiency and synthetic lethality with PARP inhibitor. Cell and cancer genome analyses suggest biomarkers of low GRB2 for noncanonical HDR deficiency and high MRE11 and GRB2 expression for worse survival in HDR-proficient patients. These findings establish GRB2's role in binding, targeting, and releasing MRE11 to promote efficient HDR over Alt-EJ DSB repair, with implications for genome stability and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu Ye
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shengfeng Xu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yin Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Albino Bacolla
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aleem Syed
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Davide Moiani
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chi-Lin Tsai
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qiang Shen
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Guang Peng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul G Leonard
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Darin E Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John A Tainer
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Zamal Ahmed
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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17
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Zhang Y, Ding L, Ni Q, Tao R, Qin J. Transcription factor PAX4 facilitates gastric cancer progression through interacting with miR-27b-3p/Grb2 axis. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:16786-16803. [PMID: 34162761 PMCID: PMC8266315 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common aggressive cancers. The discovery of an effective biomarker is necessary for GC diagnosis. In this study, we confirmed that Paired box gene 4 (PAX4) is up-regulated in GC tissues and cells via quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot and immunohistochemical staining. It was also identified that PAX4 contributed to GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion through Cell Counting Kit-8, BrdU, flow cytometry assay, colony formation assay, transwell assays, and wound healing assay. miR-27b-3p was confirmed with the binding site with PAX4 using ChIP assay and served as a tumor suppressor that inhibiting GC cell growth and metastasis, and reversed the effect of PAX4. Bioinformatics prediction and dual luciferase assay results demonstrated that miR-27b-3p targeted Grb2, which could alter the function of miR-27b-3p. Furthermore, the transcriptional control of PAX4-regulated miR-27b-3p activated the Ras-ERK pathway. Taken together, the PAX4/miR-27b-3p/Grb2 loop is known to be involved in GC cell promotion, and can be seen as a promising target for GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qingfeng Ni
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
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18
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Lin CC, Wieteska L, Suen KM, Kalverda AP, Ahmed Z, Ladbury JE. Grb2 binding induces phosphorylation-independent activation of Shp2. Commun Biol 2021; 4:437. [PMID: 33795832 PMCID: PMC8016844 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01969-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of phosphatase activity is fundamental to the control of intracellular signalling and in particular the tyrosine kinase-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Shp2 is a ubiquitously expressed protein tyrosine phosphatase and its kinase-induced hyperactivity is associated with many cancer types. In non-stimulated cells we find that binding of the adaptor protein Grb2, in its monomeric state, initiates Shp2 activity independent of phosphatase phosphorylation. Grb2 forms a bidentate interaction with both the N-terminal SH2 and the catalytic domains of Shp2, releasing the phosphatase from its auto-inhibited conformation. Grb2 typically exists as a dimer in the cytoplasm. However, its monomeric state prevails under basal conditions when it is expressed at low concentration, or when it is constitutively phosphorylated on a specific tyrosine residue (Y160). Thus, Grb2 can activate Shp2 and downstream signal transduction, in the absence of extracellular growth factor stimulation or kinase-activating mutations, in response to defined cellular conditions. Therefore, direct binding of Grb2 activates Shp2 phosphatase in the absence of receptor tyrosine kinase up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chuan Lin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Lukasz Wieteska
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kin Man Suen
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arnout P Kalverda
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Zamal Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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19
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Rohwedder A, Knipp S, Roberts LD, Ladbury JE. Composition of receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated lipid micro-domains controlled by adaptor protein interaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6160. [PMID: 33731760 PMCID: PMC7969938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are highly regulated, single pass transmembrane proteins, fundamental to cellular function and survival. Aberrancies in regulation lead to corruption of signal transduction and a range of pathological outcomes. Although control mechanisms associated with the receptors and their ligands are well understood, little is known with respect to the impact of lipid/lipid and lipid/protein interactions in the proximal plasma membrane environment. Given that the transmembrane regions of RTKs change in response to extracellular ligand binding, the lipid interactions have important consequences in influencing signal transduction. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) is a highly regulated RTK, including under basal conditions. Binding of the adaptor protein, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) to FGFR2 prevents full activation and recruitment of downstream signalling effector proteins in the absence of extracellular stimulation. Here we demonstrate that the FGFR2-GRB2 complex is sustained in a defined lipid environment. Dissociation of GRB2 from this complex due to ligand binding, or reduced GRB2 expression, facilitates the dispersion of FGFR2 into detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) micro-domains. This modification of the plasma membrane proximal to FGFR2 provides a further regulatory checkpoint which controls receptor degradation, recycling and recruitment of intracellular signalling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt Rohwedder
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sabine Knipp
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Lee D Roberts
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS29JT, UK
| | - John E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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20
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Liu P, Gong D, Zhou H, Li W, Zhang H, Zheng W, Xu J, Cheng H, Zhang X, Ke Y. Phosphatase Shp2 regulates biogenesis of small extracellular vesicles by dephosphorylating Syntenin. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12078. [PMID: 33732417 PMCID: PMC7944561 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As novel mediators of cell‐to‐cell signalling, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) play a critical role in physiological and pathophysiological processes. To date, the molecular mechanisms that support sEV generation are incompletely understood. Many kinases are reported for their roles in sEV generation or composition, whereas the involvement of phosphatases remains largely unexplored. Here we reveal that pharmacological inhibition and shRNA‐mediated down‐regulation of tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 significantly increases the formation of sEVs. By Co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) and in vitro dephosphorylation assays, we identified that Shp2 negatively controlled sEV biogenesis by directly dephosphorylating tyrosine 46 of Syntenin, which has been reported as a molecular switch in sEV biogenesis. More importantly, Shp2 dysfunction led to enhanced epithelial sEV generation in vitro and in vivo. The increase of epithelial sEVs caused by shRNA‐mediated down‐regulation of Shp2 promoted macrophage activation, resulting in strengthened inflammation. Our findings highlight the role of Shp2 in regulating sEV‐mediated epithelial‐macrophage crosstalk by controlling sEV biogenesis through dephosphorylation of Syntenin Y46. The present study determines the strengthened inflammatory characteristics of alveolar macrophages elicited by epithelial sEVs transferred intercellularly. These findings provide a basis for understanding the mechanism of sEV formation and relevant function in epithelial‐macrophage crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Respiratory Medicine at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China.,Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine Zhejiang University Medical Center Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Yiqing Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Respiratory Medicine at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Respiratory Medicine at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Dacheng Gong
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Respiratory Medicine at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Respiratory Medicine at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Women's hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Huilun Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Respiratory Medicine at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Wenfang Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Pathology Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Hongqiang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Respiratory Medicine at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China.,Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine Zhejiang University Medical Center Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Yuehai Ke
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Respiratory Medicine at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China.,Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine Zhejiang University Medical Center Hangzhou 311121 China
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21
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Agrawal S, Maity S, AlRaawi Z, Al-Ameer M, Kumar TKS. Targeting Drugs Against Fibroblast Growth Factor(s)-Induced Cell Signaling. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:214-240. [PMID: 33045958 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121999201012201926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is comprised of 23 highly regulated monomeric proteins that regulate a plethora of developmental and pathophysiological processes, including tissue repair, wound healing, angiogenesis, and embryonic development. Binding of FGF to fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), a tyrosine kinase receptor, is facilitated by a glycosaminoglycan, heparin. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate the tyrosine kinase residues that mediate induction of downstream signaling pathways, such as RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT. Dysregulation of the FGF/FGFR signaling occurs frequently in cancer due to gene amplification, FGF activating mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, integration, and oncogenic fusions. Aberrant FGFR signaling also affects organogenesis, embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and has been associated with cell proliferation, angiogenesis, cancer, and other pathophysiological changes. OBJECTIVE This comprehensive review will discuss the biology, chemistry, and functions of FGFs, and its current applications toward wound healing, diabetes, repair and regeneration of tissues, and fatty liver diseases. In addition, specific aberrations in FGFR signaling and drugs that target FGFR and aid in mitigating various disorders, such as cancer, are also discussed in detail. CONCLUSION Inhibitors of FGFR signaling are promising drugs in the treatment of several types of cancers. The clinical benefits of FGF/FGFR targeting therapies are impeded due to the activation of other RTK signaling mechanisms or due to the mutations that abolish the drug inhibitory activity on FGFR. Thus, the development of drugs with a different mechanism of action for FGF/FGFR targeting therapies is the recent focus of several preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Sanhita Maity
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Zeina AlRaawi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Musaab Al-Ameer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
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22
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Day EK, Zhong Q, Purow B, Lazzara MJ. Data-Driven Computational Modeling Identifies Determinants of Glioblastoma Response to SHP2 Inhibition. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2056-2070. [PMID: 33574084 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic protein tyrosine phosphatases have long been viewed as drug targets of interest, and recently developed allosteric inhibitors of SH2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP2) have entered clinical trials. However, the ability of phosphatases to regulate many targets directly or indirectly and to both promote and antagonize oncogenic signaling may make the efficacy of phosphatase inhibition challenging to predict. Here we explore the consequences of antagonizing SHP2 in glioblastoma, a recalcitrant cancer where SHP2 has been proposed as a useful drug target. Measuring protein phosphorylation and expression in glioblastoma cells across 40 signaling pathway nodes in response to different drugs and for different oxygen tensions revealed that SHP2 antagonism has network-level, context-dependent signaling consequences that affect cell phenotypes (e.g., cell death) in unanticipated ways. To map specific signaling consequences of SHP2 antagonism to phenotypes of interest, a data-driven computational model was constructed based on the paired signaling and phenotype data. Model predictions aided in identifying three signaling processes with implications for treating glioblastoma with SHP2 inhibitors. These included PTEN-dependent DNA damage repair in response to SHP2 inhibition, AKT-mediated bypass resistance in response to chronic SHP2 inhibition, and SHP2 control of hypoxia-inducible factor expression through multiple MAPKs. Model-generated hypotheses were validated in multiple glioblastoma cell lines, in mouse tumor xenografts, and through analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas data. Collectively, these results suggest that in glioblastoma, SHP2 inhibitors antagonize some signaling processes more effectively than existing kinase inhibitors but can also limit the efficacy of other drugs when used in combination. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that allosteric SHP2 inhibitors have multivariate and context-dependent effects in glioblastoma that may make them useful components of some combination therapies, but not others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan K Day
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Qing Zhong
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Benjamin Purow
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Matthew J Lazzara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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23
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Saborowski A, Lehmann U, Vogel A. FGFR inhibitors in cholangiocarcinoma: what's now and what's next? Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920953293. [PMID: 32983265 PMCID: PMC7498964 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920953293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) face a highly dismal prognosis, due to late stage diagnosis, the relative chemoresistance of the disease, and an overall limited portfolio of established therapeutic concepts. In recent years, a number of next generation sequencing studies have provided detailed information on the molecular landscape of biliary malignancies, and have laid the groundwork for the evaluation of novel, targeted therapeutic opportunities. Although nearly 40% of patients harbor genetic alterations for which targeted options exist, rapid translation into clinical trials is hampered by the overall low patient numbers. One of the most frequent genetic events in patients with iCCAs are fusions that involve the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Impressive results from pivotal phase II studies in pre-treated patients have confirmed that FGFR-inhibitors are a promising therapeutic option for this genetic subgroup, and the rapid pace with which these inhibitors are being clinically developed is clearly justified by the imminent benefit for the patients. However, the success of these agents should not blind us to key challenges that need to be addressed to optimize FGFR-directed therapies in the future. A better understanding of mechanisms that convey primary and secondary resistance will be crucial to improve up-front patient stratification, to prolong the duration of response, and to implement reasonable co-treatment approaches. In this review, we provide background information on the pathobiology of oncogenic FGFR fusions and selected genetic testing strategies, summarize the latest clinical data, and discuss future directions of FGFR-directed therapies in patients with iCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Saborowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology &
Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lehmann
- Institute of Pathology, Medizinische Hochschule
Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arndt Vogel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and
Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, Hannover,
30625, Germany
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24
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Idrees M, Oh SH, Muhammad T, El-Sheikh M, Song SH, Lee KL, Kong IK. Growth Factors, and Cytokines; Understanding the Role of Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP2 in Gametogenesis and Early Embryo Development. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081798. [PMID: 32751109 PMCID: PMC7465981 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors and cytokines have vital roles in germ cell development, gamete maturation, and early embryo development. Cell surface receptors are present for growth factors and cytokines to integrate with and trigger protein signaling in the germ and embryo intracellular milieu. Src-homology-2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase (SHP2) is a ubiquitously expressed, multifunctional protein that plays a central role in the signaling pathways involved in growth factor receptors, cytokine receptors, integrins, and G protein-coupled receptors. Over recent decades, researchers have recapitulated the protein signaling networks that influence gamete progenitor specification as well as gamete differentiation and maturation. SHP2 plays an indispensable role in cellular growth, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration, as well as the basic events in gametogenesis and early embryo development. SHP2, a classic cytosolic protein and a key regulator of signal transduction, displays unconventional nuclear expression in the genital organs. Several observations provided shreds of evidence that this behavior is essential for fertility. The growth factor and cytokine-dependent roles of SHP2 and its nuclear/cytoplasmic presence during gamete maturation, early embryonic development and embryo implantation are fascinating and complex subjects. This review is intended to summarize the previous and recent knowledge about the SHP2 functions in gametogenesis and early embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Idrees
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.I.); (S.-H.O.); (M.E.-S.)
| | - Seon-Hwa Oh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.I.); (S.-H.O.); (M.E.-S.)
| | - Tahir Muhammad
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Marwa El-Sheikh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.I.); (S.-H.O.); (M.E.-S.)
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Seok-Hwan Song
- The King Kong Ltd., Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (K.-L.L.)
| | - Kyeong-Lim Lee
- The King Kong Ltd., Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (K.-L.L.)
| | - Il-Keun Kong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.I.); (S.-H.O.); (M.E.-S.)
- The King Kong Ltd., Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (K.-L.L.)
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam Province, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1942
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25
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Sanches K, Dias RVR, da Silva PH, Fossey MA, Caruso ÍP, de Souza FP, de Oliveira LC, de Melo FA. Grb2 dimer interacts with Coumarin through SH2 domains: A combined experimental and molecular modeling study. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02869. [PMID: 31844748 PMCID: PMC6889026 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Grb2 is an important regulator of normal vs. oncogenic cell signaling transduction. It plays a pivotal role on kinase-mediated signaling transduction by linking Receptor Tyrosine kinases to Ras/MAPK pathway which is known to bring oncogenic outcome. Coumarins are phenolic molecules found in several plants and seeds widely studied because of the antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, vasodilator, and anti-tumor properties. Despite several studies about the anti-tumor properties of Coumarin in vivo and the role of Grb2 in signaling pathways related to cell proliferation, a molecular level investigation of the interaction between Grb2 and Coumarin is still missing. In this study, we performed a combined set of biophysical approaches to get insights on the interaction between Grb2 in a dimer state and Coumarin. Our results showed that Coumarin interacts with Grb2 dimer through its SH2 domain. The interaction is entropically driven, 1:1 molecular ratio and presents equilibrium constant of 105 M-1. In fact, SH2 is a well-known domain and a versatile signaling module for drug targeting which has been reported to bind compounds that block Ras activation in vivo. Despite we don't know the biological role coming from interaction between Grb2-SH2 domain and Coumarin, it is clear that this molecule could work in the same way as a SH2 domain inhibitor in order to block the link of Receptor Tyrosine kinases to Ras/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Sanches
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Raphael Vinicius Rodrigues Dias
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique da Silva
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Andrés Fossey
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Ícaro Putinhon Caruso
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Fátima Pereira de Souza
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Leandro Cristante de Oliveira
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando Alves de Melo
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
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26
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Abstract
EMCV is an animal pathogen that causes acute viral infections, usually myocarditis or encephalitis. It is thought to circulate mainly among rodents, from which it is occasionally transmitted to other animal species, including humans. EMCV causes fatal outbreaks of myocarditis and encephalitis in pig farms and zoos, making it an important veterinary pathogen. Although EMCV has been widely used as a model to study mechanisms of viral disease in mice, little is known about its entry mechanism. Here, we employ a haploid genetic screen for EMCV host factors and identify an essential role for ADAM9 in EMCV entry. Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is an animal pathogen and an important model organism, whose receptor requirements are poorly understood. Here, we employed a genome-wide haploid genetic screen to identify novel EMCV host factors. In addition to the previously described picornavirus receptors sialic acid and glycosaminoglycans, this screen unveiled important new host factors for EMCV. These factors include components of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway, such as the potential receptors FGFR1 and ADAM9, a cell-surface metalloproteinase. By employing various knockout cells, we confirmed the importance of the identified host factors for EMCV infection. The largest reduction in infection efficiency was observed in cells lacking ADAM9. Pharmacological inhibition of the metalloproteinase activity of ADAM9 did not affect virus infection. Moreover, reconstitution of inactive ADAM9 in knockout cells restored susceptibility to EMCV, pointing to a proteinase-independent role of ADAM9 in mediating EMCV infection. Using neutralization assays with ADAM9-specific antiserum and soluble receptor proteins, we provided evidence for a role of ADAM9 in EMCV entry. Finally, binding assays showed that ADAM9 facilitates attachment of EMCV to the cell surface. Together, our findings reveal a role for ADAM9 as a novel receptor or cofactor for EMCV.
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27
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Ahmed S, Misra DP, Agarwal V. Interleukin-17 pathways in systemic sclerosis-associated fibrosis. Rheumatol Int 2019; 39:1135-1143. [PMID: 31073660 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-019-04317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is unregulated tissue repair that may cause impairment of organ function, especially in end-organ damage. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is the prototype systemic fibrosing disorder. Classical targets for fibrosis in SSc like transforming growth factor Beta (TGF-β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and multiple tyrosine kinases, have not yielded therapeutic benefit. There is multitude of evidence from across different tissues like the heart, lung, skin, liver, colon, and, to some extent, the kidney, that interleukin-17 (IL-17) and its downstream pathways are strongly associated with the initiation and propagation of fibrosis. Data from scleroderma patients, as well as from animal models of SSc, mirror these findings. Interestingly, hitherto unknown to be related to IL-17, newer molecules like Programmed Death-protein1 (PD-1), the phosphatase SHP2, along with known signal transducers like signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3), have been recently shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Related molecules include the intracellular signalling molecules Ras/Erk, mammalian target organ of rapamycin (mTOR), and complement components. The biology of these pathways has not yet been fully elucidated to predict regulatory mechanisms, redundancies, and potential off-target effects. All these need to be better understood in the context of each other, in an effort to arrive at the optimal target to modulate fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakir Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Durga Prasanna Misra
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Vikas Agarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, 226014, India.
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28
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Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play important roles in cell growth, motility, differentiation, and survival. These single-pass membrane proteins are grouped into subfamilies based on the similarity of their extracellular domains. They are generally thought to be activated by ligand binding, which promotes homodimerization and then autophosphorylation in trans. However, RTK interactions are more complicated, as RTKs can interact in the absence of ligand and heterodimerize within and across subfamilies. Here, we review the known cross-subfamily RTK heterointeractions and their possible biological implications, as well as the methodologies which have been used to study them. Moreover, we demonstrate how thermodynamic models can be used to study RTKs and to explain many of the complicated biological effects which have been described in the literature. Finally, we discuss the concept of the RTK interactome: a putative, extensive network of interactions between the RTKs. This RTK interactome can produce unique signaling outputs; can amplify, inhibit, and modify signaling; and can allow for signaling backups. The existence of the RTK interactome could provide an explanation for the irreproducibility of experimental data from different studies and for the failure of some RTK inhibitors to produce the desired therapeutic effects. We argue that a deeper knowledge of RTK interactome thermodynamics can lead to a better understanding of fundamental RTK signaling processes in health and disease. We further argue that there is a need for quantitative, thermodynamic studies that probe the strengths of the interactions between RTKs and their ligands and between different RTKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Paul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218
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29
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Xia Y, He K, Jiao L, Geng Y, Zhang D. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of protein enhancer of sevenless 2B from Artemia sinica at early embryonic development and during immune response to bacterial stimulation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:582-589. [PMID: 30711491 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein enhancer of sevenless 2B, E(sev)2B, is a key adapter protein in the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway which has been reported to be involved in innate immunity. In this study, the gene that encodes AsE(sev)2B was isolated from A. sinica. It was found to contain a 636 bp open reading frame encoding 211 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 24.357 kDa and a predicted isoelectric point of 5.39. The predicted protein contains a N-terminal Src homology 3 domain (SH3), a central Src homology 2 domain (SH2), and a C-terminal Src homology 3 domain (SH3). Homology analysis revealed that AsE(sev)2B shares 49%-95% identity with E(sev)2B homologs from other species. In this study, the expression pattern and location of AsE(sev)2B during different stages of embryonic development and bacterial challenge were investigated by means of real-time qPCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results showed that the highest expression level of AsE(sev)2B was at 0 h. After challenged by Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria, AsE(sev)2B was remarkably upregulated at 106 cellsL-1 bacterial concentrations. These results suggested that AsE(sev)2B plays a vital role during early embryonic development and in immune responses against bacterial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, 071002, Baoding, PR China
| | - Kang He
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, 071002, Baoding, PR China
| | - Lili Jiao
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, 071002, Baoding, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Geng
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, 071002, Baoding, PR China
| | - Daochuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, 071002, Baoding, PR China.
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30
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Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a dynamic post-translational modification critical for biological responses. At the level of individual molecules, phosphorylation dynamics can have important functional implications, but this information is rarely quantified. We discuss how rapid phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycles could underlie important signaling properties, including the ability to rapidly bind and release proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lendert Gelens
- Laboratory of Dynamics in Biological Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian T Saurin
- School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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31
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Neben CL, Lo M, Jura N, Klein OD. Feedback regulation of RTK signaling in development. Dev Biol 2017; 447:71-89. [PMID: 29079424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise regulation of the amplitude and duration of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling is critical for the execution of cellular programs and behaviors. Understanding these control mechanisms has important implications for the field of developmental biology, and in recent years, the question of how augmentation or attenuation of RTK signaling via feedback loops modulates development has become of increasing interest. RTK feedback regulation is also important for human disease research; for example, germline mutations in genes that encode RTK signaling pathway components cause numerous human congenital syndromes, and somatic alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancers. In this review, we survey regulators of RTK signaling that tune receptor activity and intracellular transduction cascades, with a focus on the roles of these genes in the developing embryo. We detail the diverse inhibitory mechanisms utilized by negative feedback regulators that, when lost or perturbed, lead to aberrant increases in RTK signaling. We also discuss recent biochemical and genetic insights into positive regulators of RTK signaling and how these proteins function in tandem with negative regulators to guide embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Neben
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Megan Lo
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA.
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32
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Wang L, Huang J, Moore DC, Zuo C, Wu Q, Xie L, von der Mark K, Yuan X, Chen D, Warman ML, Ehrlich MG, Yang W. SHP2 Regulates the Osteogenic Fate of Growth Plate Hypertrophic Chondrocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12699. [PMID: 28983104 PMCID: PMC5629218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transdifferentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes into bone-forming osteoblasts has been reported, yet the underlying molecular mechanism remains incompletely understood. SHP2 is an ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase. SHP2 loss-of-function mutations in chondroid cells are linked to metachondromatosis in humans and mice, suggesting a crucial role for SHP2 in the skeleton. However, the specific role of SHP2 in skeletal cells has not been elucidated. To approach this question, we ablated SHP2 in collagen 2α1(Col2α1)-Cre- and collagen 10α1(Col10α1)-Cre-expressing cells, predominantly proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes, using "Cre-loxP"-mediated gene excision. Mice lacking SHP2 in Col2α1-Cre-expressing cells die at mid-gestation. Postnatal SHP2 ablation in the same cell population caused dwarfism, chondrodysplasia and exostoses. In contrast, mice in which SHP2 was ablated in the Col10α1-Cre-expressing cells appeared normal but were osteopenic. Further mechanistic studies revealed that SHP2 exerted its influence partly by regulating the abundance of SOX9 in chondrocytes. Elevated and sustained SOX9 in SHP2-deficient hypertrophic chondrocytes impaired their differentiation to osteoblasts and impaired endochondral ossification. Our study uncovered an important role of SHP2 in bone development and cartilage homeostasis by influencing the osteogenic differentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes and provided insight into the pathogenesis and potential treatment of skeletal diseases, such as osteopenia and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Douglas C Moore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Chunlin Zuo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Liqin Xie
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Klaus von der Mark
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gluckstrasse 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University, 600 S. Paulina St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Matthew L Warman
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael G Ehrlich
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Wentian Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
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Leung I, Jarvik N, Sidhu SS. A Highly Diverse and Functional Naïve Ubiquitin Variant Library for Generation of Intracellular Affinity Reagents. J Mol Biol 2016; 429:115-127. [PMID: 27887869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the design, construction, and validation of a highly diverse phage-displayed naïve ubiquitin variant (Ubv) library. We first conducted a mutation tolerance scan of 27 residues and confirmed that 24 of these could be substituted by chemically diverse amino acids without compromising the display of Ubvs on phage. Subsequently, we constructed a library containing 6.8×1010 unique members, in which these 24 positions were diversified with a degenerate codon that encodes for 6 aa that are prevalent in protein interaction sites. To ensure the optimal structural stability of the Ubvs, we constructed the library in a two-step process, whereby 12 positions were randomized first, and following the selection for displayed Ubvs, the resulting pool was further diversified at the other 12 positions. The resulting library was validated by conducting binding selections against a panel of 40 diverse protein antigens and was found to be as functional as a highly validated synthetic antibody library, yielding binders against 30 of the antigens. Detailed characterization of an Ubv that bound to the cell-surface receptor human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 revealed tight binding in the single-digit nanomolar range. Moreover, Ubvs that bound to two distinct sites on the intracellular adapter Grb2 could be combined to generate a potent inhibitor that functioned in cells. These results validate ubiquitin as a robust scaffold for the construction of naïve libraries that can be used to generate Ubvs that target signaling networks both outside and inside the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Leung
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada; The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Nick Jarvik
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada; The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada.
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The regulation of male fertility by the PTPN11 tyrosine phosphatase. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 59:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Sarabipour S, Hristova K. Pathogenic Cysteine Removal Mutations in FGFR Extracellular Domains Stabilize Receptor Dimers and Perturb the TM Dimer Structure. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3903-3910. [PMID: 27596331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Missense mutations that introduce or remove cysteine residues in receptor tyrosine kinases are believed to cause pathologies by stabilizing the active receptor tyrosine kinase dimers. However, the magnitude of this stabilizing effect has not been measured for full-length receptors. Here, we characterize the dimer stabilities of three full-length fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) mutants harboring pathogenic cysteine substitutions: the C178S FGFR1 mutant, the C342R FGFR2 mutant, and the C228R FGFR3 mutant. We find that the three mutations stabilize the FGFR dimers. We further see that the mutations alter the configuration of the FGFR transmembrane dimers. Thus, both aberrant dimerization and perturbed dimer structure likely contribute to the pathological phenotypes arising due to these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvenaz Sarabipour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21212, USA
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21212, USA.
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Developmental transcriptome analysis and identification of genes involved in formation of intestinal air-breathing function of Dojo loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31845. [PMID: 27545457 PMCID: PMC4992823 DOI: 10.1038/srep31845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dojo loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is a freshwater fish species of the loach family Cobitidae, using its posterior intestine as an accessory air-breathing organ. Little is known about the molecular regulatory mechanisms in the formation of intestinal air-breathing function of M. anguillicaudatus. Here high-throughput sequencing of mRNAs was performed from six developmental stages of posterior intestine of M. anguillicaudatus: 4-Dph (days post hatch) group, 8-Dph group, 12-Dph group, 20-Dph group, 40-Dph group and Oyd (one-year-old) group. These six libraries were assembled into 81300 unigenes. Totally 40757 unigenes were annotated. Subsequently, 35291 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were scanned among different developmental stages and clustered into 20 gene expression profiles. Finally, 15 key pathways and 25 key genes were mined, providing potential targets for candidate gene selection involved in formation of intestinal air-breathing function in M. anguillicaudatus. This is the first report of developmental transcriptome of posterior intestine in M. anguillicaudatus, offering a substantial contribution to the sequence resources for this species and providing a deep insight into the formation mechanism of its intestinal air-breathing function. This report demonstrates that M. anguillicaudatus is a good model for studies to identify and characterize the molecular basis of accessory air-breathing organ development in fish.
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Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) family of ligands and receptor tyrosine kinases is required throughout embryonic and postnatal development and also regulates multiple homeostatic functions in the adult. Here, Brewer et al. review the mechanisms of Fgf signaling by focusing on genetic strategies that enable in vivo analysis. The fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) family of ligands and receptor tyrosine kinases is required throughout embryonic and postnatal development and also regulates multiple homeostatic functions in the adult. Aberrant Fgf signaling causes many congenital disorders and underlies multiple forms of cancer. Understanding the mechanisms that govern Fgf signaling is therefore important to appreciate many aspects of Fgf biology and disease. Here we review the mechanisms of Fgf signaling by focusing on genetic strategies that enable in vivo analysis. These studies support an important role for Erk1/2 as a mediator of Fgf signaling in many biological processes but have also provided strong evidence for additional signaling pathways in transmitting Fgf signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard Brewer
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Pierre Mazot
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Singh DR, Pasquale EB, Hristova K. A small peptide promotes EphA2 kinase-dependent signaling by stabilizing EphA2 dimers. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1922-8. [PMID: 27281300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase is known to promote cancer cell malignancy in the absence of activation by ephrin ligands. This behavior depends on high EphA2 phosphorylation on Ser897 and low tyrosine phosphorylation, resulting in increased cell migration and invasiveness. We have previously shown that EphA2 forms dimers in the absence of ephrin ligand binding, and that dimerization of unliganded EphA2 can decrease EphA2 Ser897 phosphorylation. We have also identified a small peptide called YSA, which binds EphA2 and competes with the naturally occurring ephrin ligands. METHODS Here, we investigate the effect of YSA on EphA2 dimer stability and EphA2 function using quantitative FRET techniques, Western blotting, and cell motility assays. RESULTS We find that the YSA peptide stabilizes the EphA2 dimer, increases EphA2 Tyr phosphorylation, and decreases both Ser897 phosphorylation and cell migration. CONCLUSIONS The experiments demonstrate that the small peptide ligand YSA reduces EphA2 Ser897 pro-tumorigenic signaling by stabilizing the EphA2 dimer. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This work is a proof-of-principle demonstration that EphA2 homointeractions in the plasma membrane can be pharmacologically modulated to decrease the pro-tumorigenic signaling of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deo R Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Road, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States.
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Sarabipour S, Hristova K. Mechanism of FGF receptor dimerization and activation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10262. [PMID: 26725515 PMCID: PMC4725768 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (fgfs) are widely believed to activate their receptors by mediating receptor dimerization. Here we show, however, that the FGF receptors form dimers in the absence of ligand, and that these unliganded dimers are phosphorylated. We further show that ligand binding triggers structural changes in the FGFR dimers, which increase FGFR phosphorylation. The observed effects due to the ligands fgf1 and fgf2 are very different. The fgf2-bound dimer structure ensures the smallest separation between the transmembrane (TM) domains and the highest possible phosphorylation, a conclusion that is supported by a strong correlation between TM helix separation in the dimer and kinase phosphorylation. The pathogenic A391E mutation in FGFR3 TM domain emulates the action of fgf2, trapping the FGFR3 dimer in its most active state. This study establishes the existence of multiple active ligand-bound states, and uncovers a novel molecular mechanism through which FGFR-linked pathologies can arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvenaz Sarabipour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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40
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Grb2 depletion under non-stimulated conditions inhibits PTEN, promotes Akt-induced tumor formation and contributes to poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2015. [PMID: 26212011 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of extracellular stimulation the adaptor protein growth factor receptor-bound protein (Grb2) and the phospholipase Plcγ1 compete for the same binding site on fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Reducing cellular Grb2 results in upregulation of Plcγ1 and depletion of the phospholipid PI(4,5)P2. The functional consequences of this event on signaling pathways are unknown. We show that the decrease in PI(4,5)P2 level under non-stimulated conditions inhibits PTEN activity leading to the aberrant activation of the oncoprotein Akt. This results in excessive cell proliferation and tumor progression in a xenograft mouse model. As well as defining a novel mechanism of Akt phosphorylation with important therapeutic consequences, we also demonstrate that differential expression levels of FGFR2, Plcγ1 and Grb2 correlate with patient survival. Oncogenesis through fluctuation in the expression levels of these proteins negates extracellular stimulation or mutation and defines them as novel prognostic markers in ovarian cancer.
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41
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Ahmed Z, Timsah Z, Suen KM, Cook NP, Lee GR, Lin CC, Gagea M, Marti AA, Ladbury JE. Grb2 monomer-dimer equilibrium determines normal versus oncogenic function. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7354. [PMID: 26103942 PMCID: PMC4491180 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) is ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells and involved in a multitude of intracellular protein interactions. Grb2 plays a pivotal role in tyrosine kinase-mediated signal transduction including linking receptor tyrosine kinases to the Ras/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway, which is implicated in oncogenic outcome. Grb2 exists in a constitutive equilibrium between monomeric and dimeric states. Here we show that only monomeric Grb2 is capable of binding to SOS and upregulating MAP kinase signalling and that the dimeric state is inhibitory to this process. Phosphorylation of tyrosine 160 (Y160) on Grb2, or binding of a tyrosylphosphate-containing ligand to the SH2 domain of Grb2, results in dimer dissociation. Phosphorylation of Y160 on Grb2 is readily detectable in the malignant forms of human prostate, colon and breast cancers. The self-association/dissociation of Grb2 represents a switch that regulates MAP kinase activity and hence controls cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamal Ahmed
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1000, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] Center for Biomolecular Structure and Function, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1000, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Zahra Timsah
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1000, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Kin M Suen
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1000, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nathan P Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Gilbert R Lee
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Function, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1000, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Chi-Chuan Lin
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1000, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mihai Gagea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 63, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Angel A Marti
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - John E Ladbury
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1000, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] Center for Biomolecular Structure and Function, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1000, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [3] School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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42
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Zhang J, Zhang F, Niu R. Functions of Shp2 in cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2075-83. [PMID: 26088100 PMCID: PMC4568912 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostics and therapies have shown evident advances. Tumour surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the main techniques in treat cancers. Targeted therapy and drug resistance are the main focus in cancer research, but many molecular intracellular mechanisms remain unknown. Src homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2) is associated with breast cancer, leukaemia, lung cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, laryngeal cancer, oral cancer and other cancer types. Signalling pathways involving Shp2 have also been discovered. Shp2 is related to many diseases. Mutations in the ptpn11 gene cause Noonan syndrome, LEOPARD syndrome and childhood leukaemia. Shp2 is also involved in several cancer-related processes, including cancer cell invasion and metastasis, apoptosis, DNA damage, cell proliferation, cell cycle and drug resistance. Based on the structure and function of Shp2, scientists have investigated specific mechanisms involved in cancer. Shp2 may be a potential therapeutic target because this phosphatase is implicated in many aspects. Furthermore, Shp2 inhibitors have been used in experiments to develop treatment strategies. However, conflicting results related to Shp2 functions have been presented in the literature, and such results should be resolved in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruifang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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43
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RasGRP1 opposes proliferative EGFR-SOS1-Ras signals and restricts intestinal epithelial cell growth. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:804-15. [PMID: 26005835 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The character of EGFR signals can influence cell fate but mechanistic insights into intestinal EGFR-Ras signalling are limited. Here we show that two distinct Ras nucleotide exchange factors, RasGRP1 and SOS1, lie downstream of EGFR but act in functional opposition. RasGRP1 is expressed in intestinal crypts where it restricts epithelial growth. High RasGRP1 expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) patient samples correlates with a better clinical outcome. Biochemically, we find that RasGRP1 creates a negative feedback loop that limits proliferative EGFR-SOS1-Ras signals in CRC cells. Genetic Rasgrp1 depletion from mice with either an activating mutation in KRas or with aberrant Wnt signalling due to a mutation in Apc resulted in both cases in exacerbated Ras-ERK signalling and cell proliferation. The unexpected opposing cell biological effects of EGFR-RasGRP1 and EGFR-SOS1 signals in the same cell shed light on the intricacy of EGFR-Ras signalling in normal epithelium and carcinoma.
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44
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. The Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling pathway. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:215-66. [PMID: 25772309 PMCID: PMC4393358 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1333] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The signaling component of the mammalian Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family is comprised of eighteen secreted proteins that interact with four signaling tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs). Interaction of FGF ligands with their signaling receptors is regulated by protein or proteoglycan cofactors and by extracellular binding proteins. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues that mediate interaction with cytosolic adaptor proteins and the RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT intracellular signaling pathways. Four structurally related intracellular non-signaling FGFs interact with and regulate the family of voltage gated sodium channels. Members of the FGF family function in the earliest stages of embryonic development and during organogenesis to maintain progenitor cells and mediate their growth, differentiation, survival, and patterning. FGFs also have roles in adult tissues where they mediate metabolic functions, tissue repair, and regeneration, often by reactivating developmental signaling pathways. Consistent with the presence of FGFs in almost all tissues and organs, aberrant activity of the pathway is associated with developmental defects that disrupt organogenesis, impair the response to injury, and result in metabolic disorders, and cancer. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
- *
Correspondence to:
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto UniversitySakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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45
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46
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Dong B, Gao Y, Zheng X, Gao G, Gu H, Chen X, Zhang J. T cell activation is reduced by the catalytically inactive form of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:6568-6577. [PMID: 26131287 PMCID: PMC4483852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Src-homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP-2) is a ubiquitously expressed cytosolic tyrosine phosphatase implicated in many different signaling pathways involving cytokine receptors and T and B cell receptors; however, the precise functional role of SHP-2 in T cell signaling is not entirely clear. In this study, we overexpressed a catalytically inactive form of SHP-2 with a classic cysteine 459-to-serine mutation (dnSHP-2) to elucidate the in vivo effects of SHP-2 on T cells. We found that mice overexpressing dnSHP-2 showed reduced T cell activation, presumably due to increased tyrosine phosphorylation of Grb2-binding protein (Gab2) and inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. SHP-2 appears to be a positive regulator of the MAPK pathway in T cells, likely through coupling of the multimeric complex to the Ras/MAPK pathway. However, SHP-2 does not appear to affect T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-evoked calcium mobilization, stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun N-terminal kinases (SAPK/JNKs) activation, or overall tyrosine phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxia Dong
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yubo Gao
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Guangxun Gao
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hongtao Gu
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiequn Chen
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jinyi Zhang
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai HospitalOntario, Canada
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47
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Bagheri-Yarmand R, Sinha KM, Gururaj AE, Ahmed Z, Rizvi YQ, Huang SC, Ladbury JE, Bogler O, Williams MD, Cote GJ, Gagel RF. A novel dual kinase function of the RET proto-oncogene negatively regulates activating transcription factor 4-mediated apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11749-61. [PMID: 25795775 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.619833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The RET proto-oncogene, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is widely known for its essential role in cell survival. Germ line missense mutations, which give rise to constitutively active oncogenic RET, were found to cause multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, a dominant inherited cancer syndrome that affects neuroendocrine organs. However, the mechanisms by which RET promotes cell survival and prevents cell death remain elusive. We demonstrate that in addition to cytoplasmic localization, RET is localized in the nucleus and functions as a tyrosine-threonine dual specificity kinase. Knockdown of RET by shRNA in medullary thyroid cancer-derived cells stimulated expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a master transcription factor for stress-induced apoptosis, through activation of its target proapoptotic genes NOXA and PUMA. RET knockdown also increased sensitivity to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. We observed that RET physically interacted with and phosphorylated ATF4 at tyrosine and threonine residues. Indeed, RET kinase activity was required to inhibit the ATF4-dependent activation of the NOXA gene because the site-specific substitution mutations that block threonine phosphorylation increased ATF4 stability and activated its targets NOXA and PUMA. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that ATF4 occupancy increased at the NOXA promoter in TT cells treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors or the ATF4 inducer eeyarestatin as well as in RET-depleted TT cells. Together these findings reveal RET as a novel dual kinase with nuclear localization and provide mechanisms by which RET represses the proapoptotic genes through direct interaction with and phosphorylation-dependent inactivation of ATF4 during the pathogenesis of medullary thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishna M Sinha
- From the Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders
| | | | - Zamal Ahmed
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Biomolecular Structure and Function, and
| | - Yasmeen Q Rizvi
- From the Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders
| | - Su-Chen Huang
- From the Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders
| | - John E Ladbury
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Biomolecular Structure and Function, and
| | | | - Michelle D Williams
- the Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Gilbert J Cote
- From the Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders
| | - Robert F Gagel
- From the Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders
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48
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Zhao H, Agazie YM. Inhibition of SHP2 in basal-like and triple-negative breast cells induces basal-to-luminal transition, hormone dependency, and sensitivity to anti-hormone treatment. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:109. [PMID: 25885600 PMCID: PMC4359540 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a positive effector of cell growth and survival signaling as well transformation induced by multiple tyrosine kinase oncogenes. Since the basal-like and triple-negative breast cancer (BTBC) is characterized by dysregulation of multiple tyrosine kinase oncogenes, we wanted to determine the importance of SHP2 in BTBC cell lines. Methods Short hairpin RNA-based and dominant-negative expression-based SHP2 inhibition techniques were used to interrogate the functional importance of SHP2 in BTBC cell biology. In addition, cell viability and proliferation assays were used to determine hormone dependency for growth and sensitivity to anti-estrogen treatment. Results We show that inhibition of SHP2 in BTBC cells induces luminal-like epithelial morphology while suppressing the mesenchymal and invasive property. We have termed this process as basal-to-luminal transition (BLT). The occurrence of BLT was confirmed by the loss of the basal marker alpha smooth muscle actin and the acquisition of the luminal marker cytokeratin 18 (CK18) expression. Furthermore, the occurrence of BLT led to estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression, hormone dependency, and sensitivity to tamoxifen treatment. Conclusions Our data show that inhibition of SHP2 induces BLT, ERα expression, dependency on estrogen for growth, and sensitivity to anti-hormone therapy. Therefore, inhibition of SHP2 may provide a therapeutic benefit in basal-like and triple-negative breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1131-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and The Marry Babb Randolph Cancer Center School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Yehenew M Agazie
- Department of Biochemistry and The Marry Babb Randolph Cancer Center School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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Carter EP, Fearon AE, Grose RP. Careless talk costs lives: fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling and the consequences of pathway malfunction. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:221-33. [PMID: 25467007 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery 40 years ago, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor (FGFR) signalling has been found to regulate fundamental cellular behaviours in a wide range of cell types. FGFRs regulate development, homeostasis, and repair and are implicated in many disorders and diseases; and indeed, there is extensive potential for severe consequences, be they developmental, homeostatic, or oncogenic, should FGF-FGFR signalling go awry, so careful control of the pathway is critically important. In this review, we discuss the recent developments in the FGF field, highlighting how FGFR signalling works in normal cells, how it can go wrong, how frequently it is compromised, and how it is being targeted therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Carter
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, England, UK
| | - Abbie E Fearon
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, England, UK
| | - Richard P Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, England, UK.
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