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Parent SE, Luu O, Bruce AEE, Winklbauer R. Two-phase kinetics and cell cortex elastic behavior in Xenopus gastrula cell-cell adhesion. Dev Cell 2024; 59:141-155.e6. [PMID: 38091998 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Morphogenetic movements during animal development involve repeated making and breaking of cell-cell contacts. Recent biophysical models of cell-cell adhesion integrate adhesion molecule interactions and cortical cytoskeletal tension modulation, describing equilibrium states for established contacts. We extend this emerging unified concept of adhesion to contact formation kinetics, showing that aggregating Xenopus embryonic cells rapidly achieve Ca2+-independent low-contact states. Subsequent transitions to cadherin-dependent high-contact states show rapid decreases in contact cortical F-actin levels but slow contact area growth. We developed a biophysical model that predicted contact growth quantitatively from known cellular and cytoskeletal parameters, revealing that elastic resistance to deformation and cytoskeletal network turnover are essential determinants of adhesion kinetics. Characteristic time scales of contact growth to low and high states differ by an order of magnitude, being at a few minutes and tens of minutes, respectively, thus providing insight into the timescales of cell-rearrangement-dependent tissue movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge E Parent
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Olivia Luu
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Ashley E E Bruce
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
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2
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Kato S, Inomata H. Blastopore gating mechanism to regulate extracellular fluid excretion. iScience 2023; 26:106585. [PMID: 37192977 PMCID: PMC10182286 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid uptake and efflux play roles in early embryogenesis as well as in adult homeostasis. Multicellular organisms have two main pathways for fluid movement: cellular-level, such as transcellular and paracellular pathways, and tissue-level, involving muscle contraction. Interestingly, early Xenopus embryos with immature functional muscles excrete archenteron fluid via a tissue-level mechanism that opens the blastopore through a gating mechanism that is unclear. Using microelectrodes, we show that the archenteron has a constant fluid pressure and as development progress the blastopore pressure resistance decreases. Combining physical perturbations and imaging analyses, we found that the pushing force exerted by the circumblastoporal collars (CBCs) at the slit periphery regulates pressure resistance. We show that apical constriction at the blastopore dorsoventral ends contributes to this pushing force, and relaxation of ventral constriction causes fluid excretion. These results indicate that actomyosin contraction mediates temporal control of tissue-level blastopore opening and fluid excretion in early Xenopus embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Kato
- Laboratory for Axial Pattern Dynamics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Corresponding author
| | - Hidehiko Inomata
- Laboratory for Axial Pattern Dynamics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Corresponding author
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3
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Takeichi M. Cell sorting in vitro and in vivo: How are cadherins involved? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 147:2-11. [PMID: 36376196 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Animal tissues are composed of heterogenous cells, and their sorting into different compartments of the tissue is a pivotal process for organogenesis. Cells accomplish sorting by themselves-it is well known that singly dispersed cells can self-organize into tissue-like structures in vitro. Cell sorting is regulated by both biochemical and physical mechanisms. Adhesive proteins connect cells together, selecting particular partners through their specific binding properties, while physical forces, such as cell-cortical tension, control the cohesiveness between cells and in turn cell assembly patterns in mechanical ways. These processes cooperate in determining the overall cell sorting behavior. This article focuses on the 'cadherin' family of adhesion molecules as a biochemical component of cell-cell interactions, addressing how they regulate cell sorting by themselves or by cooperating with other factors. New ideas beyond the classical models of cell sorting are also discussed.
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Barua D, Winklbauer R. Eph/ephrin signaling controls cell contacts and formation of a structurally asymmetrical tissue boundary in the Xenopus gastrula. Dev Biol 2022; 490:73-85. [PMID: 35868403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the primitive vertebrate gastrula, the boundary between ectoderm and mesoderm is formed by Brachet's cleft. Here we examine Brachet's cleft and its control by Eph/ephrin signaling in Xenopus at the ultrastructural level and by visualizing cortical F-actin. We infer cortical tension ratios at tissue surfaces and their interface in normal gastrulae and after depletion of receptors EphB4 and EphA4 and ligands ephrinB2 and ephrinB3. We find that cortical tension downregulation at cell contacts, a normal process in adhesion, is asymmetrically blocked in the ectoderm by Eph/ephrin signals from the mesoderm. This generates high interfacial tension that can prevent cell mixing across the boundary. Moreover, it determines an asymmetric boundary structure that is suited for the respective roles of ectoderm and mesoderm, as substratum and as migratory layers. The Eph and ephrin isoforms also control different cell-cell contact types in ectoderm and mesoderm. Respective changes of adhesion upon isoform depletion affect adhesion at the boundary to different degrees but usually do not prohibit cleft formation. In an extreme case, a new type of cleft-like boundary is even generated where cortical tension is symmetrically increased on both sides of the boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Barua
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada.
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5
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Huang Y, Winklbauer R. Cell cortex regulation by the planar cell polarity protein Prickle1. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213195. [PMID: 35512799 PMCID: PMC9082893 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202008116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The planar cell polarity pathway regulates cell polarity, adhesion, and rearrangement. Its cytoplasmic core components Prickle (Pk) and Dishevelled (Dvl) often localize as dense puncta at cell membranes to form antagonizing complexes and establish cell asymmetry. In vertebrates, Pk and Dvl have been implicated in actomyosin cortex regulation, but the mechanism of how these proteins control cell mechanics is unclear. Here we demonstrate that in Xenopus prechordal mesoderm cells, diffusely distributed, cytoplasmic Pk1 up-regulates the F-actin content of the cortex. This counteracts cortex down-regulation by Dvl2. Both factors act upstream of casein kinase II to increase or decrease cortical tension. Thus, cortex modulation by Pk1 and Dvl2 is translated into mechanical force and affects cell migration and rearrangement during radial intercalation in the prechordal mesoderm. Pk1 also forms puncta and plaques, which are associated with localized depletion of cortical F-actin, suggesting opposite roles for diffuse and punctate Pk1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Huang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Correspondence to Rudolf Winklbauer:
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6
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Gur M, Edri T, Moody SA, Fainsod A. Retinoic Acid is Required for Normal Morphogenetic Movements During Gastrulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:857230. [PMID: 35531100 PMCID: PMC9068879 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.857230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a central regulatory signal that controls numerous developmental processes in vertebrate embryos. Although activation of Hox expression is considered one of the earliest functions of RA signaling in the embryo, there is evidence that embryos are poised to initiate RA signaling just before gastrulation begins, and manipulations of the RA pathway have been reported to show gastrulation defects. However, which aspects of gastrulation are affected have not been explored in detail. We previously showed that partial inhibition of RA biosynthesis causes a delay in the rostral migration of some of the earliest involuting cells, the leading edge mesendoderm (LEM) and the prechordal mesoderm (PCM). Here we identify several detrimental gastrulation defects resulting from inhibiting RA biosynthesis by three different treatments. RA reduction causes a delay in the progression through gastrulation as well as the rostral migration of the goosecoid-positive PCM cells. RA inhibition also hampered the elongation of explanted dorsal marginal zones, the compaction of the blastocoel, and the length of Brachet’s cleft, all of which indicate an effect on LEM/PCM migration. The cellular mechanisms underlying this deficit were shown to include a reduced deposition of fibronectin along Brachet’s cleft, the substrate for their migration, as well as impaired separation of the blastocoel roof and involuting mesoderm, which is important for the formation of Brachet’s cleft and successful LEM/PCM migration. We further show reduced non-canonical Wnt signaling activity and altered expression of genes in the Ephrin and PDGF signaling pathways, both of which are required for the rostral migration of the LEM/PCM, following RA reduction. Together, these experiments demonstrate that RA signaling performs a very early function critical for the progression of gastrulation morphogenetic movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Gur
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamir Edri
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sally A. Moody
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- *Correspondence: Sally A. Moody, ; Abraham Fainsod,
| | - Abraham Fainsod
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- *Correspondence: Sally A. Moody, ; Abraham Fainsod,
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7
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Usami C, Inomata H. Rapalog-induced cell adhesion molecule inhibits mesoderm migration in Xenopus embryos by increasing frequency of adhesion to the ectoderm. Genes Cells 2022; 27:436-450. [PMID: 35437867 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the gastrula stage of Xenopus laevis, mesodermal cells migrate on the blastocoel roof (BCR) toward the animal pole. In this process, mesodermal cells directly adhere to the BCR via adhesion molecules, such as cadherins, which in turn trigger a repulsive reaction through factors such as Eph/ephrin. Therefore, the mesoderm and BCR repeatedly adhere to and detach from each other, and the frequency of this adhesion is thought to control mesoderm migration. Although knockdown of cadherin or Eph/ephrin causes severe gastrulation defects, these molecules have been reported to contribute not only to boundary formation but also to the internal function of each tissue. Therefore, it is possible that the defect caused by knockdown occurs due to tissue function abnormalities. To address this problem, we developed a method to specifically induce adhesion between different tissues using rapalog (an analog of rapamycin). When adhesion between the BCR and mesoderm was specifically enhanced by rapalog, mesoderm migration was strongly suppressed. Furthermore, we confirmed that rapalog significantly increased the frequency of adhesion between the two tissues. These results support the idea that the adhesion frequency controls mesoderm migration, and demonstrate that our method effectively enhances adhesion between specific tissues in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisa Usami
- Axial Pattern Dynamics Team, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Inomata
- Axial Pattern Dynamics Team, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
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8
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Shook DR, Wen JWH, Rolo A, O'Hanlon M, Francica B, Dobbins D, Skoglund P, DeSimone DW, Winklbauer R, Keller RE. Characterization of convergent thickening, a major convergence force producing morphogenic movement in amphibians. eLife 2022; 11:e57642. [PMID: 35404236 PMCID: PMC9064293 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphogenic process of convergent thickening (CT) was originally described as the mediolateral convergence and radial thickening of the explanted ventral involuting marginal zone (IMZ) of Xenopus gastrulae (Keller and Danilchik, 1988). Here, we show that CT is expressed in all sectors of the pre-involution IMZ, which transitions to expressing convergent extension (CE) after involution. CT occurs without CE and drives symmetric blastopore closure in ventralized embryos. Assays of tissue affinity and tissue surface tension measurements suggest CT is driven by increased interfacial tension between the deep IMZ and the overlying epithelium. The resulting minimization of deep IMZ surface area drives a tendency to shorten the mediolateral (circumblastoporal) aspect of the IMZ, thereby generating tensile force contributing to blastopore closure (Shook et al., 2018). These results establish CT as an independent force-generating process of evolutionary significance and provide the first clear example of an oriented, tensile force generated by an isotropic, Holtfreterian/Steinbergian tissue affinity change.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Shook
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Jason WH Wen
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Ana Rolo
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael O'Hanlon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | | | | | - Paul Skoglund
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Douglas W DeSimone
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Ray E Keller
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
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9
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Barua D, Nagel M, Winklbauer R. Cell-cell contact landscapes in Xenopus gastrula tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2107953118. [PMID: 34544871 PMCID: PMC8488617 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107953118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular and structural facets of cell-cell adhesion have been extensively studied in monolayered epithelia. Here, we perform a comprehensive analysis of cell-cell contacts in a series of multilayered tissues in the Xenopus gastrula model. We show that intercellular contact distances range from 10 to 1,000 nm. The contact width frequencies define tissue-specific contact spectra, and knockdown of adhesion factors modifies these spectra. This allows us to reconstruct the emergence of contact types from complex interactions of the factors. We find that the membrane proteoglycan Syndecan-4 plays a dominant role in all contacts, including narrow C-cadherin-mediated junctions. Glypican-4, hyaluronic acid, paraxial protocadherin, and fibronectin also control contact widths, and unexpectedly, C-cadherin functions in wide contacts. Using lanthanum staining, we identified three morphologically distinct forms of glycocalyx in contacts of the Xenopus gastrula, which are linked to the adhesion factors examined and mediate cell-cell attachment. Our study delineates a systematic approach to examine the varied contributions of adhesion factors individually or in combinations to nondiscrete and seemingly amorphous intercellular contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Barua
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Martina Nagel
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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10
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Nagel M, Barua D, Damm EW, Kashef J, Hofmann R, Ershov A, Cecilia A, Moosmann J, Baumbach T, Winklbauer R. Capillarity and active cell movement at mesendoderm translocation in the Xenopus gastrula. Development 2021; 148:dev.198960. [PMID: 33674259 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During Xenopus gastrulation, leading edge mesendoderm (LEM) advances animally as a wedge-shaped cell mass over the vegetally moving blastocoel roof (BCR). We show that close contact across the BCR-LEM interface correlates with attenuated net advance of the LEM, which is pulled forward by tip cells while the remaining LEM frequently separates from the BCR. Nevertheless, lamellipodia persist on the detached LEM surface. They attach to adjacent LEM cells and depend on PDGF-A, cell-surface fibronectin and cadherin. We argue that active cell motility on the LEM surface prevents adverse capillary effects in the liquid LEM tissue as it moves by being pulled. It counters tissue surface-tension effects with oriented cell movement and bulges the LEM surface out to keep it close to the curved BCR without attaching to it. Proximity to the BCR is necessary, in turn, for the maintenance and orientation of lamellipodia that permit mass cell movement with minimal substratum contact. Together with a similar process in epithelial invagination, vertical telescoping, the cell movement at the LEM surface defines a novel type of cell rearrangement: vertical shearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Nagel
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Debanjan Barua
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Erich W Damm
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Jubin Kashef
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralf Hofmann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexey Ershov
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Julian Moosmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Tilo Baumbach
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G5, Canada
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11
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Fagotto F. Tissue segregation in the early vertebrate embryo. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 107:130-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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13
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14
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Abstract
This review is a comprehensive analysis of the cell biology and biomechanics of Convergent Extension in Xenopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Keller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| | - Ann Sutherland
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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15
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Winklbauer R. Dynamic cell–cell adhesion mediated by pericellular matrix interaction – a hypothesis. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/16/jcs231597. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Cell–cell adhesion strength, measured as tissue surface tension, spans an enormous 1000-fold range when different cell types are compared. However, the examination of basic mechanical principles of cell adhesion indicates that cadherin-based and related mechanisms are not able to promote the high-strength adhesion experimentally observed in many late embryonic or malignant tissues. Therefore, the hypothesis is explored that the interaction of the pericellular matrices of cells generates strong adhesion by a mechanism akin to the self-adhesion/self-healing of dynamically cross-linked hydrogels. Quantitative data from biofilm matrices support this model. The mechanism links tissue surface tension to pericellular matrix stiffness. Moreover, it explains the wide, matrix-filled spaces around cells in liquid-like, yet highly cohesive, tissues, and it rehabilitates aspects of the original interpretation of classical cell sorting experiments, as expressed in Steinberg's differential adhesion hypothesis: that quantitative differences in adhesion energies between cells are sufficient to drive sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada
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16
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Huang Y, Winklbauer R. Cell migration in the Xenopus gastrula. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 7:e325. [PMID: 29944210 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus gastrulation movements are in large part based on the rearrangement of cells by differential cell-on-cell migration within multilayered tissues. Different patterns of migration-based cell intercalation drive endoderm and mesoderm internalization and their positioning along their prospective body axes. C-cadherin, fibronectin, integrins, and focal contact components are expressed in all gastrula cells and play putative roles in cell-on-cell migration, but their actual functions in this respect are not yet understood. The gastrula can be subdivided into two motility domains, and in the vegetal, migratory domain, two modes of cell migration are discerned. Vegetal endoderm cells show ingression-type migration, a variant of amoeboid migration characterized by the lack of locomotory protrusions and by macropinocytosis as a mechanism of trailing edge resorption. Mesendoderm and prechordal mesoderm cells use lamellipodia in a mesenchymal mode of migration. Gastrula cell motility can be dissected into traits, such as cell polarity, adhesion, mobility, or protrusive activity, which are controlled separately yet in complex, combinatorial ways. Cells can instantaneously switch between different combinations of traits, showing plasticity as they respond to substratum properties. This article is categorized under: Early Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and Neurulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Huang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Barone V, Lang M, Krens SFG, Pradhan SJ, Shamipour S, Sako K, Sikora M, Guet CC, Heisenberg CP. An Effective Feedback Loop between Cell-Cell Contact Duration and Morphogen Signaling Determines Cell Fate. Dev Cell 2017; 43:198-211.e12. [PMID: 29033362 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell contact formation constitutes an essential step in evolution, leading to the differentiation of specialized cell types. However, remarkably little is known about whether and how the interplay between contact formation and fate specification affects development. Here, we identify a positive feedback loop between cell-cell contact duration, morphogen signaling, and mesendoderm cell-fate specification during zebrafish gastrulation. We show that long-lasting cell-cell contacts enhance the competence of prechordal plate (ppl) progenitor cells to respond to Nodal signaling, required for ppl cell-fate specification. We further show that Nodal signaling promotes ppl cell-cell contact duration, generating a positive feedback loop between ppl cell-cell contact duration and cell-fate specification. Finally, by combining mathematical modeling and experimentation, we show that this feedback determines whether anterior axial mesendoderm cells become ppl or, instead, turn into endoderm. Thus, the interdependent activities of cell-cell signaling and contact formation control fate diversification within the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Barone
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Moritz Lang
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - S F Gabriel Krens
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Saurabh J Pradhan
- Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER), Pune 411008, India
| | - Shayan Shamipour
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Keisuke Sako
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Mateusz Sikora
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Călin C Guet
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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18
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Shindo A. Models of convergent extension during morphogenesis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 7. [PMID: 28906063 PMCID: PMC5763355 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Convergent extension (CE) is a fundamental and conserved collective cell movement that forms elongated tissues during embryonic development. Thus far, studies have demonstrated two different mechanistic models of collective cell movements during CE. The first, termed the crawling mode, was discovered in the process of notochord formation in Xenopus laevis embryos, and has been the established model of CE for decades. The second model, known as the contraction mode, was originally reported in studies of germband extension in Drosophila melanogaster embryos and was recently demonstrated to be a conserved mechanism of CE among tissues and stages of development across species. This review summarizes the two modes of CE by focusing on the differences in cytoskeletal behaviors and relative expression of cell adhesion molecules. The upstream molecules regulating these machineries are also discussed. There are abundant studies of notochord formation in X. laevis embryos, as this was one of the pioneering model systems in this field. Therefore, the present review discusses these findings as an approach to the fundamental biological question of collective cell regulation. WIREs Dev Biol 2018, 7:e293. doi: 10.1002/wdev.293 This article is categorized under:
Early Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and Neurulation Comparative Development and Evolution > Model Systems
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Shindo
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Barua D, Parent SE, Winklbauer R. Mechanics of Fluid-Filled Interstitial Gaps. II. Gap Characteristics in Xenopus Embryonic Ectoderm. Biophys J 2017; 113:923-936. [PMID: 28834728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectoderm of the Xenopus embryo is permeated by a network of channels that appear in histological sections as interstitial gaps. We characterized this interstitial space by measuring gap sizes, angles formed between adjacent cells, and curvatures of cell surfaces at gaps. From these parameters, and from surface-tension values measured previously, we estimated the values of critical mechanical variables that determine gap sizes and shapes in the ectoderm, using a general model of interstitial gap mechanics. We concluded that gaps of 1-4 μm side length can be formed by the insertion of extracellular matrix fluid at three-cell junctions such that cell adhesion is locally disrupted and a tension difference between cell-cell contacts and the free cell surface at gaps of 0.003 mJ/m2 is generated. Furthermore, a cell hydrostatic pressure of 16.8 ± 1.7 Pa and an interstitial pressure of 3.9 ± 3.6 Pa, relative to the central blastocoel cavity of the embryo, was found to be consistent with the observed gap size and shape distribution. Reduction of cell adhesion by the knockdown of C-cadherin increased gap volume while leaving intracellular and interstitial pressures essentially unchanged. In both normal and adhesion-reduced ectoderm, cortical tension of the free cell surfaces at gaps does not return to the high values characteristic of the free surface of the whole tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Barua
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Serge E Parent
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Canty L, Zarour E, Kashkooli L, François P, Fagotto F. Sorting at embryonic boundaries requires high heterotypic interfacial tension. Nat Commun 2017; 8:157. [PMID: 28761157 PMCID: PMC5537356 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of sharp boundaries is essential for segregation of embryonic tissues during development, but the underlying mechanism of cell sorting has remained unclear. Opposing hypotheses have been proposed, either based on global tissue adhesive or contractile properties or on local signalling through cell contact cues. Here we use ectoderm-mesoderm separation in Xenopus to directly evaluate the role of these various parameters. We find that ephrin-Eph-based repulsion is very effective at inducing and maintaining separation, whereas differences in adhesion or contractility have surprisingly little impact. Computer simulations support and generalise our experimental results, showing that a high heterotypic interfacial tension between tissues is key to their segregation. We propose a unifying model, in which conditions of sorting previously considered as driven by differential adhesion/tension should be viewed as suboptimal cases of heterotypic interfacial tension.The mechanisms that cause different cells to segregate into distinct tissues are unclear. Here the authors show in Xenopus that formation of a boundary between two tissues is driven by local tension along the interface rather than by global differences in adhesion or cortical contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Canty
- Dept. of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A1B1
| | - Eleyine Zarour
- Dept. of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A1B1
| | - Leily Kashkooli
- Dept. of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A1B1
- CRBM, CNRS, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Paul François
- Dept. of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A1B1
- Dept. of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A2T8
| | - François Fagotto
- Dept. of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A1B1.
- CRBM, CNRS, Montpellier, 34293, France.
- Dept. of Biology, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France.
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21
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Winklbauer R, Parent SE. Forces driving cell sorting in the amphibian embryo. Mech Dev 2017; 144:81-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Chal J, Guillot C, Pourquié O. PAPC couples the segmentation clock to somite morphogenesis by regulating N-cadherin-dependent adhesion. Development 2017; 144:664-676. [PMID: 28087631 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate segmentation is characterized by the periodic formation of epithelial somites from the mesenchymal presomitic mesoderm (PSM). How the rhythmic signaling pulse delivered by the segmentation clock is translated into the periodic morphogenesis of somites remains poorly understood. Here, we focused on the role of paraxial protocadherin (PAPC/Pcdh8) in this process. We showed that in chicken and mouse embryos, PAPC expression is tightly regulated by the clock and wavefront system in the posterior PSM. We observed that PAPC exhibits a striking complementary pattern to N-cadherin (CDH2), marking the interface of the future somite boundary in the anterior PSM. Gain and loss of function of PAPC in chicken embryos disrupted somite segmentation by altering the CDH2-dependent epithelialization of PSM cells. Our data suggest that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is increased in PAPC-expressing cells, subsequently affecting CDH2 internalization in the anterior compartment of the future somite. This in turn generates a differential adhesion interface, allowing formation of the acellular fissure that defines the somite boundary. Thus, periodic expression of PAPC in the anterior PSM triggers rhythmic endocytosis of CDH2, allowing for segmental de-adhesion and individualization of somites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérome Chal
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.,Development and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charlène Guillot
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA .,Development and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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23
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Kumar R, Ciprianidis A, Theiß S, Steinbeißer H, Kaufmann LT. Nemo-like kinase 1 (Nlk1) and paraxial protocadherin (PAPC) cooperatively control Xenopus gastrulation through regulation of Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Differentiation 2016; 93:27-38. [PMID: 27875771 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway directs cell migration during vertebrate gastrulation and is essential for proper embryonic development. Paraxial protocadherin (PAPC, Gene Symbol pcdh8.2) is an important activator of Wnt/PCP signaling during Xenopus gastrulation, but how PAPC activity is controlled is incompletely understood. Here we show that Nemo-like kinase 1 (Nlk1), an atypical mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, physically associates with the C-terminus of PAPC. This interaction mutually stabilizes both proteins by inhibiting polyubiquitination. The Nlk1 mediated stabilization of PAPC is essential for Wnt/PCP signaling, tissue separation and gastrulation movements. We identified two conserved putative phosphorylation sites in the PAPC C-terminus that are critical for Nlk1 mediated PAPC stabilization and Wnt/PCP regulation. Intriguingly, the kinase activity of Nlk1 itself was not essential for its cooperation with PAPC, suggesting an indirect regulation for example by impeding a different kinase that promotes protein degradation. Overall these results outline a novel, kinase independent role of Nlk1, wherein Nlk1 regulates PAPC stabilization and thereby controls gastrulation movements and Wnt/PCP signaling during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Ciprianidis
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Theiß
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Steinbeißer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lilian T Kaufmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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24
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Turlier H, Maître JL. Mechanics of tissue compaction. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 47-48:110-7. [PMID: 26256955 PMCID: PMC5484403 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development, tissues deform by a succession and combination of morphogenetic processes. Tissue compaction is the morphogenetic process by which a tissue adopts a tighter structure. Recent studies characterized the respective roles of cells' adhesive and contractile properties in tissue compaction. In this review, we formalize the mechanical and molecular principles of tissue compaction and we analyze through the prism of this framework several morphogenetic events: the compaction of the early mouse embryo, the formation of the fly retina, the segmentation of somites and the separation of germ layers during gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Turlier
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Léon Maître
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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25
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Bruce AE. Zebrafish epiboly: Spreading thin over the yolk. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:244-58. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E.E. Bruce
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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26
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Chen G, Tan R, Tao Q. Sebox regulates mesoderm formation in early amphibian embryos. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1415-26. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences; Tsinghua University School of Life Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Renbo Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences; Tsinghua University School of Life Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Qinghua Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences; Tsinghua University School of Life Sciences; Beijing China
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27
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Abstract
The restriction of cell intermingling across boundaries is essential for the establishment of discrete tissues. Eph receptor signaling prevents intermingling at many boundaries. In this issue, Luu et al. (2015. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201409026) report a parallel pathway, mediated by Wnt signaling, Snail1, and paraxial protocadherin (PAPC). This pathway establishes a distinctive organization of cell adhesion and intercellular gaps at the interface between tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Wilkinson
- Division of Developmental Neurobiology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
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