1
|
Young N, Gui Z, Mustafa S, Papa K, Jessop E, Ruddell E, Bevington L, Quinlan RA, Benham AM, Goldberg MW, Obara B, Karakesisoglou I. Inhibition of PDIs Downregulates Core LINC Complex Proteins, Promoting the Invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells in Confined Spaces In Vitro. Cells 2024; 13:906. [PMID: 38891038 PMCID: PMC11172124 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells tether the nucleoskeleton to the cytoskeleton via a conserved molecular bridge, called the LINC complex. The core of the LINC complex comprises SUN-domain and KASH-domain proteins that directly associate within the nuclear envelope lumen. Intra- and inter-chain disulphide bonds, along with KASH-domain protein interactions, both contribute to the tertiary and quaternary structure of vertebrate SUN-domain proteins. The significance of these bonds and the role of PDIs (protein disulphide isomerases) in LINC complex biology remains unclear. Reducing and non-reducing SDS-PAGE analyses revealed a prevalence of SUN2 homodimers in non-tumorigenic breast epithelia MCF10A cells, but not in the invasive triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line. Furthermore, super-resolution microscopy revealed SUN2 staining alterations in MCF10A, but not in MDA-MB-231 nuclei, upon reducing agent exposure. While PDIA1 levels were similar in both cell lines, pharmacological inhibition of PDI activity in MDA-MB-231 cells led to SUN-domain protein down-regulation, as well as Nesprin-2 displacement from the nucleus. This inhibition also caused changes in perinuclear cytoskeletal architecture and lamin downregulation, and increased the invasiveness of PDI-inhibited MDA-MB-231 cells in space-restrictive in vitro environments, compared to untreated cells. These results emphasise the key roles of PDIs in regulating LINC complex biology, cellular architecture, biomechanics, and invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Young
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Zizhao Gui
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Suleiman Mustafa
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TG, UK; (S.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Kleopatra Papa
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Emily Jessop
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Elizabeth Ruddell
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Laura Bevington
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Roy A. Quinlan
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Adam M. Benham
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Martin W. Goldberg
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Boguslaw Obara
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TG, UK; (S.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Iakowos Karakesisoglou
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marchese D, Guislain F, Pringels T, Bridoux L, Rezsohazy R. A poly-histidine motif of HOXA1 is involved in regulatory interactions with cysteine-rich proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2024; 1867:194993. [PMID: 37952572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Homopolymeric amino acid repeats are found in about 24 % of human proteins and are over-represented in transcriptions factors and kinases. Although relatively rare, homopolymeric histidine repeats (polyH) are more significantly found in proteins involved in the regulation of embryonic development. To gain a better understanding of the role of polyH in these proteins, we used a bioinformatic approach to search for shared features in the interactomes of polyH-containing proteins in human. Our analysis revealed that polyH protein interactomes are enriched in cysteine-rich proteins and in proteins containing (a) cysteine repeat(s). Focusing on HOXA1, a HOX transcription factor displaying one long polyH motif, we identified that the polyH motif is required for the HOXA1 interaction with such cysteine-rich proteins. We observed a correlation between the length of the polyH repeat and the strength of the HOXA1 interaction with one Cys-rich protein, MDFI. We also found that metal ion chelators disrupt the HOXA1-MDFI interaction supporting that such metal ions are required for the interaction. Furthermore, we identified three polyH interactors which down-regulate the transcriptional activity of HOXA1. Taken together, our data point towards the involvement of polyH and cysteines in regulatory interactions between proteins, notably transcription factors like HOXA1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Marchese
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Place Croix du Sud 5 (L7.07.10), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Florent Guislain
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Place Croix du Sud 5 (L7.07.10), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Tamara Pringels
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Place Croix du Sud 5 (L7.07.10), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Laure Bridoux
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Place Croix du Sud 5 (L7.07.10), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - René Rezsohazy
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Place Croix du Sud 5 (L7.07.10), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sweeney KM, Chantarawong S, Barbieri EM, Cajka G, Liu M, Spruce L, Fazelinia H, Portz B, Copley K, Lapidot T, Duhamel L, Greenwald P, Saida N, Shalgi R, Shorter J, Shalem O. CRISPR screen for protein inclusion formation uncovers a role for SRRD in the regulation of intermediate filament dynamics and aggresome assembly. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011138. [PMID: 38315730 PMCID: PMC10868785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of large protein inclusions is a hallmark of neurodegeneration, and yet the precise molecular factors that contribute to their formation remain poorly understood. Screens using aggregation-prone proteins have commonly relied on downstream toxicity as a readout rather than the direct formation of aggregates. Here, we combined a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen with Pulse Shape Analysis, a FACS-based method for inclusion detection, to identify direct modifiers of TDP-43 aggregation in human cells. Our screen revealed both canonical and novel proteostasis genes, and unearthed SRRD, a poorly characterized protein, as a top regulator of protein inclusion formation. APEX biotin labeling reveals that SRRD resides in proximity to proteins that are involved in the formation and breakage of disulfide bonds and to intermediate filaments, suggesting a role in regulation of the spatial dynamics of the intermediate filament network. Indeed, loss of SRRD results in aberrant intermediate filament fibrils and the impaired formation of aggresomes, including blunted vimentin cage structure, during proteotoxic stress. Interestingly, SRRD also localizes to aggresomes and unfolded proteins, and rescues proteotoxicity in yeast whereby its N-terminal low complexity domain is sufficient to induce this affect. Altogether this suggests an unanticipated and broad role for SRRD in cytoskeletal organization and cellular proteostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M. Sweeney
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sapanna Chantarawong
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edward M. Barbieri
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Greg Cajka
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew Liu
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lynn Spruce
- Proteomics Core Facility, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hossein Fazelinia
- Proteomics Core Facility, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bede Portz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katie Copley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tomer Lapidot
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren Duhamel
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Phoebe Greenwald
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Naseeb Saida
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Reut Shalgi
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ophir Shalem
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Coulombe PA, Pineda CM, Jacob JT, Nair RR. Nuclear roles for non-lamin intermediate filament proteins. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102303. [PMID: 38113712 PMCID: PMC11056187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear-localized lamins have long been thought to be the only intermediate filaments (IFs) with an impact on the architecture, properties, and functions of the nucleus. Recent studies, however, uncovered significant roles for IFs other than lamins (here referred to as "non-lamin IFs") in regulating key properties of the nucleus in various cell types and biological settings. In the cytoplasm, IFs often occur in the perinuclear space where they contribute to local stiffness and impact the shape and/or the integrity of the nucleus, particularly in cells under stress. In addition, selective non-lamin IF proteins can occur inside the nucleus where they partake in fundamental processes including nuclear architecture and chromatin organization, regulation of gene expression, cell cycle progression, and the repair of DNA damage. This text reviews the evidence supporting a role for non-lamin IF proteins in regulating various properties of the nucleus and highlights opportunities for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre A Coulombe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Christopher M Pineda
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Justin T Jacob
- Public Health Laboratory Division, District of Columbia Department of Forensic Sciences, Washington, DC 20024, USA
| | - Raji R Nair
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rübsam M, Püllen R, Tellkamp F, Bianco A, Peskoller M, Bloch W, Green KJ, Merkel R, Hoffmann B, Wickström SA, Niessen CM. Polarity signaling balances epithelial contractility and mechanical resistance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7743. [PMID: 37173371 PMCID: PMC10182030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelia maintain a functional barrier during tissue turnover while facing varying mechanical stress. This maintenance requires both dynamic cell rearrangements driven by actomyosin-linked intercellular adherens junctions and ability to adapt to and resist extrinsic mechanical forces enabled by keratin filament-linked desmosomes. How these two systems crosstalk to coordinate cellular movement and mechanical resilience is not known. Here we show that in stratifying epithelia the polarity protein aPKCλ controls the reorganization from stress fibers to cortical actomyosin during differentiation and upward movement of cells. Without aPKC, stress fibers are retained resulting in increased contractile prestress. This aberrant stress is counterbalanced by reorganization and bundling of keratins, thereby increasing mechanical resilience. Inhibiting contractility in aPKCλ-/- cells restores normal cortical keratin networks but also normalizes resilience. Consistently, increasing contractile stress is sufficient to induce keratin bundling and enhance resilience, mimicking aPKC loss. In conclusion, our data indicate that keratins sense the contractile stress state of stratified epithelia and balance increased contractility by mounting a protective response to maintain tissue integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rübsam
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Robin Püllen
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Frederik Tellkamp
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alessandra Bianco
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Peskoller
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Assis BM, Queiroz PJB, de Oliveira Lima CR, Vulcani VAS, Rabelo RE, da Silva LAF. Microstructure of the hoof capsule of pigmented and partial albino buffaloes. Anat Histol Embryol 2022; 51:435-442. [PMID: 35485276 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM), microtomography (MCT-2D and MCT-3D) and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) were used to generate parameters of the microstructure of the hoof capsule of pigmented and partial albino buffaloes. Seventy-two digits of adult pigmented buffaloes and 16 of partial albino buffaloes were used and equally divided into thoracic and pelvic limbs and medial and lateral claws. Fragments of 10 mm × 10 mm of the dorsal wall, abaxial wall and pre-bulbar sole were collected. The parametric assumptions were tested using a Shapiro-Wilk test (normality). The independent t-test was used to compare the means at a 5% significance level. AFM demonstrated that the hoof surface of pigmented buffaloes presented with higher average surface roughness (Ra) and root mean square roughness (Rms) (p < 0.05) than the hoof surface of partial albino buffaloes. MCT-2D revealed that pigmented buffaloes had extra tubular keratin with a higher density than intratubular keratin. No pores were observed in the hoof capsule of the buffalo digits. MCT-3D demonstrated that pigmented buffaloes have a higher percentage of large and intermediate horn tubules than partial albino buffaloes. However, this difference was not statistically significant. Partial albino buffaloes showed a statistically higher number of horn tubules/mm2 than pigmented buffaloes (p < 0.05). EDXRF revealed a higher amount of sulphur (S) in the hoof capsule of pigmented buffaloes, and the partial albino buffaloes presented a higher number of minerals such as calcium (Ca), potassium (K), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu).
Collapse
|
7
|
Windoffer R, Schwarz N, Yoon S, Piskova T, Scholkemper M, Stegmaier J, Bönsch A, Di Russo J, Leube R. Quantitative mapping of keratin networks in 3D. eLife 2022; 11:75894. [PMID: 35179484 PMCID: PMC8979588 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanobiology requires precise quantitative information on processes taking place in specific 3D microenvironments. Connecting the abundance of microscopical, molecular, biochemical, and cell mechanical data with defined topologies has turned out to be extremely difficult. Establishing such structural and functional 3D maps needed for biophysical modeling is a particular challenge for the cytoskeleton, which consists of long and interwoven filamentous polymers coordinating subcellular processes and interactions of cells with their environment. To date, useful tools are available for the segmentation and modeling of actin filaments and microtubules but comprehensive tools for the mapping of intermediate filament organization are still lacking. In this work, we describe a workflow to model and examine the complete 3D arrangement of the keratin intermediate filament cytoskeleton in canine, murine, and human epithelial cells both, in vitro and in vivo. Numerical models are derived from confocal airyscan high-resolution 3D imaging of fluorescence-tagged keratin filaments. They are interrogated and annotated at different length scales using different modes of visualization including immersive virtual reality. In this way, information is provided on network organization at the subcellular level including mesh arrangement, density and isotropic configuration as well as details on filament morphology such as bundling, curvature, and orientation. We show that the comparison of these parameters helps to identify, in quantitative terms, similarities and differences of keratin network organization in epithelial cell types defining subcellular domains, notably basal, apical, lateral, and perinuclear systems. The described approach and the presented data are pivotal for generating mechanobiological models that can be experimentally tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Windoffer
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sungjun Yoon
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Teodora Piskova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Stegmaier
- Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Bönsch
- Visual Computing Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jacopo Di Russo
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Evtushenko NA, Beilin AK, Kosykh AV, Vorotelyak EA, Gurskaya NG. Keratins as an Inflammation Trigger Point in Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212446. [PMID: 34830328 PMCID: PMC8624175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a group of inherited keratinopathies that, in most cases, arise due to mutations in keratins and lead to intraepidermal ruptures. The cellular pathology of most EBS subtypes is associated with the fragility of the intermediate filament network, cytolysis of the basal layer of the epidermis, or attenuation of hemidesmosomal/desmosomal components. Mutations in keratins 5/14 or in other genes that encode associated proteins induce structural disarrangements of different strengths depending on their locations in the genes. Keratin aggregates display impaired dynamics of assembly and diminished solubility and appear to be the trigger for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress upon being phosphorylated by MAPKs. Global changes in cellular signaling mainly occur in cases of severe dominant EBS mutations. The spectrum of changes initiated by phosphorylation includes the inhibition of proteasome degradation, TNF-α signaling activation, deregulated proliferation, abnormal cell migration, and impaired adherence of keratinocytes. ER stress also leads to the release of proinflammatory danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, which enhance avalanche-like inflammation. Many instances of positive feedback in the course of cellular stress and the development of sterile inflammation led to systemic chronic inflammation in EBS. This highlights the role of keratin in the maintenance of epidermal and immune homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda A. Evtushenko
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Arkadii K. Beilin
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasiya V. Kosykh
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Vorotelyak
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nadya G. Gurskaya
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Strofaldi A, Khan AR, McManus JJ. Surface Exposed Free Cysteine Suppresses Crystallization of Human γD-Crystallin. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167252. [PMID: 34537240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human γD-crystallin (HGD) has remarkable stability against condensation in the human lens, sometimes over a whole lifetime. The native protein has a surface exposed free cysteine that forms dimers (Benedek, 1997; Ramkumar et al., 1864)1,2 without specific biological function and leads to further protein association and/or aggregation, which creates a paradox for understanding its stability. Previous work has demonstrated that chemical modification of the protein at the free cysteine (C110), increases the temperature at which liquid-liquid phase separation occurs (LLPS), lowers protein solubility and suggests an important role for this amino acid in maintaining its long-term resistance to condensation. Here we demonstrate that mutation of the cysteine does not alter the structure or solubility (liquidus) line for the protein, but dramatically increases the protein crystal nucleation rate following LLPS, suggesting that the free cysteine has a vital role in suppressing crystallization in the human lens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Strofaldi
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; H. H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Amir R Khan
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA; School of Biochemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer J McManus
- H. H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tokuchi K, Kitamura S, Maeda T, Watanabe M, Hatakeyama S, Kano S, Tanaka S, Ujiie H, Yanagi T. Loss of FAM83H promotes cell migration and invasion in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma via impaired keratin distribution. J Dermatol Sci 2021; 104:112-121. [PMID: 34657752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS FAM83H is essential for amelogenesis, but recent reports implicate that FAM83H is involved in the tumorigenesis. We previously clarified that TRIM29 binds to FAM83H to regulate keratin distribution and squamous cell migration. However, little is known about FAM83H in normal/malignant skin keratinocytes. OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of FAM83H in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and its physiological function. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis and RT-PCR of human SCC tissues were performed. Next, we examined the effect of FAM83H knockdown/overexpression in SCC cell lines using cell proliferation, migration, and invasion assay. To investigate the molecular mechanism, immunoprecipitation of FAM83H was examined. Further, Immunofluorescence staining was performed. Finally, we examined the correlation between the expressions of FAM83H and the keratin distribution. RESULTS FAM83H expression was lower in SCC lesions than in normal epidermis and correlated with differentiation grade. The mRNA expression levels of FAM83H in SCC tumors were also lower than in normal epidermis. The knockdown of FAM83H enhanced SCC cell migration and invasion, whereas the overexpression of FAM83H led to decreases in both. Furthermore, the knockdown of FAM83H enhanced the cancer cell metastasis in vivo. FAM83H formed a complex with TRIM29 and keratins. The knockdown of FAM83H altered keratin distribution and solubility. Clinically, the loss of FAM83H correlates with an altered keratin distribution. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal a critical function for FAM83H in regulating keratin distribution, as well as in the migration/invasion of cutaneous SCC, suggesting that FAM83H could be a crucial molecule in the tumorigenesis of cutaneous SCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Tokuchi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Shinya Kitamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Takuya Maeda
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Masashi Watanabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Shigetsugu Hatakeyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and WPI-ICReDD, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Teruki Yanagi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wiche G. Plectin-Mediated Intermediate Filament Functions: Why Isoforms Matter. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082154. [PMID: 34440923 PMCID: PMC8391331 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This essay focuses on the role of plectin and its various isoforms in mediating intermediate filament (IF) network functions. It is based on previous studies that provided comprehensive evidence for a concept where plectin acts as an IF recruiter, and plectin-mediated IF networking and anchoring are key elements in IF function execution. Here, plectin’s global role as modulator of IF functionality is viewed from different perspectives, including the mechanical stabilization of IF networks and their docking platforms, contribution to cellular viscoelasticity and mechanotransduction, compartmentalization and control of the actomyosin machinery, connections to the microtubule system, and mechanisms and specificity of isoform targeting. Arguments for IF networks and plectin acting as mutually dependent partners are also given. Lastly, a working model is presented that describes a unifying mechanism underlying how plectin–IF networks mechanically control and propagate actomyosin-generated forces, affect microtubule dynamics, and contribute to mechanotransduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wiche
- Max Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
In Vitro Evaluation of the Effect of a Not Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel on Human Keratinocytes for Mesotherapy. Gels 2021; 7:gels7010015. [PMID: 33557183 PMCID: PMC7931045 DOI: 10.3390/gels7010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The multicomponent preparations for mesotherapy are based on the principle that skin and hair aging can be prevented by supplying the fundamental substrates for correct cellular functioning, such as nucleotides, vitamins, amino acids, and biomolecules including hyaluronic acid (HA) that promote skin hydration and several biological activities. The study provides evidence for the application of HYDRO DELUXE BIO (Matex Lab S.p.A), a biocompatible hydrogel containing not cross-linked HA, for the treatment of the scalp’s skin by mesotherapy. Using an in vitro model of immortalized human keratinocytes, we studied markers involved in hair aging prevention and growth, such as inflammatory markers, angiogenesis, and oxidative damage. HYDRO DELUXE BIO showed high biocompatibility and the ability to significantly reduce the expression of the inflammation marker interleukin (IL)-8 in Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-stimulated cells. Then, we evaluated angiogenesis, a pivotal event during hair growth, measuring the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) expression that resulted to be significantly increased in treated cells, suggesting a pro-angiogenetic capability. A protective activity against the oxidative stress agent was showed, increasing the survival rate in treated cells. Concluding, HYDRO DELUXE BIO is suitable for treatment by mesotherapy of the scalp’s skin as it modulates the expression levels of markers involved in the biorevitalization of the hair follicle.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sjöqvist M, Antfolk D, Suarez-Rodriguez F, Sahlgren C. From structural resilience to cell specification - Intermediate filaments as regulators of cell fate. FASEB J 2020; 35:e21182. [PMID: 33205514 PMCID: PMC7839487 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001627r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades intermediate filaments (IFs) have emerged as important regulators of cellular signaling events, ascribing IFs with functions beyond the structural support they provide. The organ and developmental stage‐specific expression of IFs regulate cell differentiation within developing or remodeling tissues. Lack of IFs causes perturbed stem cell differentiation in vasculature, intestine, nervous system, and mammary gland, in transgenic mouse models. The aberrant cell fate decisions are caused by deregulation of different stem cell signaling pathways, such as Notch, Wnt, YAP/TAZ, and TGFβ. Mutations in genes coding for IFs cause an array of different diseases, many related to stem cell dysfunction, but the molecular mechanisms remain unresolved. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of how IFs interact with and regulate the activity, localization and function of different signaling proteins in stem cells, and how the assembly state and PTM profile of IFs may affect these processes. Identifying when, where and how IFs and cell signaling congregate, will expand our understanding of IF‐linked stem cell dysfunction during development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Sjöqvist
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Daniel Antfolk
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Freddy Suarez-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Milan M, Balestrieri C, Alfarano G, Polletti S, Prosperini E, Nicoli P, Spaggiari P, Zerbi A, Cirulli V, Diaferia GR, Natoli G. Pancreatic Cancer Cells Require the Transcription Factor MYRF to Maintain ER Homeostasis. Dev Cell 2020; 55:398-412.e7. [PMID: 32997974 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Many tumors of endodermal origin are composed of highly secretory cancer cells that must adapt endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activity to enable proper folding of secreted proteins and prevent ER stress. We found that pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) overexpress the myelin regulatory factor (MYRF), an ER membrane-associated transcription factor (TF) released by self-cleavage. MYRF was expressed in the well-differentiated secretory cancer cells, but not in the poorly differentiated quasi-mesenchymal cells that coexist in the same tumor. MYRF expression was controlled by the epithelial identity TF HNF1B, and it acted to fine-tune the expression of genes encoding highly glycosylated, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, thus preventing ER overload. MYRF-deficient PDAC cells showed signs of ER stress, impaired proliferation, and an inability to form spheroids in vitro, while in vivo they generated highly secretory but poorly proliferating and hypocellular tumors. These data indicate a role of MYRF in the control of ER homeostasis in highly secretory PDAC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Milan
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Balestrieri
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriele Alfarano
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Polletti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Prosperini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Nicoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Spaggiari
- Humanitas Clinical Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zerbi
- Humanitas Clinical Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy; Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cirulli
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UW Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Giuseppe R Diaferia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
| | - Gioacchino Natoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy; Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Queiroz PJB, Assis BM, Silva DC, Noronha Filho ADF, Pancotti A, Rabelo RE, Borges NC, Vulcani VAS, Silva LAFD. Mineral composition and microstructure of the abaxial hoof wall in dairy heifers after biotin supplementation. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 50:93-101. [PMID: 32815592 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of daily biotin supplementation on the mineral composition and microstructure of the abaxial hoof wall in dairy heifers. The heifers were housed on a concrete floor and fed for weight gain more than 800 g per day, which is a challenging environment for the hoof. Twelve crossbred dairy heifers (Jersey × Holstein) were divided into two treatment groups. Animals in the control group (n = 6) received a diet without supplemental biotin, while the heifers in the biotin-supplemented feed group (n = 6) each received 20 mg of biotin daily for 120 days. Samples of the abaxial hoof wall were collected from the outer claw of the fore and hind limb, before and after supplementation. The samples were evaluated by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, computed microtomography, atomic force microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Biotin supplementation increased the sulphur content and decreased the calcium and potassium content in the abaxial hoof wall. Biotin treatment also increased the percentage of horn tubules with smaller diameter marrow (17-51 µm). However, biotin did not influence the surface relief of the hoof wall, suggesting that its action is limited to the inner layers of the stratum corneum. Daily supplementation with 20 mg of biotin promoted changes in the mineral composition and microstructure of abaxial hoof wall of crossbred dairy heifers. These findings suggest biotin supplementation improves hoof quality and may help to understand the function of biotin in the stratum corneum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Naida Cristina Borges
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia (EVZ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Eldirany SA, Ho M, Bunick CG. The Interface between Keratin Structurotype and Human Disease. Structure 2020; 28:271-273. [PMID: 32130887 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Structure, Coulombe and coworkers (Lee et al., 2020) present the crystal structure of the keratin 5/14 2B heterodimeric complex containing the keratin 14 substitution C367A. The authors identify a 2B-2B contact interface important to the elongation of mature keratin 5/14 filaments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A Eldirany
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Minh Ho
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christopher G Bunick
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Identification and verification of EOMEs regulated network in Alopecia areata. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
18
|
Guo Y, Redmond CJ, Leacock KA, Brovkina MV, Ji S, Jaskula-Ranga V, Coulombe PA. Keratin 14-dependent disulfides regulate epidermal homeostasis and barrier function via 14-3-3σ and YAP1. eLife 2020; 9:53165. [PMID: 32369015 PMCID: PMC7250575 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intermediate filament protein keratin 14 (K14) provides vital structural support in basal keratinocytes of epidermis. Recent studies evidenced a role for K14-dependent disulfide bonding in the organization and dynamics of keratin IFs in skin keratinocytes. Here we report that knock-in mice harboring a cysteine-to-alanine substitution at Krt14's codon 373 (C373A) exhibit alterations in disulfide-bonded K14 species and a barrier defect secondary to enhanced proliferation, faster transit time and altered differentiation in epidermis. A proteomics screen identified 14-3-3 as K14 interacting proteins. Follow-up studies showed that YAP1, a transcriptional effector of Hippo signaling regulated by 14-3-3sigma in skin keratinocytes, shows aberrant subcellular partitioning and function in differentiating Krt14 C373A keratinocytes. Residue C373 in K14, which is conserved in a subset of keratins, is revealed as a novel regulator of keratin organization and YAP function in early differentiating keratinocytes, with an impact on cell mechanics, homeostasis and barrier function in epidermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Catherine J Redmond
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Krystynne A Leacock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
| | - Margarita V Brovkina
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Suyun Ji
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Vinod Jaskula-Ranga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Pierre A Coulombe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lomakin IB, Hinbest AJ, Ho M, Eldirany SA, Bunick CG. Crystal Structure of Keratin 1/10(C401A) 2B Heterodimer Demonstrates a Proclivity for the C-Terminus of Helix 2B to Form Higher Order Molecular Contacts. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 93:3-17. [PMID: 32226330 PMCID: PMC7087056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously determined the crystal structure of the wild-type keratin 1/10 helix 2B heterodimer at 3.3 Å resolution. We proposed that the resolution of the diffraction data was limited due to the crystal packing effect from keratin 10 (K10) residue Cys401. Cys401K10 formed a disulfide-linkage with Cys401 from another K1/10 heterodimer, creating an "X-shaped" structure and a loose crystal packing arrangement. We hypothesized that mutation of Cys401K10 to alanine would eliminate the disulfide-linkage and improve crystal packing thereby increasing resolution of diffraction and enabling a more accurate side chain electron density map. Indeed, when a K10 Cys401Ala 2B mutant was paired with its native keratin 1 (K1) 2B heterodimer partner its x-ray crystal structure was determined at 2.07 Å resolution; the structure does not contain a disulfide linkage. Superposition of the K1/K10(Cys401Ala) 2B structure onto the wild-type K1/10 2B heterodimer structure had a root-mean-square-deviation of 1.88 Å; the variability in the atomic positions reflects the dynamic motion expected in this filamentous coiled-coil complex. The electrostatic, hydrophobic, and contour features of the molecular surface are similar to the lower resolution wild-type structure. We postulated that elimination of the disulfide linkage in the K1/K10(Cys401Ala) 2B structure could allow for the 2B heterodimers to bind/pack in the A22 tetramer configuration associated with mature keratin intermediate filament assembly. Analysis of the crystal packing revealed a half-staggered anti-parallel tetrameric complex of 2B heterodimers; however, their register is not consistent with models of the A22 mode of tetrameric alignment or prior biochemical cross-linking studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan B. Lomakin
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Minh Ho
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Christopher G. Bunick
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tsai FJ, Lai MT, Cheng J, Chao SCC, Korla PK, Chen HJ, Lin CM, Tsai MH, Hua CH, Jan CI, Jinawath N, Wu CC, Chen CM, Kuo BYT, Chen LW, Yang J, Hwang T, Sheu JJC. Novel K6-K14 keratin fusion enhances cancer stemness and aggressiveness in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2019; 38:5113-5126. [PMID: 30867567 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filament (IF) is one component of cellular architectures, which provides necessary mechanical support to conquer environmental stresses. Recent findings reveal its involvement in mechano-transduction and the associated stem cell reprogramming, suggesting the possible roles in cancer development. Here, we report t(12;17)(q13.13;q21.2) chromosomal rearrangement as the most common fusion event in OSCC, resulting in a variety of inter-keratin fusions. Junction site mapping verified 9 in-frame K6-K14 variants, three of which were correlated with lymph node invasion, late tumor stages (T3/T4) and shorter disease-free survival times. When expressed in OSCC cells, those fusion variants disturbed wild-type K14 organization through direct interaction or aggregate formation, leading to perinuclear structure loss and nuclear deformation. Protein array analyses showed the ability of K6-K14 variant 7 (K6-K14/V7) to upregulate TGF-β and G-CSF signaling, which contributed to cell stemness, drug tolerance, and cell aggressiveness. Notably, K6-K14/V7-expressing cells easily adapted to a soft 3-D culture condition in vitro and formed larger, less differentiated tumors in vivo. In addition to the anti-mechanical-stress activity, our data uncover oncogenic functionality of novel keratin filaments caused by gene fusions during OSCC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Human Genetic Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsung Lai
- Department of Pathology, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, 40343, Taiwan
| | - Jack Cheng
- Human Genetic Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Stev Chun-Chin Chao
- Human Genetic Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Praveen Kumar Korla
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Jye Chen
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ming Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, 33348, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsui Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Hua
- Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ing Jan
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Natini Jinawath
- Program in Translation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chia-Chen Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Mei Chen
- Human Genetic Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Brian Yu-Ting Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Jacky Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Tritium Hwang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Jim Jinn-Chyuan Sheu
- Human Genetic Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan. .,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Das R, Liang Z, Li G, Mai B, An T. Genome sequence of a spore-laccase forming, BPA-degrading Bacillus sp. GZB isolated from an electronic-waste recycling site reveals insights into BPA degradation pathways. Arch Microbiol 2019; 201:623-638. [PMID: 30747263 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic chemical with known deleterious effects on biota. A genome sequencing project is an important starting point for designing a suitable BPA bioremediation process, because it provides valuable genomic information about the physiological, metabolic, and genetic potential of the microbes used for the treatment. This study explored genomic insights provided by the BPA-degrading strain Bacillus sp. GZB, previously isolated from electronic-waste-dismantling site. The GZB genome is a circular chromosome, comprised of a total of 4,077,007 bp with G+C content comprising 46.2%. Genome contained 23 contigs encoded by 3881 protein-coding genes with nine rRNA and 53 tRNA genes. A comparative study demonstrated that strain GZB bloomed with some potential features as compared to other Bacillus species. In addition, strain GZB developed spore cells and displayed laccase activity while growing at elevated stress levels. Most importantly, strain GZB contained many protein-coding genes associated with BPA degradation, as well as the degradation of several other compounds. The protein-coding genes in the genome revealed the genetic mechanisms associated with the BPA degradation by strain GZB. This study predicts four possible degradation pathways for BPA, contributing to the possible use of strain GZB to remediate different polluted environments in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Das
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhishu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
DeBenedictis EP, Keten S. Mechanical unfolding of alpha- and beta-helical protein motifs. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:1243-1252. [PMID: 30604826 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02046a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-helices and beta-sheets are the two most common secondary structure motifs in proteins. Beta-helical structures merge features of the two motifs, containing two or three beta-sheet faces connected by loops or turns in a single protein. Beta-helical structures form the basis of proteins with diverse mechanical functions such as bacterial adhesins, phage cell-puncture devices, antifreeze proteins, and extracellular matrices. Alpha-helices are commonly found in cellular and extracellular matrix components, whereas beta-helices such as curli fibrils are more common as bacterial and biofilm matrix components. It is currently not known whether it may be advantageous to use one helical motif over the other for different structural and mechanical functions. To better understand the mechanical implications of using different helix motifs in networks, here we use Steered Molecular Dynamics (SMD) simulations to mechanically unfold multiple alpha- and beta-helical proteins at constant velocity at the single molecule scale. We focus on the energy dissipated during unfolding as a means of comparison between proteins and work normalized by protein characteristics (initial and final length, # H-bonds, # residues, etc.). We find that although alpha-helices such as keratin and beta-helices CsgA and CsgB can require similar amounts of work to unfold, the normalized work per hydrogen bond, initial end to end length, and number of residues is greater for beta-helices at the same pulling rate. To explain this, we analyze the orientation of the backbone alpha carbons and backbone hydrogen bonds during unfolding. We find that the larger width and shorter height of beta-helices results in smaller angles between the protein backbone and the pulling direction during unfolding. As subsequent strands are separated from the beta-helix core, the angle between the backbone and the pulling direction diminishes. This marks a transition where beta-sheet hydrogen bonds become loaded predominantly in a collective shearing mode, which requires a larger rupture force. This finding underlines the importance of geometry in optimizing resistance to mechanical unfolding in proteins. The helix radius is identified here as an important parameter that governs how much sacrificial energy dissipation capacity can be stored in protein networks, where beta-helices offer unique properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P DeBenedictis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang F, Chen S, Liu HB, Parent CA, Coulombe PA. Keratin 6 regulates collective keratinocyte migration by altering cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4314-4330. [PMID: 30389720 PMCID: PMC6279382 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201712130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratin 6 (K6) isoforms are induced in wound-proximal keratinocytes after injury to skin. Paradoxically, absence of K6 isoforms leads to faster directional cell migration. Wang et al. report that K6 promotes collective keratinocyte migration by interacting with desmoplakin and myosin IIA and stabilizing cell adhesion. The a and b isoforms of keratin 6 (K6), a type II intermediate filament (IF) protein, are robustly induced upon injury to interfollicular epidermis. We previously showed that complete loss of K6a/K6b stimulates keratinocyte migration, correlating with enhanced Src activity. In this study, we demonstrate that this property is cell autonomous, depends on the ECM, and results from elevated speed, enhanced directionality, and an increased rate of focal adhesion disassembly. We show that myosin IIA interacts with K6a/K6b, that its levels are markedly reduced in Krt6a/Krt6b-null keratinocytes, and that inhibiting myosin ATPase activity normalizes the enhanced migration potential of Krt6a/Krt6b-null cells. Desmoplakin, which mediates attachment of IFs to desmosomes, is also expressed at reduced levels and is mislocalized to the nucleus in Krt6a/Krt6b-null cells, correlating with defects in cell adhesion. These findings reveal that K6a/K6b modulate keratinocyte migration by regulating cell–matrix and cell–cell adhesion and highlight a role for keratins in collective cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengrong Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Hans B Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Carole A Parent
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Pierre A Coulombe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li C, Lu Q, Ye J, Qin H, Long Y, Wang L, Ou H. Metabolic and proteomic mechanism of bisphenol A degradation by Bacillus thuringiensis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:714-725. [PMID: 29879660 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a worldwide, widespread pollutant with estrogen mimicking and hormone-like properties. To date, some target biomolecules associated with BPA toxicity have been confirmed. The limited information has not clarified the related metabolism at the pathway and network levels. To this end, metabolic and proteomic approaches were performed to reveal the synthesis of phospholipids and proteins and the metabolic network during the BPA degradation process. The results showed that the degradation efficiency of 1 μM of BPA by 1 g L-1 of Bacillus thuringiensis was up to 85% after 24 h. During this process, BPA significantly changed the membrane permeability; altered sporulation, amino acid and protein expression, and carbon, purine, pyrimidine and fatty acid metabolism; enhanced C14:0, C16:1ω7, C18:2ω6, C18:1ω9t and C18:0 synthesis; and increased the trans/cis ratio of C18:1ω9t/C18:1ω9c. It also depressed the spore DNA stability of B. thuringiensis. Among the 14 upregulated and 7 down-regulated proteins, SasP-1 could be a biomarker to reflect BPA-triggered spore DNA impairment. TpiA, RpoA, GlnA and InfA could be phosphorylated at the active sites of serine and tyrosine. The findings presented novel insights into the interaction among BPA stress, BPA degradation, phospholipid synthesis and protein expression at the network and phylogenetic levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongshu Li
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiying Lu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou 510303, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinshao Ye
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huaming Qin
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Long
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Huase Ou
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jacob JT, Coulombe PA, Kwan R, Omary MB. Types I and II Keratin Intermediate Filaments. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:10/4/a018275. [PMID: 29610398 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Keratins-types I and II-are the intermediate-filament-forming proteins expressed in epithelial cells. They are encoded by 54 evolutionarily conserved genes (28 type I, 26 type II) and regulated in a pairwise and tissue type-, differentiation-, and context-dependent manner. Here, we review how keratins serve multiple homeostatic and stress-triggered mechanical and nonmechanical functions, including maintenance of cellular integrity, regulation of cell growth and migration, and protection from apoptosis. These functions are tightly regulated by posttranslational modifications and keratin-associated proteins. Genetically determined alterations in keratin-coding sequences underlie highly penetrant and rare disorders whose pathophysiology reflects cell fragility or altered tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, keratin mutation or misregulation represents risk factors or genetic modifiers for several additional acute and chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Jacob
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Pierre A Coulombe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.,Departments of Biological Chemistry, Dermatology, and Oncology, School of Medicine, and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Raymond Kwan
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.,VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Parker RN, Roth KL, Kim C, McCord JP, Van Dyke ME, Grove TZ. Homo- and heteropolymer self-assembly of recombinant trichocytic keratins. Biopolymers 2017; 107. [PMID: 28741310 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, keratin biomaterials have shown impressive results as scaffolds for tissue engineering, wound healing, and nerve regeneration. In addition to its intrinsic biocompatibility, keratin interacts with specific cell receptors eliciting beneficial biochemical cues. However, during extraction from natural sources, such as hair and wool fibers, natural keratins are subject to extensive processing conditions that lead to formation of unwanted by-products. Additionally, natural keratins suffer from limited sequence tunability. Recombinant keratin proteins can overcome these drawbacks while maintaining the desired chemical and physical characteristics of natural keratins. Herein, we present the bacterial expression, purification, and solution characterization of human hair keratins K31 and K81. The obligate heterodimerization of the K31/K81 pair that results in formation of intermediate filaments is maintained in the recombinant proteins. Surprisingly, we have for the first time observed new zero- and one-dimensional nanostructures from homooligomerization of K81 and K31, respectively. Further analysis of the self-assembly mechanism highlights the importance of disulfide crosslinking in keratin self-assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael N Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060
| | - Kristina L Roth
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060
| | - Christina Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060
| | - Jennifer P McCord
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060
| | - Mark E Van Dyke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060
| | - Tijana Z Grove
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hatzfeld M, Keil R, Magin TM. Desmosomes and Intermediate Filaments: Their Consequences for Tissue Mechanics. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a029157. [PMID: 28096266 PMCID: PMC5453391 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) and desmosomes connect the actin and keratin filament networks of adjacent cells into a mechanical unit. Whereas AJs function in mechanosensing and in transducing mechanical forces between the plasma membrane and the actomyosin cytoskeleton, desmosomes and intermediate filaments (IFs) provide mechanical stability required to maintain tissue architecture and integrity when the tissues are exposed to mechanical stress. Desmosomes are essential for stable intercellular cohesion, whereas keratins determine cell mechanics but are not involved in generating tension. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of IFs and desmosomes in tissue mechanics and discuss whether the desmosome-keratin scaffold might be actively involved in mechanosensing and in the conversion of chemical signals into mechanical strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - René Keil
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology and Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Leube RE, Moch M, Windoffer R. Intracellular Motility of Intermediate Filaments. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:9/6/a021980. [PMID: 28572456 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe establishment and continuous cell type-specific adaptation of cytoplasmic intermediate filament (IF) networks are linked to various types of IF motility. Motor protein-driven active transport, linkage to other cellular structures, diffusion of small soluble subunits, and intrinsic network elasticity all contribute to the motile behavior of IFs. These processes are subject to regulation by multiple signaling pathways. IF motility is thereby connected to and involved in many basic cellular processes guarding the maintenance of cell and tissue integrity. Disturbances of IF motility are linked to diseases that are characterized by cytoplasmic aggregates containing IF proteins together with other cellular components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf E Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcin Moch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Windoffer
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang B, Hom G, Zhou S, Guo M, Li B, Yang J, Monnier VM, Fan X. The oxidized thiol proteome in aging and cataractous mouse and human lens revealed by ICAT labeling. Aging Cell 2017; 16:244-261. [PMID: 28177569 PMCID: PMC5334568 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Age‐related cataractogenesis is associated with disulfide‐linked high molecular weight (HMW) crystallin aggregates. We recently found that the lens crystallin disulfidome was evolutionarily conserved in human and glutathione‐depleted mouse (LEGSKO) cataracts and that it could be mimicked by oxidation in vitro (Mol. Cell Proteomics, 14, 3211‐23 (2015)). To obtain a comprehensive blueprint of the oxidized key regulatory and cytoskeletal proteins underlying cataractogenesis, we have now used the same approach to determine, in the same specimens, all the disulfide‐forming noncrystallin proteins identified by ICAT proteomics. Seventy‐four, 50, and 54 disulfide‐forming proteins were identified in the human and mouse cataracts and the in vitro oxidation model, respectively, of which 17 were common to all three groups. Enzymes with oxidized cysteine at critical sites include GAPDH (hGAPDH, Cys247), glutathione synthase (hGSS, Cys294), aldehyde dehydrogenase (hALDH1A1, Cys126 and Cys186), sorbitol dehydrogenase (hSORD, Cys140, Cys165, and Cys179), and PARK7 (hPARK7, Cys46 and Cys53). Extensive oxidation was also present in lens‐specific intermediate filament proteins, such as BFSP1 and BFSP12 (hBFSP1 and hBFSP12, Cys167, Cys65, and Cys326), vimentin (mVim, Cys328), and cytokeratins, as well as microfilament and microtubule filament proteins, such as tubulin and actins. While the biological impact of these modifications for lens physiology remains to be determined, many of these oxidation sites have already been associated with either impaired metabolism or cytoskeletal architecture, strongly suggesting that they have a pathogenic role in cataractogenesis. By extrapolation, these findings may be of broader significance for age‐ and disease‐related dysfunctions associated with oxidant stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benlian Wang
- Center for Proteomics; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH 44120 USA
| | - Grant Hom
- Department of Pathology; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH 44120 USA
| | - Sheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Minfei Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology; The Huichang County People's Hospital; Jiangxi China
| | - Binbin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology; Ganzhou City People's Hospital; Jiangxi China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Vincent M. Monnier
- Department of Pathology; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH 44120 USA
- Department of Biochemistry; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH 44120 USA
| | - Xingjun Fan
- Department of Pathology; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH 44120 USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Single dose intratympanic mesna application inhibits propylene glycol induced cholesteatoma formation. J Laryngol Otol 2016; 131:215-220. [DOI: 10.1017/s002221511600983x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjective:Mesna (i.e. sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate; C2H5NaO3S2) has been used in otological surgery such as cholesteatoma dissection and tympanic membrane lateralisation in atelectatic ears. However, this study aimed to investigate its effect on cholesteatoma formation.Methods:A total of 20 Wistar rats were divided into two groups of 10 animals. The right and left ears of control animals were treated with saline (saline control group; n = 10 ears) and propylene glycol plus saline (propylene glycol control group; n = 10 ears), respectively. In the mesna group, both ears were treated with propylene glycol plus mesna (n = 20 ears). On days 1, 8 and 15, the saline control group had intratympanic injections of 0.2 ml saline and the propylene glycol control and mesna groups had intratympanic injections of 0.2 ml 100 per cent propylene glycol. On day 22, the propylene glycol control group had a single intratympanic injection of 0.2 ml saline and the mesna group had a single intratympanic injection of 10 per cent mesna. Animals were killed 12 weeks after the last injection and the temporal bones were sent for histopathological evaluation.Results:The cholesteatoma formation rate was 88 per cent in the propylene glycol control group, but was significantly lower in the mesna group (p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in granulation tissue formation (p = 0.498), cyst formation in the bulla (p = 0.381), fibrosis (p = 0.072) and epithelial hyperplasia (p = 0.081) among experimental groups.Conclusion:Intratympanic propylene glycol administration is an effective method of promoting experimental cholesteatoma formation. Administration of a single dose of intratympanic mesna inhibited cholesteatoma formation in an animal model.
Collapse
|
32
|
The X-Ray Crystal Structure of the Keratin 1-Keratin 10 Helix 2B Heterodimer Reveals Molecular Surface Properties and Biochemical Insights into Human Skin Disease. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:142-150. [PMID: 27595935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Keratins 1 (K1) and 10 (K10) are the primary keratins expressed in differentiated epidermis. Mutations in K1/K10 are associated with human skin diseases. We determined the crystal structure of the complex between the distal (2B) helices of K1 and K10 to better understand how human keratin structure correlates with function. The 3.3 Å resolution structure confirms many features inferred by previous biochemical analyses, but adds unexpected insights. It demonstrates a parallel, coiled-coil heterodimer with a predominantly hydrophobic intermolecular interface; this heterodimer formed a higher order complex with a second K1-K10-2B heterodimer via a Cys401K10 disulfide link, although the bond angle is unanticipated. The molecular surface analysis of K1-K10-2B identified several pockets, one adjacent to the disulfide linkage and conserved in K5-K14. The solvent accessible surface area of the K1-K10 structure is 20-25% hydrophobic. The 2B region contains mixed acidic and basic patches proximally (N-terminal), whereas it is largely acidic distally (C-terminal). Mapping of conserved and nonconserved residues between K1-K10 and K5-K14 onto the structure demonstrated the majority of unique residues align along the outer helical ridge. Finally, the structure permitted a fresh analysis of the deleterious effects caused by K1/K10 missense mutations found in patients with phenotypic skin disease.
Collapse
|
33
|
Wallrath LL, Bohnekamp J, Magin TM. Cross talk between the cytoplasm and nucleus during development and disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 37:129-136. [PMID: 27110666 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction is a process whereby mechanical stimuli outside the cell are sensed by components of the plasma membrane and transmitted as signals through the cytoplasm that terminate in the nucleus. The nucleus responds to these signals by altering gene expression. During mechanotransduction, complex networks of proteins are responsible for cross talk between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. These proteins include cell membrane receptors, cytoplasmic filaments, LINC complex members that bridge the nucleus and cytoplasm, and nuclear envelope proteins that connect to the chromatin. Mechanotransduction also plays a critical role in development. Furthermore, it is possible that disrupted mechanotransduction leads to changes in gene expression that underlie the pathogenic mechanisms of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori L Wallrath
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Jens Bohnekamp
- Institute of Biology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Moch M, Windoffer R, Schwarz N, Pohl R, Omenzetter A, Schnakenberg U, Herb F, Chaisaowong K, Merhof D, Ramms L, Fabris G, Hoffmann B, Merkel R, Leube RE. Effects of Plectin Depletion on Keratin Network Dynamics and Organization. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149106. [PMID: 27007410 PMCID: PMC4805305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The keratin intermediate filament cytoskeleton protects epithelial cells against various types of stress and is involved in fundamental cellular processes such as signaling, differentiation and organelle trafficking. These functions rely on the cell type-specific arrangement and plasticity of the keratin system. It has been suggested that these properties are regulated by a complex cycle of assembly and disassembly. The exact mechanisms responsible for the underlying molecular processes, however, have not been clarified. Accumulating evidence implicates the cytolinker plectin in various aspects of the keratin cycle, i.e., by acting as a stabilizing anchor at hemidesmosomal adhesion sites and the nucleus, by affecting keratin bundling and branching and by linkage of keratins to actin filament and microtubule dynamics. In the present study we tested these hypotheses. To this end, plectin was downregulated by shRNA in vulvar carcinoma-derived A431 cells. As expected, integrin β4- and BPAG-1-positive hemidesmosomal structures were strongly reduced and cytosolic actin stress fibers were increased. In addition, integrins α3 and β1 were reduced. The experiments furthermore showed that loss of plectin led to a reduction in keratin filament branch length but did not alter overall mechanical properties as assessed by indentation analyses using atomic force microscopy and by displacement analyses of cytoplasmic superparamagnetic beads using magnetic tweezers. An increase in keratin movement was observed in plectin-depleted cells as was the case in control cells lacking hemidesmosome-like structures. Yet, keratin turnover was not significantly affected. We conclude that plectin alone is not needed for keratin assembly and disassembly and that other mechanisms exist to guarantee proper keratin cycling under steady state conditions in cultured single cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Moch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Windoffer
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Raphaela Pohl
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Omenzetter
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Uwe Schnakenberg
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Herb
- Institute of Imaging & Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Dorit Merhof
- Institute of Imaging & Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lena Ramms
- Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gloria Fabris
- Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rudolf E. Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Keratins comprise the type I and type II intermediate filament-forming proteins and occur primarily in epithelial cells. They are encoded by 54 evolutionarily conserved genes (28 type I, 26 type II) and regulated in a pairwise and tissue type-, differentiation-, and context-dependent manner. Keratins serve multiple homeostatic and stress-enhanced mechanical and nonmechanical functions in epithelia, including the maintenance of cellular integrity, regulation of cell growth and migration, and protection from apoptosis. These functions are tightly regulated by posttranslational modifications as well as keratin-associated proteins. Genetically determined alterations in keratin-coding sequences underlie highly penetrant and rare disorders whose pathophysiology reflects cell fragility and/or altered tissue homeostasis. Moreover, keratin mutation or misregulation represents risk factors or genetic modifiers for several acute and chronic diseases. This chapter focuses on keratins that are expressed in skin epithelia, and details a number of basic protocols and assays that have proven useful for analyses being carried out in skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengrong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Abigail Zieman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pierre A Coulombe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Almeida FV, Walko G, McMillan JR, McGrath JA, Wiche G, Barber AH, Connelly JT. The cytolinker plectin regulates nuclear mechanotransduction in keratinocytes. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4475-86. [PMID: 26527396 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.173435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of mechanical forces to the nucleus is important for intracellular positioning, mitosis and cell motility, yet the contribution of specific components of the cytoskeleton to nuclear mechanotransduction remains unclear. In this study, we examine how crosstalk between the cytolinker plectin and F-actin controls keratin network organisation and the 3D nuclear morphology of keratinocytes. Using micro-patterned surfaces to precisely manipulate cell shape, we find that cell adhesion and spreading regulate the size and shape of the nucleus. Disruption of the keratin cytoskeleton through loss of plectin facilitated greater nuclear deformation, which depended on acto-myosin contractility. Nuclear morphology did not depend on direct linkage of the keratin cytoskeleton with the nuclear membrane, rather loss of plectin reduced keratin filament density around the nucleus. We further demonstrate that keratinocytes have abnormal nuclear morphologies in the epidermis of plectin-deficient, epidermolysis bullosa simplex patients. Taken together, our data demonstrate that plectin is an essential regulator of nuclear morphology in vitro and in vivo and protects the nucleus from mechanical deformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe V Almeida
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS UK Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 2AT UK
| | - Gernot Walko
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - James R McMillan
- The National Diagnostic EB Laboratory, Viapath, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - John A McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London (Guy's Campus), London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Gerhard Wiche
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Asa H Barber
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS UK
| | - John T Connelly
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 2AT UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Langbein L, Eckhart L, Fischer H, Rogers MA, Praetzel-Wunder S, Parry DAD, Kittstein W, Schweizer J. Localisation of keratin K78 in the basal layer and first suprabasal layers of stratified epithelia completes expression catalogue of type II keratins and provides new insights into sequential keratin expression. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:735-50. [PMID: 26340985 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Among the 26 human type II keratins, K78 is the only one that has not yet been explored with regard to its expression characteristics. Here, we show that, at both the transcriptional and translational levels, K78 is strongly expressed in the basal and parabasal cell layers with decreasing intensity in the lower suprabasal cells of keratinising and non-keratinising squamous epithelia and keratinocyte cultures. The same pattern has been detected at the transcriptional level in the corresponding mouse epithelia. Murine K78 protein, which contains an extraordinary large extension of its tail domain, which is unique among all known keratins, is not detectable by the antibody used. Concomitant studies in human epithelia have confirmed K78 co-expression with the classical basal keratins K5 and K14. Similarly, K78 co-expression with the differentiation-related type I keratins K10 (epidermis) and K13 (non-keratinising epithelia) occurs in the parabasal cell layer, whereas that of the corresponding type II keratins K1 (epidermis) and K4 (non-keratinising epithelia) unequivocally starts subsequent to the respective type I keratins. Our data concerning K78 expression modify the classical concept of keratin pair K5/K14 representing the basal compartment and keratin pairs K1/K10 or K4/K13 defining the differentiating compartment of stratified epithelia. Moreover, the K78 expression pattern and the decoupled K1/K10 and K4/K13 expression define the existence of a hitherto unperceived early differentiation stage in the parabasal layer characterized by K78/K10 or K78/K13 expression.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Embryonic Development
- Epidermis/metabolism
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Evolution, Molecular
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Loci
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Keratins, Type II/chemistry
- Keratins, Type II/genetics
- Keratins, Type II/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Transport
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Langbein
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, A110, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A Rogers
- Department of Molecular Genetics of the German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Praetzel-Wunder
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, A110, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David A D Parry
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences and Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Order and disorder in intermediate filament proteins. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2464-76. [PMID: 26231765 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs), important components of the cytoskeleton, provide a versatile, tunable network of self-assembled proteins. IF proteins contain three distinct domains: an α-helical structured rod domain, flanked by intrinsically disordered head and tail domains. Recent studies demonstrated the functional importance of the disordered domains, which differ in length and amino-acid sequence among the 70 different human IF genes. Here, we investigate the biophysical properties of the disordered domains, and review recent findings on the interactions between them. Our analysis highlights key components governing IF functional roles in the cytoskeleton, where the intrinsically disordered domains dictate protein-protein interactions, supramolecular assembly, and macro-scale order.
Collapse
|
39
|
Feng X, Coulombe PA. Complementary roles of specific cysteines in keratin 14 toward the assembly, organization, and dynamics of intermediate filaments in skin keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26216883 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.654749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that inter-keratin disulfide bonding plays an important role in the assembly, organization, and dynamics of keratin intermediate filaments in skin keratinocytes. In particular, cysteine 367 located in the central α-helical rod domain of keratin 14 is necessary for the formation of a stable perinuclear network of keratin filaments (with type II partner keratin 5) in skin keratinocytes analyzed by static and live cell imaging. Here, we show that two additional cysteine residues located in the non-helical head domain of K14, Cys-4 and Cys-40, also participate in inter-keratin disulfide bonding and tandemly play a key role complementary to that of Cys-367 in the assembly, organization, and dynamics of keratin filaments in skin keratinocytes in primary culture. Analysis of K14 variants with single or multiple substitutions of cysteine residues points to a spatial and temporal hierarchy in how Cys-4/Cys-40 and Cys-367 regulate keratin assembly in vitro and filament dynamics in live keratinocytes in culture. Our findings substantiate the importance and complexity of a novel determinant, namely inter-keratin disulfide bonding, for the regulation of several aspects of keratin filaments in surface epithelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Feng
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and
| | - Pierre A Coulombe
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and the Departments of Biological Chemistry, Dermatology, and Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ansar M, Raza SI, Lee K, Irfanullah, Shahi S, Acharya A, Dai H, Smith JD, Shendure J, Bamshad MJ, Nickerson DA, Santos-Cortez RLP, Ahmad W, Leal SM. A homozygous missense variant in type I keratin KRT25 causes autosomal recessive woolly hair. J Med Genet 2015; 52:676-80. [PMID: 26160856 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Woolly hair (WH) is a hair abnormality that is primarily characterised by tightly curled hair with abnormal growth. METHODS In two unrelated consanguineous Pakistani families with non-syndromic autosomal recessive (AR) WH, homozygosity mapping and linkage analysis identified a locus within 17q21.1-q22, which contains the type I keratin gene cluster. A DNA sample from an affected individual from each family underwent exome sequencing. RESULTS A homozygous missense variant c.950T>C (p.(Leu317Pro)) within KRT25 segregated with ARWH in both families, and has a combined maximum two-point LOD score of 7.9 at ϴ=0. The KRT25 variant is predicted to result in disruption of the second α-helical rod domain and the entire protein structure, thus possibly interfering with heterodimerisation of K25 with type II keratins within the inner root sheath (IRS) of the hair follicle and the medulla of the hair shaft. CONCLUSIONS Our findings implicate a novel gene involved in human hair abnormality, and are consistent with the curled, fragile hair found in mice with Krt25 mutations, and further support the role of IRS-specific type I keratins in hair follicle development and maintenance of hair texture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Syed Irfan Raza
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, National University of Science & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kwanghyuk Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Irfanullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shamim Shahi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Anushree Acharya
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hang Dai
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joshua D Smith
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Regie Lyn P Santos-Cortez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Suzanne M Leal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|